MDEV-35438 Annotate InnoDB I/O functions with noexcept

[dr-m]

• The Jira issue number for this PR is: MDEV-35438
  This is a follow up to innobase/{lock0lock,dict0dict}: add noexcept to lock/unlock methods #3531.

Description

Most InnoDB functions do not throw any exceptions, not even indirectly std::bad_alloc, which could be thrown by a C++ memory allocation function. Let us annotate many functions with noexcept in order to reduce the code footprint related to exception handling.

Release Notes

This is a minor change that does not need to be documented.

How can this PR be tested?

This low level code should be well covered by the existing regression tests.

Basing the PR against the correct MariaDB version

• This is a new feature or a refactoring, and the PR is based against the main branch.
• This is a bug fix, and the PR is based against the earliest maintained branch in which the bug can be reproduced.

PR quality check

• I checked the CODING_STANDARDS.md file and my PR conforms to this where appropriate.
• For any trivial modifications to the PR, I am ok with the reviewer making the changes themselves.

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