Use more pylibcudf.types instead of cudf._lib.types

[mroeschke]

Description

Contributes to #17317

Primary change is to use pylibcudf.TypeId instead of an ad-hoc one defined in cudf._lib.types. Additionally uses pylibcudf more consistently and inlines/removes some seldom uses/dead code

Checklist

• I am familiar with the Contributing Guidelines.
• New or existing tests cover these changes.
• The documentation is up to date with these changes.

[mroeschke]

/merge