diff --git a/src/wiktextract/extractor/de/linkage.py b/src/wiktextract/extractor/de/linkage.py
index 5805c35e..40d1d924 100644
--- a/src/wiktextract/extractor/de/linkage.py
+++ b/src/wiktextract/extractor/de/linkage.py
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 
 from wikitextprocessor import NodeKind, WikiNode
 from wikitextprocessor.parser import LevelNode
-from wiktextract.extractor.de.models import WordEntry
+
+from wiktextract.extractor.de.models import Linkage, WordEntry
 from wiktextract.extractor.share import split_senseids
 from wiktextract.page import clean_node
 from wiktextract.wxr_context import WiktextractContext
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ def extract_linkages(
             )
 
             # Extract links
-            linkages: list[str] = []
+            linkages: list[Linkage] = []
             if linkage_type == "expressions":
                 for child in list_item.children:
                     if isinstance(child, str) and contains_dash(child):
@@ -90,12 +91,12 @@ def extract_linkages(
 
 
 def process_link(
-    wxr: WiktextractContext, semantic_links: list[str], link: WikiNode
+    wxr: WiktextractContext, semantic_links: list[Linkage], link: WikiNode
 ):
     clean_link = clean_node(wxr, {}, link)
     if clean_link.startswith("Verzeichnis:"):
         return
-    semantic_links.append(clean_link)
+    semantic_links.append(Linkage(word=clean_link))
 
 
 def contains_dash(text: str):
diff --git a/src/wiktextract/extractor/de/models.py b/src/wiktextract/extractor/de/models.py
index 137442b3..f6ecaa6b 100644
--- a/src/wiktextract/extractor/de/models.py
+++ b/src/wiktextract/extractor/de/models.py
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ class BaseModelWrap(BaseModel):
     model_config = ConfigDict(validate_assignment=True, extra="forbid")
 
 
+class Linkage(BaseModelWrap):
+    word: str
+
+
 class Translation(BaseModelWrap):
     sense: Optional[str] = Field(
         default=None, description="A gloss of the sense being translated"
@@ -16,7 +20,7 @@ class Translation(BaseModelWrap):
         default=None,
         description="Wiktionary language code of the translation term",
     )
-    lang_name: Optional[str] = Field(
+    lang: Optional[str] = Field(
         default=None, description="Localized language name"
     )
     uncertain: Optional[bool] = Field(
@@ -120,15 +124,15 @@ class Sense(BaseModelWrap):
         default=None, description="Sense number used in Wiktionary"
     )
     translations: Optional[list[Translation]] = []
-    antonyms: Optional[list[str]] = []
-    derived: Optional[list[str]] = []
-    hyponyms: Optional[list[str]] = []
-    hypernyms: Optional[list[str]] = []
-    holonyms: Optional[list[str]] = []
-    expressions: Optional[list[str]] = []
-    coordinate_terms: Optional[list[str]] = []
-    proverbs: Optional[list[str]] = []
-    synonyms: Optional[list[str]] = []
+    antonyms: Optional[list[Linkage]] = []
+    derived: Optional[list[Linkage]] = []
+    hyponyms: Optional[list[Linkage]] = []
+    hypernyms: Optional[list[Linkage]] = []
+    holonyms: Optional[list[Linkage]] = []
+    expressions: Optional[list[Linkage]] = []
+    coordinate_terms: Optional[list[Linkage]] = []
+    proverbs: Optional[list[Linkage]] = []
+    synonyms: Optional[list[Linkage]] = []
 
 
 class Sound(BaseModelWrap):
@@ -147,9 +151,7 @@ class Sound(BaseModelWrap):
     lang_code: list[str] = Field(
         default=[], description="Wiktionary language code"
     )
-    lang_name: list[str] = Field(
-        default=[], description="Localized language name"
-    )
+    lang: list[str] = Field(default=[], description="Localized language name")
     # roman: list[str] = Field(
     #     default=[], description="Translitaration to Roman characters"
     # )
@@ -175,7 +177,7 @@ class WordEntry(BaseModelWrap):
     lang_code: str = Field(
         description="Wiktionary language code", examples=["es"]
     )
-    lang_name: str = Field(
+    lang: str = Field(
         description="Localized language name of the word", examples=["español"]
     )
     senses: Optional[list[Sense]] = []
@@ -185,12 +187,12 @@ class WordEntry(BaseModelWrap):
     # )
     translations: Optional[list[Translation]] = []
     sounds: Optional[list[Sound]] = []
-    antonyms: Optional[list[str]] = []
-    derived: Optional[list[str]] = []
-    hyponyms: Optional[list[str]] = []
-    hypernyms: Optional[list[str]] = []
-    holonyms: Optional[list[str]] = []
-    expressions: Optional[list[str]] = []
-    coordinate_terms: Optional[list[str]] = []
-    proverbs: Optional[list[str]] = []
-    synonyms: Optional[list[str]] = []
+    antonyms: Optional[list[Linkage]] = []
+    derived: Optional[list[Linkage]] = []
+    hyponyms: Optional[list[Linkage]] = []
+    hypernyms: Optional[list[Linkage]] = []
+    holonyms: Optional[list[Linkage]] = []
+    expressions: Optional[list[Linkage]] = []
+    coordinate_terms: Optional[list[Linkage]] = []
+    proverbs: Optional[list[Linkage]] = []
+    synonyms: Optional[list[Linkage]] = []
diff --git a/src/wiktextract/extractor/de/page.py b/src/wiktextract/extractor/de/page.py
index 52993e1c..eda76540 100644
--- a/src/wiktextract/extractor/de/page.py
+++ b/src/wiktextract/extractor/de/page.py
@@ -272,15 +272,15 @@ def parse_page(
     for level2_node in tree.find_child(NodeKind.LEVEL2):
         for subtitle_template in level2_node.find_content(NodeKind.TEMPLATE):
             # The language sections are marked with
-            # == <title> ({{Sprache|<lang_name>}}) ==
-            # where <title> is the title of the page and <lang_name> is the
+            # == <title> ({{Sprache|<lang>}}) ==
+            # where <title> is the title of the page and <lang> is the
             # German name of the language of the section.
             if subtitle_template.template_name == "Sprache":
-                lang_name = subtitle_template.template_parameters.get(1)
-                lang_code = name_to_code(lang_name, "de")
+                lang = subtitle_template.template_parameters.get(1)
+                lang_code = name_to_code(lang, "de")
                 if lang_code == "":
                     wxr.wtp.warning(
-                        f"Unknown language: {lang_name}",
+                        f"Unknown language: {lang}",
                         sortid="extractor/de/page/parse_page/76",
                     )
                 if (
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ def parse_page(
                     continue
 
                 base_data = WordEntry(
-                    lang_name=lang_name, lang_code=lang_code, word=wxr.wtp.title
+                    lang=lang, lang_code=lang_code, word=wxr.wtp.title
                 )
                 parse_section(wxr, page_data, base_data, level2_node.children)
 
diff --git a/src/wiktextract/extractor/de/pronunciation.py b/src/wiktextract/extractor/de/pronunciation.py
index 545d016f..43563fa2 100644
--- a/src/wiktextract/extractor/de/pronunciation.py
+++ b/src/wiktextract/extractor/de/pronunciation.py
@@ -99,14 +99,14 @@ def process_lautschrift_template(
 
     lang_code = template_parameters.get("spr")
     if lang_code:
-        lang_name = code_to_name(lang_code, "de")
+        lang = code_to_name(lang_code, "de")
         add_sound_data_without_appending_to_existing_properties(
             wxr,
             sound_data,
             {
                 "ipa": [ipa],
                 "lang_code": lang_code,
-                "lang_name": lang_name,
+                "lang": lang,
             },
         )
     else:
diff --git a/src/wiktextract/extractor/de/translation.py b/src/wiktextract/extractor/de/translation.py
index 4f9c744b..f2dcfc43 100644
--- a/src/wiktextract/extractor/de/translation.py
+++ b/src/wiktextract/extractor/de/translation.py
@@ -103,10 +103,10 @@ def process_translation_list(
 
             lang_code = node.template_parameters.get(1)
             translation_data.lang_code = lang_code
-            translation_data.lang_name = code_to_name(lang_code, "de")
-            if translation_data.lang_name == "":
+            translation_data.lang = code_to_name(lang_code, "de")
+            if translation_data.lang == "":
                 wxr.wtp.debug(
-                    f"Unknown language code: {translation_data.lang_name}",
+                    f"Unknown language code: {translation_data.lang}",
                     sortid="extractor/de/translation/process_translation_list/70",
                 )
             if node.template_name[-1] == "?":
diff --git a/src/wiktextract/extractor/es/gloss.py b/src/wiktextract/extractor/es/gloss.py
index 47924a61..b8bb567c 100644
--- a/src/wiktextract/extractor/es/gloss.py
+++ b/src/wiktextract/extractor/es/gloss.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 from wikitextprocessor import NodeKind, WikiNode
 from wikitextprocessor.parser import WikiNodeChildrenList
+
 from wiktextract.extractor.es.models import Sense, WordEntry
 from wiktextract.extractor.es.sense_data import process_sense_data_list
 from wiktextract.page import clean_node
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ def extract_gloss(
         match = re.match(r"^(\d+)", gloss_note)
 
         if match:
-            gloss_data.senseid = int(match.group(1))
+            gloss_data.senseid = match.group(1)
             tag_string = gloss_note[len(match.group(1)) :].strip()
         else:
             tag_string = gloss_note.strip()
diff --git a/src/wiktextract/extractor/es/models.py b/src/wiktextract/extractor/es/models.py
index 54c7e261..77ed1026 100644
--- a/src/wiktextract/extractor/es/models.py
+++ b/src/wiktextract/extractor/es/models.py
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class Sense(BaseModelWrap):
     # subsenses: list["Sense"] = Field(
     #     default=[], description="List of subsenses"
     # )
-    senseid: Optional[int] = Field(
+    senseid: Optional[str] = Field(
         default=None, description="Sense number used in Wiktionary"
     )
     antonyms: Optional[list[Linkage]] = []
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ class WordEntry(BaseModelWrap):
     lang_code: str = Field(
         description="Wiktionary language code", examples=["es"]
     )
-    lang_name: str = Field(
+    lang: str = Field(
         description="Localized language name of the word", examples=["español"]
     )
     senses: Optional[list[Sense]] = []
diff --git a/src/wiktextract/extractor/es/page.py b/src/wiktextract/extractor/es/page.py
index 14d4a4f9..6602cc38 100644
--- a/src/wiktextract/extractor/es/page.py
+++ b/src/wiktextract/extractor/es/page.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 from wikitextprocessor import NodeKind, WikiNode
 from wikitextprocessor.parser import WikiNodeChildrenList
+
 from wiktextract.extractor.es.etymology import process_etymology_block
 from wiktextract.extractor.es.example import extract_example
 from wiktextract.extractor.es.gloss import extract_gloss
@@ -368,10 +369,10 @@ def parse_page(
                 ):
                     continue
 
-                lang_name = clean_node(wxr, categories, subtitle_template)
-                wxr.wtp.start_section(lang_name)
+                lang = clean_node(wxr, categories, subtitle_template)
+                wxr.wtp.start_section(lang)
                 base_data = WordEntry(
-                    lang_name=lang_name, lang_code=lang_code, word=wxr.wtp.title
+                    lang=lang, lang_code=lang_code, word=wxr.wtp.title
                 )
                 base_data.categories.extend(categories["categories"])
                 parse_entries(wxr, page_data, base_data, level2_node)
diff --git a/src/wiktextract/extractor/ru/models.py b/src/wiktextract/extractor/ru/models.py
index 07e7aab7..0f431fdd 100644
--- a/src/wiktextract/extractor/ru/models.py
+++ b/src/wiktextract/extractor/ru/models.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class Translation(BaseModelWrap):
     lang_code: str = Field(
         description="Wiktionary language code of the translation term"
     )
-    lang_name: str = Field(
+    lang: str = Field(
         description="Localized language name of the translation term"
     )
     sense: Optional[str] = Field(
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ class WordEntry(BaseModelWrap):
     lang_code: str = Field(
         description="Wiktionary language code", examples=["ru"]
     )
-    lang_name: str = Field(
+    lang: str = Field(
         description="Localized language name of the word", examples=["Русский"]
     )
     categories: list[str] = Field(
diff --git a/src/wiktextract/extractor/ru/page.py b/src/wiktextract/extractor/ru/page.py
index c63567c1..de225dda 100644
--- a/src/wiktextract/extractor/ru/page.py
+++ b/src/wiktextract/extractor/ru/page.py
@@ -202,11 +202,11 @@ def parse_page(
 
             categories = {"categories": []}
 
-            lang_name = clean_node(wxr, categories, subtitle_template)
-            wxr.wtp.start_section(lang_name)
+            lang = clean_node(wxr, categories, subtitle_template)
+            wxr.wtp.start_section(lang)
 
             base_data = WordEntry(
-                lang_name=lang_name, lang_code=lang_code, word=wxr.wtp.title
+                lang=lang, lang_code=lang_code, word=wxr.wtp.title
             )
             base_data.categories.extend(categories["categories"])
 
diff --git a/src/wiktextract/extractor/ru/translation.py b/src/wiktextract/extractor/ru/translation.py
index e1f1a0b0..15c9c2b7 100644
--- a/src/wiktextract/extractor/ru/translation.py
+++ b/src/wiktextract/extractor/ru/translation.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ def extract_translations(
             for key, raw_value in template_node.template_parameters.items():
                 if isinstance(key, str):
                     lang_code = key
-                    lang_name = code_to_name(lang_code, "ru")
+                    lang = code_to_name(lang_code, "ru")
 
                     for value_node in (
                         raw_value
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ def extract_translations(
                                 word_entry.translations.append(
                                     Translation(
                                         lang_code=lang_code,
-                                        lang_name=lang_name,
+                                        lang=lang,
                                         word=word,
                                         sense=sense if sense else None,
                                     )
diff --git a/tests/test_de_example.py b/tests/test_de_example.py
index 29a903f6..a95667f0 100644
--- a/tests/test_de_example.py
+++ b/tests/test_de_example.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ def tearDown(self) -> None:
         self.wxr.wtp.close_db_conn()
 
     def get_default_page_data(self) -> list[WordEntry]:
-        return [WordEntry(word="Beispiel", lang_code="de", lang_name="Deutsch")]
+        return [WordEntry(word="Beispiel", lang_code="de", lang="Deutsch")]
 
     def test_de_extract_examples(self):
         self.wxr.wtp.start_page("")
diff --git a/tests/test_de_gloss.py b/tests/test_de_gloss.py
index a79f8ee9..6eeb264f 100644
--- a/tests/test_de_gloss.py
+++ b/tests/test_de_gloss.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ def tearDown(self) -> None:
         self.wxr.wtp.close_db_conn()
 
     def get_default_word_entry(self):
-        return WordEntry(lang_code="de", lang_name="Deutsch", word="Beispiel")
+        return WordEntry(lang_code="de", lang="Deutsch", word="Beispiel")
 
     def test_de_extract_glosses(self):
         self.wxr.wtp.start_page("")
diff --git a/tests/test_de_linkages.py b/tests/test_de_linkages.py
index 70a73a31..7de21683 100644
--- a/tests/test_de_linkages.py
+++ b/tests/test_de_linkages.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ def tearDown(self) -> None:
         self.wxr.wtp.close_db_conn()
 
     def get_default_word_entry(self) -> WordEntry:
-        return WordEntry(word="Beispiel", lang_code="de", lang_name="Deutsch")
+        return WordEntry(word="Beispiel", lang_code="de", lang="Deutsch")
 
     def test_de_extract_linkages(self):
         test_cases = [
@@ -33,11 +33,17 @@ def test_de_extract_linkages(self):
                     "senses": [
                         {
                             "senseid": "1",
-                            "coordinate_terms": ["Beleg", "Exempel"],
+                            "coordinate_terms": [
+                                {"word": "Beleg"},
+                                {"word": "Exempel"},
+                            ],
                         },
                         {
                             "senseid": "2",
-                            "coordinate_terms": ["Muster", "Vorbild"],
+                            "coordinate_terms": [
+                                {"word": "Muster"},
+                                {"word": "Vorbild"},
+                            ],
                         },
                     ]
                 },
@@ -50,7 +56,9 @@ def test_de_extract_linkages(self):
                 "expected": {
                     "senses": [
                         {
-                            "expressions": ["ein gutes Beispiel geben"],
+                            "expressions": [
+                                {"word": "ein gutes Beispiel geben"}
+                            ],
                         }
                     ]
                 },
@@ -60,7 +68,9 @@ def test_de_extract_linkages(self):
                 "input": "====Synonyme====\n:[[Synonym1]]",
                 "senses": [Sense(senseid="1")],
                 "expected": {
-                    "senses": [{"senseid": "1", "synonyms": ["Synonym1"]}],
+                    "senses": [
+                        {"senseid": "1", "synonyms": [{"word": "Synonym1"}]}
+                    ],
                 },
             },
             # https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kokospalme
@@ -73,8 +83,8 @@ def test_de_extract_linkages(self):
                         {
                             "senseid": "1",
                             "synonyms": [
-                                "Kokosnusspalme",
-                                "Cocos nucifera",
+                                {"word": "Kokosnusspalme"},
+                                {"word": "Cocos nucifera"},
                             ],
                         }
                     ],
@@ -95,7 +105,7 @@ def test_de_extract_linkages(self):
                 self.assertEqual(
                     word_entry.model_dump(
                         exclude_defaults=True,
-                        exclude={"word", "lang_code", "lang_name"},
+                        exclude={"word", "lang_code", "lang"},
                     ),
                     case["expected"],
                 )
diff --git a/tests/test_de_page.py b/tests/test_de_page.py
index 33f0e64f..77e11e7a 100644
--- a/tests/test_de_page.py
+++ b/tests/test_de_page.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ def tearDown(self) -> None:
         self.wxr.wtp.close_db_conn()
 
     def get_default_base_data(self):
-        return WordEntry(lang_code="de", lang_name="Deutsch", word="Beispiel")
+        return WordEntry(lang_code="de", lang="Deutsch", word="Beispiel")
 
     def test_de_parse_page(self):
         self.wxr.wtp.add_page("Vorlage:Sprache", 10, "")
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ def test_de_parse_page(self):
             lst,
             [
                 {
-                    "lang_name": "Deutsch",
+                    "lang": "Deutsch",
                     "lang_code": "de",
                     "word": "Beispiel",
                     "pos": "noun",
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ def test_de_parse_page_skipping_head_templates(self):
             lst,
             [
                 {
-                    "lang_name": "Deutsch",
+                    "lang": "Deutsch",
                     "lang_code": "de",
                     "word": "Beispiel",
                     "pos": "noun",
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ def test_de_parse_section(self):
                 {
                     "word": "Beispiel",
                     "lang_code": "de",
-                    "lang_name": "Deutsch",
+                    "lang": "Deutsch",
                     "pos": "adj",
                     "senses": [
                         {
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ def test_de_parse_section(self):
                     "word": "Beispiel",
                     "lang_code": "de",
                     "pos": "adv",
-                    "lang_name": "Deutsch",
+                    "lang": "Deutsch",
                     "senses": [
                         {
                             "glosses": ["gloss1"],
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ def test_de_parse_section(self):
                     "word": "Beispiel",
                     "lang_code": "de",
                     "pos": "verb",
-                    "lang_name": "Deutsch",
+                    "lang": "Deutsch",
                     "senses": [
                         {
                             "glosses": ["gloss2"],
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ def test_de_parse_section(self):
                     "word": "Beispiel",
                     "lang_code": "de",
                     "pos": "noun",
-                    "lang_name": "Deutsch",
+                    "lang": "Deutsch",
                     "senses": [
                         {
                             "glosses": ["gloss3"],
diff --git a/tests/test_de_pronunciation.py b/tests/test_de_pronunciation.py
index ccf288de..19047dc8 100644
--- a/tests/test_de_pronunciation.py
+++ b/tests/test_de_pronunciation.py
@@ -4,8 +4,10 @@
 
 from wiktextract.config import WiktionaryConfig
 from wiktextract.extractor.de.models import Sound
-from wiktextract.extractor.de.pronunciation import (process_hoerbeispiele,
-                                                    process_ipa)
+from wiktextract.extractor.de.pronunciation import (
+    process_hoerbeispiele,
+    process_ipa,
+)
 from wiktextract.wxr_context import WiktextractContext
 
 
@@ -35,7 +37,7 @@ def test_de_process_ipa(self):
                 "expected": [
                     {
                         "ipa": ["ipa1"],
-                        "lang_name": ["Deutsch"],
+                        "lang": ["Deutsch"],
                         "lang_code": ["de"],
                     }
                 ],
@@ -46,7 +48,7 @@ def test_de_process_ipa(self):
                     {"ipa": ["ipa1", "ipa2"]},
                     {
                         "ipa": ["ipa3"],
-                        "lang_name": ["Deutsch"],
+                        "lang": ["Deutsch"],
                         "lang_code": ["de"],
                     },
                 ],
diff --git a/tests/test_de_translation.py b/tests/test_de_translation.py
index 5bd65ed3..21e20493 100644
--- a/tests/test_de_translation.py
+++ b/tests/test_de_translation.py
@@ -4,8 +4,10 @@
 
 from wiktextract.config import WiktionaryConfig
 from wiktextract.extractor.de.models import Sense, Translation, WordEntry
-from wiktextract.extractor.de.translation import (extract_translation,
-                                                  process_translation_list)
+from wiktextract.extractor.de.translation import (
+    extract_translation,
+    process_translation_list,
+)
 from wiktextract.wxr_context import WiktextractContext
 
 
@@ -21,7 +23,7 @@ def tearDown(self) -> None:
         self.wxr.wtp.close_db_conn()
 
     def get_default_word_entry(self):
-        return WordEntry(word="Beispiel", lang_code="de", lang_name="Deutsch")
+        return WordEntry(word="Beispiel", lang_code="de", lang="Deutsch")
 
     def test_de_extract_translation(self):
         test_cases = [
@@ -37,7 +39,7 @@ def test_de_extract_translation(self):
                                 {
                                     "sense": "Beispiel",
                                     "lang_code": "en",
-                                    "lang_name": "Englisch",
+                                    "lang": "Englisch",
                                     "word": "example",
                                 }
                             ],
@@ -59,7 +61,7 @@ def test_de_extract_translation(self):
                         {
                             "sense": "Beispiel",
                             "lang_code": "en",
-                            "lang_name": "Englisch",
+                            "lang": "Englisch",
                             "word": "example",
                         }
                     ],
@@ -79,7 +81,7 @@ def test_de_extract_translation(self):
                         {
                             "sense": "Beispiel",
                             "lang_code": "en",
-                            "lang_name": "Englisch",
+                            "lang": "Englisch",
                             "word": "example",
                         }
                     ],
@@ -100,7 +102,7 @@ def test_de_extract_translation(self):
                 self.assertEqual(
                     word_entry.model_dump(
                         exclude_defaults=True,
-                        exclude={"word", "lang_code", "lang_name"},
+                        exclude={"word", "lang_code", "lang"},
                     ),
                     case["expected"],
                 )
@@ -114,7 +116,7 @@ def test_de_process_translation_list(self):
                 "expected_sense_translations": [
                     {
                         "lang_code": "en",
-                        "lang_name": "Englisch",
+                        "lang": "Englisch",
                         "word": "example",
                     }
                 ],
@@ -126,7 +128,7 @@ def test_de_process_translation_list(self):
                 "expected_sense_translations": [
                     {
                         "lang_code": "hy",
-                        "lang_name": "Armenisch",
+                        "lang": "Armenisch",
                         "word": "օրինակ",
                         "roman": "orinak",
                     }
@@ -140,7 +142,7 @@ def test_de_process_translation_list(self):
                 "expected_sense_translations": [
                     {
                         "lang_code": "ru",
-                        "lang_name": "Russisch",
+                        "lang": "Russisch",
                         "word": "пример",
                         "roman": "primer",
                     }
@@ -154,7 +156,7 @@ def test_de_process_translation_list(self):
                 "expected_sense_translations": [
                     {
                         "lang_code": "ar",
-                        "lang_name": "Arabisch",
+                        "lang": "Arabisch",
                         "word": "عريضة",
                         "uncertain": True,
                     }
@@ -201,12 +203,12 @@ def test_de_process_translation_list_with_modifiers(self):
                 "expected_sense_translations": [
                     {
                         "lang_code": "en",
-                        "lang_name": "Englisch",
+                        "lang": "Englisch",
                         "word": "instance",
                     },
                     {
                         "lang_code": "en",
-                        "lang_name": "Englisch",
+                        "lang": "Englisch",
                         "word": "model",
                         "tags": ["Vorbild"],
                     },
@@ -220,7 +222,7 @@ def test_de_process_translation_list_with_modifiers(self):
                 "expected_sense_translations": [
                     {
                         "lang_code": "fr",
-                        "lang_name": "Französisch",
+                        "lang": "Französisch",
                         "word": "exemple",
                         "tags": ["m"],
                     }
@@ -234,19 +236,19 @@ def test_de_process_translation_list_with_modifiers(self):
                 "expected_sense_translations": [
                     {
                         "lang_code": "la",
-                        "lang_name": "Latein",
+                        "lang": "Latein",
                         "word": "crus",
                         "tags": ["f"],
                     },
                     {
                         "lang_code": "la",
-                        "lang_name": "Latein",
+                        "lang": "Latein",
                         "word": "camba",
                         "tags": ["vulgärlateinisch", "f"],
                     },
                     {
                         "lang_code": "la",
-                        "lang_name": "Latein",
+                        "lang": "Latein",
                         "word": "gamba",
                         "tags": ["vulgärlateinisch", "f"],
                     },
@@ -262,30 +264,30 @@ def test_de_process_translation_list_with_modifiers(self):
                 "expected_sense_translations": [
                     {
                         "lang_code": "en",
-                        "lang_name": "Englisch",
+                        "lang": "Englisch",
                         "word": "subscription",
                         "tags": ["[1a]"],
                     },
                     {
                         "lang_code": "en",
-                        "lang_name": "Englisch",
+                        "lang": "Englisch",
                         "word": "dues",
                     },
                     {
                         "lang_code": "en",
-                        "lang_name": "Englisch",
+                        "lang": "Englisch",
                         "word": "membership fee",
                         "tags": ["[1", "2]"],
                     },
                     {
                         "lang_code": "en",
-                        "lang_name": "Englisch",
+                        "lang": "Englisch",
                         "word": "contribution",
                         "tags": ["[3]"],
                     },
                     {
                         "lang_code": "en",
-                        "lang_name": "Englisch",
+                        "lang": "Englisch",
                         "word": "article",
                     },
                 ],
diff --git a/tests/test_es_etymology.py b/tests/test_es_etymology.py
index fccd3484..dbe69b37 100644
--- a/tests/test_es_etymology.py
+++ b/tests/test_es_etymology.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import unittest
 
 from wikitextprocessor import Wtp
+
 from wiktextract.config import WiktionaryConfig
 from wiktextract.extractor.es.etymology import process_etymology_block
 from wiktextract.extractor.es.models import WordEntry
@@ -84,15 +85,13 @@ def test_es_extract_etymology(self):
             with self.subTest(case=case):
                 self.wxr.wtp.start_page("")
                 root = self.wxr.wtp.parse(case["input"])
-                data = WordEntry(
-                    word="test", lang_code="es", lang_name="Español"
-                )
+                data = WordEntry(word="test", lang_code="es", lang="Español")
                 process_etymology_block(self.wxr, data, root)
                 case["expected"].update(
                     {
                         "word": "test",
                         "lang_code": "es",
-                        "lang_name": "Español",
+                        "lang": "Español",
                     }
                 )
                 self.assertEqual(
diff --git a/tests/test_es_gloss.py b/tests/test_es_gloss.py
index aed14433..5105821a 100644
--- a/tests/test_es_gloss.py
+++ b/tests/test_es_gloss.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 from typing import List
 
 from wikitextprocessor import Wtp
+
 from wiktextract.config import WiktionaryConfig
 from wiktextract.extractor.es.gloss import extract_gloss
 from wiktextract.extractor.es.models import WordEntry
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ def tearDown(self) -> None:
         self.wxr.wtp.close_db_conn()
 
     def get_default_page_data(self) -> List[WordEntry]:
-        return [WordEntry(word="test", lang_code="es", lang_name="Language")]
+        return [WordEntry(word="test", lang_code="es", lang="Language")]
 
     def test_es_extract_glosses(self):
         # https://es.wiktionary.org/wiki/ayudar
@@ -43,13 +44,13 @@ def test_es_extract_glosses(self):
                     "glosses": [
                         "Contribuir esfuerzo o recursos para la realización de algo."
                     ],
-                    "senseid": 1,
+                    "senseid": "1",
                 },
                 {
                     "glosses": [
                         "Por antonomasia, cooperar a que alguno salga de una situación dificultosa"
                     ],
-                    "senseid": 2,
+                    "senseid": "2",
                 },
             ],
         )
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ def test_es_extract_gloss_categories(self):
                     "glosses": [
                         "Sentimiento afectivo de atracción, unión y afinidad que se experimenta hacia una persona, animal o cosa"
                     ],
-                    "senseid": 1,
+                    "senseid": "1",
                     "tags": ["Humanidades"],
                     "categories": ["ES:Sentimientos"],
                 }
diff --git a/tests/test_es_page.py b/tests/test_es_page.py
index aeda2e44..9e98a043 100644
--- a/tests/test_es_page.py
+++ b/tests/test_es_page.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import unittest
 
 from wikitextprocessor import Wtp
+
 from wiktextract.config import WiktionaryConfig
 from wiktextract.extractor.es.models import WordEntry
 from wiktextract.extractor.es.page import parse_entries
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ def tearDown(self) -> None:
         self.wxr.wtp.close_db_conn()
 
     def get_default_page_data(self) -> list[WordEntry]:
-        return [WordEntry(word="test", lang_code="es", lang_name="Language")]
+        return [WordEntry(word="test", lang_code="es", lang="Language")]
 
     def test_es_parse_entries(self):
         """
diff --git a/tests/test_es_pronunciation.py b/tests/test_es_pronunciation.py
index 7a57f54c..6cc44fbe 100644
--- a/tests/test_es_pronunciation.py
+++ b/tests/test_es_pronunciation.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import unittest
 
 from wikitextprocessor import Wtp
+
 from wiktextract.config import WiktionaryConfig
 from wiktextract.extractor.es.models import WordEntry
 from wiktextract.extractor.es.pronunciation import (
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ def tearDown(self) -> None:
         self.wxr.wtp.close_db_conn()
 
     def get_default_page_data(self) -> list[WordEntry]:
-        return [WordEntry(word="test", lang_code="es", lang_name="Language")]
+        return [WordEntry(word="test", lang_code="es", lang="Language")]
 
     def test_es_extract_pronunciation(self):
         # Test cases taken from https://es.wiktionary.org/wiki/Plantilla:pron-graf
diff --git a/tests/test_es_translation.py b/tests/test_es_translation.py
index caa0fb5c..a902e95d 100644
--- a/tests/test_es_translation.py
+++ b/tests/test_es_translation.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import unittest
 
 from wikitextprocessor import Wtp
+
 from wiktextract.config import WiktionaryConfig
 from wiktextract.extractor.es.models import WordEntry
 from wiktextract.extractor.es.translation import extract_translation
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ def get_default_page_data(self) -> list[WordEntry]:
             WordEntry(
                 word="test",
                 lang_code="es",
-                lang_name="Language",
+                lang="Language",
             )
         ]
 
diff --git a/tests/test_ru_gloss.py b/tests/test_ru_gloss.py
index 7b708371..f7b8f7f6 100644
--- a/tests/test_ru_gloss.py
+++ b/tests/test_ru_gloss.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ def tearDown(self) -> None:
         self.wxr.wtp.close_db_conn()
 
     def get_default_page_data(self) -> list[WordEntry]:
-        return [WordEntry(word="пример", lang_code="ru", lang_name="Русский")]
+        return [WordEntry(word="пример", lang_code="ru", lang="Русский")]
 
     def test_ru_extract_gloss(self):
         # https://ru.wiktionary.org/wiki/овощ
diff --git a/tests/test_ru_page.py b/tests/test_ru_page.py
index 9d34857c..94df766d 100644
--- a/tests/test_ru_page.py
+++ b/tests/test_ru_page.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ def tearDown(self) -> None:
         self.wxr.wtp.close_db_conn()
 
     # def get_default_page_data(self) -> list[WordEntry]:
-    #     return [WordEntry(word="test", lang_code="es", lang_name="Language")]
+    #     return [WordEntry(word="test", lang_code="es", lang="Language")]
 
     def test_ru_parse_page_1(self):
         # Navigates homonyms/homographs
diff --git a/tests/test_ru_pronunciation.py b/tests/test_ru_pronunciation.py
index 9a29ff4f..e6422c09 100644
--- a/tests/test_ru_pronunciation.py
+++ b/tests/test_ru_pronunciation.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ def tearDown(self) -> None:
         self.wxr.wtp.close_db_conn()
 
     def get_default_word_entry(self) -> WordEntry:
-        return WordEntry(word="тест", lang_code="ru", lang_name="русский")
+        return WordEntry(word="тест", lang_code="ru", lang="русский")
 
     def process_template_and_assert(
         self,
diff --git a/tests/test_ru_translation.py b/tests/test_ru_translation.py
index 7fdd5595..acf9fa70 100644
--- a/tests/test_ru_translation.py
+++ b/tests/test_ru_translation.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ def tearDown(self) -> None:
         self.wxr.wtp.close_db_conn()
 
     def get_default_word_entry(self) -> WordEntry:
-        return WordEntry(word="test", lang_code="ru", lang_name="русский")
+        return WordEntry(word="test", lang_code="ru", lang="русский")
 
     def test_ru_extract_gloss(self):
         # Test cases adapted from: https://ru.wiktionary.org/wiki/дом
@@ -41,9 +41,9 @@ def test_ru_extract_gloss(self):
                     {
                         "word": "house",
                         "lang_code": "en",
-                        "lang_name": "английский",
+                        "lang": "английский",
                     },
-                    {"word": "بيت", "lang_code": "ar", "lang_name": "арабский"},
+                    {"word": "بيت", "lang_code": "ar", "lang": "арабский"},
                 ],
             },
             {
@@ -53,13 +53,13 @@ def test_ru_extract_gloss(self):
                     {
                         "word": "house",
                         "lang_code": "en",
-                        "lang_name": "английский",
+                        "lang": "английский",
                         "sense": "сооружение",
                     },
                     {
                         "word": "بيت",
                         "lang_code": "ar",
-                        "lang_name": "арабский",
+                        "lang": "арабский",
                         "sense": "сооружение",
                     },
                 ],
@@ -70,22 +70,22 @@ def test_ru_extract_gloss(self):
                     {
                         "word": "ti",
                         "lang_code": "br",
-                        "lang_name": "бретонский",
+                        "lang": "бретонский",
                     },
                     {
                         "word": "αὐλή",
                         "lang_code": "grc",
-                        "lang_name": "древнегреческий",
+                        "lang": "древнегреческий",
                     },
                     {
                         "word": "δόμος",
                         "lang_code": "grc",
-                        "lang_name": "древнегреческий",
+                        "lang": "древнегреческий",
                     },
                     {
                         "word": "δῶμα",
                         "lang_code": "grc",
-                        "lang_name": "древнегреческий",
+                        "lang": "древнегреческий",
                     },
                 ],
             },