Update base OFRAK Docker image to Debian 12

[whyitfor]

See #467 and #494 for previous attempts to address this.

The motivating factor behind this change is the fact that Binary Ninja does not install correctly in the Debian 11 default configuration: #467 (comment).

Having discussed with @rbs-jacob, we propose the following solution to this:

• Update base Docker image as done here: https://github.com/redballoonsecurity/ofrak/pull/494/files#r1746397877
• Switch to downloading and installing toolchains (versus using the package manager) in an attempt to keep them all on version 10 (or the same as they were). This is probably better practice anyway as it pins a specific version of the toolchain
• Make other changes as necessary to get tests to pass.

Once this is implemented and merged, #467 and #494 can be closed.

Which files would be affected?
Dockerfiles, mainly

Does the proposed maintenance include non-doc string functional changes to the Python code?
No.

Are you interested in implementing it yourself?
No.

[whyitfor]

#502 ended up closing this issue.