feat: support cast function date

[jetjinser]

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What's changed and what's your intention?

resolve #12688.

Checklist

• I have written necessary rustdoc comments
• I have added necessary unit tests and integration tests
• I have added fuzzing tests or opened an issue to track them. (Optional, recommended for new SQL features Sqlsmith: Sql feature generation #7934).
• My PR contains breaking changes. (If it deprecates some features, please create a tracking issue to remove them in the future).
• All checks passed in ./risedev check (or alias, ./risedev c)
• My PR changes performance-critical code. (Please run macro/micro-benchmarks and show the results.)

• My PR contains critical fixes that are necessary to be merged into the latest release. (Please check out the details)

Documentation

• My PR needs documentation updates. (Please use the Release note section below to summarize the impact on users)

Release note

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #12738 (166d085) into main (7113abd) will decrease coverage by 0.07%.
Report is 7 commits behind head on main.
The diff coverage is 83.33%.

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #12738      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   69.45%   69.38%   -0.07%     
==========================================
  Files        1472     1472              
  Lines      242069   242075       +6     
==========================================
- Hits       168126   167968     -158     
- Misses      73943    74107     +164     

Flag	Coverage Δ
rust	69.38% <83.33%> (-0.07%)	⬇️

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Files	Coverage Δ
src/frontend/src/binder/expr/function.rs	78.36% <83.33%> (+0.02%)	⬆️

... and 20 files with indirect coverage changes

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