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Location-Sensitive Visual Recognition with Cross-IOU Loss

by Kaiwen Duan, Lingxi Xie, Honggang Qi, Song Bai, Qingming Huang and Qi Tian

The code to train and evaluate the proposed LSNet is available here. For more technical details, please refer to our arXiv paper.

The location-sensitive visual recognition tasks, including object detection, instance segmentation, and human pose estimation, can be formulated into localizing an anchor point (in red) and a set of landmarks (in green). Our work aims to offer a unified framework for these tasks.

Abstract

Object detection, instance segmentation, and pose estimation are popular visual recognition tasks which require localizing the object by internal or boundary landmarks. This paper summarizes these tasks as location-sensitive visual recognition and proposes a unified solution named location-sensitive network (LSNet). Based on a deep neural network as the backbone, LSNet predicts an anchor point and a set of landmarks which together define the shape of the target object. The key to optimizing the LSNet lies in the ability of fitting various scales, for which we design a novel loss function named cross-IOU loss that computes the cross-IOU of each anchor-landmark pair to approximate the global IOU between the prediction and groundtruth. The flexibly located and accurately predicted landmarks also enable LSNet to incorporate richer contextual information for visual recognition. Evaluated on the MSCOCO dataset, LSNet set the new state-of-the-art accuracy for anchor-free object detection (a 53.5% box AP) and instance segmentation (a 40.2% mask AP), and shows promising performance in detecting multi-scale human poses.

If you encounter any problems in using our code, please contact Kaiwen Duan: [email protected]

Bbox AP(%) on COCO test-dev

Method	Backbone	epoch	MStrain	AP	AP50	AP75	APS	APM	APL
Anchor-based:
Libra R-CNN	X-101-64x4d	12	N	43.0	64.0	47.0	25.3	45.6	54.6
AB+FSAF*	X-101-64x4d	18	Y	44.6	65.2	48.6	29.7	47.1	54.6
FreeAnchor*	X-101-32x8d	24	Y	47.3	66.3	51.5	30.6	50.4	59.0
GFLV1*	X-101-32x8d	24	Y	48.2	67.4	52.6	29.2	51.7	60.2
ATSS*	X-101-64x4d-DCN	24	Y	50.7	68.9	56.3	33.2	52.9	62.4
PAA*	X-101-64x4d-DCN	24	Y	51.4	69.7	57.0	34.0	53.8	64.0
GFLV2*	R2-101-DCN	24	Y	53.3	70.9	59.2	35.7	56.1	65.6
YOLOv4-P7*	CSP-P7	450	Y	56.0	73.3	61.2	38.9	60.0	68.6
Anchor-free:
ExtremeNet*	HG-104	200	Y	43.2	59.8	46.4	24.1	46.0	57.1
RepPointsV1*	R-101-DCN	24	Y	46.5	67.4	50.9	30.3	49.7	57.1
SAPD	X-101-64x4d-DCN	24	Y	47.4	67.4	51.1	28.1	50.3	61.5
CornerNet*	HG-104	200	Y	42.1	57.8	45.3	20.8	44.8	56.7
DETR	R-101	500	Y	44.9	64.7	47.7	23.7	49.5	62.3
CenterNet*	HG-104	190	Y	47.0	64.5	50.7	28.9	49.9	58.9
CPNDet*	HG-104	100	Y	49.2	67.4	53.7	31.0	51.9	62.4
BorderDet*	X-101-64x4d-DCN	24	Y	50.3	68.9	55.2	32.8	52.8	62.3
FCOS-BiFPN	X-101-32x8-DCN	24	Y	50.4	68.9	55.0	33.2	53.0	62.7
RepPointsV2*	X-101-64x4d-DCN	24	Y	52.1	70.1	57.5	34.5	54.6	63.6
LSNet	R-50	24	Y	44.8	64.1	48.8	26.6	47.7	55.7
LSNet	X-101-64x4d	24	Y	48.2	67.6	52.6	29.6	51.3	60.5
LSNet	X-101-64x4d-DCN	24	Y	49.6	69.0	54.1	30.3	52.8	62.8
LSNet-CPV	X-101-64x4d-DCN	24	Y	50.4	69.4	54.5	31.0	53.3	64.0
LSNet-CPV	R2-101-DCN	24	Y	51.1	70.3	55.2	31.2	54.3	65.0
LSNet-CPV*	R2-101-DCN	24	Y	53.5	71.1	59.2	35.2	56.4	65.8

A comparison between LSNet and the sate-of-the-art methods in object detection on the MS-COCO test-dev set. LSNet surpasses all competitors in the anchor-free group. The abbreviations are: ‘R’ – ResNet, ‘X’ – ResNeXt, ‘HG’ – Hourglass network, ‘R2’ – Res2Net, ‘CPV’ – corner point verification, ‘MStrain’ – multi-scale training, * – multi-scale testing.

Segm AP(%) on COCO test-dev

Method	Backbone	epoch	AP	AP50	AP75	APS	APM	APL
Pixel-based:
YOLACT	R-101	48	31.2	50.6	32.8	12.1	33.3	47.1
TensorMask	R-101	72	37.1	59.3	39.4	17.1	39.1	51.6
Mask R-CNN	X-101-32x4d	12	37.1	60.0	39.4	16.9	39.9	53.5
HTC	X-101-64x4d	20	41.2	63.9	44.7	22.8	43.9	54.6
DetectoRS*	X-101-64x4d	40	48.5	72.0	53.3	31.6	50.9	61.5
Contour-based:
ExtremeNet	HG-104	100	18.9	44.5	13.7	10.4	20.4	28.3
DeepSnake	DLA-34	120	30.3	-	-	-	-	-
PolarMask	X-101-64x4d-DCN	24	36.2	59.4	37.7	17.8	37.7	51.5
LSNet	X-101-64x4d-DCN	30	37.6	64.0	38.3	22.1	39.9	49.1
LSNet	R2-101-DCN	30	38.0	64.6	39.0	22.4	40.6	49.2
LSNet*	X-101-64x4d-DCN	30	39.7	65.5	41.3	25.5	41.3	50.4
LSNet*	R2-101-DCN	30	40.2	66.2	42.1	25.8	42.2	51.0

Comparison of LSNet to the sate-of-the-art methods in instance segmentation task on the COCO test-dev set. Our LSNet achieves the state-of-the-art accuracy for contour-based instance segmentation. ‘R’ - ResNet, ‘X’ - ResNeXt, ‘HG’ - Hourglass, ‘R2’ - Res2Net, * - multi-scale testing.

Keypoints AP(%) on COCO test-dev

Method	Backbone	epoch	AP	AP50	AP75	APM	APL
Heatmap-based:
CenterNet-jd	DLA-34	320	57.9	84.7	63.1	52.5	67.4
OpenPose	VGG-19	-	61.8	84.9	67.5	58.0	70.4
Pose-AE	HG	300	62.8	84.6	69.2	57.5	70.6
CenterNet-jd	HG104	150	63.0	86.8	69.6	58.9	70.4
Mask R-CNN	R-50	28	63.1	87.3	68.7	57.8	71.4
PersonLab	R-152	>1000	66.5	85.5	71.3	62.3	70.0
HRNet	HRNet-W32	210	74.9	92.5	82.8	71.3	80.9
Regression-based:
CenterNet-reg	DLA-34	320	51.7	81.4	55.2	44.6	63.0
CenterNet-reg	HG-104	150	55.0	83.5	59.7	49.4	64.0
LSNet w/ obj-box	X-101-64x4d-DCN	60	55.7	81.3	61.0	52.9	60.5
LSNet w/ kps-box	X-101-64x4d-DCN	20	59.0	83.6	65.2	53.3	67.9

Comparison of LSNet to the sate-of-the-art methods in pose estimation task on the COCO test-dev set. LSNet predict the keypoints by regression. ‘obj-box’ and ‘kps-box’ denote the object bounding boxes and the keypoint-boxes, respectively. For LSNet w/ kps-box, we fine-tune the model from the LSNet w/ kps-box for another 20 epochs.

Visualization

Some location-sensitive visual recognition results on the MS-COCO validation set.

We compared with the CenterNet to show that our LSNet w/ ‘obj-box’ tends to predict more human pose of small scales, which are not annotated on the dataset. Only pose results with scores higher than 0:3 are shown for both methods.

Left: LSNet uses the object bounding boxes to assign training samples. Right: LSNet uses the keypoint-boxes to assign training samples. Although LSNet with keypoint-boxes enjoys higher AP score, its ability of perceiving multi-scale human instances is weakened.

Preparation

The master branch works with PyTorch 1.5.0

The dataset directory should be like this:

├── data
│   ├── coco
│   │   ├── annotations
│   │   ├── images
            ├── train2017
            ├── val2017
            ├── test2017

Generate extreme point annotation from segmentation:

• cd code/tools
• python gen_coco_lsvr.py
• cd ..

Installation

1. Installing cocoapi

• cd cocoapi/pycocotools
• python setup.py develop
• cd ../..

2. Installing mmcv

• cd mmcv
• pip install -e.
• cd ..

3. Installing mmdet

• python setup.py develop

Training and Evaluation

Our LSNet is based on mmdetection. Please check with existing dataset for Training and Evaluation.