[Backport 1.7.latest] Support new agate Integer data_type in adapter code

[github-actions]

Backport 46b9a1d from #9004.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: 1 lines in your changes are missing coverage. Please review.

Comparison is base (7d60d63) 86.51% compared to head (d3aaaea) 86.53%.

Additional details and impacted files

@@              Coverage Diff               @@
##           1.7.latest    #9027      +/-   ##
==============================================
+ Coverage       86.51%   86.53%   +0.02%     
==============================================
  Files             179      179              
  Lines           26535    26541       +6     
==============================================
+ Hits            22956    22968      +12     
+ Misses           3579     3573       -6     

Flag	Coverage Δ
integration	83.30% <83.33%> (+0.02%)	⬆️
unit	64.79% <66.66%> (+<0.01%)	⬆️

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Files	Coverage Δ
core/dbt/adapters/sql/impl.py	93.47% <100.00%> (+0.14%)	⬆️
core/dbt/adapters/base/impl.py	82.86% <66.66%> (-0.07%)	⬇️

... and 2 files with indirect coverage changes

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