gh: backport of fix lint-cpp for ubuntu noble

Manual backport of PR: #18087.
Looks like `lint-cpp.yml` did not exist yet in `v23.2.x`.
I have made the same changes to the appropriate command in `lint.yml`.

.github/workflows/lint.yml

@@ -83,14 +83,10 @@ jobs:
     - name: Run clang-format
       run: |
         docker run \
-        -v $PWD:/redpanda ubuntu \
+        -v $PWD:/redpanda ubuntu:noble \
         bash -c "cd /redpanda && \
           apt update && \
-          apt install -y wget git lsb-release wget software-properties-common gnupg && \
-          wget https://apt.llvm.org/llvm.sh && \
-          chmod +x llvm.sh && \
-          ./llvm.sh 16 && \
-          apt-get install -y clang-format-16 && \
+          apt install -y git clang-format-16  && \
           find . -type f -regex '.*\.\(cpp\|h\|hpp\|cc\|proto\|java\)' | xargs -n1 clang-format-16 -i -style=file -fallback-style=none"
         git diff --exit-code