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For more information, see [When to use standalone vs. formatting](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/date-time-1/date-time-patterns#TOC-When-to-use-Standalone-vs.-Formatting) in Date/Time patterns. + - Formatting + - Standalone +- Capitalization should follow the middle of a sentence rule. For more information, see [Capitalization](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/translation-guide-general/capitalization).   + - \ data can specify the capitalization for other contexts; currently this is not available in the Survey Tool, so you must file a CLDR JIRA ticket to request a change. + - Most sets of names form [Logical Groups](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/getting-started/resolving-errors), and you need to make sure they have the same contribution status (e.g. Status: Approved) or you will get error messages. See [Logical Groups](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/getting-started/resolving-errors) for more information. + +## Date Field Names + +The date field _names_ are used in user interfaces on computer systems as labels as shown in this table example, where  a user is asked to enter the year, month, and day: + +||| +|---|---| +| Year | 1942 | +| Month | ... | +| Day | ... | + +The grammatical form should be whatever is typical for such isolated or stand-alone cases: generally it will be nominative singular. The letter casing should be appropriate for middle-of-sentence use, since there is now separate capitalization context data that can specify how these should be capitalized for use in a label. Also see the translation guide on [Capitalization](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/translation-guide-general/capitalization).  + +There are three lengths: full, short, and narrow. They are listed below along with English examples and explanations (a few of the fields are not straightforward). + +| Field name | | English examples for different name widths | | Explanation of the field being named, example as a label | +|---|---|---|---|---| +| | (full) | -short | -narrow | | +| **era** | era | era | era | Name of the field that distinguishes different calendar epochs in a calendar, such as CE / BCE for the Gregorian calendar, or 平成 / 昭和 / 大正 for the Japanese calendar. Can be used as a popup menu label, e.g. “Era: CE ▾ ” to select CE for Gregorian calendar. | +| **year** | year | yr. | yr. | Name of the field that designates years. | +| **quarter** | quarter | qtr. | qtr. | Name of the field for a three-month “quarter” often used for reporting financial transactions. Can be used as a popup menu label, e.g. “Quarter: 2 ▾ ” to select the second quarter of the year. | +| **week** | week | wk. | wk. | Name of the field for week number of the year. Can be used as a popup menu label, e.g. “Week: 20 ▾ ” to select the 20th week of the year for an event. | +| **weekOfMonth** | week of month | wk. of mo. | wk. of mo. | Name of the field for the week number in the month. Can be used as a popup menu label, e.g. “Week of month: 3 ▾ ” to select the 3rd week of the month for an event. | +| **day** | day | day | day | Name of the field for the day number in the month. Can be used as a popup menu label, e.g. “Day: 19 ▾ ” to select the 19th day of the month for an event. | +| **dayOfYear** | day of year | day of yr. | day of yr. | Name of the field for the day number in the year. Can be used as a popup menu label, e.g. “Day of year: 139 ▾ ” to select the 139th day of the year for an event. | +| **weekday** | day of the week | day of wk. | day of wk. | Name of the field for the day of the week. Can be used as a popup menu label, e.g. “Day of the Week: Friday ▾ ” to select Friday for an event. | +| **weekdayOfMonth** | weekday of the month | wkday. of mo. | wkday. of mo. | Name of the field specifying the number of the occurrence of a particular weekday within the month. Can be used as a popup menu label, e.g. “Weekday of the month: 3 ▾ ” to select the 3rd Friday of the month for an event, assuming that Friday is specified with a different popup. | +| **dayperiod** | AM/PM | AM/PM | AM/PM | Name of the field that designates range of time within a day. Can be used as a popup menu label, e.g. “AM/PM: morning ▾ ” to select the desired time for a flight departure; different values could be used to select other ranges such as "evening", "AM" or "PM", or particular points such as “noon” or “midnight” (The current English name is not necessarily the best example for this). | +| **hour** | hour | hr. | hr. | Name of the field that designates hours. | +| **minute** | minute | min. | min. | Name of the field that designates minutes. | +| **second** | second | sec. | sec. | Name of the field that designates seconds. | +| **zone** | time zone | zone | zone | Name of the field that designates the time zone. Can be used as a popup menu label, e.g. “Time zone: Pacific Time ▾ ” to select Pacific Time; different values could be used to select other time zones, such as “GMT” or “Beijing Time”. | + +### Eras + +Era names are in Gregorian Calendar and other calendars: + +- There are only two values for an era in a Gregorian calendar. + - The common use of these era names in English are more for religious forms. "BC" (Before Christ) and AD (Anno Domini)" - from the Latin for "The year of our Lord". + - The secular equivalents of these two era names are "BCE" (Before Common Era) and "CE" (Common Era). +- Other calendars (see [Different calendars in Date/Time patterns](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/date-time-1/date-time-patterns#TOC-Different-Calendars-)) have a different numbers of eras. + - The names for eras are often specific to the given calendar, such as the Japanese era names. + - If other calendars are in common use in one of the countries/regions that use your language, other calendars will show under the modern coverage level. + +💡 **Translation Tips** +- For Gregorian Calendar you will need to consider whether the religious (BC/AD) form or the secular (BCE/CE) form is more commonly used in your language, and make the most common form the default form (code 0, 1). +- The alternate form, if used, can be provide under the entries for codes 0-variant, 1-variant. If your locale does not commonly use an alternate form, do not provide any entries for these. +![image](../../images/date-time/era.PNG) + +### Quarters + +In the Gregorian calendar, these designate the four three-month periods often used for financial reporting. The abbreviated or narrow forms may simply be something like “Q2” or “2” respectively. These may not be useful in calendars that do not always have 12 months in a year. + +### Months of the Year + +This field is one of the months of the year, such as January or February.  + + In many languages, it is not common to use abbreviated months. The preferred way to address this is using date/time patterns that never use the abbreviated months MMM or LLL, as explained in [Patterns without abbreviated months](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/date-time/date-time-patterns).  + +💡 **Translation Tips** + +- If there is no way to supply abbreviated month names, the full month names may be used for abbreviated month names. +- Use grammatical form such as genitive or related for **Formatting** month names if applicable in your language. + - Used in patterns with a day number. (e.g. Finnish, and many Slavic languages distinguish between nominative and genitive/related) +- Use the type such as the nominative case for **Standalone** month names. + - Used in pattern without a day number. +- The specific values that are used in the format and stand-alone names need to be closely co-ordinated with the date patterns that will use them. See [When to use standalone vs. format names](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/date-time-1/date-time-patterns#TOC-When-to-use-Standalone-vs.-Formatting) in Date/Time patterns. + - Some languages (for example, Catalan) use a preposition to combine the month and day number like in the format “11 de setembre” (11 of September). If the month name begins with a vowel, the preposition is contracted, for example, “12 d’octubre + - Include the preposition in its correct form (contracted or not) for formatting month names + - DO NOT include the preposition for standalone month names and in patterns that use standalone month names + +### Days of the Week + +This field is one of the days of the week: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, etc... + +Same as month names, you need to use different symbols to coordinate use of standalone (e.g. cccc) and format names (e.g. EEEE) in patterns. See [When to use standalone vs. format names](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/date-time-1/date-time-patterns#TOC-When-to-use-Standalone-vs.-Formatting) in Date/Time patterns. + +💡 **Translation Tips** + +- The formatting vs standalone guidance also applies to days of the week: + - Formatting names: Use the type such as genitive or related + - Standalone names: Use the nominative case + +### Day Periods (AM, PM, etc.) + +AM/PM (special handling for locales using 24 hrs) + +Also see [Additional Date/time formats](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/date-time-1/date-time-patterns#TOC-Additional-Date-Time-Formats).  + +💡 **Translation Tips** + +- For locales using the 24 hr as the standard formats, AM/PM data fields are difficult to handle.  + - If the English AM/PM strings are more commonly understood, vote for inheritance English strings AM/PM. (See related tickets: Hindi #[11417](https://unicode-org.atlassian.net/browse/CLDR-11417), German #[10789](https://unicode-org.atlassian.net/browse/CLDR-10789)) + - If translations of AM/PM are commonly understood in your locale, use the translations. +- There may be codes that may have no English equivalent. + - _For example, Malayalam has the code [**morning2**](https://st.unicode.org/cldr-apps/v#/ml/Gregorian/2bcc83b0ea697571), which doesn’t exist in English._ +- The goal is to make sure that the **abbreviated** format and **abbreviated** standalone forms are correct. + - _Start with the Wide forms, then the abbreviated forms, then the narrow forms. You will see the inheritance option (the abbreviated form) will be available in the Others column._ + +The time span associated with each code is different for different languages! +- To see what the time-spans are for your language, hover over the value. + - You should see something like the following: + +![image](../../images/date-time/Screen-Shot-2015-06-22-at-12.14.47.png)   + +- It shows the time span (with a 24 hour clock) for the code, and then an example (for the format codes). + - You can also go to the web page [Day Periods](https://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/45/supplemental/day_periods.html), and look for your language. + - For example, for Malayalam, you would go to ...[day\_periods.html#ml](https://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/45/supplemental/day_periods.html#ml) , and see that **morning2** is the period that extends from **06:00** to **12:00**. + +| | Code | English | German | Russian | +|---|---|---|---|---| +| **Standalone** | morning1 | morning | Morgen | утра | +| **Formatting** | morning1 | in the morning | morgens | утро | +| **_formatting example_** | morning1 | 10:00 in the morning | 10.00 morgens | 10:00 утра | + +The **format** version will be substituted into a time format, and should contain whatever inflections/prepositions are necessary for that. + +- For example: + +DayPeriods are spans of time during the day. There are two forms for each possible period: + +- **stand-alone**: used to label a particular period, such as "_morning_". +- **format**: used in combination with a specific time, such as "_12 noon_" or "_7 in the morning_". + +The codes may also be used—like plural categories—to select messages based on the day period. For example, an email program might use them to select among messages like: "_arrived last night_" or "_arrived this morning_". + +In all of the **Span** examples below, the times are 24 hour starting at 00:00 (midnight). The span does not actually include the second number of the range. For example, 05:00-08:00 is really 05:00-07:59:59.999...  + +There are two types of day periods, **fixed** and **locale-specific**. + +### Fixed Periods + +The fixed periods have the same definition in each language. The codes am and pm must always exist, even if your language always uses 24 hour time and doesn't use am/pm in any patterns (they are required for testing). So use the best term you can. As long as the 24 hour symbol (H) is used in the patterns, they won't actually show up in formatted times and dates. + +Noon or midnight don't have to be present if the precise terms don't exist in your language. For example, many languages don't have a special term for precisely 12:00 noon. They may have a term for "midday" that spans from (say) 11:00-13:00, but not have unique term for exactly 12:00 noon or a noon hour. Such a language should not have a code for noon show up in the Survey Tool. + +In formatting, where your language has a term for midnight, it is used instead of the term for am for the point in time 00:00 (= 24:00) when the pattern uses ‘b’ instead of ‘a’. Similarly, where your language has a term for noon, it is used instead of pm for the point in time 12:00 when the pattern uses ‘b’. + +| Code | English Examples | Span | +|---|---|---| +| _am_ | am | 00:00–12:00 (noon) | +| _pm_ | pm | 12:00–24:00 | +| _midnight_ | midnight | The point in time at 00:00 midnight (to the degree of precision determined by the other fields shown) | +| _noon_ | noon | The point in time at precisely 12:00 noon ( to the degree of precision determined by the other fields shown) | + +### Locale-Specific Periods + +These mark approximate periods in the day, _and those periods differ between languages_. The codes are arbitrary, and don't have to match the English meaning for your language: the important feature is the time span. The spans are approximate; in reality they may vary with the time of year (they might be dependent on sunrise), or context (someone might say they went to bed at 2 at night, and later one say that they woke up at 2 in the morning).  + +**For a list of the day period IDs defined in CLDR for your language, see [Day Periods](https://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/45/supplemental/day_periods.html)**. If you think the rules are wrong (or missing) for your language, please [file a ticket](https://cldr.unicode.org/index/bug-reports#TOC-Filing-a-Ticket) and supply the missing information. Here are examples for English and Chinese. + +| Code | English | Span | Chinese | Span | +|---|---|---|---|---| +| _morning1_ | morning | 06:00–12:00 | 早上 | 05:00-08:00 | +| _morning2_ | unused | | 上午 | 08:00-12:00 | +| _afternoon1_ | afternoon | 12:00–18:00 | 中午 | 12:00-13:00 | +| _afternoon2_ | unused | | 下午 | 13:00-19:00 | +| _evening1_ | evening1 | 18:00-21:00 | 晚上 | 19:00-00:00 | +| _evening2_ | unused | | unused | | +| _night1_ | night | 21:00–06:00 | 凌晨 | 00:00-05:00 | +| _night2_ | unused | | unused | | + +### Narrow Date Fields + +The narrow date fields are the shortest possible names (in terms of width in common fonts), and are not guaranteed to be unique. Think of what you might find on a credit-card-sized wallet or checkbook calendar, such as in English for days of the week: + +S M T W T F S + +### Non-Gregorian calendar considerations + +Cyclic Name Sets + +Cyclic name sets are used in calendars where naming cycles are used for naming years, months, days, times of day or zodiacs. For example, the Chinese and Hindu calendars each use a 60-name cycle for naming years. Each cyclic name set has standalone and formatting names of varying lengths, similar to months or days. + +### Month Patterns + +For lunar calendars that can have months added or removed from the usual set of months in a year, month patterns are used to rename the affected months or the months around them. + +### Relative Date and Time + +Some dates can be specified by giving relative names, such as "this month", "last month" or "next month".  + +For example, if today is Jan 10, then: + +- When [_this month_](https://st.unicode.org/cldr-apps/v#/USER/Fields/1f4d786ca4059002) is used, it would be referring to January. +- When [_last month_](https://st.unicode.org/cldr-apps/v#/USER/Fields/6108b3da46e4171b) is used, it would be referring to December. +- When [_next month_](https://st.unicode.org/cldr-apps/v#/USER/Fields/30dd17974909ca8e) is used, it would be referring to February. + +| Category | English Examples | Meaning | +|---|---|---| +| _next_ X | next month | Used in a context referring to an event that will occur in the _next calendar month_ (day, etc)
_next month_
_tomorrow_ ( [_next day in English_](https://st.unicode.org/cldr-apps/v#/en/Fields/7fc094eb7ad294e) )
_next year_
_next Saturday_
etc.. | +| _this_ X | this month, today | Used in a context referring to an event that will occur in the _current calendar month_ (day, etc)
this month
today ( [this day in English](https://st.unicode.org/cldr-apps/v#/en/Fields/7dde82ea0015888c) )
this year
this Saturday
etc... | +| _last_ X | last month, yesterday | Used in a context referring to an event that occurred in the _immediately last month_ (day, etc).
last month
yesterday ( [next day in English](https://st.unicode.org/cldr-apps/v#/en/Fields/7fc094eb7ad294e) )
last year
last Saturday
etc... | +| _in_ X | in 3 days in 1 week in 3 Sunday | Used in a context referring to an event will occur in X number relative to _immediate month_ (day, etc).
in 1 month (see [English example](https://st.unicode.org/cldr-apps/v#/en/Fields/1db35f10d8d9f78e) )
in 1 week (see [English example](https://st.unicode.org/cldr-apps/v#/en/Fields/6e4eb506cda6779e) )
in 3 days (see [English example](https://st.unicode.org/cldr-apps/v#/en/Fields/7b1d0a7c01f0d438) )
in 3 Mondays (see [English example](https://st.unicode.org/cldr-apps/v#/en/Fields/7ec4b3073848a7af) )
etc... | +| X ago | [_4 days ago_](https://st.unicode.org/cldr-apps/v#/en/Fields/3452a65a06e410e1) | Used in a context referring to an event that occurred in X number relative to _immediate month_ (day, etc).
1 month ago (see [English example](https://st.unicode.org/cldr-apps/v#/en/Fields/15e23f61693dfb6d) )
1 week ago (see [English example](https://st.unicode.org/cldr-apps/v#/en/Fields/15880f047d0f52ea) )
3 days ago (see [English example](https://st.unicode.org/cldr-apps/v#/en/Fields/40fb4f2b9b84b6e8) )
3 Mondays ago (see English example )
etc... | + +When listing calendar events, or when emails arrived, an interface may abbreviate dates using relative names.  + +For example, in the following table of sample emails, the emails up to 2 months ago are listed with explicit dates, while the closer ones use relative dates.  + +Relative date usage examples: + +| From | Subject | Date | +|---|---|---:| +| Rick | Re: Meeting in February | 12:15 | +| Tom, Sarah,… | Avoiding taxes | **Yesterday** | +| Nicole | Investment opportunities in Germany? | 4 **days ago** | +| Rick | Meeting in February | **Last Month** | +| Jane | New Year's Eve Party! | Dec 12, 2009 | + +These relative names can be programmatically capitalized (using the contextTransform data) for different contexts, such as for listing in a menu of column of an interface.  + +💡 **Translation Tips** + +- There is a difference between unit patterns (_see [Plurals](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/getting-started/plurals)_) such as "1 year ago" and relative names such as "Last Year". +- Consider: + - The phrase "1 year ago" has more of sense of a _duration_. + - The phrase "last year" is more sense of relativity to current (For example, on January 2nd, 2019, to refer to an event on December 30th, 2018, you would refer to it as "last year", but NOT "1 year ago." +- Some languages have a special word for "The day before yesterday", which may also be displayed for translation in the survey tool if relevant even if English is not available. For example, see [Korean](https://st.unicode.org/cldr-apps/v#/ko/Fields/1d45310cbcf1b2e5). +- The names might be used in various contexts and the new guidance is that they should be capitalized as appropriate for the middle of a sentenc +- The distinction between 'this' and 'next' may not be present in your language, thus they may have the same translation. + +### Week of + +There are a number of patterns like “the week of {0}” used for constructions such as “the week of April 11, 2016” or “the week of April 11–15”. The placeholder can be a full or partial date. There are related week-of date pattern that it should be as consistent with as possible, described [here](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/date-time/date-time-patterns). + +\'week' W 'of' MMM\ + + +![Unicode copyright](https://www.unicode.org/img/hb_notice.gif) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/site/translation/date-time/date-time-patterns.md b/docs/site/translation/date-time/date-time-patterns.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..b89e8c60967 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/site/translation/date-time/date-time-patterns.md @@ -0,0 +1,398 @@ +--- +title: Date/Time Patterns +--- + +# Date/Time Patterns + +_Last updated: 2018-May-14_ + +## Patterns Introduction + +Pre-requisite topics to read: + +- [Date/Time Symbols](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/date-time/date-time-symbols) +- [Date/Time Names](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/date-time/date-time-names) + +A date-time pattern is a string of characters in which fields representing date and time symbols are combined together with necessary "literal" strings that are used as is. + +There are two types of substrings that are combined in a pattern: + +1. Date/time fields, which are placeholders that represent particular calendar values such as month, weekday, year, etc.. +2. "Literal" strings used as-is. These are necessary to make the pattern flow naturally in a given language. +3. For example: + +| Skeleton format | English Pattern | English Example | Japanese Pattern | Japanese Example | +|:---|---|---|---|---| +| **yMMMd** | MMM e, y | Dec 5, 2010 | y年M月d 日 | 2010年12月5日 | + +There are three aspects to patterns:  +- A letter in the set {a-z; A-Z} indicates the type of calendar field: See [Date/Time Symbols](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/date-time/date-time-symbols). + - For example: + - M for month + - d for week day + - y for year +- The number of letters indicate the form of the names to be used.  + - Example use for month would be: + - Numeric representation: M or MM for 9 or 09, with leading 0. This is intended to be used in conjunction with a day number; thus, 9/12 or 09/12 + - Abbreviated form: MMM  for Sep + - Full form: MMMM for September + - Narrow form: MMMMM (S) +- When formatting a particular date, non-numeric values (e.g. month names from Gregorian calendar) are substituted into the appropriate pattern substrings using the [Date Format Symbols](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/date-time/date-time-symbols).  + - For example: + - M replaced by “3” for March + - MMMM replaced by “March”. + - When parsing a date string, the pattern substrings will be converted into the appropriate numeric calendar data. + - **See [Date/Time Symbols](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/date-time/date-time-symbols) for a brief summary of letters for different calendar fields, or [Date Field Symbol Table](http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-dates.html#Date_Field_Symbol_Table) for a more complete and detailed list.** + - The "literal" text in the date-time pattern are used as-is when formatting, and are expected when parsing a date string. To include a single straight quote as part of the literal text, use two of them together: '' (either inside or outside a section of literal text enclosed in single straight quotes). + +To demonstrate how this work with examples, see the spec [Date Format Pattern Examples](http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-45/tr35-dates.html#Date_Format_Pattern_Examples). + +💡 **Translation Tips** + +- For "literal" text that should be included in patterns, enclose it in single straight quotes **if it includes letters A-Za-z or a single straight quote**. For example, to include "o'clock" in a long time pattern (hh 'o''clock' a, zzzz). If you need to include the single straight quote itself in literal text, you can do that by doubling it as in the previous example. +- In order to provide the correct date and time patterns for your language, you may need to reorder the symbols.  For example, you would need to reorder the U.S. date pattern d/M/y to MM/dd/y if your locale puts the month first in short date patterns. +- **For bidi scripts (e.g. Arabic and Hebrew), you may need to add directionality markers (U+200E (\ LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK, U+200F \ RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK, U+061C \ ARABIC LETTER MARK). Typically these are most commonly needed in short (numeric) dates, usually before separators such as  '/' or '-'.** + - **For date formats in bidi scripts, the Survey Tool shows examples in both a right-to-left context and a neutral context. In the future it may show examples in a left-to-right contex as well.** + - **The hightest priority is to make the formats look correct in a right-to-left context; the next most important is to make them look correct in a a neutral cotext. If possible it is also a good idea to make them work in a left-to-right context.** +- **Always look at examples!** Examples are in the Information Pane or hover over. When working with date and time formats, there are many substitution and dependencies to different calendar; therefore, the example are best representation to validate your intention on the end result. + +## Synchronizing Date/Time Names and Patterns + +There is a tight coupling between the date/time patterns and the names that are used for date/time elements, described in [Date/Time Names](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/date-time/date-time-names). Therefore, when supplying the data, it requires coordination between what you supply as the names and your intention on which name to use in patterns. + +### When to use Standalone vs. Formatting + +Some types of names have two styles and these are differentiated in the survey tool section headings a Formatting and Standalone. + +Using the month names as examples: + +- **format style**: Use formatting-style month names represented with "M" when month names is displayed with a day-of-the-month number (e.g. d MMMM y: 5 Monday January 1999). +- **stand-alone style**: Use the stand-alone month names represented with "L" when the month name is without a day-of-the month. (e.g. LLLL y: Monday 1999) + +Following are examples of differences and implications based on language: + +| | wide _format_ months (Use pattern: MMMM) | wide _stand-alone_ months Use pattern: LLLL) | pattern for full date, e.g.in e-mail log: “d. MMMM y”; thus, intended to use the format style names as examples below. | pattern for month + year, e.g. in calendar: “LLLL y”; thus intended to use the stand-alone names as examples below: | pattern for month name by itself, e.g. in menu: “LLLL” ; thus, intended to use the stand-alone names as examples below: | +|---|---|---|---|---|---| +| 7 | heinäkuuta | heinäkuu | 5. heinäkuuta 2018 | heinäkuu 2018 | heinäkuu | +| 8 | elokuuta | elokuu | 10. elokuuta 2018 | elokuu 2018 | elokuu | +| 9 | syyskuuta | syyskuu | 15. syyskuuta 2018 | syyskuu 2018 | syyskuu | +| 10 | lokakuuta | lokakuu | 20. lokakuuta 2018 | lokakuu 2018 | lokakuu | + +- Some language (e.g. Catalan) use a preposition to combine the month and day number, e.g. “11 de setembre” (11 of September). If the month name begins with a vowel, the preposition is contracted, e.g. “12 d’octubre”.  + - For these languages: + - The **format** month names should include the preposition in its correct form (contracted or not) + - And the **stand-alone** month names should **NOT** include the preposition + - And the **patterns** using the stand-alone should not include the preposition for month +- In some languages, the weekday name format forms (e.g. EEEE) and stand-alone forms (e.g. cccc) forms may also differ, and may require similar coordination between names and patterns. +- Below examples are with month names. + +| | wide _format_ months Use pattern (MMMM) | wide _stand-alone_ months Use pattern (LLLL) | pattern for full date, e.g.in e-mail log: “d MMMM 'de' y”; thus, intended to use the format style names as examples below: | pattern for month + year, e.g. in calendar: “ LLLL 'de' y”; thus intended to use the stand-alone names as examples below: | pattern for month name by itself, e.g. in menu: “ LLLL ”; thus, intended to use the stand-alone names as examples below: | +|---|---|---|---|---|---| +| 7 | de juliol | juliol | 5 de juliol de 2018 | juliol de 2018 | juliol | +| 8 | d’agost | agost | 10 d’agost de 2018 | agost de 2018 | agost | +| 9 | de setembre | setembre | 15 de setembre de 2018 | setembre de 2018 | setembre | +| 10 | d’octubre | octubre | 20 d’octubre de 2018 | octubre de 2018 | octubre | + +| Format String | Date | Result | +|:---:|:---:|:---:| +| LLLL | 2008-1-14 | gener | +| | 2008-4-14 | abril | +| d MMMM 'de' y | 2008-1-14 | 14 de gener de 2008 | +| | 2008-4-14 | 14 d’abril de 2008 | + +💡 **Translation Tips** + +- When working with patterns, look at the examples in the right information pane to validate your intention between the name and the pattern. +- In order to get the right formats for your language, you may need to change the ordering of the [Date/Time Symbols](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/date-time/date-time-symbols), and change the text around them. +- You must match the names that should be used in patterns with intended forms of the names (wide or full, abbreviated and/or short, narrow forms)  + - For example: + - If you specify the time format "h:mm a", by using "a" your intention is to use the **Abbreviated formatting** name for AM/PM; thus, the end result being 2:37 PM. + - If you specify the time format "h:mm aaaaa", by using "aaaaa", your intention is to use the **Narrow formatting name** for AM/PM; thus, the end result being 2:37 p. +- Understand the difference between formatting and standalone date and time names in your language and its intended usage in patterns.  For example, if you are working in Catalan (a locale that uses prepositions in formatting month names), and you provide “setembre” for the formatting month name instead of “de setembre,” then the pattern d MMMM will display as “12 septembre” instead of the correct pattern “12 de setembre. + - Some languages (e.g. Finnish and many Slavic languages) use a month name in nominative case when it is displayed without a day number, and use a different case (genitive, partitive, etc.) when the month is displayed with a day number. For these languages: + - The **stand-alone** month names should be **in nominative case**, + - And the **format** month names should be in genitive or a related case. +- Even for language that do not require such different forms it is a good idea, for consistency, to use ‘L’ for months in patterns without ‘d’, and ‘M’ for months in patterns with ‘d’. + +## Basic Time Formats + +The standard formats include four basic time formats. See Survey Tool [Formats-Standard-Time formats](https://st.unicode.org/cldr-apps/v#/USER/Gregorian/1b89d7c2d516faca).  + +- full: Include hour (h/H), minute (mm), second (ss), and zone (zzzz). +- long: Include hour, minute, second, and zone (z) +- medium: Include hour, minute, second. +- short: Include hour, minute. + +Using 24 hour vs 12 hour symbols: The symbols you use in time format patterns depend on whether the main country/region of the language uses 12-hour time or 24 hour format. + +- If the default country/region of the language use the 12-hour time clock, use patterns like "h:mm a" or "hh:mm a" + - **h** to mean a 12-hour clock cycle running 1 through 12 (midnight plus 1 minute is 12:01) with hh indicating leading zero to 2 digits + - K to mean a 12-hour clock cycle running 0 through 11 (midnight plus 1 minute is 0:01). + - **a** to get the equivalent of AM/PM + - **b** to add special representation of noon/midnight + - **B** to use day periods like “in the afternoon” instead of AM/PM. +- If the default country/region of the language uses the 24-hour time clock, use a pattern like "**H:mm**" or "**HH:mm**" + - **H** to mean a 24-hour clock cycle running 0 through 23 (midnight plus 1 minute is 0:01) with **HH** indicating zero-padding to 2 digits + - **k** to mean a 24-hour clock cycle running 1 through 24 (midnight plus 1 minute is 24:01). + - **a**, **b**, and **B** are same as usage in 12 hour formats, but are not normally used with 24-hour time. + +If a non-default country/region use a different time format than the default country/region for the language, then this difference should be added for the sub-locale. Also see [Regional variants](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/getting-started/guide#TOC-Regional-Variants-also-known-as-Sub-locales-).  + +For example, if es (= es\_ES, Spanish as used in Spain) uses 24-hour time formats, but es\_US (Spanish as used in United States) uses 12 hour time formats, then es would use "HH:mm/H:mm" and es\_US would use the "h" formats as described above. . + +💡 **Translation Tips** + +- Languages should always have translations for AM/PM/noon even if every country/region that the language is used in has 24 hour time.  Many computing systems provide the flexibility for users to specify either 12 or 24 hour time setting on their system (also known as User preference overrides). This is why CLDR provide the flexible formats for both 12 and 24 hour systems. + +## Basic Date Formats + +The standard Date formats include four basic formats. See Survey Tool [Formats-Standard-Date formats](https://st.unicode.org/cldr-apps/v#/USER/Gregorian/562f98c4c6b2e321). (Note that the Month symbol especially may vary (M vs MM, or MMM vs LLL). For more information, see [Date/Time Symbols](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/date-time/date-time-symbols).) + +| Form | Include | English pattern examples | +|---|---|---| +| Full | long-weekday (EEEE), year (y), long-month (MMMM), day In some non-Gregorian calendars, it will also contain G representing the era name, such as "AH" or "Heisei" (i.e. "平成"). For some languages, long months are not used; for example, in Japanese the numeric month is used in patterns, in front of the character 月. | EEEE, MMMM d, y (e.g. "Tuesday, September 14, 1999") | +| Long | year (y), long-month (MMMM), day (d). | MMMM d, y (e.g. "September 14, 1999".) | +| Medium | year (y), abbreviated-month (MMM), day (d). For languages that do not use abbreviated months , use the numeric month (MM/M). For example, "**y/MM/dd**" , corresponding to a date like "1999/09/14". | MMM d, y (e.g. "Sep 14, 1999".) | +| Short | year, numeric-month (MM/M), and day. | M/d/yy (e.g. "9/14/99") | + +## Additional Date-Time Formats + +The basic formats as described in above sections provide a small subset of the combinations. To expand to fully cover all variations of date and time formats, a skeleton format is provided that uses the [Date/Time Symbols](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/date-time/date-time-symbols) (without order or punctuation) to indicate what fields are desired.  + +An example usage of the flexible formats would be: a software program only needs the year and month information, the flexible pattern yMMM would be used to provide the desired year and month formatting as shown in the English and Japanese examples in this table.  + +| Skeleton | English Pattern | English Example | Japanese Pattern | Japanese Example | +|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:| +| **yMMM** | MMM y | Dec 2010 | y年M月 | 2010年12月 | + +| Skeleton | Hypothetical English case | | For ja@calendar=chinese | | | +|---|---|---|---|---|---| +| | **Pattern** | **Example** | | | | +| **supplied** | MMMEd | E MMM d | Tue Apr 18 | MMMd日(E) | 四月18日(火) | +| **inferred 1** | MMMMEd | E MMMM d | Tue April 18 | MMMMd日(E) | 四月18日(火) | +| **inferred 2** | MMMEEEEd | EEEE MMM d | Tuesday Apr 18 [incorrect] | MMMd日(EEEE) | 四月18日(火 曜日) [incorrect] | +| **inferred 3** | MMMMEEEEd | EEEE MMMM d | Tuesday April 18 [incorrect] | MMMMd日(EEEE) | 四月18日(火曜日) [incorrect] | + +### Standalone vs. Formatting in Flexible formats + +In languages that distinguish between nominative and genitive (or related form such as partitive), the use of symbols in flexible formats also specify the use of nominative forms or genitive (or related) forms of month and day names.  + +- month names when day is not included (e.g. skeleton: [yMMM](https://st.unicode.org/cldr-apps/v#/USER/Gregorian/6fea4427938536b8)) + - Specify the nominative forms in the **standalone** month names. + - Use the symbol "LLL" or "LLLL" in the patter, therefore, "LLLLy" + - month names when day is included (e.g. skeleton: [MMMd](https://st.unicode.org/cldr-apps/v#/USER/Gregorian/3124a5a401a45c9)) + - Specify the genitive form (or a related form such as partitive) in **format** month names + - Use the symbol "MMM" or "MMMM"; therefore resulting in "d MMMM" + - day names may also vary for your language depending on the elements included in the pattern (e.g. [skeleton E](https://st.unicode.org/cldr-apps/v#/USER/Gregorian/140cf3a4c102803b) for day only, or [skeleton MEd](https://st.unicode.org/cldr-apps/v#/USER/Gregorian/2d123e52098e97f2) for month, day, and numeric day) + - Use symbols "ccc" or "cccc" in patterns to use the standalone name + - Use the symbol  "E" or "EEEE" to use the format name + +To understand which pattern characters are used for standalone forms (nominative) versus format forms (genitive or related, such as partitive), see [Stand-Alone vs Format Styles](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/date-time/date-time-symbols), see also the discussion above in [Synchronizing Date/Time Names and Patterns](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/date-time/date-time-patterns). + +### Supplied vs. Inferred patterns + +Some patterns supplied for each skeleton may be extended from the abbreviated form to an inferred full form by developers who use CLDR.  + +Some Inferred patterns usage are incorrect, instead use the most closely associated skeletons that are available. Build on a chain of fallback options based on available patterns is a good practice.  + +Example expansions: + +| | | | | | | +|---|---|---|---|---|---| +| **supplied** | MMMEEEEd | EEEE, MMM d | Tuesday, Apr 18 [correct] | MMMd日EEEE | 四月18日火曜日 [correct] | +| **inferred 4** | MMMMEEEEd | EEEE, MMMM d | Tuesday, April 18 [correct] | MMMMd日EEEE | 四月18日火曜日 [correct] | + +The correctness of inferred from abbreviated the full will differ by locale.  + +In the examples above table, Inferred 2 and Inferred 3 examples are incorrect, because: +- English examples are incorrect, because you'd want a comma after the full day name EEEE (Tuesday, Apr 18). +- Japanese examples are incorrect, because the full day name should not be in parenthesis. + +Some languages do not use abbreviated months; therefore, a skeleton containing abbreviated month MMM is mapped to a pattern that uses numeric month M or MM. For example, skeleton yMMMd may be supplied with the numeric month d.M.y. + +| Skeleton | Pattern | Example | | +|---|---|---|---| +| **supplied** | yMMMd | d.M.y | 18.4.2015 | +| **supplied** | yMMMMd | d. MMMM y | 18. huhtikuuta 2015 | +| without the second entry, would have: **inferred** | yMMMMd | d.M.y | 18.4.2015 | + +💡 **Translation Tips** + +- In the Survey tool, the skeleton formats are under **Formats-Flexible-Date** formats and **Formats-Flexible-12/24 Time** formats. +- The skeletons are listed in the **Code** column in Survey Tool. +- For each skeleton formats, provide the ordering and punctuation that would be used in your locale. For example: + - ordering could be, whether it is common to write month first (MMMy) or year first (yMMM) + - punctuation could be, a comma (,) that may be needed between month and day +- Follow the patterns in the survey tool and use the examples to understand the skeletons. Provide data for all flexible patterns. +- : If your language has different grammatical forms for date symbols such as month and day names, the nominative forms of the names should be in the Survey Tool section marked "Standalone", and the genitive or related forms should be in the Survey Tool section marked "Formatting". + +### Day period patterns + +There are three pattern characters that can you can use to indicate the day period marker in 12-hour-cycle time formats: + +| Symbol | Meaning | English example | +|---|---|---| +| **a (abbreviated) aaaa (full) aaaaa (narrow)** | AM and PM | 12:00 AM, 10:00 AM, 12:00 PM, 7:00 PM | +| **b (abbreviated) bbbb (full) bbbbb (narrow)** | AM, PM, noon and midnight, | 10:00 AM, 12:00 noon, 7:00 PM | +| **B (abbreviated) BBBB (full) BBBBB (narrow)** | day periods with locale-specific ranges. If a locale does not have data for such day period ranges, this is equivalent to 'b'. | 2:00 at night, 10:00 in the morning, 12:00 in the afternoon, 7:00 in the evening. | + +With skeletons (listed in the **Code** column in Survey Tool) that specify 'h' but no day period, the corresponding patterns are specified with a day period, normally 'a' or 'b'. The patterns can be used to infer how to handle a request for a different day period. For example: + +| Code | English pattern (example) | | +|---|---|---| +| **supplied** | hm | h:mm a | +| **inferred** | ahm | h:mm a | +| **inferred** | aaaahm | h:mm aaaa | +| **inferred** | bhm | h:mm b | +| **inferred** | bbbbhm | h:mm bbbb | +| **inferred*** | Bhm | h:mm B [*see notes below] | +| **inferred*** | BBBBhm | h:mm BBBB [*see notes below] | + +Beginning in CLDR 32, there are 5 additional time patterns that indicate how times should be formatted using day period ranges 'B'. This allows locales to have formats for day period ranges that can display the range symbol in a different position than might be used for symbols for AM, PM, noon, or midnight: + +| Code | English pattern (example) | | +|---|---|---| +| **supplied** | Bh | B h | +| **supplied** | Bhm | B h:mm | +| **supplied** | Bhms | B h:mm:ss | +| **supplied** | EBhm | B h:mm, E | +| **supplied** | EBhms | B h:mm:ss, E | +| **inferred** | BBBBhm | BBBB h:mm | +| **inferred** | ... | ... | + +These new patterns are available in Gregorian and Generic calendars, In these new fields, provide locale data by: + +💡 **Translation Tips** + +1. Examples in the Survey Tool show some day periods for the locale as shown in this screenshot below. If the examples for day period ranges show them in the wrong position, then the time formats specific to using day period ranges may be updated. + 1. Placing the pattern character ('B' in the example below) in the correct position. + 2. If it is equally good in two different positions, favor the position used for the 'a' pattern character. + 3. If the position needs to be different depending on the width of B, please file a ticket. +2. For more information on the day periods used in your language: + 1. First see [Day Periods (AM, PM, etc.)](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/date-time/date-time-names) for a general discussion of how day periods work. + 2. See the [Day Periods](https://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/45/supplemental/day_periods.html) chart for your language. + +![image](../../images/date-time/ST-flexibledayperiod.JPG) + + +## Date-Time Combined Formats + +The date-time pattern shows how to combine separate patterns for date (represented by {1}) and time (represented by {0}) into a single pattern. It usually doesn't need to be changed.  + +What you want to pay attention to are: + +💡 **Translation Tips** + +- Remove a space if your language does not use spaces, which is common for many East Asian languages +- Add a comma, or other punctuation that your language requires between the patterns + +There are four formats: full, long, medium, and short. _Each of these may come in two variants_: + +- _The “-atTime” variant, which specifies a date at a particular time, typically for an event. In the longer formats (such as full and long), this “-atTime” form may have a combining word betwen the date and the time, for example “{1} 'at' {0}” to produce an English example like “Sunday, September 25 at 1:30 PM”)._ +- _The standard variant, which is used for multuple purposes and typically does not include any literal text, for example “{1}, {0}”. Usage examples include:_ + - _Wall clock time: “Sunday, September 25, 1:30 PM”_ + - _Combining a date with a time range: “Sunday, September 25, 1:30 – 3:00 PM”_ + +_Before CLDR 42, there was only one variant for these. In English that variant used the “-atTime” style, as did many other locales. For CLDR 42, that  “-⁠atTime” data has been moved to the “-⁠atTime” variants, and the standard data has initially been extrapolated from the mediu or short formats without literal text. However, it needs to be checked._ + +The determination of which to use by developers using CLDR data is normally based on the date style, for example: + +- If the date has a full month and weekday name, use the **full** combining pattern. +- If the date has numeric month, use the **short** version of the combining pattern. + +Following are examples on how the data can be different by locale with different combinations of format length. (note: {1}=date format with {0}= time format) + +  + +Another way to look at the example with original patterns and combined result: + +| Pattern | English | German | Japanese | +|---|---|---|---| +| [Full](https://st.unicode.org/cldr-apps/v#/fr/Gregorian/4caf0def588f4e8) {1} 'at' {0}

{Full form of the date format} at {full form of the time format} | {1} 'at' {0}

Sunday, September 5, 1999 at 1:25:59 PM Eastern Standard Time | {1} 'um' {0}

Sonntag, 5. September 1999 um 13:25:59 Nordamerikanische Ostküsten-Normalzeit | {1} {0}

1999年9月5日日曜日 13時25分59秒 アメリカ東部標準時 | +| [Medium](https://st.unicode.org/cldr-apps/v#/fr/Gregorian/7a365a21694f0127) {1}, {0}

{medium form of the date format}, {medium form of the time format}

Notice the comma and space between the date portion and the time portion. | {1}, {0}

Sep 5, 1999, 1:25:59 PM | {1}, {0} Result: 05.09.1999, 13:25:59 | {1} {0}

1999/09/05 13:25:59 | + +| | | | | +|---|---|---|---| +| date pattern | time pattern | date-time combining pattern used | formatted example | +| MMMM d, y | h:mm a | [long] {1} 'at' {0} | September 14, 1999 at 1:25 PM | +| M/d/yy | h:mm a | [short] {1}, {0} | 9/14/99, 1:25 PM | + +| | | | +|---|---|---| +| Survey Tool field | English pattern | Pattern characters | +| yw-one | 'week' w 'of' Y (example: Week 37 of 2009) | w designates the number of the week within a year calculated for week-of year purposes and indicated using the pattern character Y (instead of the normal year designator y). The year indicated by Y typically begins on the locale’s first day of the week and ends on the last day of the week, so its transitions may differ by a few days from the standard year indicated by y. | +| yw-other | 'week' w 'of' Y | | +| MMMMW-one | 'week' W 'of' MMMM (example: Week 3 of April) | W designates the number of the week within the month | +| MMMMW-other | 'week' W 'of' MMMM | | + +## Week-Of Patterns + +The week-of date patterns were introduced in CLDR 30 for enumerating week count in larger periods, e.g. “week 15 of 2016” or “week 4 of April”. The Survey Tool fields and corresponding English entries are shown below: + +For developers who use CLDR data,  + +- The pattern can be selected based on the plural form associated with the week number, in case the form depends on the number.  (either -one or -other) +- Currently these patterns only support cardinal numbers; in the future they may be extended to support ordinal numbers for usages such as “2nd week of April”. In this case the distinction by plural form associated with week number may become more relevant. + +💡 **Translation Tips** + +- If your language has a grammatical difference in the month names(aside from just the simple addition of a prefix or suffix), localizers will need to use a work-around construction ([file a ticket](https://cldr.unicode.org/index/bug-reports#TOC-Filing-a-Ticket) if this is the case for your language). + +As described [under Date/Time Names](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/date-time/date-time-names), CLDR also provides a relative week period pattern which is used for constructions such as “the week of April 11, 2016”. The English pattern that produces this is “the week of {0}”; the date format that replaces {0} is determined separately. Because the week-of patterns described here may appear in user interfaces that also show dates produced using the relative week period patterns, all of these patterns should be designed with consistent wording and structure. + +## Flexible - Timezone Append + +timezone: {0} {1}  + +See in [Survey Tool](https://st.unicode.org/cldr-apps/v#/USER/Gregorian/2de1cd6966f05c0f). + +The flexible append format for Timezone is used to compose a time and a timezone, to get a result like "11:30 Pacific Time".  + +- {0} will be replaced by the localized time format. +- {1} will be replaced by the localized timezone. +- For almost all locales it is just "{0} {1}" , but some locales may change the order, add punctuation, or remove the space. + +## Date/Time Intervals + +Interval patterns contain a start pattern and an end pattern (using the [Date/Time Symbols](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/date-time/date-time-symbols)). They are used for a range of dates or times, such as "Sept 10–12" (meaning the 10th of September through the 12th of September). The interval format is used where it is necessary to make the pattern as short as possible, and elide information that does not have to be repeated. For example, the pattern used to get "Sept 10–12" in English is "MMM d–d". + +Unlike simple [Date/Time Patterns](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/date-time/date-time-patterns), these consist of two parts, typically separated by with some kind of punctuation mark (e.g. English uses en-dash " – "). Also, some fields in the second part are omitted (e.g. "d – d MMM" omits repeat of MMM for the second part). The first field that comes from the second date is marked with red in the examples below. + +### Interval Formatting + +| Format Pattern | Date 1 | Date 2 | Result | +|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:| +| MMM d– **d** | 2008-09-13 | 2008-09-15 | Sept 13–15 | +| MMMM– **MMMM** , yyyy | 2008-09-01 | 2008-11-31 | September–November, 2008 | + +### Greatest Difference + +Each combination of fields can be used with dates that differ by different amounts. For example, a format for the fields "yMMMd" (year, abbreviated month, and day) could be used with two dates that differ by year, month, or day. + +As the examples below indicate, for a given skeleton, each type of difference might need a different pattern. + +For example, + +- when the greatest difference is a year, no part of the second pattern is omitted; +- when the greatest difference is a month, then the year is not repeated, since it would be the same for each pattern. + +| Date 1 | Date 2 | Greatest Difference | Format Pattern | Shares | +|:---:|:---:|---|---|---| +| 2008-09-13 | **2009** -09-15 | year (yMd) | MMM d, yyyy – **MMM** d, yyyy | _nothing_ | +| 2008-09-01 | 2008- **11** -31 | month (Md) | MMM d – **MMM** d, yyyy | _year_ | +| 2008-09-01 | 2008-09- **05** | day (d) | MMM d– **d** , yyyy | _year and month_ | + +## Different Calendars + +Date and Time patterns are also available for other calendars in addition to the Gregorian calendar. For example, the Buddhist, Islamic, Hebrew, or Japanese calendars.  + +Different calendars work with the data in Gregorian, and Generic in the following ways: + +- Basic time formats for all calendars are inherited from the Gregorian time formats. +- In many locales, the main difference between date formats for Gregorian calendars and non-Gregorian calendars is that non-Gregorian calendars always include the **calendar era** with the year. + - To avoid having to do this separately for each non-Gregorian calendar, CLDR has a special **“Generic”** calendar to specify standard date formats for non-Gregorian calendars. + - If you specify the date formats for the “Generic” calendar, using year with a calendar era, then those data formats will be used for most non-Gregorian calendars unless those calendars explicitly specify their own date formats. + - Because the Generic calendar does not have real names for months, weekdays and eras, the Survey Tool examples generated for this calendar may be confusing. +- Calendars that do not inherit date formats from the Generic calendar are the **East Asian lunar calendars**: Chinese (lunar) and Dangi (Korean lunar). These have special formats involving cyclic names. The Dangu calendar inherits formats from the Chinese calendar data in the same locale, while the Chinese calendar inherits formats directly from the parent locale; that parent locale may be the root locale or inherit these formats directly from the root locale. For the lunar calendars, the root locale has formats that should be reasonable for use in most locales where the lunar calendars are not one of the primary calendars. + +![Unicode copyright](https://www.unicode.org/img/hb_notice.gif) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/site/translation/date-time/date-time-symbols.md b/docs/site/translation/date-time/date-time-symbols.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..85907c018f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/site/translation/date-time/date-time-symbols.md @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +--- +title: Date/Time Symbols +--- + +# Date/Time Symbols + +Symbols is a required topic to work in [Date/Time Patterns](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/date-time/date-time-patterns) + +More details on date/time symbols and patterns may be found in the Spec [Date Field Symbol Table](http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-dates.html#Date_Field_Symbol_Table). + +## About Symbols + +Dates and times are formatted using patterns, like "mm-dd". Within these patterns, each field, like the month or the hour, is represented by a sequence of letters (“pattern characters”) in the range A–Z or a–z. For example, sequences consisting of one or more ‘M‘ or ‘L‘ stand for various forms of a month name or number. + +When the software formats a date for your language, a value will be substituted for each field, according to the following table. Examples of the pattern usage you may see in an every day use may be on the lock screen on a mobile device showing the date or time, or as a date stamp on an email. + +Notice in the table below that there are different pattern characters for standalone and formatting. For example M to indicate the formatting and L to indicate the standalone month names. + +Make sure you understand the difference between standalone and formatting patterns and use the appropriate symbols in patterns. See [when to use standalone vs. formatting](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/date-time/date-time-patterns) in Date and Time patterns. + +| Symbol | Meaning | English example | Special note | Usage in pattern example | +|:---:|---|---|---|---| +| G | era | AD, BC | This symbol also covers era names and abbreviations for non-Gregorian calendars, such as Japanese. | y G = 1999 AD | +| y

yy | year | 1987 | use y to show as many digits as necessary (987, 2017)

Use yy to always show year in two digits (87, 17, 09). | M/d/y = 9/5/2019 M/d/yy = 9/5/19 | +| M | month | September | Used in patterns to reference use of Formatted month names. | MMMM d, y = September 5, 2019 | +| L | month | September | Used in patterns to reference use of Standalone month names.
_See below under Stand-Alone vs Format Styles for the difference between M and L_. | LLLL d, y =September 5, 2019 | +| E | Day of week | Tuesday | Used in patterns to reference use of Formatted weekday names. | EEEE, MMMM d, y = Sunday, September 5, 2009 | +| c | Day of week | Tuesday | Used in patterns to reference use of Standalone weekday names.
_See below under Stand-Alone vs Format Styles for the difference between E and c_. | ccc = Sun | +| d | day | | | | +| h
H
K
k | Hour | 12 | h- hour in a 12 hour clock
H-hour in a 24 hour clock system using 0-23
K -12 hour cycle using 0 through 11
k - 24 hour cycle using 1 though 24 | h:mm a = 3:25 PM
HH:mm = 15:25
K:mm a = 0:25 AM
kk:mm = 24:25 | +| m | minute | 49 | | hh:mm a = 03:25 PM | +| s | second | 49 | | h:mm:ss = 3:25:01 PM | +| a
b
B | day period | AM noon in the morning | a- AM or PM b-am, noon, pm, or midnight
B-"in the morning", "in the evening" (see [Day period names](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/date-time-1/date-time-names#TOC-Day-Periods-AM-PM-etc.-))

ONLY used with "h" or K" for all a, b and B See [date/time patterns about flexible time formats](https://st.unicode.org/cldr-apps/v#/fr/Gregorian/7a365a21694f0127) even if your language does not use 12-hour time clock Also see date/time day period patterns. | h:mm a = 3:25 PM

h:mm b = 12:00 noon

h:mm B= 3:25 in the afternoon | +| z / v | timezone | Pacific Time, Paris Time | Don't change v to z or vice versa; just leave either z or v as in English. | h a – h a v = 5 AM – 5 PM GMT | +| ' | | | If you want a sequence of one or more real letters A–Z or a–z within a pattern, you need to put it in single quotes, such as 'ta'. This is because l etters included in a format have special meaning.
For a real single quote, use '' (that is, two adjacent ' characters). | German example for skeleton h h 'Uhr' a = 1 Uhr PM | +| Q | Quarter (a concept of 3 months period) | | These are calendar quarters not fiscal quarters.

4 Quarters in United States for example would be Jan-Mar, Apr-June, July-Sep, Sep-Dec. Also see 💡 **Translation Tips** below | QQQ y = Q3 1999 | + +| Symbol | Examples | Meaning | +|:---:|:---:|---| +| M | 3, 11 | Numeric form, at least 1 digit and without leading zero. | +| MM | 03, 11 | Number form, 2 digits with leading zero if necessary | +| MMM | Dec | Abbreviated form | +| MMMM | December | Full form | +| MMMMM | D | Narrow form - only used in where context makes it clear, such as headers in a calendar. _Should be one character wherever possible._ | + +💡**Translation Tips** + +- The symbols using characters a-z and A-Z are special placeholders; they stand for date or time fields. They are NOT real characters. +- For example, 'y' stands for a numeric year and will be replaced by a value like '1998'. DO NOT "translate" the placeholders; for example, don't change 'y' to 'j' even though in your language the word for "year" starts with a "j". +- Any "real" characters need to be quoted. For example, 'g' in a real character in this example pattern: EEE, yyyy. **'g'**. dd. MMM +- If your language doesn't have a concept of "**Quarters**", use a translation that describes the concept "three-month period" rather than “quarter-of-a-year”. + +## Symbol Length + +The number of letters in a field indicates the **format.** + +The number of letters used to indicate the format is the same for all date fields EXCEPT for the year. (See table above for y and yy). + +The following are the available field lengths, and their meanings: + +The longer forms are only relevant for the fields that are non-numeric, such as era names, month names, day of the week, and am/pm, etc... + +## Standalone vs. Format Styles + + This section is relevant to [When to use standalone vs. Formatting](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/date-time/date-time-patterns) in date/time patterns. + +Some languages use two different forms of strings (*standalone* and *format*) depending on the context. Typically the *standalone* version is the nominative form of the word, and the *format* version is in the genitive (or related form). + +Two different characters are used: + +| Field | Format | Standalone | +|:---:|---|---| +| Month | M | L | +| Day of the Week | E | c | + +💡 **Translation Tips** + +- Standalone and Format names must be coordinated with the format strings. See [When to use standalone vs. Formatting](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/date-time/date-time-patterns) in date/time patterns. +- If your language uses two different form, be sure to provide the correct forms under Standalone and Formatting. For example in Brazilian Portuguese + - "Dezembro" for December when standing alone; thus use LLLL + - "Dezembru" when referencing December with a date (e.g. to mean "the nth day of that month"); thus, use MMMM + - Then, make sure you use the intended forms by using the correct symbol (e.g. LLLL stand-alone form or MMMM format forms). + - If your language formats months differently with vowels, eg "14 de gener de 2008" but "14 d'abril de 2008"; the stand-alone and format versions of the months should be as follows; in this case the format strings should not have the extra "de" before the month: + +| Format Month | Stand-Alone Month | +|---|---| +| de gener | gener | +| d'abril | abril | + +These days, standalone names should not be used merely to provide capitalized forms. There are other solutions for capitalizing date symbols which provide finer control over capitalization, see [capitalization guidelines](https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/translation-guide-general/capitalization). + +### Examples: + +Nominative/standalone (LLLL) vs genitive/format (MMMM): + +| Format | Example1 | Example2 | +|:---:|:---:|:---:| +| LLLL | Dezembro | Dez. | +| d MMMM | 1 Dezembru | 1 Dez. | +| MMMM d yy | Dezembru 1 1953 | 1 Dez. 53 | + +Precede months with de or d’ - coordinate with the formats strings, which can't have the extra "de" before the month: + +| Format String | Date | Result | +|:---:|:---:|---| +| LLLL | 2008-1-14 | gener | +| | 2008-4-14 | abril | +| d MMMM 'de' y | 2008-1-14 | 14 de gener de 2008 | +| | 2008-4-14 | 14 d’abril de 2008 | + +![Unicode copyright](https://www.unicode.org/img/hb_notice.gif) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/site/translation/date-time/date-times-terminology.md b/docs/site/translation/date-time/date-times-terminology.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..87a4437f72d --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/site/translation/date-time/date-times-terminology.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: Date & Time terminology +--- + +# Date & Time terminology + +This topic is **in-progress** and and **not finalized** yet for use. + +Following are terminology and definitions that are used for Date and Time structure and data in CLDR. The terminology used in CLDR have dependency on LDML Spec #35 and names of methods and objects in ICU. + +| Terminology | Definition | Examples | +|---|---|---| +| Symbols or Pattern characters or placeholder symbol | The ASCII-range letters used in patterns, character in a placeholder field | G, y, M, d | +| pattern fields or placeholder fields | A sequence of one or more of the above used in a pattern sequence of characters that is replaced in a pattern at runtime, like MMM, {1}, "###" (in numbers) | MMM E | +| Spec: Elements ICU: textual forms as symbols | The specific localized values that replace a pattern fields depending on the date | Monday or January, or 7. | +| **calendar fields** | The abstract calendar type that is represented by the letters | era or year. | +| calendar field “ **names**" | The localized names for each type of calendar field | “era” or “year”: | + + +![Unicode copyright](https://www.unicode.org/img/hb_notice.gif) \ No newline at end of file