Simplify docker release process in the release pipeline

[mikealfare]

Problem

We simplified the docker release process and delegated the adapter-specific releases to the adapter repos. We need to reflect that in dbt-core

Solution

• remove references to first party adapters
• remove dbt-core from the build arg, we only need the version

Checklist

• I have read the contributing guide and understand what's expected of me
• I have run this code in development and it appears to resolve the stated issue
• This PR includes tests, or tests are not required/relevant for this PR
• This PR has no interface changes (e.g. macros, cli, logs, json artifacts, config files, adapter interface, etc) or this PR has already received feedback and approval from Product or DX
• This PR includes type annotations for new and modified functions

[wiz-inc-266a8a9c32]

Wiz Scan Summary

IaC Misconfigurations
Vulnerabilities
Sensitive Data
Total
Secrets

[github-actions]

Thank you for your pull request! We could not find a changelog entry for this change. For details on how to document a change, see the contributing guide.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 88.05%. Comparing base (a1f0057) to head (5d4ed80).
Report is 12 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #9928      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   88.15%   88.05%   -0.11%     
==========================================
  Files         178      180       +2     
  Lines       22455    22546      +91     
==========================================
+ Hits        19796    19852      +56     
- Misses       2659     2694      +35     

Flag	Coverage Δ
integration	85.35% <ø> (-0.25%)	⬇️
unit	62.04% <ø> (+0.16%)	⬆️

Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. Click here to find out more.

☔ View full report in Codecov by Sentry.
📢 Have feedback on the report? Share it here.