[red-knot] Once again, add more tests asserting that the VendoredFileSystem and the VERSIONS parser work with the vendored typeshed stubs

[AlexWaygood]

This reapplies #11970, which was previously reverted in #11975 as the tests failed on Windows. The tests should now pass on Windows thanks to #11982; but if they do fail again, it should be easier to debug them now, thanks to #11983.

[codspeed-hq]

CodSpeed Performance Report

Merging #11987 will improve performances by 5.06%

_{Comparing retry-more-typeshed-tests (e9b377c) with main (92b145e)}

Summary

⚡ 1 improvements
✅ 29 untouched benchmarks

Benchmarks breakdown

	Benchmark	main	retry-more-typeshed-tests	Change
⚡	linter/default-rules[pydantic/types.py]	1.9 ms	1.8 ms	+5.06%

[github-actions]

ruff-ecosystem results

Linter (stable)

✅ ecosystem check detected no linter changes.

Linter (preview)

✅ ecosystem check detected no linter changes.