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A core goal of biomedical research is to uncover how individual genes contribute to the biology of an organism, and their roles in health and disease. The mission of the Gene Ontology Consortium (GOC) is to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date computational model of the current scientific understanding of the functions of gene products, e.g. proteins, non-coding RNAs, macromolecular complexes, or *genes* for simplicity. GO encompasses all levels of biological systems, from molecular activities to complex cellular and organismal-level networks. GO provides uniform descriptors applicable to gene products across the entire tree of life. Today, GO is used to represent gene function in all sequenced organisms.

### Background
The GOC was established in 1998 when researchers studying the genome of three model organisms — *Drosophila melanogaster* (fruit fly), *Mus musculus* (mouse), and *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* (brewer's or baker's yeast) — began to work collaboratively on a common classification scheme for gene function to compare the newly sequenced genomes of these organisms. GO grew into a large data framework adapted for all living organisms, from bacteria to human.

GO was the first of the [hundreds of biomedical ontologies](https://obofoundry.org/) that currently exist, which together, aim to represent the vast amount of biomedical knowledge in a computable form. GO is a major hub within these ontologies, being linked to many other biomedical ontologies. It is widely used as a tool in scientific research, and has been cited in tens of thousands of publications.
The GOC was established in 1998 when researchers studying the genome of three model organisms — *Drosophila melanogaster* (fruit fly), *Mus musculus* (mouse), and *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* (brewer's or baker's yeast) — began to work collaboratively on a common classification scheme for gene function to compare the newly sequenced genomes of these organisms. One of the GO's earliest documents, [On the representation of "gene function" in databases](https://zenodo.org/record/5504413), was written by Michael Ashburner in 1998. GO's first offical paper was the 2000 Nature Genetics publication [Gene ontology: tool for the unification of biology](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3037419/){:target="blank"}.

GO grew into a large data framework adapted for all living organisms, from bacteria to human. GO was the first of the [hundreds of biomedical ontologies](https://obofoundry.org/) that currently exist, which together, aim to represent the vast amount of biomedical knowledge in a computable form. GO is a major hub within these ontologies, being linked to many other biomedical ontologies. It is widely used as a tool in scientific research, and has been cited in tens of thousands of publications. The GO Consortium regularly publishes updates and developments [as the Gene Ontology Consortium](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Gene+Ontology+Consortium%5BCorporate+Author%5D). For the most recent publications, please see [our citation policy](https://geneontology.org/docs/go-citation-policy/).

### The GO consists of:

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Together, the ontology and annotations provide a comprehensive model of biological systems.

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In addition to this core knowledgebase, GO resources also include software to edit and perform logical reasoning over the ontologies, web access to the ontology and annotations, and analytical tools that use GO to support biomedical research.
In addition to this core knowledgebase of ontology + annotations, GO resources also include software to edit and perform logical reasoning over the ontologies, web access to the ontology and annotations, and analytical tools that use GO to support biomedical research.

### Uses of the GO and annotations
The GO knowledgebase plays an essential role in supporting biomedical research and has been cited in [tens of thousands of scientific studies](/docs/literature/). The most common use of GO annotations is for interpretation of large-scale molecular biology experiments, to gain insight into the structure, function, and dynamics of an organism. [**Gene Ontology enrichment analysis**](/docs/go-enrichment-analysis) is used to discover statistically significant similarities or differences under alternate controlled experimental conditions.
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### The GO and the Global Biodata Coalition

| --- | --- |
| <a href="https://globalbiodata.org/" target="_blank" style="border: 2px solid black;"><img src="/assets/GCBR-Logo-RGB.jpg" alt="Global Biodata Coalition Resource, globalbiodata.org" width="500" /></a> | The [Global Biodata Coalition (GBC)](https://globalbiodata.org){:target="blank"}, founded in 2019, is a forum working to ensure the efficient management and growth of biodata infrastructure by coordinating funding at the global level. GO has been a Global Core Biodata Resource (GCBR) since the first set was selected in December 2022. Among other criteria, GCBR selection is based on the status of the resource as authoritative databases or knowledgebases that are used extensively, have a proven longevity, and provide free and open access to their high quality data. For more information and to view the full list of GCBRs, visit the [GBC Global Core Biodata Resource page](https://globalbiodata.org/scientific-activities/global-core-biodata-resources/){:target="blank"} |
| <a href="https://globalbiodata.org/" target="_blank" style="border: 2px solid black;"><img src="/assets/GCBR-Logo-RGB.jpg" alt="Global Biodata Coalition Resource, globalbiodata.org" width="500" /></a> | The [Global Biodata Coalition (GBC)](https://globalbiodata.org){:target="blank"}, founded in 2019, is a forum working to ensure the efficient management and growth of biodata infrastructure by coordinating funding at the global level. GO has been a Global Core Biodata Resource (GCBR) since the first set was selected in December 2022. Among other criteria, GCBR selection is based on the status of the resource as authoritative databases or knowledgebases that are used extensively, have a proven longevity, and provide free and open access to their high quality data. For more information and to view the full list of GCBRs, visit the [GBC Global Core Biodata Resource page](https://globalbiodata.org/scientific-activities/global-core-biodata-resources/){:target="blank"}. |

### Funding
The GO Consortium is funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute (US National Institutes of Health), grant number [HG012212](https://reporter.nih.gov/search/BqfmFvQGv0CWrEFOkzTp-w/project-details/10348001){:target="blank"}, with co-funding by NIGMS.
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