scholarly

scholarly is a module that allows you to retrieve author and publication information from Google Scholar in a friendly, Pythonic way.

Documentation

Check the documentation for a complete reference. (Warning: Still under development, please excuse the messiness.)

Installation

Use pip to install from pypi:

pip3 install scholarly

or pip to install from github:

pip3 install -U git+https://github.com/OrganicIrradiation/scholarly.git

Usage

Because scholarly does not use an official API, no key is required. Simply:

from scholarly import scholarly

print(next(scholarly.search_author('Steven A. Cholewiak')))

Example

Here's a quick example demonstrating how to retrieve an author's profile then retrieve the titles of the papers that cite his most popular (cited) paper.

from scholarly import scholarly

# Retrieve the author's data, fill-in, and print
search_query = scholarly.search_author('Steven A Cholewiak')
author = next(search_query).fill()
print(author)

# Print the titles of the author's publications
print([pub.bib['title'] for pub in author.publications])

# Take a closer look at the first publication
pub = author.publications[0].fill()
print(pub)

# Which papers cited that publication?
print([citation.bib['title'] for citation in pub.citedby])

Methods for scholar

search_author -- Search for an author by name and return a generator of Author objects.

>>> search_query = scholarly.search_author('Marty Banks, Berkeley')
>>> print(next(search_query))
{'affiliation': 'Professor of Vision Science, UC Berkeley',
 'citedby': 20160,
 'email': '@berkeley.edu',
 'filled': False,
 'id': 'Smr99uEAAAAJ',
 'interests': ['vision science', 'psychology', 'human factors', 'neuroscience'],
 'name': 'Martin Banks',
 'url_picture': 'https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=Smr99uEAAAAJ'}

search_author_id -- Search for an author by the id visible in the url of an Authors profile.

>>> author = scholarly.search_author_id('Smr99uEAAAAJ')
>>> print(author)
{'affiliation': 'Professor of Vision Science, UC Berkeley',
 'filled': False,
 'id': 'Smr99uEAAAAJ',
 'interests': ['vision science', 'psychology', 'human factors', 'neuroscience'],
 'name': 'Martin Banks'}

search_keyword -- Search by keyword and return a generator of Author objects.

>>> search_query = scholarly.search_keyword('Haptics')
>>> print(next(search_query))
{'affiliation': 'Postdoctoral research assistant, University of Bremen',
 'citedby': 55943,
 'email': '@collision-detection.com',
 'filled': False,
 'id': 'lHrs3Y4AAAAJ',
 'interests': ['Computer Graphics',
               'Collision Detection',
               'Haptics',
               'Geometric Data Structures'],
 'name': 'Rene Weller',
 'url_picture': 'https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=lHrs3Y4AAAAJ'}

search_pubs -- Search for articles/publications and return generator of Publication objects.

>>> search_query = scholarly.search_pubs('Perception of physical stability and center of mass of 3D objects')
>>> print(next(search_query))
{'bib': {'abstract': 'Humans can judge from vision alone whether an object is '
                     'physically stable or not. Such judgments allow observers '
                     'to predict the physical behavior of objects, and hence '
                     'to guide their motor actions. We investigated the visual '
                     'estimation of physical stability of 3-D objects (shown '
                     'in stereoscopically viewed rendered scenes) and how it '
                     'relates to visual estimates of their center of mass '
                     '(COM). In Experiment 1, observers viewed an object near '
                     'the edge of a table and adjusted its tilt to the '
                     'perceived critical angle, ie, the tilt angle at which '
                     'the object',
         'author': ['SA Cholewiak', 'RW Fleming', 'M Singh'],
         'author_id': ['4bahYMkAAAAJ', '3xJXtlwAAAAJ', 'Smr99uEAAAAJ'],
         'cites': '23',
         'eprint': 'https://jov.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleID=2213254',
         'gsrank': '1',
         'title': 'Perception of physical stability and center of mass of 3-D '
                  'objects',
         'url': 'https://jov.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleID=2213254',
         'venue': 'Journal of vision',
         'year': '2015'},
 'citations_link': '/scholar?cites=15736880631888070187&as_sdt=5,33&sciodt=0,33&hl=en',
 'filled': False,
 'source': 'scholar',
 'url_add_sclib': '/citations?hl=en&xsrf=&continue=/scholar%3Fq%3DPerception%2Bof%2Bphysical%2Bstability%2Band%2Bcenter%2Bof%2Bmass%2Bof%2B3D%2Bobjects%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0,33&citilm=1&json=&update_op=library_add&info=K8ZpoI6hZNoJ&ei=ewEtX7_JOIvrmQHcvJqoDA',
 'url_scholarbib': '/scholar?q=info:K8ZpoI6hZNoJ:scholar.google.com/&output=cite&scirp=0&hl=en'}

Please note that the author_id array is positionally matching with the author array. You can use the author_id to get further details about the author using the search_author_id method.

Methods for Publication objects

fill

By default, scholarly returns only a lightly filled object for publication, to avoid overloading Google Scholar. If necessary to get more information for the publication object, we call the .fill() method.

citedby

Searches Google Scholar for other articles that cite this Publication and returns a Publication generator.

bibtex

You can export a publication to Bibtex by using the bibtex property. Here's a quick example:

>>> query = scholarly.search_pubs("A density-based algorithm for discovering clusters in large spatial databases with noise")
>>> pub = next(query)
>>> pub.bibtex

by running the code above you should get the following Bibtex entry:

@inproceedings{ester1996density,
 abstract = {Clustering algorithms are attractive for the task of class identification in spatial databases. However, the application to large spatial databases rises the following requirements for clustering algorithms: minimal requirements of domain knowledge to determine the input},
 author = {Ester, Martin and Kriegel, Hans-Peter and Sander, J{\"o}rg and Xu, Xiaowei},
 booktitle = {Kdd},
 cites = {17500},
 eprint = {https://www.aaai.org/Papers/KDD/1996/KDD96-037.pdf?source=post_page---------------------------},
 gsrank = {1},
 number = {34},
 pages = {226--231},
 title = {A density-based algorithm for discovering clusters in large spatial databases with noise.},
 url = {https://www.aaai.org/Papers/KDD/1996/KDD96-037.pdf?source=post_page---------------------------},
 venue = {Kdd},
 volume = {96},
 year = {1996}
}

Methods for Author objects

Author.fill(sections=[]) -- Populate the Author object with information from their profile.

The optional sections parameter takes a list of the portions of author information to fill, as follows:

• 'basics' = name, affiliation, and interests;
• 'indices' = h-index, i10-index, and 5-year analogues;
• 'counts' = number of citations per year;
• 'coauthors' = co-authors;
• 'publications' = publications;
• '[]' = all of the above (this is the default)

>>> search_query = scholarly.search_author('Steven A Cholewiak')
>>> author = next(search_query)
>>> print(author.fill(sections=['basics', 'indices', 'coauthors']))
{'affiliation': 'Vision Scientist',
 'citedby': 288,
 'citedby5y': 211,
 'coauthors': [{'affiliation': 'Kurt Koffka Professor of Experimental Psychology, University '
                'of Giessen',
 'filled': False,
 'id': 'ruUKktgAAAAJ',
 'name': 'Roland Fleming'},
               {'affiliation': 'Professor of Vision Science, UC Berkeley',
 'filled': False,
 'id': 'Smr99uEAAAAJ',
 'name': 'Martin Banks'},
               {'affiliation': 'Durham University, Computer Science & Physics',
 'filled': False,
 'id': '3xJXtlwAAAAJ',
 'name': 'Gordon D. Love'},
               {'affiliation': 'Professor of ECE, Purdue University',
 'filled': False,
 'id': 'OiVOAHMAAAAJ',
 'name': 'Hong Z Tan'},
               {'affiliation': 'Deepmind',
 'filled': False,
 'id': 'MnUboHYAAAAJ',
 'name': 'Ari Weinstein'},
               {'affiliation': "Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School",
 'filled': False,
 'id': 'dqokykoAAAAJ',
 'name': 'Chia-Chien Wu'},
               {'affiliation': 'Professor of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Rutgers '
                'University',
 'filled': False,
 'id': 'KoJrMIAAAAAJ',
 'name': 'Jacob Feldman'},
               {'affiliation': 'Research Scientist at Google Research, PhD Student at UC '
                'Berkeley',
 'filled': False,
 'id': 'aYyDsZ0AAAAJ',
 'name': 'Pratul Srinivasan'},
               {'affiliation': 'Formerly: Indiana University, Rutgers University, University '
                'of Pennsylvania',
 'filled': False,
 'id': 'FoVvIK0AAAAJ',
 'name': 'Peter C. Pantelis'},
               {'affiliation': 'Professor in Computer Science, University of California, '
                'Berkeley',
 'filled': False,
 'id': '6H0mhLUAAAAJ',
 'name': 'Ren Ng'},
               {'affiliation': 'Yale University',
 'filled': False,
 'id': 'rNTIQXYAAAAJ',
 'name': 'Steven W Zucker'},
               {'affiliation': 'Brown University',
 'filled': False,
 'id': 'JPZWLKQAAAAJ',
 'name': 'Ben Kunsberg'},
               {'affiliation': 'Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ',
 'filled': False,
 'id': '9XRvM88AAAAJ',
 'name': 'Manish Singh'},
               {'affiliation': 'Kent State University',
 'filled': False,
 'id': 'itUoRvUAAAAJ',
 'name': 'Kwangtaek Kim'},
               {'affiliation': 'Silicon Valley Professor of ECE, Purdue University',
 'filled': False,
 'id': 'fD3JviYAAAAJ',
 'name': 'David S. Ebert'},
               {'affiliation': 'MIT',
 'filled': False,
 'id': 'rRJ9wTJMUB8C',
 'name': 'Joshua B. Tenenbaum'},
               {'affiliation': 'Chief Scientist, isee AI',
 'filled': False,
 'id': 'bTdT7hAAAAAJ',
 'name': 'Chris Baker'},
               {'affiliation': 'Professor of Psychology, Ewha Womans University',
 'filled': False,
 'id': 'KXQb7CAAAAAJ',
 'name': 'Sung-Ho Kim'},
               {'affiliation': 'Assistant Professor, Boston University',
 'filled': False,
 'id': 'NN4GKo8AAAAJ',
 'name': 'Melissa M. Kibbe'},
               {'affiliation': 'Nvidia Corporation',
 'filled': False,
 'id': 'nHx9IgYAAAAJ',
 'name': 'Peter Shirley'}],
 'email': '@berkeley.edu',
 'filled': False,
 'hindex': 8,
 'hindex5y': 8,
 'i10index': 8,
 'i10index5y': 7,
 'id': '4bahYMkAAAAJ',
 'interests': ['Depth Cues',
               '3D Shape',
               'Shape from Texture & Shading',
               'Naive Physics',
               'Haptics'],
 'name': 'Steven A. Cholewiak, PhD',
 'url_picture': 'https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=4bahYMkAAAAJ'}

Using proxies

In general, Google Scholar does not like bots, and can often block scholarly. We are actively working towards making scholarly more robust towards that front.

The most common solution for avoiding network issues is to use proxies and Tor.

There is a class in the scholarly library, which handles all these different types of connections for you, called ProxyGenerator.

To use this class simply import it from the scholarly package:

from scholarly import ProxyGenerator

Then you need to initialize an object:

pg = ProxyGenerator()

Select the desirered connection type from the following options that come from the ProxyGenerator class:

• Tor_Internal()
• Tor_External()
• Luminati()
• FreeProxies()
• SingleProxy() Example:

pg.SingleProxy(http = <your http proxy>, https = <your https proxy>)

Finally set scholarly to use this proxy for your actions

if you want to use one of the above methods:

scholarly.use_proxy(pg)

or if you want to run it without any proxy:

scholarly.use_proxy(None)

pg.Tor_External(tor_sock_port: int, tor_control_port: int, tor_password: str)

This option assumes that you have access to a Tor server and a torrc file configuring the Tor server to have a control port configured with a password; this setup allows scholarly to refresh the Tor ID, if scholarly runs into problems accessing Google Scholar.

If you want to install and use Tor, then install it using the command

sudo apt-get install -y tor

See setup_tor.sh on how to setup a minimal, working torrc and set the password for the control server. (Note: the script uses scholarly_password as the default password, but you may want to change it for your installation.)

from scholarly import scholarly, ProxyGenerator

pg = ProxyGenerator()
pg.Tor_External(tor_sock_port=9050, tor_control_port=9051, tor_password="scholarly_password")
scholarly.use_proxy(pg)

author = next(scholarly.search_author('Steven A Cholewiak'))
print(author)

pg.Tor_internal(tor_cmd=None, tor_sock_port=None, tor_control_port=None)

If you have Tor installed locally, this option allows scholarly to launch its own Tor process. You need to pass a pointer to the Tor executable in your system.

from scholarly import scholarly, ProxyGenerator

pg = ProxyGenerator()
pg.Tor_Internal(tor_cmd = "tor")
scholarly.use_proxy(pg)

author = next(scholarly.search_author('Steven A Cholewiak'))
print(author)

pg.FreeProxies()

This uses the free-proxy pip library to add a proxy to your configuration.

from scholarly import scholarly, ProxyGenerator

pg = ProxyGenerator()
pg.FreeProxies()
scholarly.use_proxy(pg)

author = next(scholarly.search_author('Steven A Cholewiak'))
print(author)

pg.Luminati()

If you have a luminati proxy service, please refer to the environment setup for Luminati below and simply call the following command before any function you want to execute.

from scholarly import scholarly, ProxyGenerator

pg = ProxyGenerator()

You can use your own configuration

pg.Luminati(usr= "your_username",passwd ="your_password", port = "your_port" )

Or alternatively you can use the environment variables set in your .env file

import os
pg.Luminati(usr=os.getenv("USERNAME"),passwd=os.getenv("PASSWORD"),proxy_port = os.getenv("PORT"))

scholarly.use_proxy(pg)

author = next(scholarly.search_author('Steven A Cholewiak'))
print(author)

pg.SingleProxy(http: str, https:str)

If you want to use a proxy of your choice, feel free to use this option.

from scholarly import scholarly, ProxyGenerator

pg = ProxyGenerator()
pg.SingleProxy(http = <your http proxy>, https = <your https proxy>)
scholarly.use_proxy(pg)

author = next(scholarly.search_author('Steven A Cholewiak'))
print(author)

NOTE: Please create a new proxy object whenever you change proxy method, as this can lead to unexpected behavior.

Setting up environment for Luminati and/or Testing

To run the test_module.py it is advised to create a .env file in the working directory of the test_module.py as:

touch .env

nano .env # or any editor of your choice

Define the connection method for the Tests, among these options:

• luminati (if you have a luminati proxy service)
• freeproxy
• tor
• tor_internal
• none (if you want a local connection, which is also the default value)

ex.

CONNECTION_METHOD = luminati

If using a luminati proxy service please append the following to your .env:

USERNAME = <LUMINATI_USERNAME>
PASSWORD = <LUMINATI_PASSWORD>
PORT = <PORT_FOR_LUMINATI>

Tests

Run the tests

To run tests execute the test_module.py file as:

python3 test_module

or

python3 -m unittest -v test_module.py

Build Docs

To build the documentation execute the make file as:

make html

License

The original code that this project was forked from was released by Luciano Bello under a WTFPL license. In keeping with this mentality, all code is released under the Unlicense.