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intro to examples
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Here are some real-life examples of assessing the genetic diversity indicators in different species, using different kinds of data.


## Table of contents
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## Example assessments in a nutshell

The following examples describe common situations when assessing the indicators using both non-genetic and genetic data.


### Eurasian capercaillie (*Tetrao urogallus*), a widely distributed bird

This is a large bird species with a wide distribution in northern and north-eastern Europe but a fragmented distribution in western Europe. There are currently four populations (Pyrénées, Jura, Vosges, Cévennes) remaining in France, one of which is the result of an introduction (the Cévennes population) and there is information on the recent disappearance of two populations (Alps and Aquitaine). The PM indicator is thus 4/6. Contemporary effective population size (Ne) based on DNA analysis is available for only one extant population (Vosges population, with Ne<500), and census size estimates are available for the four extant populations. Only one population (Pyrénées) is large enough to meet the criterion Nc>5000, which converts to Ne>500 using the recommended ratio of Ne/Nc=0.1. Therefore the Ne>500 indicator is 1 population in 4, or 1/4. Two of these populations have been monitored using DNA data, one including direct Ne estimations; this species thus counts as “1” for the DNA Monitoring indicator. Data from a National species monitoring portal (INPN), from the national IUCN Red list evaluation report for birds (2016) and from a published scientific article ([Cayuela et al. 2021](10.1007/s00442-020-04808-4)) were used to perform this assessment.
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## Examples of what to do in “hard species”.

The following examples describe common situations when assessing the indicators becomes more complicated, and what can be done about it.

If you are unsure how to proceed in a situation that is not described below, please post it on the [Genetic Indicators Google Group](https://groups.google.com/g/genetic-indicators-project), and a member will try to answer you as soon as posible.

### Taxonomic and geographic incongruences in biodiversity information systems

**Example species:** *Castilleja tolucensis*. Mexico. A plant endemic to the top of the highest elevation mountains of central Mexico (https://enciclovida.mx/especies/153674-castilleja-tolucensis)
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