devcom plus more

content/CC0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+---
+title: CC0
+date: 2024-04-25
+tags:
+  - computer
+  - technology
+  - internet
+---
+[[Creative Commons]] “No Rights Reserved” license
+
+>Dedicating works to the public domain is difficult if not impossible for those wanting to contribute their works for public use before applicable copyright or database protection terms expire.
+
+[[Public Domain]]

content/Cambridge Analytica.md

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+---
+title: Cambridge Analytica
+date: 2024-04-28
+tags:
+  - company
+  - scandal
+---
+Founded in **2013**
+
+was a political consulting company that specialized in using data science methodologies to support political campaigns Here are some key facts about the company
+
+offshoot of a British company called SCL Group (formerly Strategic Communication Laboratories) and was set up as a U.S. subsidiary company of SCL.
+
+The company targeted Facebook and other social media platforms to run advertisements based on user profiles, including ads for political campaigns. ***It infamously attempted to use the psychological profiles of roughly 90 million Facebook users to influence their political decisions***
+
+In 2018, the company became the subject of widespread criticism following reports that it **purchased data from a British academic concerning the personal psychological profile of roughly 270,000 Facebook users**. Due to the terms and conditions of the Facebook platform at that time, the company was able to indirectly access data from the Facebook friends of those users.
+
+**Influence on Political Campaigns**
+*Cambridge Analytica was active in the Leave-EU Brexit campaign, as well as Donald Trump’s 2016 presidential campaign.* The company allegedly used people’s psychological profiles to influence their political decisions.
+
+**Closure**
+The *company declared bankruptcy in 2018* following legal and political fallout from its use of personal data. **However**, several of the company’s key personnel have since founded or moved to similar companies.

content/Communication.md

@@ -7,14 +7,11 @@ tags:
   - journalism
   - language
 ---
-
 ## Communication
 two-way process where information is exchanged or passed from one person to another person. 
 The word is derived from '*communicare*' which means to impart.
-
 ## Elements of Communication
 Communication usually has a **sender**, a **receiver**, a **message**, a **channel**, a **medium**, and **feedback**.  
-
 ## Functions of Communication
 Communication has various functions. Some important ones are -  
 a) Educate - Communication can be used to help educate people, teach them new concepts and ideas.

content/Creative Commons.md

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+---
+title: Creative Commons
+date: 2024-04-25
+tags:
+  - internet
+  - internetculture
+---
+Creative Commons provides a standardized way for individuals and organizations to share their creative work with the public, while still retaining certain rights.
+
+- Founded by Lawrence Lessig, Hal Abelson, and Eric Eldred with the support of the Center for the Public Domain.
+- Used by artists, educators, scientists, and institutions like Wikipedia and the Smithsonian to share a diverse range of content.
+- Established in 2001.
+
+**License Types**: Offers six main license types ranging from most to least permissive: CC0, CC BY, CC BY-SA, CC BY-NC, CC BY-NC-SA, CC BY-ND, CC BY-NC-ND.
+
+adopted in over 85 jurisdictions worldwide

content/Dependency model.md

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+---
+title: Dependency model
+date: 2024-04-29
+tags:
+  - devcom
+---
+emerged in **Latin America** in the **1960s** 
+It began as a **counterargument** to the notions of modernization and development put forth by Western and Marxist thinkers
+
+examines effect of [[Colonialism]] 
+
+Dependency Theory contends that *resources flow from a periphery of poor and underdeveloped states to a core of wealthy states*, enriching the latter at the expense of the former
+
+It argues that underdeveloped countries are not merely primitive versions of developed countries, but they have unique features and structures of their own
+
+According to **Andre Gunder Frank** rather because the industrialized West purposefully underdeveloped them, leaving them in a dependent position (thus, “dependence theory”)
+
+explains **underdevelopment** as the **result of capitalist expansion accompanied by unequal exchanges**, in which the Centre/Core/Metropolis takes advantage of the resources and labour of the Periphery.
+
+### Undevelopment vs underdevelopment
+Undevelopment refers to a condition which resources are not being used while underdevelopment refers to a situation in which resources are being actively used but used in a way which benefits dominant states and not the poor states.
+

content/Devcom Glossary.md

@@ -14,3 +14,9 @@ tags:
 # H
 **Horizontal Communication** -> Everyone is equal, no hierarchy; policy makers  to grass root workers, all are equal. 
 
+# M
+**MDG** -> Millennium Development Goals
+
+# N
+**NGO**  -> Non-Governmental Organization
+

content/Development.md

@@ -5,8 +5,10 @@ tags:
   - economics
   - devcom
 ---
+encompasses economic, social, cultural, educational and political aspects of the society.
+
 Development and well-being of a society
-Quality of life
+increase in Quality of life
 Reduction in poverty
 Access to resources 
 

content/Intro to Development Communication.md

@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ date: 2024-01-06
 tags:
   - devcom
 ---
-### Why
+[[Development|What is Development?]]
+[[Communication|What is Communication?]]
+### Why DevCom?
 People's participation is **ESSENTIAL** for development
 Development cannot ignore the **agency** of the people
 

content/Jhabua Project Report.md

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+---
+title: "Jhabua Project Report"
+date: 2024-04-29
+tags: []
+---
+## Introduction
+The Jhabua Development Communication Project (JDP or JDCP) was a development project
+started on November 1, 1996 aimed to promote development and education. It used
+satellite-based broadcasting to support development and education in remote areas.
+### Madhya Pradesh
+A state in central India with 72 million residents. It is the second largest state by area. Literacy as of 2011 was 69.32%.
+Madhya Pradesh has a large number of ethnic groups, tribes, castes, and communities. Scheduled castes make up 15.6% of the population while 21.1% consist of scheduled tribes.
+Gond, Bhil, Baiga, Korku, and Bhadia are some of the main tribal groups in Madhya Pradesh.
+### Jhabua
+Jhabua is a district in Madhya Pradesh, India.
+It is predominantly a tribal district with 85% of the population speaking one of the many Bhili dialects.
+According to the 2001 census, conducted just a few years after the JDCP experiment, the literacy rate was found to be 41.4%.
+In 1991, the population of the Jhabua district was at 646,924.
+In 2001, there were 224,588 households in Jhabua
+district. Out of those, 202,160 were in rural areas.
+Jhabua mainly consists of Adivasis. According to the 2011 census, Adivasis make up 8.6% of India's population and make up 87% of the population of Jhabua.
+
+## Background
+JDCP was funded by ISRO. It was part of a series of experiments that used satellite
+communication to fuel development and education. It was implemented by the Development and Educational Communication Unit (DECU).
+**Satellite Instructional Television Experiment** or [[SITE]] carried out jointly by NASA and ISRO,
+was a project to bring television to Indian homes, especially rural ones. This took place in 1975.
+
+The Kheda Communication Project (KCP) began in 1975 too. Both these experiments are
+considered monumental in Indian history. SITE covered more than 2400 villages across 20
+districts.
+
+Jhabua was chosen due to its large tribal population. The literacy rate was around 15%. Infant
+mortality rates were high, communication facilities were low, and there was economic and social backwardness.
+
+## Details
+The Jhabua Development Communication Project (JDCP) was a joint collaborative activity of
+Development and Educational Communication Unit (DECU), Space Applications Centre (SAC),
+Government of Madhya Pradesh, Ministry of Rural Development of the Government of India
+and District Rural Development Agency (DRDA) of Jhabua District.
+It used **INSAT**(Indian National Satellite System) for developmental communication.
+
+The project had two primary components:
+1. Broadcasting: JDCP broadcasted development-oriented programmes five days a week, from Monday to Friday. These broadcasts aimed to reach a wide audience with relevant and timely information.
+2. Interactive Training Programmes (ITPs): Conducted in the afternoon, these programmes targeted panchayat, block, and district-level functionaries, providing them with interactive training and resources.
+
+The project initially installed 150 Direct Reception System/Set (DRS) terminals in selected
+locations within the Jhabua district.
+
+Additionally, 12 Talk Back DRS terminals, which could receive TV and transmit audio, were
+installed in the 12 block headquarters in the Jhabua district. These are pivotal as they made the program interactive and more **participatory**. 
+These allowed villagers to ask questions, provide feedback, and report on the progress.
+
+The DECU TV Studio in Ahmedabad served as the teaching end for live interactive TV sessions and also handled the transmission of recorded TV programmes.
+
+The areas covered for programme production were diverse, ranging from agriculture, animal
+husbandry, poultry, fisheries, watershed, forestry, environment, education, health and hygiene, employment, government schemes, Panchayati Raj, to social issues like alcoholism, crime, dowry, witch doctors, superstitions, and excessive expenditure on marriage and death.
+
+The project also produced informative and educational programmes during elections and
+campaigns for pulse polio and vaccinations.
+
+Children constituted a major component of the daily viewership, and while women were found in smaller numbers, they formed an important part of the target
+audience. Several programmes were specifically designed to attract and hold the attention of these special target groups.
+The **flow of information was two-way**. Information was both upwards and downwards.
+Researching was an extremely important part of the experiment. A large number of individuals, agencies and institutes were involved in the production and research process and the studies were divided into three categories:
+1. **Formative Research**:
+   Research carried out before the production of programme.
+   Aimed at determining the communication needs, determining the priorities, estimating the initial levels of knowledge, attitude and practices so that appropriate communication strategies and programming approaches could be developed. Formative research also includes pretesting of television programmes.
+2. **Process Research**:
+   Process research is undertaken to find out the progress of the project in terms of its utilisation, usefulness, comprehension, and relevance so that mid-course corrections, change of emphasis, change in communication approach and strategy can be brought about.
+3. **Summative Research**:
+   Aimed at finding the overall impact. determining whether the aims of the project to bring about visible and measurable effects in the priority areas like watershed management, health, education and other subject areas were fulfilled and to what extent.
+## Evaluation
+A pre-transmission survey had indicated that the overall level of general knowledge was very
+low. About 46 per cent of the population had never viewed television and the majority of
+respondents had never participated in gram sabhas.
+According to a mid-term evaluation made in April 1998,
+- 50.3% of males and 37.2% of females had viewed JDCP programmes
+- Average attendance 40 persons per day per DRS
+- Younger people were more likely to view JDCP programmes
+- Nearly 75% of viewers discuss JDCP programmes with others
+- About 75% viewers called JDCP programmes interesting, 45% reporting gain of new information
+- About 25% felt that JDCP programmes had a positive impact in all areas.
+
+The main areas where the respondents could feel the improvement:
+- farm improvement (37%)
+- awareness of health (28%)
+- awareness of the Panchayati Raj (20%)
+- reduced consumption of alcohol (20%)
+
+Over 85 talkback training sessions had been conducted with over 8,000 participants given
+training (as of 1999). A mid-transmission survey indicated that awareness had increased
+among respondents.
+
+Though it cannot be singularly attributed to JDCP, the literacy rate not only increased but the
+gaps in literacy closed in.
+
+## Conclusion
+JDCP was a great effort in using satellite communication for developmental communication. Learnings from SITE and Kheda Communication Project were used to better JDCP, JDCP *is especially important as it demonstrates two-way flow of information that is vital for development communication*.
+
+---
+
+<small>
+
+**Sources**:
+- "JHABUA DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATIONS PROJECT (JDCP)". Satellite Applications Centre. Archived from http://www.sac.gov.in/DECUWeb/projects/jdcp.htm on 15 April 2015, retrieved 14 March 2024.
+- Sinha, D. (n.d.). Development (without) communication: Viewing Doordarshan methodologically: Journal of the Moving Image (JMI) : A Film Journal from the Department of Film Studies, Jadavpur University. https://jmionline.org/article/development_without__communication_viewing_doordarshan_methodologically
+- Kumar, C. N. R. V. (1999, April 9). Rediff on the net, Infotech: Tribal Jhabua’s satellite project to be expanded. https://rediff.com/computer/1999/apr/09jdcp.htm. Retrieved 14 March 2024
+- District Jhabua. District Jhabua. https://jhabua.nic.in/en/. Accessed on 14 March 2024
+
+</small>

content/Marxist Stage Theory.md

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+---
+title: Marxist Stage Theory
+date: 2024-04-29
+tags:
+  - sociology
+  - society
+  - philosophy
+---
+
+a framework for understanding the progression of human societies
+
+1. **Primitive Communism**: This is the earliest stage of society, characterized by communal ownership of resources. In this stage, men performed the same economic function – hunter gathering. They worked together in order to survive. There was no private property and there were no classes.
+
+2. **Slave Society**: This stage is marked by the emergence of social classes and private property. The strong man ruled. He began by owning all the land but when threatened by outsiders, he would grant land to others in return for military services. A new land-owning aristocracy was therefore created.
+
+3. **Feudalism**: In this stage, land was owned by the aristocracy who exploited the peasantry who worked it. There was a surplus of food which the aristocracy sold to others – creating a class of merchants and capitalists who wanted to share political power.
+
+4. **Capitalism**: The wealthy merchants and factory owners (bourgeoisie) obtained political power and exploited the workers (proletariat). As the proletariat became politically aware they would rise up and overthrow the bourgeois government.
+
+5. **Socialism**: There would be a dictatorship of the proletariat as workers’ organizations re-distributed food, goods and services fairly according to need, and profits were shared by all. The middle classes would come to understand that equality was superior to private ownership.
+
+6. **Communism**: Everyone would join together for the common good. Money and government would no longer be needed and society would be class-less. As all countries reached this stage the world would become state-less and competition and wars would cease.
+
+The transition from one stage to the other would be through **class struggle**
+
+

content/Modernization Theory.md

@@ -4,21 +4,60 @@ date: 2024-01-10
 tags:
   - devcom
   - sociology
+aka:
+  - Dominant Paradigm
 ---
 **[[Paradigm]]** vs **Theory**
 
-In Devcom, Dominant Paradigm refers to modernization
+After World War II, modernization has been among the most powerful paradigms invoked to develop societies
+
+>Based on **neoclassical** and **neoliberal** political theories and grounded in the grand project of **Enlightenment**, namely reasoning, rationality, objectivity, and other philosophical principles of **Western science** [^1]
+
+> adopting a capitalist economic system, building up formal infrastructure, and acquiring technologies is prioritized. [^1]
+
+modernization paradigm presumes a set of interrelated processes: capitalism, industrialization, surveillance of society, and control of means of violence.
+
+**industrialization was considered the main route to successful economic growth**
+did not include participation of locals
+measured by quantitative indicators like GDP
+
+traditional society -> urban society
+
+**Western countries were treated as models of political, economic, social, and cultural modernization that Third World nations needed to emulate**
+
+### Definition of Modernization
+> *a transition, or rather a series of transitions from primitive, subsistence economies to technology-intensive, industrialized economies; from subject to participant political cultures; from closed, ascriptive status systems to open, achievement-oriented systems; from extended to nuclear kinship unites; from religious to secular ideologies; and so on. Thus conceived, modernization is not simply a process of change, but one which is defined in terms of the goals toward which it is moving.* ^[Tipps (1973)]
 
 ### Basic Tenets of Modernization Theory
 1. can be achieved by increasing productivity, economic growth, and industrialization
 2. causes of underdevelopment - internal causes of the country, individual and existing social structures
 3. change can be brought about by changing attitudes, values, beliefs
 4. shift from static agricultural, primitive, rigid society to a dynamic, industrialized and social mobility 
 
+Focused on macroeconomic planning, urbanization, industrialization, trickle down economy
+Advocated Private ownership of all facets of production;
+Free trade at the global, national, and local levels (laissez-faire)
+
 ### Criticisms of Modernization Theory
 - does not consider external constraints
 - fails to distinguish between rich and developing countries in terms of resources requiring, different development handling
 - developed nation =/= ideal nation; 
 - assumes that all developing countries are homogeneous and will all respond to same treatment; a one-size-fits-all approach
+- reliance on science - post-structuralists such as Foucault (1980) have posited that as a servant of the state, science has been used not just to explain reality, but to produce, control, and normalize reality.
+- Contextual Vacuum
+- ahistorical
+- Ethnocentrism
+### Consequences
+- “The industrial mode of production, which was no more than one, among many, forms of social life, became the definition of the terminal stage of a unilinear way of social evolution” (Esteva, 1992: 9)
+- reduced most of these people into objects to be developed for their own good by the all-knowing development technocrat
+- displaced local people (development projects like building of dams)
+- replaced culture with monoculture 
+-  unemployment, income inequality, and poverty rose
+
+based on an application of the evolutionary concept of Darwin to social change ([[Social Darwinism]])
+
+[^1]: Melkote, Srinivas R. and Steeves, H. Leslie, "Communication for Development: Theory and Practice for Empowerment and Social Justice, Third Edition" (2015)
 
-[[Dominant Paradigm of Modernization]]
+See Also: 
+[[White Man's Burden]]
+[[Indigenous Knowledges and Development]]