Release v1.2.0

.github/workflows/publish.yml

@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ jobs:
         uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1
         with:
           repository-url: https://test.pypi.org/legacy/
+          skip-existing: true  # Allows repeating the action
+          attestations: false  # Otherwise an attestation is added to dist/
       - name: Install from TestPyPI
         timeout-minutes: 5
         shell: bash

VERSION.txt

@@ -1 +1 @@
-1.1.1
+1.2.0

docs/requirements.txt

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ sphinx_autodoc_typehints == 1.21.3
 nbsphinx
 nbsphinx-link
 ipython >= 8.10 # Avoids bug with code highlighting
+myst-parser
 
 # Not on PyPI
 # pandoc

docs/source/conf.py

@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 # extensions coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom
 # ones.
 extensions = [
+    "myst_parser",
     "nbsphinx",
     "nbsphinx_link",
     "sphinx.ext.autodoc",
@@ -42,6 +43,25 @@
     "sphinx_autodoc_typehints",
 ]
 
+myst_enable_extensions = [
+    "amsmath",
+    "attrs_inline",
+    "colon_fence",
+    "deflist",
+    "dollarmath",
+    # "fieldlist",
+    # "html_admonition",
+    "html_image",
+    # "linkify",
+    # "replacements",
+    # "smartquotes",
+    # "strikethrough",
+    # "substitution",
+    # "tasklist",
+]
+
+myst_heading_anchors = 3
+
 # Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
 templates_path = ["_templates"]
 

docs/source/conventions.md

@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+# Conventions
+
+## States and Bases
+
+### Bases
+
+A basis refers to a set of two eigenstates. The transition between
+these two states is said to be addressed by a channel that targets that basis. Namely:
+
+```{eval-rst}
+.. list-table::
+   :align: center
+   :widths: 50 35 35
+   :header-rows: 1
+
+   * - Basis
+     - Eigenstates
+     - ``Channel`` type
+   * - ``ground-rydberg``
+     - :math:`|g\rangle,~|r\rangle`
+     - ``Rydberg``
+   * - ``digital``
+     - :math:`|g\rangle,~|h\rangle`
+     - ``Raman``
+   * - ``XY``
+     - :math:`|0\rangle,~|1\rangle`
+     - ``Microwave``
+
+
+```
+
+### Qutrit state
+
+The qutrit state combines the basis states of the `ground-rydberg` and `digital` bases,
+which share the same ground state, $|g\rangle$. This qutrit state comes into play
+in the digital approach, where the qubit state is encoded in $|g\rangle$ and
+$|h\rangle$ but then the Rydberg state $|r\rangle$ is accessed in multi-qubit
+gates.
+
+The qutrit state's basis vectors are defined as:
+
+$$
+|r\rangle = (1, 0, 0)^T,~~|g\rangle = (0, 1, 0)^T, ~~|h\rangle = (0, 0, 1)^T.
+$$
+
+### Qubit states
+
+:::{caution}
+There is no implicit relationship between a state's vector representation and its
+associated measurement value. To see the measurement value of a state for each
+measurement basis, see {ref}`spam-table` .
+:::
+
+When using only the `ground-rydberg` or `digital` basis, the qutrit state is not
+needed and is thus reduced to a qubit state. This reduction is made simply by tracing-out
+the extra basis state, so we obtain
+
+- `ground-rydberg`: $|r\rangle = (1, 0)^T,~~|g\rangle = (0, 1)^T$
+- `digital`: $|g\rangle = (1, 0)^T,~~|h\rangle = (0, 1)^T$
+
+On the other hand, the `XY` basis uses an independent set of qubit states that are
+labelled $|0\rangle$ and $|1\rangle$ and follow the standard convention:
+
+- `XY`: $|0\rangle = (1, 0)^T,~~|1\rangle = (0, 1)^T$
+
+### Multi-partite states
+
+The combined quantum state of multiple atoms respects their order in the `Register`.
+For a register with ordered atoms `(q0, q1, q2, ..., qn)`, the full quantum state will be
+
+$$
+|q_0, q_1, q_2, ...\rangle = |q_0\rangle \otimes |q_1\rangle \otimes |q_2\rangle \otimes ... \otimes |q_n\rangle
+$$
+
+:::{note}
+The atoms may be labelled arbitrarily without any inherent order, it's only the
+order with which they are stored in the `Register` (as returned by
+`Register.qubit_ids`) that matters .
+:::
+
+
+## State Preparation and Measurement
+
+```{eval-rst}
+.. list-table:: Initial State and Measurement Conventions
+   :name: spam-table
+   :align: center
+   :widths: 60 40 75
+   :header-rows: 1
+
+   * - Basis
+     - Initial state
+     - Measurement
+   * - ``ground-rydberg``
+     - :math:`|g\rangle`
+     - |
+       | :math:`|r\rangle \rightarrow 1`
+       | :math:`|g\rangle,|h\rangle \rightarrow 0`
+   * - ``digital``
+     - :math:`|g\rangle`
+     - |
+       | :math:`|h\rangle \rightarrow 1`
+       | :math:`|g\rangle,|r\rangle \rightarrow 0`
+   * - ``XY``
+     - :math:`|0\rangle`
+     - |
+       | :math:`|1\rangle \rightarrow 1`
+       | :math:`|0\rangle \rightarrow 0`
+```
+
+### Measurement samples order
+
+Measurement samples are returned as a sequence of 0s and 1s, in
+the same order as the atoms in the `Register` and in the multi-partite state.
+
+For example, a four-qutrit state $|q_0, q_1, q_2, q_3\rangle$ that's
+projected onto $|g, r, h, r\rangle$ when measured will record a count to
+sample
+
+- `0101`, if measured in the `ground-rydberg` basis
+- `0010`, if measured in the `digital` basis
+
+## Hamiltonians
+
+Independently of the mode of operation, the Hamiltonian describing the system
+can be written as
+
+$$
+H(t) = \sum_i \left (H^D_i(t) + \sum_{j<i}H^\text{int}_{ij} \right),
+$$
+
+where $H^D_i$ is the driving Hamiltonian for atom $i$ and
+$H^\text{int}_{ij}$ is the interaction Hamiltonian between atoms $i$
+and $j$. Note that, if multiple basis are addressed, there will be a
+corresponding driving Hamiltonian for each transition.
+
+### Driving Hamiltonian
+
+The driving Hamiltonian describes the coherent excitation of an individual atom
+between two energies levels, $|a\rangle$ and $|b\rangle$, with
+Rabi frequency $\Omega(t)$, detuning $\delta(t)$ and phase $\phi(t)$.
+
+:::{figure} files/two_level_ab.png
+:align: center
+:alt: The energy levels for the driving Hamiltonian.
+:width: 200
+
+The coherent excitation is driven between a lower energy level, $|a\rangle$, and a higher energy level,
+$|b\rangle$, with Rabi frequency $\Omega(t)$ and detuning $\delta(t)$.
+:::
+
+:::{warning}
+In this form, the Hamiltonian is **independent of the state vector representation of each basis state**,
+but it still assumes that $|b\rangle$ **has a higher energy than** $|a\rangle$.
+:::
+
+$$
+H^D(t) / \hbar = \frac{\Omega(t)}{2} e^{-i\phi(t)} |a\rangle\langle b| + \frac{\Omega(t)}{2} e^{i\phi(t)} |b\rangle\langle a| - \delta(t) |b\rangle\langle b|
+$$
+
+#### Pauli matrix form
+
+A more conventional representation of the driving Hamiltonian uses Pauli operators
+instead of projectors. However, this form now **depends on the state vector definition**
+of $|a\rangle$ and $|b\rangle$.
+
+##### Pulser's state-vector definition
+
+In Pulser, we consistently define the state vectors according to their relative energy.
+In this way we have, for any given basis, that
+
+$$
+|b\rangle = (1, 0)^T,~~|a\rangle = (0, 1)^T
+$$
+
+Thus, the Pauli and excited state occupation operators are defined as
+
+$$
+\hat{\sigma}^x = |a\rangle\langle b| + |b\rangle\langle a|, \\
+\hat{\sigma}^y = i|a\rangle\langle b| - i|b\rangle\langle a|, \\
+\hat{\sigma}^z = |b\rangle\langle b| - |a\rangle\langle a|  \\
+\hat{n} = |b\rangle\langle b| = (1 + \sigma_z) / 2
+$$
+
+and the driving Hamiltonian takes the form
+
+$$
+H^D(t) / \hbar = \frac{\Omega(t)}{2} \cos\phi(t) \hat{\sigma}^x
+- \frac{\Omega(t)}{2} \sin\phi(t) \hat{\sigma}^y
+- \delta(t) \hat{n}
+$$
+
+##### Alternative state-vector definition
+
+Outside of Pulser, the alternative definition for the basis state
+vectors might be taken:
+
+$$
+|a\rangle = (1, 0)^T,~~|b\rangle = (0, 1)^T
+$$
+
+This changes the operators and Hamiltonian definitions,
+as rewriten below with highlighted differences.
+
+$$
+\hat{\sigma}^x = |a\rangle\langle b| + |b\rangle\langle a|, \\
+\hat{\sigma}^y = \textcolor{red}{-}i|a\rangle\langle b| \textcolor{red}{+}i|b\rangle\langle a|, \\
+\hat{\sigma}^z = \textcolor{red}{-}|b\rangle\langle b| \textcolor{red}{+} |a\rangle\langle a|  \\
+\hat{n} = |b\rangle\langle b| = (1 \textcolor{red}{-} \sigma_z) / 2
+$$
+
+$$
+H^D(t) / \hbar = \frac{\Omega(t)}{2} \cos\phi(t) \hat{\sigma}^x
+\textcolor{red}{+}\frac{\Omega(t)}{2} \sin\phi(t) \hat{\sigma}^y
+- \delta(t) \hat{n}
+$$
+
+:::{note}
+A common case for the use of this alternative definition arises when
+trying to reconcile the basis states of the `ground-rydberg` basis
+(where $|r\rangle$ is the higher energy level) with the
+computational-basis state-vector convention, thus ending up with
+
+$$
+|0\rangle = |g\rangle = |a\rangle = (1, 0)^T,~~|1\rangle = |r\rangle = |b\rangle = (0, 1)^T
+$$
+:::
+
+### Interaction Hamiltonian
+
+The interaction Hamiltonian depends on the states involved in the sequence.
+When working with the `ground-rydberg` and `digital` bases, atoms interact
+when they are in the Rydberg state $|r\rangle$:
+
+$$
+H^\text{int}_{ij} = \frac{C_6}{R_{ij}^6} \hat{n}_i \hat{n}_j
+$$
+
+where $\hat{n}_i = |r\rangle\langle r|_i$ (the projector of
+atom $i$ onto the Rydberg state), $R_{ij}^6$ is the distance
+between atoms $i$ and $j$ and $C_6$ is a coefficient
+depending on the specific Rydberg level of $|r\rangle$.
+
+On the other hand, with the two Rydberg states of the `XY`
+basis, the interaction Hamiltonian takes the form
+
+$$
+H^\text{int}_{ij} =  \frac{C_3}{R_{ij}^3} (\hat{\sigma}_i^{+}\hat{\sigma}_j^{-} + \hat{\sigma}_i^{-}\hat{\sigma}_j^{+})
+$$
+
+where $C_3$ is a coefficient that depends on the chosen Ryberg states
+and
+
+$$
+\hat{\sigma}_i^{+} =  |1\rangle\langle 0|_i,~~~\hat{\sigma}_i^{-} =  |0\rangle\langle 1|_i
+$$
+
+:::{note}
+The definitions given for both interaction Hamiltonians are independent of the chosen state vector convention.
+:::