Contribute Morphuntion from Apple as open source software. (#35)

This contribution should resolve the following issues: #5, #6, #7, #11, #12, #13, #15, #17, #18, #19
This contribution is also related to the following issues without fully resolving the issues: 3, 4, 8, 10, 21, 23, 24, 25
This contribution also has an implementation that addresses these CLDR issues: 13025, 13563

morphuntion/.gitignore

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+#
+# Copyright 2016-2024 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.
+#
+# Metadata directory
+.DS_Store
+.gradle
+.idea
+# Temporary build directory
+build
+dist
+# Generated documentation
+docs/headers
+docs/html
+docs/xml
+docs/pages
+# Vim
+*.swp
+# Cmake ignores
+CMakeLists.txt.user
+CMakeCache.txt
+CMakeFiles
+CMakeScripts
+CMakeBuild*
+cmake-build-*
+options.mk
+# Gradle
+gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar

morphuntion/CMakeLists.txt

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+#
+# Copyright 2018-2024 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.
+#
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.24)
+include(ExternalProject)
+include(CheckCXXCompilerFlag)
+
+list(APPEND CMAKE_MODULE_PATH "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake")
+set(VERSIONS_MK_PATH ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/query_versions.mk)
+set(OPTIONS_MK_PATH ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/build_options.mk)
+include(morphuntionMacros)
+
+set_property(GLOBAL PROPERTY USE_FOLDERS ON)
+set(CMAKE_INSTALL_MESSAGE NEVER)
+
+# Declare morphuntion project
+project(
+    Morphuntion
+    LANGUAGES C CXX
+)
+
+# Configure number of processors
+get_num_processors(NUM_PROCESSORS_VAL)
+morphuntion_debug_vars(NUM_PROCESSORS_VAL)
+
+# Morphuntion cache variables
+set(NUM_PROCESSORS             ${NUM_PROCESSORS_VAL} CACHE STRING   "Number of cores to be used in make")
+if (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "Clang")
+    set(CXX_STD_LIB_FLAG       -stdlib=libc++        CACHE STRING   "C++ Standard library to link against")
+endif()
+
+# Morphun options
+option(PROFILING "Turn on code profiling" OFF)
+
+add_compile_options(${CXX_STD_LIB_FLAG})
+add_link_options(${CXX_STD_LIB_FLAG})
+
+# Setting c++20 standard
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)
+set(CMAKE_CXX_EXTENSIONS OFF)
+
+# Equivalent to -fvisibility=hidden flag
+set(CMAKE_CXX_VISIBILITY_PRESET hidden)
+
+# Morphuntion version
+set(TAG_PREFIX Morphuntion)
+get_morphuntion_version(MORPHUNTION_VERSION_TAG)
+set(MORPHUNTION_VERSION ${MORPHUNTION_VERSION_TAG} CACHE STRING "Version of morphuntion to be used in publishing")
+morphuntion_debug_vars(MORPHUNTION_VERSION)
+
+set(CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR lib)
+include(GNUInstallDirs)
+
+# Optionally compile with code profiling
+if(PROFILING)
+    message("-- PROFILING TURNED ON")
+    add_compile_options(-g -fprofile-instr-generate -fcoverage-mapping)
+    add_link_options(-g -fprofile-instr-generate -fcoverage-mapping)
+endif()
+
+# Set these warning properties on a project level
+add_compile_options(-Wall -Weffc++ -Wextra)
+if (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "Clang")
+    add_compile_options(-Wglobal-constructors -Wexit-time-destructors -Wweak-vtables -Wvla-extension)
+endif()
+
+# Improve code security
+add_compile_options(-Werror=format-security -fstack-protector-strong)
+add_compile_definitions(_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE=_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_EXTENSIVE)
+
+# Add link time optimization for release build types for macOS
+if(APPLE AND ("${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE}" MATCHES "MinSizeRel" OR "${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE}" MATCHES "Release"))
+    add_compile_options(-flto)
+    add_link_options(-flto)
+    if(${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME} MATCHES "Linux")
+        # Improve code security
+        add_compile_definitions(_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2)
+    endif()
+endif()
+
+# Set Morphuntion include, data directories
+set(MORPHUNTION_INCLUDE_ROOT ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/morphuntion_headers)
+set(MORPHUNTION_DATA_ROOT_PREFIX ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/morphuntion_data)
+set(MORPHUNTION_DATA_ROOT ${MORPHUNTION_DATA_ROOT_PREFIX}${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/${CMAKE_INSTALL_DATADIR})
+
+file(MAKE_DIRECTORY ${MORPHUNTION_DATA_ROOT})
+file(MAKE_DIRECTORY ${MORPHUNTION_INCLUDE_ROOT})
+
+include(dependICU)
+
+add_library(xml2 INTERFACE IMPORTED GLOBAL)
+set_target_properties(xml2 PROPERTIES IMPORTED_LIBNAME xml2)
+target_include_directories(xml2 INTERFACE ${CMAKE_OSX_SYSROOT}/usr/include/libxml2)
+
+# Runs Morphuntion unit tests: "make check"
+set(DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH ${ICU_LIB_DIRECTORY}:$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:morphuntion>)
+if(${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME} MATCHES "Linux")
+    set(DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH ${DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH}:$<TARGET_PROPERTY:CoreFoundation,INTERFACE_LINK_DIRECTORIES>)
+endif()
+
+add_subdirectory(ext EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL)
+add_subdirectory(tools EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL)
+add_subdirectory(resources)
+add_subdirectory(src)
+add_subdirectory(test EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL)
+
+add_custom_target(dist
+    COMMAND sh -c "DESTDIR=${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/dist ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -P ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/cmake_install.cmake"
+    WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}
+    VERBATIM
+)
+add_dependencies(dist morphuntion morphuntion-headers morphuntion-data)
+
+add_subdirectory(docs EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL)
+
+# make list-commands
+add_custom_target(list-commands
+        COMMAND echo "\
+make list-commands          : Shows this message\\n\\n\
+make check                  : Runs unit tests\\n\
+make check-headers          : Tests whether all exported headers can be compiled independently.\\n\
+make morphuntion            : Builds the shared library.\\n\
+make morphuntion-headers    : Copy all morphuntion public headers to <build>/morphuntion_headers.\\n\
+make morphuntion-data       : Generate all morphuntion data under <build>/morphuntion_data.\\n\
+make dist                   : Builds morphuntion, the headers, and the data.\\n\
+make coverage               : Generates code coverage using sonar-scanner\\n\
+make generate-coverage-csv  : Generates code coverage as a csv\\n\
+        "
+        VERBATIM
+)
+# end section
+
+install(TARGETS   morphuntion                  LIBRARY      COMPONENT morphuntion_library)
+install(DIRECTORY ${MORPHUNTION_INCLUDE_ROOT}/ TYPE INCLUDE COMPONENT morphuntion_headers)
+install(DIRECTORY ${MORPHUNTION_DATA_ROOT}/    TYPE DATA    COMPONENT morphuntion_data)

morphuntion/README.md

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+<!--
+ Copyright 2016-2024 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.
+-->
+# Morphuntion
+
+## About Morphuntion
+
+Morphuntion is a C/C++ library that provides support for the following tasks.
+
+- Word inflection of a word into another [surface form](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_form) of another word.
+- Grammatical agreement between words.
+- Querying grammatical properties as [grammemes](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/grammeme) (the values of [grammatical categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_category)) 
+
+It uses C++20, [ICU4C](https://icu.unicode.org/), UTF-16 strings (just like Java) and a data source of lexical
+dictionaries that contain relationships between inflections of a word. Just like ICU, it is thread safe between service
+objects, but mutable objects are not necessarily thread safe between threads.
+
+By making this implementation open sourced, various software frameworks can generate grammatically correct messages
+and to lower the barriers to correctly localizing software.
+
+### Platforms
+Morphuntion is currently supported on these operating systems:
+
+* iOS
+* iPadOS
+* macOS
+* tvOS
+* watchOS
+* visionOS
+* UBI Linux 9
+* Ubuntu Linux 22
+
+## How Morphuntion works
+The following sections delve a bit deeper into the low-level functionality of Morphuntion, such as how caching,
+multi-threading, work with Morphuntion. These sections are meant as a guide to utilizing Morphuntion in a
+safe manner while also squeezing the most potential out of the library as possible.
+
+### Caching
+At the time of writing, caching is a one-way street. Once an object that utilizes caching functionality with some data,
+it remains in-memory until the process has terminated. Reloading of such caches are not supported, since that involves
+ensuring that all dependencies in the process space sharing the same resources have also stopped and released the same
+resources.
+
+The caching being done by Morphuntion lowers the lookup time for many portions of the
+`morphuntion::dialog::CommonConceptFactory`
+operations. It is for this reason that it may be a good idea to initialize these constructs before lookup time, so
+that Morphuntion is in a "warmed up" state.
+
+It is important to note that many of these cached data structures have ties to specific references in Morphuntion's
+memory-mapped dictionaries. This makes reloading dictionaries difficult.
+
+#### Grammar synthesizer caching
+Grammar synthesizers memory map lexical dictionaries and cache various grammatical structures depending on the language.
+Synthesized words are not cached.
+
+### Multi-threading
+Morphuntion is multi-thread friendly. It has <code>std::mutex</code> in places where deadlocks could occur, and
+generally tries to abstract this away from users.
+
+## History
+
+This project was donated to the Unicode consortium from Siri at Apple Inc. These additional
+resources may be helpful background information to reference:
+
+* [Automatic Grammar Agreement in Message Formatting](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C2e7hYIkqoM) ([2023.11.8](https://www.unicode.org/events/utw/2023/talks/grammar/))
+* [Authoring Grammatically Correct Conversational Templates for Siri](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=emlIWUTaJFM) ([2020.10.16](https://www.unicodeconference.org/iuc44/Conference_Program.pdf))
+* [Let's Come To An Agreement About Our Words](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KclVxxHX26k) ([2017.02.16](https://www.imug.org/events/imug-2017-events.htm#words))
+
+## Dependencies
+
+The following are the dependencies to use this code.
+
+| Library                                           | runtime | build time | test time | Note                     |
+|---------------------------------------------------|:-------:|:----------:|:---------:|--------------------------|
+| [CoreFoundation](https://www.swift.org/)          |    ✅    |     ✅      |     ✅     | automatically downloaded |
+| [ICU4C](https://icu.unicode.org/)                 |    ✅    |     ✅      |     ✅     |                          |
+| [marisa](https://github.com/s-yata/marisa-trie)   |    ✅    |     ✅      |     ✅     | statically linked        |
+| [cmake](https://cmake.org/)                       |         |     ✅      |           |                          |
+| [libxml2](https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/libxml2) |         |     ✅      |     ✅     |                          |
+| [Catch2](https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/)     |         |            |     ✅     | automatically downloaded |
+
+### Building
+
+Before building this project, you must have a distribution of ICU4C available. The path to the ICU distribution must be
+set as ICU_ROOT in either options.mk or as a command line argument to cmake. The path should be the same as the
+--prefix value used when ICU was configured, built and installed.
+
+If you want to build this project faster, you can adjust the number of concurrent build jobs used when compiling.
+
+```
+cd morphuntion
+mkdir build
+cd build
+CC=clang CXX=clang++ cmake -DICU_ROOT=<PATH_TO_ICU> ..
+make -j 8 check
+```
+
+Optionally, ICU_ROOT can be specified in the file options.mk with the following type of syntax.
+```
+ICU_ROOT=<PATH_TO_ICU>
+```