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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="generator" content="quarto-1.5.56">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes">
<meta name="author" content="Nathan Ma">
<title>Homework: Fizzbuzz</title>
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<script src="03-Fizzbuzz_files/libs/clipboard/clipboard.min.js"></script>
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<main class="content" id="quarto-document-content">
<header id="title-block-header" class="quarto-title-block default">
<div class="quarto-title">
<h1 class="title">Homework: Fizzbuzz</h1>
</div>
<div class="quarto-title-meta">
<div>
<div class="quarto-title-meta-heading">Author</div>
<div class="quarto-title-meta-contents">
<p>Nathan Ma </p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<p>Instructions:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>You can answer the questions below in either R or Python. I will give you 50% extra credit if you provide answers in both languages. Otherwise, please feel free to delete the code chunks corresponding to the language you don’t wish to work in.</p></li>
<li><p>Once you have finished this assignment, render the document (Ctrl/Cmd-Shift-K or the Render button).</p></li>
<li><p>Commit the qmd file and any other files you have changed to the repository and push your changes.</p></li>
<li><p>In Canvas, submit a link to your github repository containing the updated files.</p></li>
</ul>
<section id="introduction-to-fizzbuzz" class="level1">
<h1>Introduction to Fizzbuzz</h1>
<p>The “FizzBuzz Test” is a famous programming interview question.</p>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>Write a program that prints the numbers from 1 to 30. But for multiples of three print “Fizz” instead of the number and for the multiples of five print “Buzz”. For numbers which are multiples of both three and five print “FizzBuzz”</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Start by filling in the following table for the numbers 1:30 manually, to get a feel for the task.</p>
<table class="caption-top table">
<caption>Fizzbuzz for 1:30</caption>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Input</th>
<th>Output</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>3</td>
<td>Fizz</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>4</td>
<td>4</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>5</td>
<td>Buzz</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>6</td>
<td>Fizz</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>7</td>
<td>7</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>8</td>
<td>8</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>9</td>
<td>Fizz</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>10</td>
<td>Buzz</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>11</td>
<td>11</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>12</td>
<td>Fizz</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>13</td>
<td>13</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>14</td>
<td>14</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>15</td>
<td>FizzBuzz</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>16</td>
<td>16</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>17</td>
<td>17</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>18</td>
<td>Fizz</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>19</td>
<td>19</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>20</td>
<td>Buzz</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>21</td>
<td>Fizz</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>22</td>
<td>22</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>23</td>
<td>23</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>24</td>
<td>Fizz</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>25</td>
<td>Buzz</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>26</td>
<td>26</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>27</td>
<td>Fizz</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>28</td>
<td>28</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>29</td>
<td>29</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>30</td>
<td>FizzBuzz</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>On paper or using a tool such as <a href="https://excalidraw.com" class="uri">https://excalidraw.com</a>, create a program flow map for the sequence of if-statements you need to evaluate for fizzbuzz. Add the picture to the folder containing this file, and name the picture flowchart.png. Add the picture to Git and commit/push your changes.</p>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="flowchart.png" class="img-fluid figure-img"></p>
<figcaption>Program Flow map for FizzBuzz</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p>In the chunk below, write code which will solve this problem for a single value <code>x</code>. You should be able to change the value of x at the top of the chunk and still get the correct answer.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>x <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="dv">600</span></span>
<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># FizzBuzz code goes here</span></span>
<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">if</span> (x <span class="sc">%%</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="sc">&&</span> x <span class="sc">%%</span> <span class="dv">5</span> <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>) {</span>
<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">print</span>(<span class="st">"FizzBuzz"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb1-6"><a href="#cb1-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>} <span class="cf">else</span> <span class="cf">if</span> (x <span class="sc">%%</span> <span class="dv">5</span> <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>) {</span>
<span id="cb1-7"><a href="#cb1-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">print</span>(<span class="st">"Buzz"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb1-8"><a href="#cb1-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>} <span class="cf">else</span> <span class="cf">if</span> (x <span class="sc">%%</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>) {</span>
<span id="cb1-9"><a href="#cb1-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">print</span>(<span class="st">"Fizz"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb1-10"><a href="#cb1-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>} <span class="cf">else</span> {<span class="fu">print</span>(x)}</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] "FizzBuzz"</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>x <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">600</span></span>
<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># FizzBuzz code goes here</span></span>
<span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">if</span> x <span class="op">%</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="kw">and</span> x <span class="op">%</span> <span class="dv">5</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>:</span>
<span id="cb3-5"><a href="#cb3-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">"FizzBuzz"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb3-6"><a href="#cb3-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">elif</span> x <span class="op">%</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>:</span>
<span id="cb3-7"><a href="#cb3-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">"Fizz"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb3-8"><a href="#cb3-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">elif</span> x <span class="op">%</span> <span class="dv">5</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>:</span>
<span id="cb3-9"><a href="#cb3-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">"Buzz"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb3-10"><a href="#cb3-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">else</span>:</span>
<span id="cb3-11"><a href="#cb3-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="bu">print</span>(x)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>FizzBuzz</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>Modify the code above so that the result is stored in a value <code>y</code>.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>x <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="dv">3</span></span>
<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>y <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="cn">NA</span></span>
<span id="cb5-3"><a href="#cb5-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># FizzBuzz code goes here</span></span>
<span id="cb5-4"><a href="#cb5-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">if</span> (x <span class="sc">%%</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="sc">&&</span> x <span class="sc">%%</span> <span class="dv">5</span> <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>) {</span>
<span id="cb5-5"><a href="#cb5-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> y <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"FizzBuzz"</span></span>
<span id="cb5-6"><a href="#cb5-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>} <span class="cf">else</span> <span class="cf">if</span> (x <span class="sc">%%</span> <span class="dv">5</span> <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>) {</span>
<span id="cb5-7"><a href="#cb5-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> y <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"Buzz"</span></span>
<span id="cb5-8"><a href="#cb5-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>} <span class="cf">else</span> <span class="cf">if</span> (x <span class="sc">%%</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>) {</span>
<span id="cb5-9"><a href="#cb5-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> y <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"Fizz"</span></span>
<span id="cb5-10"><a href="#cb5-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>} <span class="cf">else</span> {</span>
<span id="cb5-11"><a href="#cb5-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> y <span class="ot"><-</span> x</span>
<span id="cb5-12"><a href="#cb5-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span>
<span id="cb5-13"><a href="#cb5-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb5-14"><a href="#cb5-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">print</span>(<span class="fu">paste</span>(<span class="st">"For x = "</span>, x, <span class="st">" my code produces "</span>, y, <span class="at">sep =</span> <span class="st">""</span>))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] "For x = 3 my code produces Fizz"</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> numpy <span class="im">as</span> np</span>
<span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>x <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">15</span></span>
<span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>y <span class="op">=</span> np.nan</span>
<span id="cb7-4"><a href="#cb7-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># FizzBuzz code goes here</span></span>
<span id="cb7-5"><a href="#cb7-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">if</span> x <span class="op">%</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="kw">and</span> x <span class="op">%</span> <span class="dv">5</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>:</span>
<span id="cb7-6"><a href="#cb7-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> y <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"FizzBuzz"</span></span>
<span id="cb7-7"><a href="#cb7-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">elif</span> x <span class="op">%</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>:</span>
<span id="cb7-8"><a href="#cb7-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> y <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"Fizz"</span></span>
<span id="cb7-9"><a href="#cb7-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">elif</span> x <span class="op">%</span> <span class="dv">5</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>:</span>
<span id="cb7-10"><a href="#cb7-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> y <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"Buzz"</span></span>
<span id="cb7-11"><a href="#cb7-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">else</span>:</span>
<span id="cb7-12"><a href="#cb7-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> y <span class="op">=</span> x</span>
<span id="cb7-13"><a href="#cb7-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb7-14"><a href="#cb7-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">"For x = "</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="bu">str</span>(x) <span class="op">+</span> <span class="st">" my code produces "</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="bu">str</span>(y))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>For x = 15 my code produces FizzBuzz</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="a-vector-of-fizzbuzz" class="level1">
<h1>A vector of FizzBuzz</h1>
<p>The code in the previous problem only solves FizzBuzz for a single value of <code>x</code>. Extend your code using a loop so that it will work for all values in a vector <code>xx</code>, storing values in a corresponding vector <code>yy</code>.</p>
<p>You can copy/paste code from previous chunks to make this chunk easier.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb9"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>xx <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">30</span></span>
<span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>yy <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">rep</span>(<span class="cn">NA</span>, <span class="at">times =</span> <span class="dv">30</span>)</span>
<span id="cb9-3"><a href="#cb9-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb9-4"><a href="#cb9-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># FizzBuzz code goes here</span></span>
<span id="cb9-5"><a href="#cb9-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> (i <span class="cf">in</span> <span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="fu">length</span>(xx)) {</span>
<span id="cb9-6"><a href="#cb9-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">if</span> (xx[i] <span class="sc">%%</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="sc">&&</span> xx[i] <span class="sc">%%</span> <span class="dv">5</span> <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>) {</span>
<span id="cb9-7"><a href="#cb9-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> yy[i] <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"FizzBuzz"</span></span>
<span id="cb9-8"><a href="#cb9-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>} <span class="cf">else</span> <span class="cf">if</span> (xx[i] <span class="sc">%%</span> <span class="dv">5</span> <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>) {</span>
<span id="cb9-9"><a href="#cb9-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> yy[i] <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"Buzz"</span></span>
<span id="cb9-10"><a href="#cb9-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>} <span class="cf">else</span> <span class="cf">if</span> (xx[i] <span class="sc">%%</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>) {</span>
<span id="cb9-11"><a href="#cb9-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> yy[i] <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"Fizz"</span></span>
<span id="cb9-12"><a href="#cb9-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>} <span class="cf">else</span> {</span>
<span id="cb9-13"><a href="#cb9-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> yy[i] <span class="ot"><-</span> xx[i]</span>
<span id="cb9-14"><a href="#cb9-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span>
<span id="cb9-15"><a href="#cb9-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> }</span>
<span id="cb9-16"><a href="#cb9-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb9-17"><a href="#cb9-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Printing the results in a data frame</span></span>
<span id="cb9-18"><a href="#cb9-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>res <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">cbind</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> xx, <span class="at">result =</span> yy)</span>
<span id="cb9-19"><a href="#cb9-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>res</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code> x result
[1,] "1" "1"
[2,] "2" "2"
[3,] "3" "Fizz"
[4,] "4" "4"
[5,] "5" "Buzz"
[6,] "6" "Fizz"
[7,] "7" "7"
[8,] "8" "8"
[9,] "9" "Fizz"
[10,] "10" "Buzz"
[11,] "11" "11"
[12,] "12" "Fizz"
[13,] "13" "13"
[14,] "14" "14"
[15,] "15" "FizzBuzz"
[16,] "16" "16"
[17,] "17" "17"
[18,] "18" "Fizz"
[19,] "19" "19"
[20,] "20" "Buzz"
[21,] "21" "Fizz"
[22,] "22" "22"
[23,] "23" "23"
[24,] "24" "Fizz"
[25,] "25" "Buzz"
[26,] "26" "26"
[27,] "27" "Fizz"
[28,] "28" "28"
[29,] "29" "29"
[30,] "30" "FizzBuzz"</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb11"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb11-1"><a href="#cb11-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> pandas <span class="im">as</span> pd</span>
<span id="cb11-2"><a href="#cb11-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> numpy <span class="im">as</span> np</span>
<span id="cb11-3"><a href="#cb11-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>xx <span class="op">=</span> np.array(<span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">30</span>)) <span class="op">+</span> <span class="dv">1</span></span>
<span id="cb11-4"><a href="#cb11-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>yy <span class="op">=</span> [np.nan]<span class="op">*</span><span class="dv">30</span></span>
<span id="cb11-5"><a href="#cb11-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb11-6"><a href="#cb11-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># FizzBuzz code goes here</span></span>
<span id="cb11-7"><a href="#cb11-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> i <span class="kw">in</span> <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="bu">len</span>(xx)):</span>
<span id="cb11-8"><a href="#cb11-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">if</span> xx[i] <span class="op">%</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="kw">and</span> xx[i] <span class="op">%</span> <span class="dv">5</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>:</span>
<span id="cb11-9"><a href="#cb11-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> yy[i] <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"FizzBuzz"</span></span>
<span id="cb11-10"><a href="#cb11-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">elif</span> xx[i] <span class="op">%</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>:</span>
<span id="cb11-11"><a href="#cb11-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> yy[i] <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"Fizz"</span></span>
<span id="cb11-12"><a href="#cb11-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">elif</span> xx[i] <span class="op">%</span> <span class="dv">5</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>:</span>
<span id="cb11-13"><a href="#cb11-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> yy[i] <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"Buzz"</span></span>
<span id="cb11-14"><a href="#cb11-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">else</span>:</span>
<span id="cb11-15"><a href="#cb11-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> yy[i] <span class="op">=</span> xx[i]</span>
<span id="cb11-16"><a href="#cb11-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Printing the results in a data frame</span></span>
<span id="cb11-17"><a href="#cb11-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>res <span class="op">=</span> pd.DataFrame({<span class="st">"x"</span>: xx, <span class="st">"result"</span>: yy})</span>
<span id="cb11-18"><a href="#cb11-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>res</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code> x result
0 1 1
1 2 2
2 3 Fizz
3 4 4
4 5 Buzz
5 6 Fizz
6 7 7
7 8 8
8 9 Fizz
9 10 Buzz
10 11 11
11 12 Fizz
12 13 13
13 14 14
14 15 FizzBuzz
15 16 16
16 17 17
17 18 Fizz
18 19 19
19 20 Buzz
20 21 Fizz
21 22 22
22 23 23
23 24 Fizz
24 25 Buzz
25 26 26
26 27 Fizz
27 28 28
28 29 29
29 30 FizzBuzz</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="functions-and-fizzbuzz" class="level1">
<h1>Functions and FizzBuzz</h1>
<p>In the previous question, you extended your fizzbuzz code to iterate through a vector <code>xx</code> and produce a result <code>yy</code>. Can you generalize this, writing a function <code>fizzbuzz</code> that takes a variable <code>x</code> and returns a corresponding fizzbuzzified variable? Your function should be able to handle <code>x</code> that is a vector or a scalar value, and should store your solution in <code>yy</code>.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb13"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb13-1"><a href="#cb13-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>xx <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">sample</span>(<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">100</span>, <span class="dv">10</span>) <span class="co"># get a random xx</span></span>
<span id="cb13-2"><a href="#cb13-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>yy <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">rep</span>(<span class="cn">NA</span>, <span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
<span id="cb13-3"><a href="#cb13-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb13-4"><a href="#cb13-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>fizzbuzz <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="cf">function</span>(x) {</span>
<span id="cb13-5"><a href="#cb13-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> yy <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">rep</span>(<span class="cn">NA</span>, <span class="fu">length</span>(x)) </span>
<span id="cb13-6"><a href="#cb13-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span>
<span id="cb13-7"><a href="#cb13-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">for</span> (i <span class="cf">in</span> <span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="fu">length</span>(x)) {</span>
<span id="cb13-8"><a href="#cb13-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">if</span> (x[i] <span class="sc">%%</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="sc">&&</span> x[i] <span class="sc">%%</span> <span class="dv">5</span> <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>) {</span>
<span id="cb13-9"><a href="#cb13-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> yy[i] <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"FizzBuzz"</span></span>
<span id="cb13-10"><a href="#cb13-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> } <span class="cf">else</span> <span class="cf">if</span> (x[i] <span class="sc">%%</span> <span class="dv">5</span> <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>) {</span>
<span id="cb13-11"><a href="#cb13-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> yy[i] <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"Buzz"</span></span>
<span id="cb13-12"><a href="#cb13-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> } <span class="cf">else</span> <span class="cf">if</span> (x[i] <span class="sc">%%</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>) {</span>
<span id="cb13-13"><a href="#cb13-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> yy[i] <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"Fizz"</span></span>
<span id="cb13-14"><a href="#cb13-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> } <span class="cf">else</span> {</span>
<span id="cb13-15"><a href="#cb13-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> yy[i] <span class="ot"><-</span> x[i]</span>
<span id="cb13-16"><a href="#cb13-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> }</span>
<span id="cb13-17"><a href="#cb13-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> }</span>
<span id="cb13-18"><a href="#cb13-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span>
<span id="cb13-19"><a href="#cb13-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">return</span>(yy) </span>
<span id="cb13-20"><a href="#cb13-20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span>
<span id="cb13-21"><a href="#cb13-21" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb13-22"><a href="#cb13-22" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>yy <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">fizzbuzz</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> xx)</span>
<span id="cb13-23"><a href="#cb13-23" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb13-24"><a href="#cb13-24" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Printing the results in a data frame</span></span>
<span id="cb13-25"><a href="#cb13-25" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>res <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">cbind</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> xx, <span class="at">result =</span> yy)</span>
<span id="cb13-26"><a href="#cb13-26" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>res</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code> x result
[1,] "52" "52"
[2,] "32" "32"
[3,] "45" "FizzBuzz"
[4,] "12" "Fizz"
[5,] "33" "Fizz"
[6,] "81" "Fizz"
[7,] "15" "FizzBuzz"
[8,] "4" "4"
[9,] "40" "Buzz"
[10,] "84" "Fizz" </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb15"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb15-1"><a href="#cb15-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> pandas <span class="im">as</span> pd</span>
<span id="cb15-2"><a href="#cb15-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> random <span class="im">import</span> choices</span>
<span id="cb15-3"><a href="#cb15-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> numpy <span class="im">as</span> np</span>
<span id="cb15-4"><a href="#cb15-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>xx <span class="op">=</span> np.array(choices(<span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">100</span>), k <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">10</span>)) <span class="op">+</span> <span class="dv">1</span></span>
<span id="cb15-5"><a href="#cb15-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb15-6"><a href="#cb15-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Define the fizzbuzz function</span></span>
<span id="cb15-7"><a href="#cb15-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> fizzbuzz(x):</span>
<span id="cb15-8"><a href="#cb15-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> y <span class="op">=</span> [np.nan] <span class="op">*</span> <span class="bu">len</span>(x)</span>
<span id="cb15-9"><a href="#cb15-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">for</span> i <span class="kw">in</span> <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="bu">len</span>(x)):</span>
<span id="cb15-10"><a href="#cb15-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">if</span> x[i] <span class="op">%</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="kw">and</span> x[i] <span class="op">%</span> <span class="dv">5</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>:</span>
<span id="cb15-11"><a href="#cb15-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> y[i] <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"FizzBuzz"</span></span>
<span id="cb15-12"><a href="#cb15-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">elif</span> x[i] <span class="op">%</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>:</span>
<span id="cb15-13"><a href="#cb15-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> y[i] <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"Fizz"</span></span>
<span id="cb15-14"><a href="#cb15-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">elif</span> x[i] <span class="op">%</span> <span class="dv">5</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>:</span>
<span id="cb15-15"><a href="#cb15-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> y[i] <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"Buzz"</span></span>
<span id="cb15-16"><a href="#cb15-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">else</span>:</span>
<span id="cb15-17"><a href="#cb15-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> y[i] <span class="op">=</span> x[i]</span>
<span id="cb15-18"><a href="#cb15-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">return</span> y</span>
<span id="cb15-19"><a href="#cb15-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">###</span></span>
<span id="cb15-20"><a href="#cb15-20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>yy <span class="op">=</span> fizzbuzz(x<span class="op">=</span>xx)</span>
<span id="cb15-21"><a href="#cb15-21" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb15-22"><a href="#cb15-22" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Printing the results in a data frame</span></span>
<span id="cb15-23"><a href="#cb15-23" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>res <span class="op">=</span> pd.DataFrame({<span class="st">"x"</span>: xx, <span class="st">"result"</span>: yy})</span>
<span id="cb15-24"><a href="#cb15-24" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>res</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code> x result
0 64 64
1 91 91
2 43 43
3 23 23
4 52 52
5 77 77
6 3 Fizz
7 36 Fizz
8 81 Fizz
9 2 2</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="defensive-programming" class="level1">
<h1>Defensive Programming</h1>
<p>You cannot always assume that the person using your functions knows what they’re doing. Add a check to the function you wrote in the last question so that it will handle non-numeric input by issuing an error message.</p>
<p>In R, you can use the function <a href="https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.2/topics/stopifnot"><code>stopifnot()</code> to halt function execution if there is an error</a>; this will give you a basic error message.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb17"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb17-1"><a href="#cb17-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">stopifnot</span>(<span class="dv">2</span> <span class="sc">></span> <span class="dv">3</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-error">
<pre><code>Error: 2 > 3 is not TRUE</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>In Python, you can use a <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/errors.html#handling-exceptions"><code>try:</code> statement with a <code>except:</code> clause</a>. This functions like an if-else statement, where if no error occurs, the except statement is never executed.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb19"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb19-1"><a href="#cb19-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">try</span>: </span>
<span id="cb19-2"><a href="#cb19-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="bu">int</span>(<span class="st">"hello"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb19-3"><a href="#cb19-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">except</span> <span class="pp">ValueError</span>: </span>
<span id="cb19-4"><a href="#cb19-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">"Error: could not turn value into an integer"</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>Error: could not turn value into an integer</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>See more examples of this in the <a href="https://srvanderplas.github.io/stat-computing-r-python/part-gen-prog/05-functions.html#input-validation">Input Validation</a> section of the textbook.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb21"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb21-1"><a href="#cb21-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>xx <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">sample</span>(<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">100</span>, <span class="dv">10</span>) <span class="co"># get a random xx</span></span>
<span id="cb21-2"><a href="#cb21-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#xx <- c("a","b","c","d","e")</span></span>
<span id="cb21-3"><a href="#cb21-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>yy <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">rep</span>(<span class="cn">NA</span>, <span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
<span id="cb21-4"><a href="#cb21-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb21-5"><a href="#cb21-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>fizzbuzz <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="cf">function</span>(x) {</span>
<span id="cb21-6"><a href="#cb21-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> yy <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">rep</span>(<span class="cn">NA</span>, <span class="fu">length</span>(x)) </span>
<span id="cb21-7"><a href="#cb21-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">for</span> (i <span class="cf">in</span> <span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="fu">length</span>(x)) {</span>
<span id="cb21-8"><a href="#cb21-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">stopifnot</span>(<span class="fu">is.numeric</span>(x[i]))</span>
<span id="cb21-9"><a href="#cb21-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span>
<span id="cb21-10"><a href="#cb21-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">if</span> (x[i] <span class="sc">%%</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="sc">&&</span> x[i] <span class="sc">%%</span> <span class="dv">5</span> <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>) {</span>
<span id="cb21-11"><a href="#cb21-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> yy[i] <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"FizzBuzz"</span></span>
<span id="cb21-12"><a href="#cb21-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> } <span class="cf">else</span> <span class="cf">if</span> (x[i] <span class="sc">%%</span> <span class="dv">5</span> <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>) {</span>
<span id="cb21-13"><a href="#cb21-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> yy[i] <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"Buzz"</span></span>
<span id="cb21-14"><a href="#cb21-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> } <span class="cf">else</span> <span class="cf">if</span> (x[i] <span class="sc">%%</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>) {</span>
<span id="cb21-15"><a href="#cb21-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> yy[i] <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"Fizz"</span></span>
<span id="cb21-16"><a href="#cb21-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> } <span class="cf">else</span> {</span>
<span id="cb21-17"><a href="#cb21-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> yy[i] <span class="ot"><-</span> x[i]</span>
<span id="cb21-18"><a href="#cb21-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> }</span>
<span id="cb21-19"><a href="#cb21-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> }</span>
<span id="cb21-20"><a href="#cb21-20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span>
<span id="cb21-21"><a href="#cb21-21" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">return</span>(yy)</span>
<span id="cb21-22"><a href="#cb21-22" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span>
<span id="cb21-23"><a href="#cb21-23" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb21-24"><a href="#cb21-24" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>yy <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">fizzbuzz</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> xx)</span>
<span id="cb21-25"><a href="#cb21-25" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb21-26"><a href="#cb21-26" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Printing the results in a data frame</span></span>
<span id="cb21-27"><a href="#cb21-27" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>res <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">data.frame</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> xx, <span class="at">result =</span> yy)</span>
<span id="cb21-28"><a href="#cb21-28" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>res</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code> x result
1 46 46
2 51 Fizz
3 100 Buzz
4 21 Fizz
5 91 91
6 43 43
7 88 88
8 60 FizzBuzz
9 41 41
10 31 31</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb23"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb23-1"><a href="#cb23-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> pandas <span class="im">as</span> pd</span>
<span id="cb23-2"><a href="#cb23-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> random <span class="im">import</span> choices</span>
<span id="cb23-3"><a href="#cb23-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>xx <span class="op">=</span> np.array(choices(<span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">100</span>), k <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">10</span>)) <span class="op">+</span> <span class="dv">1</span></span>
<span id="cb23-4"><a href="#cb23-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#xx = np.array(["a", "b", "c"])</span></span>
<span id="cb23-5"><a href="#cb23-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb23-6"><a href="#cb23-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> fizzbuzz(x):</span>
<span id="cb23-7"><a href="#cb23-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> y <span class="op">=</span> [np.nan] <span class="op">*</span> <span class="bu">len</span>(x) </span>
<span id="cb23-8"><a href="#cb23-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">for</span> i <span class="kw">in</span> <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="bu">len</span>(x)):</span>
<span id="cb23-9"><a href="#cb23-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">try</span>:</span>
<span id="cb23-10"><a href="#cb23-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co"># Check if the value can be converted to a number</span></span>
<span id="cb23-11"><a href="#cb23-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> x[i] <span class="op">+</span> <span class="dv">0</span></span>
<span id="cb23-12"><a href="#cb23-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">except</span> <span class="pp">TypeError</span>:</span>
<span id="cb23-13"><a href="#cb23-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Error: </span><span class="sc">{</span>x[i]<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss"> is not a numeric value. Please input numeric values."</span>)</span>
<span id="cb23-14"><a href="#cb23-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">return</span> <span class="va">None</span></span>
<span id="cb23-15"><a href="#cb23-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co">####</span></span>
<span id="cb23-16"><a href="#cb23-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">if</span> x[i] <span class="op">%</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="kw">and</span> x[i] <span class="op">%</span> <span class="dv">5</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>:</span>
<span id="cb23-17"><a href="#cb23-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> y[i] <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"FizzBuzz"</span></span>
<span id="cb23-18"><a href="#cb23-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">elif</span> x[i] <span class="op">%</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>:</span>
<span id="cb23-19"><a href="#cb23-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> y[i] <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"Fizz"</span></span>
<span id="cb23-20"><a href="#cb23-20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">elif</span> x[i] <span class="op">%</span> <span class="dv">5</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="dv">0</span>:</span>
<span id="cb23-21"><a href="#cb23-21" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> y[i] <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"Buzz"</span></span>
<span id="cb23-22"><a href="#cb23-22" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">else</span>:</span>
<span id="cb23-23"><a href="#cb23-23" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> y[i] <span class="op">=</span> x[i]</span>
<span id="cb23-24"><a href="#cb23-24" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span>
<span id="cb23-25"><a href="#cb23-25" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">return</span> y</span>
<span id="cb23-26"><a href="#cb23-26" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb23-27"><a href="#cb23-27" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>yy <span class="op">=</span> fizzbuzz(x <span class="op">=</span> xx)</span>
<span id="cb23-28"><a href="#cb23-28" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb23-29"><a href="#cb23-29" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Printing the results in a data frame</span></span>
<span id="cb23-30"><a href="#cb23-30" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>res <span class="op">=</span> pd.DataFrame({<span class="st">"x"</span>: xx, <span class="st">"result"</span>: yy})</span>
<span id="cb23-31"><a href="#cb23-31" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>res</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code> x result
0 5 Buzz
1 79 79
2 34 34
3 78 Fizz
4 84 Fizz
5 85 Buzz
6 97 97
7 83 83
8 44 44
9 58 58</code></pre>
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.then(html => {
const parser = new DOMParser();
const htmlDoc = parser.parseFromString(html, "text/html");
const note = htmlDoc.getElementById(id);
if (note !== null) {
const html = processXRef(id, note);
instance.setContent(html);
}
}).finally(() => {
instance.enable();
instance.show();
});
}
} else {
// See if we can fetch a full url (with no hash to target)
// This is a special case and we should probably do some content thinning / targeting
fetch(url)
.then(res => res.text())
.then(html => {
const parser = new DOMParser();
const htmlDoc = parser.parseFromString(html, "text/html");
const note = htmlDoc.querySelector('main.content');
if (note !== null) {
// This should only happen for chapter cross references
// (since there is no id in the URL)
// remove the first header
if (note.children.length > 0 && note.children[0].tagName === "HEADER") {
note.children[0].remove();
}
const html = processXRef(null, note);
instance.setContent(html);
}
}).finally(() => {
instance.enable();
instance.show();
});
}
}, function(instance) {
});
}
let selectedAnnoteEl;
const selectorForAnnotation = ( cell, annotation) => {
let cellAttr = 'data-code-cell="' + cell + '"';
let lineAttr = 'data-code-annotation="' + annotation + '"';
const selector = 'span[' + cellAttr + '][' + lineAttr + ']';
return selector;
}
const selectCodeLines = (annoteEl) => {
const doc = window.document;
const targetCell = annoteEl.getAttribute("data-target-cell");
const targetAnnotation = annoteEl.getAttribute("data-target-annotation");
const annoteSpan = window.document.querySelector(selectorForAnnotation(targetCell, targetAnnotation));
const lines = annoteSpan.getAttribute("data-code-lines").split(",");
const lineIds = lines.map((line) => {
return targetCell + "-" + line;
})
let top = null;
let height = null;
let parent = null;
if (lineIds.length > 0) {
//compute the position of the single el (top and bottom and make a div)
const el = window.document.getElementById(lineIds[0]);
top = el.offsetTop;
height = el.offsetHeight;
parent = el.parentElement.parentElement;
if (lineIds.length > 1) {
const lastEl = window.document.getElementById(lineIds[lineIds.length - 1]);
const bottom = lastEl.offsetTop + lastEl.offsetHeight;
height = bottom - top;
}
if (top !== null && height !== null && parent !== null) {
// cook up a div (if necessary) and position it
let div = window.document.getElementById("code-annotation-line-highlight");
if (div === null) {
div = window.document.createElement("div");
div.setAttribute("id", "code-annotation-line-highlight");
div.style.position = 'absolute';
parent.appendChild(div);
}
div.style.top = top - 2 + "px";
div.style.height = height + 4 + "px";
div.style.left = 0;
let gutterDiv = window.document.getElementById("code-annotation-line-highlight-gutter");
if (gutterDiv === null) {
gutterDiv = window.document.createElement("div");
gutterDiv.setAttribute("id", "code-annotation-line-highlight-gutter");
gutterDiv.style.position = 'absolute';
const codeCell = window.document.getElementById(targetCell);
const gutter = codeCell.querySelector('.code-annotation-gutter');
gutter.appendChild(gutterDiv);
}
gutterDiv.style.top = top - 2 + "px";
gutterDiv.style.height = height + 4 + "px";
}
selectedAnnoteEl = annoteEl;
}
};
const unselectCodeLines = () => {
const elementsIds = ["code-annotation-line-highlight", "code-annotation-line-highlight-gutter"];
elementsIds.forEach((elId) => {
const div = window.document.getElementById(elId);
if (div) {
div.remove();
}
});
selectedAnnoteEl = undefined;
};
// Handle positioning of the toggle
window.addEventListener(
"resize",
throttle(() => {
elRect = undefined;
if (selectedAnnoteEl) {
selectCodeLines(selectedAnnoteEl);
}
}, 10)
);
function throttle(fn, ms) {
let throttle = false;
let timer;
return (...args) => {
if(!throttle) { // first call gets through
fn.apply(this, args);
throttle = true;
} else { // all the others get throttled
if(timer) clearTimeout(timer); // cancel #2
timer = setTimeout(() => {
fn.apply(this, args);
timer = throttle = false;
}, ms);
}
};
}