Move CatalogKey, ColumnMetadata, ColumnMap, CatalogTable to dbt-common

[aranke]

Problem

Part 2 of dbt-labs/dbt-common#147, we want to move CatalogTable to dbt-common, so adapters can depend on them

Solution

Keep import stubs via __init__.py, but depend on versions from dbt-common.
Will require a dbt-common minor version bump.

Checklist

• I have read the contributing guide and understand what's expected of me
• I have run this code in development and it appears to resolve the stated issue
• This PR includes tests, or tests are not required/relevant for this PR
• This PR has no interface changes (e.g. macros, cli, logs, json artifacts, config files, adapter interface, etc) or this PR has already received feedback and approval from Product or DX
• This PR includes type annotations for new and modified functions

[github-actions]

Thank you for your pull request! We could not find a changelog entry for this change. For details on how to document a change, see the contributing guide.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 88.66%. Comparing base (bff116d) to head (bc9e16f).

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #10253      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   88.72%   88.66%   -0.06%     
==========================================
  Files         180      180              
  Lines       22495    22478      -17     
==========================================
- Hits        19959    19931      -28     
- Misses       2536     2547      +11     

Flag	Coverage Δ
integration	85.92% <100.00%> (-0.14%)	⬇️
unit	61.70% <100.00%> (-0.03%)	⬇️

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[MichelleArk]

Keep import stubs via init.py, but depend on versions from dbt-common.
👍