Revise node APIs to support querying by hash

[robertu7]

Blocker

• Preparation for URL pattern changes #348
• PoC: Cloudflare bulk redirects #365

Checklist

• Confirm the new URL design with product team;
• (Server) APIs (node, nodes) to query via hash/id, DB changes;
• (Client) Change URL pattern of article detail page, tag detail page, etc.; (moved to Revise pathname of article detail page matters-web#4196)
• (Edge) Backward & forward compatibility (e.g. redirection using Cloudflare or Cloudflare Workers); (moved to URL backward compatibility with Cloudflare bulk redirects #373)

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Story

• Story: the rest adjustments #372

[zeckli]

This issue reported by community is related.

[tx0c]

https://www.notion.so/matterslab/URL-Hash-Algorithms-c2400728b68d4747a7660dd5374944f8