Progress on Unix Data Tools

4.UnixDataTools/README.md

@@ -1,2 +1,185 @@
 ## Unix Data Tools
 
+### `head` and `tail` for inspecting text files
+
+Use `head` to view the first few lines (default is 10 lines) of the file `Mus_musculus.GRCm38.75_chr1.bed`
+
+```
+head Mus_musculus.GRCm38.75_chr1.bed
+```
+
+```
+1	3054233	3054733
+1	3054233	3054733
+1	3054233	3054733
+1	3102016	3102125
+1	3102016	3102125
+1	3102016	3102125
+1	3205901	3671498
+1	3205901	3216344
+1	3213609	3216344
+1	3205901	3207317
+```
+
+We can choose the number of lines to display using the `-n` switch:
+
+```
+head -n 3 Mus_musculus.GRCm38.75_chr1.bed
+```
+
+```
+1	3054233	3054733
+1	3054233	3054733
+1	3054233	3054733
+```
+
+Use `tail` to view the last three lines of the file `Mus_musculus.GRCm38.75_chr1.bed`:
+
+```
+tail -n 3 Mus_musculus.GRCm38.75_chr1.bed
+```
+
+```
+1	195240910	195241007
+1	195240910	195241007
+1	195240910	195241007
+```
+
+View the start *and* the end of a file with a single command:
+
+```
+(head -n 2; tail -n 2) < Mus_musculus.GRCm38.75_chr1.bed
+```
+
+```
+1	3054233	3054733
+1	3054233	3054733
+1	195240910	195241007
+1	195240910	195241007
+```
+
+Controlling output with `head` (and a pipe):
+
+```
+grep 'gene_id "ENSMUSG00000025907"' Mus_musculus.GRCm38.75_chr1.gtf | head -n 1
+```
+
+```
+1	protein_coding	gene	6206197	6276648	.	+	.	gene_id "ENSMUSG00000025907"; gene_name "Rb1cc1"; gene_source "ensembl_havana"; gene_biotype "protein_coding";
+```
+
+Note that using `head` speeds things up, as (in the above example), the `grep` command can stop as soon as `head` has one line of output.
+
+It takes longer if you run the command without `head` (use `time` to check):
+
+```
+time grep 'gene_id "ENSMUSG00000025907"' Mus_musculus.GRCm38.75_chr1.gtf
+```
+
+```
+grep 'gene_id "ENSMUSG00000025907"' Mus_musculus.GRCm38.75_chr1.gtf  0.56s user 0.02s system 94% cpu 0.611 total
+```
+
+With `head`:
+
+```
+time (grep 'gene_id "ENSMUSG00000025907"' Mus_musculus.GRCm38.75_chr1.gtf | head -n 1)
+```
+
+```
+( grep 'gene_id "ENSMUSG00000025907"' Mus_musculus.GRCm38.75_chr1.gtf | head )  0.01s user 0.01s system 77% cpu 0.021 total
+```
+
+Definitely good to remember if you are testing things out when you are creating a workflow.
+
+### `less`(and `more`)
+
+`less` and `more` (stick with `less`, it has *more* features)
+
+Interactive program for inspecting files.
+
+```
+less Mus_musculus.GRCm38.75_chr1.gtf
+```
+
+Type `q` to exit.
+
+Other shortcuts:
+
+| Shortcut | Action|
+|----------|-------|
+| space | Next page |
+| b | Previous page |
+| g | First line | 
+| G | Last line | 
+| j | Down (one line) | 
+| k | Up (one line) | 
+| /<pattern> | Search down (forward) for string <pattern>|
+| ?<pattern> | Search up (backward) for string <pattern> |
+| n | Repeat last search downward (forward) | 
+| N | Repeat last search upward (backward) | 
+
+
+Try searching for the gene `Sgk3` in the file `Mus_musculus.GRCm38.75_chr1.gtf` using `less`.
+
+
+### Summary information for text files
+
+The `wc` command returns word, line, character and byte counts for a file.
+
+```
+wc Mus_musculus.GRCm38.75_chr1.bed
+```
+
+```
+81226  243678 1698545 Mus_musculus.GRCm38.75_chr1.bed
+```
+
+Can select which output you want using: 
+
+ - `-c`: bytes
+ - `-l`: lines
+ - `-m`: characters
+ - `-w`: words
+
+For example, to check how many lines there are in the file `Mus_musculus.GRCm38.75_chr1.bed`:
+
+```
+wc -l Mus_musculus.GRCm38.75_chr1.bed
+```
+
+```
+81226 Mus_musculus.GRCm38.75_chr1.bed
+```
+
+You can also check multiple files at once:
+
+```
+wc -l Mus_musculus.GRCm38.75_chr1.bed Mus_musculus.GRCm38.75_chr1.gtf
+   81226 Mus_musculus.GRCm38.75_chr1.bed
+   81231 Mus_musculus.GRCm38.75_chr1.gtf
+  162457 total
+```
+
+Why are there five lines difference between the files? Use `head` to check:
+
+```
+head -n 6 Mus_musculus.GRCm38.75_chr1.gtf
+```
+
+```
+#!genome-build GRCm38.p2
+#!genome-version GRCm38
+#!genome-date 2012-01
+#!genome-build-accession NCBI:GCA_000001635.4
+#!genebuild-last-updated 2013-09
+1	pseudogene	gene	3054233	3054733	.	+	.	gene_id "ENSMUSG00000090025"; gene_name "Gm16088"; gene_source "havana"; gene_biotype "pseudogene";
+```
+
+Not a definitive answer, but `Mus_musculus.GRCm38.75_chr1.gtf` has a five line header.
+
+### Column data
+
+Coming soon...
+
+And then: `grep`, `hexdump`, `sort`, `uniq`, `join`, `awk`, `sed`, regex...