Hyperlight

Hyperlight is a lightweight Virtual Machine Manager (VMM) designed to be embedded within applications. It enables safe execution of untrusted code within micro virtual machines with very low latency and minimal overhead.

Note: Hyperlight is a nascent project with an evolving API and no guaranteed support. Assistance is provided on a best-effort basis by the developers.

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Overview

Hyperlight is a library for creating micro virtual machines — or sandboxes — specifically optimized for securely running untrusted code with minimal impact. It supports both Windows and Linux, utilizing Windows Hypervisor Platform on Windows, and either Microsoft Hypervisor (mshv) or KVM on Linux.

These micro VMs operate without a kernel or operating system, keeping overhead low. Instead, guests are built specifically for Hyperlight using the Hyperlight Guest library, which provides a controlled set of APIs that facilitate interaction between host and guest:

• The host can call functions implemented and exposed by the guest (known as guest functions).
• Once running, the guest can call functions implemented and exposed by the host (known as host functions).

By default, Hyperlight restricts guest access to a minimal API. The only host function available by default allows the guest to print messages, which are displayed on the host console or redirected to stdout, as configured. Hosts can choose to expose additional host functions, expanding the guest’s capabilities as needed.

Below is an example demonstrating the use of the Hyperlight host library in Rust to execute a simple guest application and an example of a simple guest application using the Hyperlight guest library in also written in Rust.

Host

use std::{thread, sync::{Arc, Mutex}};

use hyperlight_common::flatbuffer_wrappers::function_types::{ParameterValue, ReturnType};
use hyperlight_host::{UninitializedSandbox, MultiUseSandbox, func::HostFunction0, sandbox_state::transition::Noop, sandbox_state::sandbox::EvolvableSandbox};

fn main() -> hyperlight_host::Result<()> {
    // Create an uninitialized sandbox with a guest binary
    let mut uninitialized_sandbox = UninitializedSandbox::new(
        hyperlight_host::GuestBinary::FilePath(hyperlight_testing::simple_guest_as_string().unwrap()),
        None, // default configuration
        None, // default run options
        None, // default host print function
    )?;

    // Register a host function
    fn sleep_5_secs() -> hyperlight_host::Result<()> {
        thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(5));
        Ok(())
    }

    let host_function = Arc::new(Mutex::new(sleep_5_secs));

    // Registering a host function makes it available to be called by the guest
    host_function.register(&mut uninitialized_sandbox, "Sleep5Secs")?;
    // Note: This function is unused by the guest code below, it's just here for demonstration purposes

    // Initialize sandbox to be able to call host functions
    let mut multi_use_sandbox: MultiUseSandbox = uninitialized_sandbox.evolve(Noop::default())?;

    // Call a function in the guest
    let message = "Hello, World! I am executing inside of a VM :)\n".to_string();
    // in order to call a function it first must be defined in the guest and exposed so that 
    // the host can call it
    let result = multi_use_sandbox.call_guest_function_by_name(
        "PrintOutput",
        ReturnType::Int,
        Some(vec![ParameterValue::String(message.clone())]),
    );

    assert!(result.is_ok());

    Ok(())
}

Guest

#![no_std]
#![no_main]
extern crate alloc;

use alloc::string::ToString;
use alloc::vec::Vec;
use hyperlight_common::flatbuffer_wrappers::function_call::FunctionCall;
use hyperlight_common::flatbuffer_wrappers::function_types::{
    ParameterType, ParameterValue, ReturnType,
};
use hyperlight_common::flatbuffer_wrappers::guest_error::ErrorCode;
use hyperlight_common::flatbuffer_wrappers::util::get_flatbuffer_result_from_int;

use hyperlight_guest::error::{HyperlightGuestError, Result};
use hyperlight_guest::guest_function_definition::GuestFunctionDefinition;
use hyperlight_guest::guest_function_register::register_function;
use hyperlight_guest::host_function_call::{
    call_host_function, get_host_value_return_as_int,
};

fn print_output(function_call: &FunctionCall) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
    if let ParameterValue::String(message) = function_call.parameters.clone().unwrap()[0].clone() {
        call_host_function(
            "HostPrint",
            Some(Vec::from(&[ParameterValue::String(message.to_string())])),
            ReturnType::Int,
        )?;
        let result = get_host_value_return_as_int()?;
        Ok(get_flatbuffer_result_from_int(result))
    } else {
        Err(HyperlightGuestError::new(
            ErrorCode::GuestFunctionParameterTypeMismatch,
            "Invalid parameters passed to simple_print_output".to_string(),
        ))
    }
}

#[no_mangle]
pub extern "C" fn hyperlight_main() {
    let print_output_def = GuestFunctionDefinition::new(
        "PrintOutput".to_string(),
        Vec::from(&[ParameterType::String]),
        ReturnType::Int,
        print_output as i64,
    );
    register_function(print_output_def);
}

#[no_mangle]
pub fn guest_dispatch_function(function_call: FunctionCall) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
    let function_name = function_call.function_name.clone();
    return Err(HyperlightGuestError::new(
        ErrorCode::GuestFunctionNotFound,
        function_name,
    ));
}

For additional examples of using the Hyperlight host Rust library, see the ./src/hyperlight_host/examples directory.

For examples of guest applications, see the ./src/tests/c_guests directory for C guests and the ./src/tests/rust_guests directory for Rust guests.

Note: Hyperlight guests can be written using the Hyperlight Rust or C Guest libraries.

Repository Structure

• Hyperlight Host Libraries (i.e., the ones that create and manage the VMs)

  • src/hyperlight_host - This is the Rust Hyperlight host library.

• Hyperlight Guest Libraries (i.e., the ones to make it easier to create guests that run inside the VMs)

  • src/hyperlight_guest - This is the Rust Hyperlight guest library.
  • src/hyperlight_guest_capi - This is the C compatible wrapper for the Hyperlight guest library.

• Hyperlight Common (functionality used by both the host and the guest)

  • src/hyperlight_common

• Test Guest Applications:

  • src/tests/rust_guests - This directory contains three Hyperlight Guest programs written in Rust, which are intended to be launched within partitions as "guests".
  • src/tests/c_guests - This directory contains two Hyperlight Guest programs written in C, which are intended to be launched within partitions as "guests".

• Tests:

  • src/hyperlight-testing - Shared testing code for Hyperlight projects built in Rust.

Try it yourself!

You can run Hyperlight on:

• Linux with KVM.
• Windows with Windows Hypervisor Platform (WHP).
• Windows Subsystem for Linux 2 (WSL2) with KVM.
• Azure Linux with mshv (note that you need mshv to be installed to use Hyperlight)

After having an environment with a hypervisor setup, running the example has the following pre-requisites:

1. On Linux or WSL, you'll most likely need build essential. For Ubuntu, run sudo apt install build-essential. For Azure Linux, run sudo dnf install build-essential.

2. Rust. Install toolchain v1.78.0 or later.

   Also, install the x86_64-pc-windows-msvc and x86_64-unknown-none targets, these are needed to build the test guest binaries. (Note: install both targets on either Linux or Windows: Hyperlight can load ELF or PE files on either OS, and the tests/examples are built for both):

   rustup target add x86_64-unknown-none
   rustup target add x86_64-pc-windows-msvc

3. just. cargo install just .

4. clang and LLVM.

   • On Ubuntu, run:

     wget https://apt.llvm.org/llvm.sh
     chmod +x ./llvm.sh
     sudo ./llvm.sh 17 all
     sudo ln -s /usr/lib/llvm-17/bin/clang-cl /usr/bin/clang-cl
     sudo ln -s /usr/lib/llvm-17/bin/llvm-lib /usr/bin/llvm-lib
     sudo ln -s /usr/lib/llvm-17/bin/lld-link /usr/bin/lld-link
     sudo ln -s /usr/lib/llvm-17/bin/llvm-ml /usr/bin/llvm-ml
     sudo ln -s /usr/lib/llvm-17/bin/ld.lld /usr/bin/ld.lld
     sudo ln -s /usr/lib/llvm-17/bin/clang /usr/bin/clang

   • On Windows, see this.

   • On Azure Linux, run:

     sudo dnf remove clang -y || true
     sudo dnf install clang17 -y
     sudo dnf install clang17-tools-extra -y

Then, we are ready to build and run the example:

just build  # build the Hyperlight library
just rg     # build the rust test guest binaries
cargo run --example hello-world

If all worked as expected, you should see the following message in your console:

Hello, World! I am executing inside of a VM :)

If you get the error Error: NoHypervisorFound and KVM or mshv is set up then this may be a permissions issue. In bash, you can use ls -l /dev/kvm or ls -l /dev/mshv to check which group owns that device and then groups to make sure your user is a member of that group.

For more details on how to verify that KVM is correctly installed and permissions are correct, follow the guide here.

Or you can use a codespace

Contributing to Hyperlight

If you are interested in contributing to Hyperlight, running the entire test-suite is a good way to get started. To do so, on your console, run the following commands:

just guests  # build the c and rust test guests
just build  # build the Hyperlight library
just test # runs the tests

Also , please review the CONTRIBUTING.md file for more information on how to contribute to Hyperlight.

Note: For general Hyperlight development, you may also need flatc (Flatbuffer compiler): for instructions, see here.

More Information

For more information, please refer to our compilation of documents in the docs/ directory.

Code of Conduct

See the Code of Conduct.