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valbert4 committed Oct 29, 2024
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States can be represented by a series via a basis expansion, such as that in the countable basis of Fock states \(|n\rangle\) with \(n\geq 0\).
Alternatively, states can be represented as functions over the reals by expanding in a continuous "basis" (more technically, set of tempered distributions in the space dual to Schwartz space), such as the position "basis" \(|y\rangle\) with \(y\in\mathbb{R}\) or the momentum "basis" \(|p\rangle\) with \(p\in\mathbb{R}\).
A third option is to use coherent states \(|\alpha\rangle\) with \(\alpha\in\mathbb{C}\), which are eigenstates of the annihilation operator, which correspond to classical electromagnetic signals, and which resolve the identity \cite{arxiv:math-ph/0210005,arxiv:10.1016/0034-4877(71)90006-1,arxiv:10.1103/PhysRevB.12.1118,arxiv:10.1103/PhysRevB.18.6744}.
A third option is to use coherent states \(|\alpha\rangle\) with \(\alpha\in\mathbb{C}\), which are eigenstates of the annihilation operator, which correspond to classical electromagnetic signals, and which resolve the identity \cite{arxiv:math-ph/0210005,arxiv:10.1016/0034-4877(71)90006-1,doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.12.1118,doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.18.6744}.
States can further be represented as functions over the joint position-momentum phase space in the Wigner function formalism \cite{doi:10.1103/PhysRev.40.749,doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.15.449}.
An important subset of states is formed by the \textit{Gaussian states}, which are in one-to-one correspondence with a (displacement) vector and covariance matrix \cite{arxiv:quant-ph/0410100,arxiv:0801.4604,arxiv:1110.3234,arxiv:2010.15518,arxiv:2409.11628}.
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