Bump ubuntu from 22.04 to 24.04 in /docker #8289

Job	Run time
build packages	25s
unit test / python 3.8	1m 52s
code-quality	1m 20s
unit test / python 3.9	1m 45s
unit test / python 3.10	1m 9s
unit test / python 3.11	1m 5s
verify packages / python 3.8 / ubuntu-latest	44s
verify packages / python 3.9 / ubuntu-latest	34s
verify packages / python 3.10 / ubuntu-latest	38s
verify packages / python 3.11 / ubuntu-latest	38s
verify packages / python 3.8 / macos-12	55s
verify packages / python 3.9 / macos-12	51s
verify packages / python 3.10 / macos-12	1m 2s
verify packages / python 3.11 / macos-12	52s
verify packages / python 3.8 / windows-latest	2m 29s
verify packages / python 3.9 / windows-latest	1m 37s
verify packages / python 3.10 / windows-latest	2m 27s
verify packages / python 3.11 / windows-latest	2m 44s
	23m 7s

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