exploit_me

Very vulnerable ARM/ARM64 application (CTF style exploitation tutorial for ARM/ARM64, but portable to other platforms)

(c) B.Kerler 2018

Why:

Some of my friends asked me if I could do some examples of exploitable stuff I've seen in real-world the past years for ARM/ARM64/others.

So, for training purposes, I thought: Why not :)

Current vulnerabilities:

Level 1: Integer overflow
Level 2: Stack overflow
Level 3: Array overflow
Level 4: Off by one
Level 5: Stack cookie
Level 6: Format string
Level 7: Heap overflow
Level 8: Structure redirection / Type confusion
Level 9: Zero pointers
Level 10: Command injection
Level 11: Path Traversal
Level 12: Basic ROP
Level 13: Use-after-free

Quick-start using Vagrant VM (based on Lubuntu 18.04):

1. Get and install VirtualBox (https://www.virtualbox.org)

2. Get and install Vagrant (https://www.vagrantup.com)

3. In any directory:

   Install virtual machine on host

   $ vagrant init bkerler/reversing
   

   Start virtual machine (Will take some time to download and init on first start) on host

   $ vagrant up
   

   For each session on host

   $ vagrant ssh
   

   Time to do exploit training on Guest (Password for user vagrant is "vagrant")

   *** ARM32

   vagrant@vagrant-VirtualBox:~$ cd exploit_me
   vagrant@vagrant-VirtualBox:~/exploit_me$ sudo ./disableaslr.sh
   vagrant@vagrant-VirtualBox:~/exploit_me$ ./arm exploit hello &
   vagrant@vagrant-VirtualBox:~/exploit_me$ gdb-multiarch ./exploit
   

   *** ARM64

   vagrant@vagrant-VirtualBox:~$ cd exploit_me
   vagrant@vagrant-VirtualBox:~/exploit_me$ sudo ./disableaslr.sh
   vagrant@vagrant-VirtualBox:~/exploit_me$ ./arm64 ./exploit64 hello &
   vagrant@vagrant-VirtualBox:~/exploit_me$ gdb-multiarch ./exploit64
   

   Once you're done on Guest:

   vagrant@vagrant-VirtualBox:~$ logout
   

   To reset any changes :

   $ vagrant destroy 
   

   or to keep changes :

   $ vagrant halt
   

Usage hints:

• For trying if it works : *** 32-Bit:

  $ ./exploit
  

  *** 64-Bit:

  $ ./exploit64
  

• Example debugging session:

  $ sudo ./disableaslr.sh
  

  (Disable aslr, don't run if you want more fun) (Path dir1/dir2 needed in current exploit directory for Path Traversal vulnerability)

  In first terminal:

  *** 32-Bit:

  $ ./arm exploit [levelpassword] [options] &
  $ gdb-multiarch ./exploit
  

  Make sure to set architecture in .gdbinit to "arm"

  *** 64-Bit:

  $ ./arm64 exploit64 [levelpassword] [options] &
  $ gdb-multiarch ./exploit64
  

  Make sure to set architecture in .gdbinit to "aarch64"

• GDB Basics:

  Use 
  "si" to step into functions or 
  "so" to step over functions, 
  "info functions" to print all functions,
  "p [function]" to print function address and information, if symbols exist
  "b [function]" (Example: "b main" to set a breakpoint and "b *0x1234" to set a breakpoint at addr 0x1234, 
  "c" to continue program, 
  "x/[dwords]x" to print offsets, for example "x/4x 0x1234" and 
  "x/[dwords]x $reg" to print register contents, for example "x/4x $sp". 
  
  Using pwndbg, you can use 
  "rop" to list rop gadgets, for example "rop --grep 'pop {r3'" to list gadgets which pop values from stack to r3. 
  See https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg/blob/dev/FEATURES.md for more details !
  

• After you've exploited correctly, you will see the password for the next level. So if level2 password would be "Level2": *** 32-Bit:

  $ ./exploit Level2
  

  *** 64-Bit:

  $ ./exploit64 Level2
  

• For cheaters or people trying to understand with less instruction knowledge :

  See solution and source code in exploit.cpp
  

• There are more solutions possible, even with rop chains, not just my example solutions given

• There are some hints printed to console (information leak), which you normally wouldn't have, but these make things easier for beginners, that's why I added it

Manual installation (if you don't trust vagrant):

Use either "python" or "pip" for python 2.x or "python3" or "pip3" accordingly for python 3.x (preferred)

Example: sudo pip install capstone for python 2.x or sudo pip3 install capstone for python 3.x

1. Basic install (tested with Ubuntu/LUbuntu 17.10 64Bit)

   $ sudo apt-get update
   $ sudo apt-get install gdb-multiarch
   $ sudo apt-get install python2.7 python-dev python3 python3-dev python-pip python3-pip git libssl-dev libffi-dev build-essential
   $ pip install --upgrade capstone
   $ sudo apt-get install qemu binfmt-support qemu-user-binfmt
   $ sudo systemctl restart systemd-binfmt
   $ sudo apt-get install python-capstone python3-capstone
   $ sudo apt-get install libncurses5-dev
   

   If you want to crosscompile:

   *** ARM

   $ sudo apt-get install g++-arm-linux-gnueabi
   $ sudo apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi
   $ ./compile32.sh
   

   *** ARM64

   $ sudo apt-get install gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu
   $ sudo apt-get install g++-aarch64-linux-gnu
   $ ./compile64.sh
   

(Remove -fno-stack-protector for more fun) Add -marm to prevent compiling in thumb mode

2. Install latest ROPgadget:

   $ git clone https://github.com/JonathanSalwan/ROPgadget
   $ cd ROPgadget && python setup.py install && cd ..
   

3. Install latest pwndbg:

   $ git clone https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg
   $ cd pwndbg && python setup.py install && cd ..
   

4. Install pwntools (Note, currently Python3 version doesn't work !, thanks zachriggle):

   $ pip install --upgrade pip
   $ pip install --upgrade pwntools
   

Add this to .gdbinit in home directory:

set auto-load safe-path /

My .gdbinit from the repo:

set endian little
set architecture arm << replace "arm" with "aarch64" for arm64 !!
target remote :1234

ToDo:

• Will add other vulnerabilities as I see them or have spare time (like multi-thread vulnerability). But if you want to add some, I'd be happy to provide !

Some referrals to ARM reversing beginners :

• Learn some ARM Assembly Basics and Shellcode stuff over here : https://azeria-labs.com/
• Get Book "Beginner's Guide to Exploitation on ARM" by Billy Ellis and his YouTube tutorial videos
• Read blog "ARM exploitation for IoT" Part 1 - 3 https://quequero.org/category/security/
• Read book "A Bug Hunter's Diary" By Tobias Klein

License:

MIT License (Share, modify and use as you like, but refer to the original author !)