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Important

main is the development branch.

Aporia Zero

Next-generation zero-fee blockchain protocol with advanced privacy features and identity-based proof-of-stake consensus

Table of Contents

Overview

Aporia Zero is a revolutionary blockchain protocol that combines zero-knowledge proofs, identity-based consensus, and a unique zero-fee transaction model. It addresses key challenges in blockchain technology:

  • Privacy: Advanced zero-knowledge protocols
  • Scalability: High-performance consensus mechanism
  • Accessibility: Zero-fee transaction structure
  • Security: Identity-based validation system

Core Components

1. ZK-Identity Proof of Stake (ZK-IPS)

  • Identity verification without data exposure
  • Stake-weighted consensus mechanism
  • Validator selection based on identity proofs
  • Privacy-preserving participation

2. Zero-Fee Architecture

  • Proof-of-Computation (PoC) fee structure
  • Resource-based transaction priority
  • Computational credit system
  • Dynamic resource allocation

3. Privacy Framework

  • Zero-knowledge transaction layer
  • Identity commitment scheme
  • Private state transitions
  • Recursive proof composition

Technical Architecture

Consensus Layer

P(v) = min(stake(v) · IdWeight(v), MaxProb)

Where:
IdWeight(v) = 1 - H(commit(v)) / 2^256
commit(v) = identity commitment
MaxProb = maximum selection probability

Transaction Processing

struct TransactionCircuit {
    // Public inputs
    amount: Num<Fr>,
    sender_commitment: Point<Fr>,
    receiver_commitment: Point<Fr>,
    merkle_root: Num<Fr>,
    nullifier: Num<Fr>,

    // Private inputs (witness)
    sender_private_key: Num<Fr>,
    sender_balance: Num<Fr>,
    merkle_path: Vec<(Point<Fr>, bool)>,
    blinding_factor: Num<Fr>,
    plaintext_data: Vec<Num<Fr>>,
}

Mathematical Foundation

Identity Commitment Scheme

The system uses a modified Pedersen commitment scheme:

Setup(1^λ) → pp:
- Generate bilinear groups (G₁, G₂, GT) of prime order p
- Choose random τ ← Fp
- Compute powers (g₁, g₁^τ, ..., g₁^(τⁿ)) and (g₂, g₂^τ)
- pp = (G₁, G₂, GT, g₁, g₂, {g₁^(τⁱ)}ᵢ₌₀ⁿ, g₂^τ)

Commit(pp, f(X)) → C:
- For polynomial f(X) = ∑ᵢ fᵢXⁱ
- C = ∏ᵢ (g₁^(τⁱ))^fᵢ = g₁^f(τ)

ZK-SNARK Construction

Using Groth16 protocol:

Setup(R, 1^λ) → (pk, vk):
- Generate proving key pk and verification key vk
- pk includes elements in G₁ and G₂
- vk includes elements for efficient verification

Prove(pk, x, w) → π:
- Generate proof π = (πA, πB, πC)
- πA ∈ G₁, πB ∈ G₂, πC ∈ G₁
- Proof size is constant (3 group elements)

Consensus Mechanism

Validator Selection Process

Component Description Formula
Stake Weight Validator's staked amount S(v) = stake(v) / total_stake
Identity Weight Privacy-preserving identity factor I(v) = H(C_v || epoch) / 2^256
Selection Probability Combined selection chance P(v) = min(α * S(v) * I(v), P_max)

Block Production

  1. Leader Selection:

    • VRF-based random selection
    • Proof of eligibility verification
    • Multi-leader backup system

  2. Block Validation:

    • ZK proof verification
    • State transition validation
    • Signature verification
    • Consensus rules enforcement

Zero-Fee Structure

Computational Offset Model

Resource Measurement Scaling
CPU Cycles Computational work Linear
Memory Usage RAM consumption Logarithmic
Bandwidth Network usage Square root
Storage Chain state impact Linear

Credit System

Credit = g(W) where:
- W is computational work
- g is credit generation function
- g(W) has diminishing returns
- min(g(W)) > spam_threshold

Security Model

Threat Resistance

Attack Vector Defense Mechanism Security Level
Sybil Attack Identity Verification Very High
Nothing-at-Stake Stake Slashing High
Long-range Attack Checkpoint System High
DoS Attack Computation Requirement Very High

Safety Guarantees

P(fork) ≤ (f/n)^c

Where:
n = total validators
f = Byzantine validators
c = confirmation depth

Performance

Benchmarks

Metric Value Notes
TPS 1,000-5,000 Base Layer
Latency 2-3 seconds Block Time
Finality ~6 seconds w/Confirmation
Proof Size ~1KB Per Transaction

Scalability Features

  • Recursive proof composition
  • Parallel validation
  • State sharding
  • Dynamic batching

Implementation

Core Components

impl ZKIdentityProof {
    fn generate_identity_proof(self, private_identity) -> Proof;
    fn verify_stake(self, proof, public_params) -> bool;
    fn update_validator_set(self) -> ValidatorSet;
}

Network Architecture

graph TD
    A[Client] --> B[ZK-Proof Generator]
    B --> C[Transaction Pool]
    C --> D[Validator Network]
    D --> E[Consensus Layer]
    E --> F[State Transition]
    F --> G[Chain State]
Loading

Future Development

Roadmap

  1. Phase 1: Core Protocol

    • Consensus implementation
    • Basic transaction system
    • Identity framework

  2. Phase 2: Advanced Features

    • Smart contracts
    • Layer 2 scaling
    • Cross-chain bridges

  3. Phase 3: Ecosystem Growth

    • Developer tools
    • Application framework
    • Network expansion

Contributing

We welcome contributions! Please see our Contributing Guidelines for details.

License

This project is licensed under the MIT License.