diff --git a/index.html b/index.html index b6e5ffdf..b391b153 100644 --- a/index.html +++ b/index.html @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
In Makefile, $(CURDIR) can set to the absolute pathname of the current working directory(after all -C options are processed, if any). See more about CURDIR in GNU make manual. @@ -388,7 +388,7 @@
1all: -2 echo $(PWD)+2 echo $(PWD)
Then, we can use -p flag to print out the environment variable values from the Makefile. @@ -422,27 +422,27 @@
1 $ sudo -E make -p | grep PWD 2 PWD = /home/ubuntu/temp 3 OLDPWD = /home/ubuntu -4 echo $(PWD)+4 echo $(PWD)
You can set the env_reset disabled by editing the /etc/sudoers with root and visudo.
-
1 ## sudoers file. -2 ## +1 ## sudoers file. +2 ## 3 ... 4 Defaults env_reset -5 ## Change env_reset to !env_reset in previous line to keep all environment variables+5 ## Change env_reset to !env_reset in previous line to keep all environment variables
Then execute env and sudo env individually.
-
1 # disable the env_reset -2 echo "user:" > non-env_reset.log; env >> non-env_reset.log -3 echo "root:" >> non-env_reset.log; sudo env >> non-env_reset.log -4 # enable the env_reset -5 echo "user:" > env_reset.log; env >> env_reset.log -6 echo "root:" >> env_reset.log; sudo env >> env_reset.log+
1 # disable the env_reset +2 echo "user:" > non-env_reset.log; env >> non-env_reset.log +3 echo "root:" >> non-env_reset.log; sudo env >> non-env_reset.log +4 # enable the env_reset +5 echo "user:" > env_reset.log; env >> env_reset.log +6 echo "root:" >> env_reset.log; sudo env >> env_reset.log
You can view and compare these logs to find differences between env_reset and !env_reset.
1 Defaults env_keep += "PWD"+
1 Defaults env_keep += "PWD"
After applying the above change, you can check the environment variable settings by: @@ -489,7 +489,7 @@
1sudo journalctl --since "1 hour ago" | grep kernel+
1sudo journalctl --since "1 hour ago" | grep kernel
You now know the basics of creating, compiling, installing and removing modules. Now for more of a description of how this module works.
Kernel modules must have at least two functions: a "start" (initialization) function @@ -576,29 +576,29 @@
-
1/* -2 * hello-2.c - Demonstrating the module_init() and module_exit() macros. -3 * This is preferred over using init_module() and cleanup_module(). -4 */ -5#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */ -6#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */ -7#include <linux/printk.h> /* Needed for pr_info() */ +1/* +2 * hello-2.c - Demonstrating the module_init() and module_exit() macros. +3 * This is preferred over using init_module() and cleanup_module(). +4 */ +5#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */ +6#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */ +7#include <linux/printk.h> /* Needed for pr_info() */ 8 -9static int __init hello_2_init(void) +9static int __init hello_2_init(void) 10{ -11 pr_info("Hello, world 2\n"); -12 return 0; +11 pr_info("Hello, world 2\n"); +12 return 0; 13} 14 -15static void __exit hello_2_exit(void) +15static void __exit hello_2_exit(void) 16{ -17 pr_info("Goodbye, world 2\n"); +17 pr_info("Goodbye, world 2\n"); 18} 19 20module_init(hello_2_init); 21module_exit(hello_2_exit); 22 -23MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+23MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
So now we have two real kernel modules under our belt. Adding another module is as simple as this:
@@ -606,13 +606,13 @@
1obj-m += hello-1.o 2obj-m += hello-2.o 3 -4PWD := $(CURDIR) +4PWD := $(CURDIR) 5 6all: -7 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules +7 $(MAKE) -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules 8 9clean: -10 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean+10 $(MAKE) -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean
Now have a look at drivers/char/Makefile for a real world example. As you can see, some things got hardwired into the kernel (obj-y) but where have all those obj-m gone? Those familiar with shell scripts will easily be @@ -647,30 +647,30 @@
-
1/* -2 * hello-3.c - Illustrating the __init, __initdata and __exit macros. -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */ -5#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */ -6#include <linux/printk.h> /* Needed for pr_info() */ +1/* +2 * hello-3.c - Illustrating the __init, __initdata and __exit macros. +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */ +5#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */ +6#include <linux/printk.h> /* Needed for pr_info() */ 7 -8static int hello3_data __initdata = 3; +8static int hello3_data __initdata = 3; 9 -10static int __init hello_3_init(void) +10static int __init hello_3_init(void) 11{ -12 pr_info("Hello, world %d\n", hello3_data); -13 return 0; +12 pr_info("Hello, world %d\n", hello3_data); +13 return 0; 14} 15 -16static void __exit hello_3_exit(void) +16static void __exit hello_3_exit(void) 17{ -18 pr_info("Goodbye, world 3\n"); +18 pr_info("Goodbye, world 3\n"); 19} 20 21module_init(hello_3_init); 22module_exit(hello_3_exit); 23 -24MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+24MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
1/* -2 * hello-4.c - Demonstrates module documentation. -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */ -5#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */ -6#include <linux/printk.h> /* Needed for pr_info() */ +1/* +2 * hello-4.c - Demonstrates module documentation. +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */ +5#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */ +6#include <linux/printk.h> /* Needed for pr_info() */ 7 -8MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -9MODULE_AUTHOR("LKMPG"); -10MODULE_DESCRIPTION("A sample driver"); +8MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +9MODULE_AUTHOR("LKMPG"); +10MODULE_DESCRIPTION("A sample driver"); 11 -12static int __init init_hello_4(void) +12static int __init init_hello_4(void) 13{ -14 pr_info("Hello, world 4\n"); -15 return 0; +14 pr_info("Hello, world 4\n"); +15 return 0; 16} 17 -18static void __exit cleanup_hello_4(void) +18static void __exit cleanup_hello_4(void) 19{ -20 pr_info("Goodbye, world 4\n"); +20 pr_info("Goodbye, world 4\n"); 21} 22 23module_init(init_hello_4); @@ -747,8 +747,8 @@-
1int myint = 3; -2module_param(myint, int, 0);+1int myint = 3; +2module_param(myint, int, 0);Arrays are supported too, but things are a bit different now than they were in the olden days. To keep track of the number of parameters you need to pass a pointer to a count variable as third parameter. At your option, you could also ignore the count and @@ -756,12 +756,12 @@
instead. We show both possibilities here:
-
1int myintarray[2]; -2module_param_array(myintarray, int, NULL, 0); /* not interested in count */ +1int myintarray[2]; +2module_param_array(myintarray, int, NULL, 0); /* not interested in count */ 3 -4short myshortarray[4]; -5int count; -6module_param_array(myshortarray, short, &count, 0); /* put count into "count" variable */+4short myshortarray[4]; +5int count; +6module_param_array(myshortarray, short, &count, 0); /* put count into "count" variable */A good use for this is to have the module variable’s default values set, like a port or IO address. If the variables contain the default values, then perform autodetection (explained elsewhere). Otherwise, keep the current value. This will be made clear @@ -771,70 +771,70 @@
-
1/* -2 * hello-5.c - Demonstrates command line argument passing to a module. -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for ARRAY_SIZE() */ -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/moduleparam.h> -8#include <linux/printk.h> -9#include <linux/stat.h> ++15 $(MAKE) -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean1/* +2 * hello-5.c - Demonstrates command line argument passing to a module. +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for ARRAY_SIZE() */ +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/moduleparam.h> +8#include <linux/printk.h> +9#include <linux/stat.h> 10 -11MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +11MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); 12 -13static short int myshort = 1; -14static int myint = 420; -15static long int mylong = 9999; -16static char *mystring = "blah"; -17static int myintarray[2] = { 420, 420 }; -18static int arr_argc = 0; +13static short int myshort = 1; +14static int myint = 420; +15static long int mylong = 9999; +16static char *mystring = "blah"; +17static int myintarray[2] = { 420, 420 }; +18static int arr_argc = 0; 19 -20/* module_param(foo, int, 0000) -21 * The first param is the parameter's name. -22 * The second param is its data type. -23 * The final argument is the permissions bits, -24 * for exposing parameters in sysfs (if non-zero) at a later stage. -25 */ -26module_param(myshort, short, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP); -27MODULE_PARM_DESC(myshort, "A short integer"); -28module_param(myint, int, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH); -29MODULE_PARM_DESC(myint, "An integer"); -30module_param(mylong, long, S_IRUSR); -31MODULE_PARM_DESC(mylong, "A long integer"); +20/* module_param(foo, int, 0000) +21 * The first param is the parameter's name. +22 * The second param is its data type. +23 * The final argument is the permissions bits, +24 * for exposing parameters in sysfs (if non-zero) at a later stage. +25 */ +26module_param(myshort, short, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP); +27MODULE_PARM_DESC(myshort, "A short integer"); +28module_param(myint, int, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH); +29MODULE_PARM_DESC(myint, "An integer"); +30module_param(mylong, long, S_IRUSR); +31MODULE_PARM_DESC(mylong, "A long integer"); 32module_param(mystring, charp, 0000); -33MODULE_PARM_DESC(mystring, "A character string"); +33MODULE_PARM_DESC(mystring, "A character string"); 34 -35/* module_param_array(name, type, num, perm); -36 * The first param is the parameter's (in this case the array's) name. -37 * The second param is the data type of the elements of the array. -38 * The third argument is a pointer to the variable that will store the number -39 * of elements of the array initialized by the user at module loading time. -40 * The fourth argument is the permission bits. -41 */ -42module_param_array(myintarray, int, &arr_argc, 0000); -43MODULE_PARM_DESC(myintarray, "An array of integers"); +35/* module_param_array(name, type, num, perm); +36 * The first param is the parameter's (in this case the array's) name. +37 * The second param is the data type of the elements of the array. +38 * The third argument is a pointer to the variable that will store the number +39 * of elements of the array initialized by the user at module loading time. +40 * The fourth argument is the permission bits. +41 */ +42module_param_array(myintarray, int, &arr_argc, 0000); +43MODULE_PARM_DESC(myintarray, "An array of integers"); 44 -45static int __init hello_5_init(void) +45static int __init hello_5_init(void) 46{ -47 int i; +47 int i; 48 -49 pr_info("Hello, world 5\n=============\n"); -50 pr_info("myshort is a short integer: %hd\n", myshort); -51 pr_info("myint is an integer: %d\n", myint); -52 pr_info("mylong is a long integer: %ld\n", mylong); -53 pr_info("mystring is a string: %s\n", mystring); +49 pr_info("Hello, world 5\n=============\n"); +50 pr_info("myshort is a short integer: %hd\n", myshort); +51 pr_info("myint is an integer: %d\n", myint); +52 pr_info("mylong is a long integer: %ld\n", mylong); +53 pr_info("mystring is a string: %s\n", mystring); 54 -55 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(myintarray); i++) -56 pr_info("myintarray[%d] = %d\n", i, myintarray[i]); +55 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(myintarray); i++) +56 pr_info("myintarray[%d] = %d\n", i, myintarray[i]); 57 -58 pr_info("got %d arguments for myintarray.\n", arr_argc); -59 return 0; +58 pr_info("got %d arguments for myintarray.\n", arr_argc); +59 return 0; 60} 61 -62static void __exit hello_5_exit(void) +62static void __exit hello_5_exit(void) 63{ -64 pr_info("Goodbye, world 5\n"); +64 pr_info("Goodbye, world 5\n"); 65} 66 67module_init(hello_5_init); @@ -887,35 +887,35 @@1/* -2 * start.c - Illustration of multi filed modules -3 */ +
1/* +2 * start.c - Illustration of multi filed modules +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ -6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ +6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ 7 -8int init_module(void) +8int init_module(void) 9{ -10 pr_info("Hello, world - this is the kernel speaking\n"); -11 return 0; +10 pr_info("Hello, world - this is the kernel speaking\n"); +11 return 0; 12} 13 -14MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+14MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");The next file:
-1/* -2 * stop.c - Illustration of multi filed modules -3 */ +1/* +2 * stop.c - Illustration of multi filed modules +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ -6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ +6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ 7 -8void cleanup_module(void) +8void cleanup_module(void) 9{ -10 pr_info("Short is the life of a kernel module\n"); +10 pr_info("Short is the life of a kernel module\n"); 11} 12 -13MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+13MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");And finally, the makefile:
@@ -927,13 +927,13 @@
6obj-m += startstop.o 7startstop-objs := start.o stop.o 8 -9PWD := $(CURDIR) +9PWD := $(CURDIR) 10 11all: -12 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules +12 $(MAKE) -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules 13 14clean: -15 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean
This is the complete makefile for all the examples we have seen so far. The first five lines are nothing special, but for the last example we will need two lines. First we invent an object name for our combined module, second we tell @@ -1014,7 +1014,7 @@
boot directory, under a name like config-5.14.x. You may just want to copy it to your kernel source -tree:
cp /boot/config-`uname -r` .config +tree:
by gcc. -cp /boot/config-`uname -r` .config
.Let’s focus again on the previous error message: a closer look at the version magic strings suggests that, even with two configuration files which are exactly the same, a @@ -1042,8 +1042,8 @@
/lib/modules/5.14.0-rc2/build. A simple command as following should suffice. -
1cp /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build/Makefile linux-`uname -r`-Here
-linux-`uname -r` +
1cp /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build/Makefile linux-`uname -r`+Here
linux-`uname -r`
is the Linux kernel source you are attempting to build.Now, please run
make
to update configuration and version headers and objects: @@ -1142,12 +1142,12 @@
1#include <stdio.h> +1#include <stdio.h> 2 -3int main(void) +3int main(void) 4{ -5 printf("hello"); -6 return 0; +5 printf("hello"); +6 return 0; 7}with
-gcc -Wall -o hello hello.c
. Run the executable withstrace ./hello @@ -1156,7 +1156,7 @@
"hello", 5hello) +
write(1, "hello", 5hello)
. There it is. The face behind theprintf()
mask. You may not be familiar with write, since most people use library functions for file I/O (likefopen @@ -1367,43 +1367,43 @@
1struct file_operations { -2 struct module *owner; -3 loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int); -4 ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); -5 ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); -6 ssize_t (*read_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *); -7 ssize_t (*write_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *); -8 int (*iopoll)(struct kiocb *kiocb, bool spin); -9 int (*iterate) (struct file *, struct dir_context *); -10 int (*iterate_shared) (struct file *, struct dir_context *); -11 __poll_t (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *); -12 long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); -13 long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); -14 int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *); -15 unsigned long mmap_supported_flags; -16 int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *); -17 int (*flush) (struct file *, fl_owner_t id); -18 int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *); -19 int (*fsync) (struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int datasync); -20 int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int); -21 int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *); -22 ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *, int); -23 unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long); -24 int (*check_flags)(int); -25 int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *); -26 ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, unsigned int); -27 ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *, size_t, unsigned int); -28 int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **, void **); -29 long (*fallocate)(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset, +1struct file_operations { +2 struct module *owner; +3 loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int); +4 ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); +5 ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); +6 ssize_t (*read_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *); +7 ssize_t (*write_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *); +8 int (*iopoll)(struct kiocb *kiocb, bool spin); +9 int (*iterate) (struct file *, struct dir_context *); +10 int (*iterate_shared) (struct file *, struct dir_context *); +11 __poll_t (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *); +12 long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); +13 long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); +14 int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *); +15 unsigned long mmap_supported_flags; +16 int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *); +17 int (*flush) (struct file *, fl_owner_t id); +18 int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *); +19 int (*fsync) (struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int datasync); +20 int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int); +21 int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *); +22 ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *, int); +23 unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long); +24 int (*check_flags)(int); +25 int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *); +26 ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, unsigned int); +27 ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *, size_t, unsigned int); +28 int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **, void **); +29 long (*fallocate)(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset, 30 loff_t len); -31 void (*show_fdinfo)(struct seq_file *m, struct file *f); -32 ssize_t (*copy_file_range)(struct file *, loff_t, struct file *, -33 loff_t, size_t, unsigned int); -34 loff_t (*remap_file_range)(struct file *file_in, loff_t pos_in, -35 struct file *file_out, loff_t pos_out, -36 loff_t len, unsigned int remap_flags); -37 int (*fadvise)(struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int); +31 void (*show_fdinfo)(struct seq_file *m, struct file *f); +32 ssize_t (*copy_file_range)(struct file *, loff_t, struct file *, +33 loff_t, size_t, unsigned int); +34 loff_t (*remap_file_range)(struct file *file_in, loff_t pos_in, +35 struct file *file_out, loff_t pos_out, +36 loff_t len, unsigned int remap_flags); +37 int (*fadvise)(struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int); 38} __randomize_layout;Some operations are not implemented by a driver. For example, a driver that handles a video card will not need to read from a directory structure. The corresponding entries @@ -1418,7 +1418,7 @@
1struct file_operations fops = { +
1struct file_operations fops = { 2 read: device_read, 3 write: device_write, 4 open: device_open, @@ -1430,7 +1430,7 @@-
1struct file_operations fops = { +1struct file_operations fops = { 2 .read = device_read, 3 .write = device_write, 4 .open = device_open, @@ -1440,7 +1440,7 @@NULL
An instance of
struct file_operations +
An instance of
struct file_operations
containing pointers to functions that are used to implementread
,write @@ -1463,7 +1463,7 @@
.6.2
Each device is represented in the kernel by a file structure, which is defined in include/linux/fs.h. Be aware that a file is a kernel level structure and never appears in a user space program. It is not the same thing as a -
FILE +
function, defined by include/linux/fs.h.FILE
, which is defined by glibc and would never appear in a kernel space function. Also, its name is a bit misleading; it represents an abstract open ‘file’, not a file on a disk, which is represented by a structure named @@ -1495,11 +1495,11 @@6.3
-
1int register_chrdev(unsigned int major, const char *name, struct file_operations *fops);+1int register_chrdev(unsigned int major, const char *name, struct file_operations *fops);Where unsigned int major is the major number you want to request, -
const char *name +
const char *name
is the name of the device as it will appear in /proc/devices and -struct file_operations *fops +
.struct file_operations *fops
is a pointer to thefile_operations
table for your driver. A negative return value means the registration failed. Note that we didn’t pass the minor number to @@ -1540,8 +1540,8 @@6.3
-
1int register_chrdev_region(dev_t from, unsigned count, const char *name); -2int alloc_chrdev_region(dev_t *dev, unsigned baseminor, unsigned count, const char *name);+1int register_chrdev_region(dev_t from, unsigned count, const char *name); +2int alloc_chrdev_region(dev_t *dev, unsigned baseminor, unsigned count, const char *name);The choice between two different functions depends on whether you know the major numbers for your device. Using
register_chrdev_region @@ -1549,22 +1549,22 @@
6.3
alloc_chrdev_region
if you would like to allocate a dynamically-allocated major number.Second, we should initialize the data structure -
struct cdev +
struct cdev
for our char device and associate it with the device numbers. To initialize the -struct cdev +
struct cdev
, we can achieve by the similar sequence of the following codes.-
1struct cdev *my_dev = cdev_alloc(); +1struct cdev *my_dev = cdev_alloc(); 2my_cdev->ops = &my_fops;However, the common usage pattern will embed the -
struct cdev +
struct cdev
within a device-specific structure of your own. In this case, we’ll needcdev_init
for the initialization.-
1void cdev_init(struct cdev *cdev, const struct file_operations *fops);+1void cdev_init(struct cdev *cdev, const struct file_operations *fops);@@ -1573,7 +1573,7 @@6.3
-
1int cdev_add(struct cdev *p, dev_t dev, unsigned count);+1int cdev_add(struct cdev *p, dev_t dev, unsigned count);To find an example using the interface, you can see ioctl.c described in section 9.
@@ -1629,7 +1629,7 @@
6.5 <
1cat /proc/devices(or open the file with a program) and the driver will put the number of times the device file has been read from into the file. We do not support writing to the file (like -
echo "hi" > /dev/hello +
echo "hi" > /dev/hello
), but catch these attempts and tell the user that the operation is not supported. Don’t worry if you don’t see what we do with the data we read into the buffer; we don’t do much with it. We simply read in the data and print a message @@ -1650,150 +1650,150 @@6.5 < concurrency details in the 12 section.
-
1/* -2 * chardev.c: Creates a read-only char device that says how many times -3 * you have read from the dev file -4 */ +1/* +2 * chardev.c: Creates a read-only char device that says how many times +3 * you have read from the dev file +4 */ 5 -6#include <linux/atomic.h> -7#include <linux/cdev.h> -8#include <linux/delay.h> -9#include <linux/device.h> -10#include <linux/fs.h> -11#include <linux/init.h> -12#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ -13#include <linux/module.h> -14#include <linux/printk.h> -15#include <linux/types.h> -16#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ -17#include <linux/version.h> +6#include <linux/atomic.h> +7#include <linux/cdev.h> +8#include <linux/delay.h> +9#include <linux/device.h> +10#include <linux/fs.h> +11#include <linux/init.h> +12#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ +13#include <linux/module.h> +14#include <linux/printk.h> +15#include <linux/types.h> +16#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ +17#include <linux/version.h> 18 -19#include <asm/errno.h> +19#include <asm/errno.h> 20 -21/* Prototypes - this would normally go in a .h file */ -22static int device_open(struct inode *, struct file *); -23static int device_release(struct inode *, struct file *); -24static ssize_t device_read(struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); -25static ssize_t device_write(struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, +21/* Prototypes - this would normally go in a .h file */ +22static int device_open(struct inode *, struct file *); +23static int device_release(struct inode *, struct file *); +24static ssize_t device_read(struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); +25static ssize_t device_write(struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, 26 loff_t *); 27 -28#define SUCCESS 0 -29#define DEVICE_NAME "chardev" /* Dev name as it appears in /proc/devices */ -30#define BUF_LEN 80 /* Max length of the message from the device */ +28#define SUCCESS 0 +29#define DEVICE_NAME "chardev" /* Dev name as it appears in /proc/devices */ +30#define BUF_LEN 80 /* Max length of the message from the device */ 31 -32/* Global variables are declared as static, so are global within the file. */ +32/* Global variables are declared as static, so are global within the file. */ 33 -34static int major; /* major number assigned to our device driver */ +34static int major; /* major number assigned to our device driver */ 35 -36enum { +36enum { 37 CDEV_NOT_USED = 0, 38 CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN = 1, 39}; 40 -41/* Is device open? Used to prevent multiple access to device */ -42static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); +41/* Is device open? Used to prevent multiple access to device */ +42static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); 43 -44static char msg[BUF_LEN + 1]; /* The msg the device will give when asked */ +44static char msg[BUF_LEN + 1]; /* The msg the device will give when asked */ 45 -46static struct class *cls; +46static struct class *cls; 47 -48static struct file_operations chardev_fops = { +48static struct file_operations chardev_fops = { 49 .read = device_read, 50 .write = device_write, 51 .open = device_open, 52 .release = device_release, 53}; 54 -55static int __init chardev_init(void) +55static int __init chardev_init(void) 56{ 57 major = register_chrdev(0, DEVICE_NAME, &chardev_fops); 58 -59 if (major < 0) { -60 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major); -61 return major; +59 if (major < 0) { +60 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major); +61 return major; 62 } 63 -64 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d.\n", major); +64 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d.\n", major); 65 -66#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +66#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) 67 cls = class_create(DEVICE_NAME); -68#else +68#else 69 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_NAME); -70#endif +70#endif 71 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(major, 0), NULL, DEVICE_NAME); 72 -73 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); +73 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); 74 -75 return SUCCESS; +75 return SUCCESS; 76} 77 -78static void __exit chardev_exit(void) +78static void __exit chardev_exit(void) 79{ 80 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(major, 0)); 81 class_destroy(cls); 82 -83 /* Unregister the device */ +83 /* Unregister the device */ 84 unregister_chrdev(major, DEVICE_NAME); 85} 86 -87/* Methods */ +87/* Methods */ 88 -89/* Called when a process tries to open the device file, like -90 * "sudo cat /dev/chardev" -91 */ -92static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +89/* Called when a process tries to open the device file, like +90 * "sudo cat /dev/chardev" +91 */ +92static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 93{ -94 static int counter = 0; +94 static int counter = 0; 95 -96 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) -97 return -EBUSY; +96 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) +97 return -EBUSY; 98 -99 sprintf(msg, "I already told you %d times Hello world!\n", counter++); +99 sprintf(msg, "I already told you %d times Hello world!\n", counter++); 100 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); 101 -102 return SUCCESS; +102 return SUCCESS; 103} 104 -105/* Called when a process closes the device file. */ -106static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +105/* Called when a process closes the device file. */ +106static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 107{ -108 /* We're now ready for our next caller */ +108 /* We're now ready for our next caller */ 109 atomic_set(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED); 110 -111 /* Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will -112 * never get rid of the module. -113 */ +111 /* Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will +112 * never get rid of the module. +113 */ 114 module_put(THIS_MODULE); 115 -116 return SUCCESS; +116 return SUCCESS; 117} 118 -119/* Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to -120 * read from it. -121 */ -122static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -123 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */ -124 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ +119/* Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to +120 * read from it. +121 */ +122static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +123 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */ +124 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ 125 loff_t *offset) 126{ -127 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */ -128 int bytes_read = 0; -129 const char *msg_ptr = msg; +127 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */ +128 int bytes_read = 0; +129 const char *msg_ptr = msg; 130 -131 if (!*(msg_ptr + *offset)) { /* we are at the end of message */ -132 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ -133 return 0; /* signify end of file */ +131 if (!*(msg_ptr + *offset)) { /* we are at the end of message */ +132 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ +133 return 0; /* signify end of file */ 134 } 135 136 msg_ptr += *offset; 137 -138 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ -139 while (length && *msg_ptr) { -140 /* The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel -141 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use -142 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to -143 * the user data segment. -144 */ +138 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ +139 while (length && *msg_ptr) { +140 /* The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel +141 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use +142 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to +143 * the user data segment. +144 */ 145 put_user(*(msg_ptr++), buffer++); 146 length--; 147 bytes_read++; @@ -1801,22 +1801,22 @@+167MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");6.5 < 149 150 *offset += bytes_read; 151 -152 /* Most read functions return the number of bytes put into the buffer. */ -153 return bytes_read; +152 /* Most read functions return the number of bytes put into the buffer. */ +153 return bytes_read; 154} 155 -156/* Called when a process writes to dev file: echo "hi" > /dev/hello */ -157static ssize_t device_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buff, -158 size_t len, loff_t *off) +156/* Called when a process writes to dev file: echo "hi" > /dev/hello */ +157static ssize_t device_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buff, +158 size_t len, loff_t *off) 159{ -160 pr_alert("Sorry, this operation is not supported.\n"); -161 return -EINVAL; +160 pr_alert("Sorry, this operation is not supported.\n"); +161 return -EINVAL; 162} 163 164module_init(chardev_init); 165module_exit(chardev_exit); 166 -167MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
6.6 Writing Modules for Multiple Kernel Versions
@@ -1874,7 +1874,7 @@7 .
The /proc/helloworld is created when the module is loaded with the function
proc_create -
. The return value is a pointer tostruct proc_dir_entry +
. The return value is a pointer tostruct proc_dir_entry
, and it will be used to configure the file /proc/helloworld (for example, the owner of this file). A null return value means that the creation has failed.Every time the file /proc/helloworld is read, the function @@ -1897,74 +1897,74 @@
7
-
1/* -2 * procfs1.c -3 */ +1/* +2 * procfs1.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> -8#include <linux/uaccess.h> -9#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> +8#include <linux/uaccess.h> +9#include <linux/version.h> 10 -11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -13#endif +11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +13#endif 14 -15#define procfs_name "helloworld" +15#define procfs_name "helloworld" 16 -17static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; +17static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; 18 -19static ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *file_pointer, char __user *buffer, -20 size_t buffer_length, loff_t *offset) +19static ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *file_pointer, char __user *buffer, +20 size_t buffer_length, loff_t *offset) 21{ -22 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n"; -23 int len = sizeof(s); -24 ssize_t ret = len; +22 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n"; +23 int len = sizeof(s); +24 ssize_t ret = len; 25 -26 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) { -27 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n"); +26 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) { +27 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n"); 28 ret = 0; -29 } else { -30 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", file_pointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name); +29 } else { +30 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", file_pointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name); 31 *offset += len; 32 } 33 -34 return ret; +34 return ret; 35} 36 -37#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -38static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = { +37#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +38static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = { 39 .proc_read = procfile_read, 40}; -41#else -42static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = { +41#else +42static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = { 43 .read = procfile_read, 44}; -45#endif +45#endif 46 -47static int __init procfs1_init(void) +47static int __init procfs1_init(void) 48{ 49 our_proc_file = proc_create(procfs_name, 0644, NULL, &proc_file_fops); -50 if (NULL == our_proc_file) { -51 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", procfs_name); -52 return -ENOMEM; +50 if (NULL == our_proc_file) { +51 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", procfs_name); +52 return -ENOMEM; 53 } 54 -55 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", procfs_name); -56 return 0; +55 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", procfs_name); +56 return 0; 57} 58 -59static void __exit procfs1_exit(void) +59static void __exit procfs1_exit(void) 60{ 61 proc_remove(our_proc_file); -62 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", procfs_name); +62 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", procfs_name); 63} 64 65module_init(procfs1_init); 66module_exit(procfs1_exit); 67 -68MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+68MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
7.1 The proc_ops Structure
@@ -2020,103 +2020,103 @@-
1/* -2 * procfs2.c - create a "file" in /proc -3 */ +1/* +2 * procfs2.c - create a "file" in /proc +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ -6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use the proc fs */ -8#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for copy_from_user */ -9#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ +6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use the proc fs */ +8#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for copy_from_user */ +9#include <linux/version.h> 10 -11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -13#endif +11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +13#endif 14 -15#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 1024 -16#define PROCFS_NAME "buffer1k" +15#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 1024 +16#define PROCFS_NAME "buffer1k" 17 -18/* This structure hold information about the /proc file */ -19static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; +18/* This structure hold information about the /proc file */ +19static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; 20 -21/* The buffer used to store character for this module */ -22static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE]; +21/* The buffer used to store character for this module */ +22static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE]; 23 -24/* The size of the buffer */ -25static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0; +24/* The size of the buffer */ +25static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0; 26 -27/* This function is called then the /proc file is read */ -28static ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *file_pointer, char __user *buffer, -29 size_t buffer_length, loff_t *offset) +27/* This function is called then the /proc file is read */ +28static ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *file_pointer, char __user *buffer, +29 size_t buffer_length, loff_t *offset) 30{ -31 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n"; -32 int len = sizeof(s); -33 ssize_t ret = len; +31 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n"; +32 int len = sizeof(s); +33 ssize_t ret = len; 34 -35 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) { -36 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n"); +35 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) { +36 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n"); 37 ret = 0; -38 } else { -39 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", file_pointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name); +38 } else { +39 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", file_pointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name); 40 *offset += len; 41 } 42 -43 return ret; +43 return ret; 44} 45 -46/* This function is called with the /proc file is written. */ -47static ssize_t procfile_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buff, -48 size_t len, loff_t *off) +46/* This function is called with the /proc file is written. */ +47static ssize_t procfile_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buff, +48 size_t len, loff_t *off) 49{ 50 procfs_buffer_size = len; -51 if (procfs_buffer_size >= PROCFS_MAX_SIZE) +51 if (procfs_buffer_size >= PROCFS_MAX_SIZE) 52 procfs_buffer_size = PROCFS_MAX_SIZE - 1; 53 -54 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buff, procfs_buffer_size)) -55 return -EFAULT; +54 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buff, procfs_buffer_size)) +55 return -EFAULT; 56 -57 procfs_buffer[procfs_buffer_size] = '\0'; +57 procfs_buffer[procfs_buffer_size] = '\0'; 58 *off += procfs_buffer_size; -59 pr_info("procfile write %s\n", procfs_buffer); +59 pr_info("procfile write %s\n", procfs_buffer); 60 -61 return procfs_buffer_size; +61 return procfs_buffer_size; 62} 63 -64#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -65static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = { +64#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +65static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = { 66 .proc_read = procfile_read, 67 .proc_write = procfile_write, 68}; -69#else -70static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = { +69#else +70static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = { 71 .read = procfile_read, 72 .write = procfile_write, 73}; -74#endif +74#endif 75 -76static int __init procfs2_init(void) +76static int __init procfs2_init(void) 77{ 78 our_proc_file = proc_create(PROCFS_NAME, 0644, NULL, &proc_file_fops); -79 if (NULL == our_proc_file) { -80 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROCFS_NAME); -81 return -ENOMEM; +79 if (NULL == our_proc_file) { +80 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROCFS_NAME); +81 return -ENOMEM; 82 } 83 -84 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_NAME); -85 return 0; +84 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_NAME); +85 return 0; 86} 87 -88static void __exit procfs2_exit(void) +88static void __exit procfs2_exit(void) 89{ 90 proc_remove(our_proc_file); -91 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_NAME); +91 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_NAME); 92} 93 94module_init(procfs2_init); 95module_exit(procfs2_exit); 96 -97MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+97MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
7.3 Manage /proc file with standard filesystem
@@ -2126,20 +2126,20 @@
In Linux, there is a standard mechanism for file system registration. Since every file system has to have its own functions to handle inode and file operations, there is a special structure to hold pointers to all those functions, -
struct inode_operations -
, which includes a pointer tostruct proc_ops +
struct inode_operations +
, which includes a pointer tostruct proc_ops
.The difference between file and inode operations is that file operations deal with the file itself whereas inode operations deal with ways of referencing the file, such as creating links to it.
In /proc, whenever we register a new file, we’re allowed to specify which -
-struct inode_operations +
struct inode_operations
will be used to access to it. This is the mechanism we use, a -struct inode_operations +
struct inode_operations -
which includes a pointer to astruct proc_ops +
which includes a pointer to astruct proc_ops
which includes pointers to ourprocfs_read
andprocfs_write
functions. @@ -2160,111 +2160,111 @@
-
1/* -2 * procfs3.c -3 */ +1/* +2 * procfs3.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> -8#include <linux/sched.h> -9#include <linux/uaccess.h> -10#include <linux/version.h> -11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 10, 0) -12#include <linux/minmax.h> -13#endif +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> +8#include <linux/sched.h> +9#include <linux/uaccess.h> +10#include <linux/version.h> +11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 10, 0) +12#include <linux/minmax.h> +13#endif 14 -15#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -16#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -17#endif +15#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +16#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +17#endif 18 -19#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 2048UL -20#define PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME "buffer2k" +19#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 2048UL +20#define PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME "buffer2k" 21 -22static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; -23static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE]; -24static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0; +22static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; +23static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE]; +24static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0; 25 -26static ssize_t procfs_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buffer, -27 size_t length, loff_t *offset) +26static ssize_t procfs_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buffer, +27 size_t length, loff_t *offset) 28{ -29 if (*offset || procfs_buffer_size == 0) { -30 pr_debug("procfs_read: END\n"); +29 if (*offset || procfs_buffer_size == 0) { +30 pr_debug("procfs_read: END\n"); 31 *offset = 0; -32 return 0; +32 return 0; 33 } 34 procfs_buffer_size = min(procfs_buffer_size, length); -35 if (copy_to_user(buffer, procfs_buffer, procfs_buffer_size)) -36 return -EFAULT; +35 if (copy_to_user(buffer, procfs_buffer, procfs_buffer_size)) +36 return -EFAULT; 37 *offset += procfs_buffer_size; 38 -39 pr_debug("procfs_read: read %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size); -40 return procfs_buffer_size; +39 pr_debug("procfs_read: read %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size); +40 return procfs_buffer_size; 41} -42static ssize_t procfs_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, -43 size_t len, loff_t *off) +42static ssize_t procfs_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, +43 size_t len, loff_t *off) 44{ 45 procfs_buffer_size = min(PROCFS_MAX_SIZE, len); -46 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buffer, procfs_buffer_size)) -47 return -EFAULT; +46 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buffer, procfs_buffer_size)) +47 return -EFAULT; 48 *off += procfs_buffer_size; 49 -50 pr_debug("procfs_write: write %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size); -51 return procfs_buffer_size; +50 pr_debug("procfs_write: write %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size); +51 return procfs_buffer_size; 52} -53static int procfs_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +53static int procfs_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 54{ 55 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); -56 return 0; +56 return 0; 57} -58static int procfs_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +58static int procfs_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 59{ 60 module_put(THIS_MODULE); -61 return 0; +61 return 0; 62} 63 -64#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -65static struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { +64#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +65static struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { 66 .proc_read = procfs_read, 67 .proc_write = procfs_write, 68 .proc_open = procfs_open, 69 .proc_release = procfs_close, 70}; -71#else -72static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { +71#else +72static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { 73 .read = procfs_read, 74 .write = procfs_write, 75 .open = procfs_open, 76 .release = procfs_close, 77}; -78#endif +78#endif 79 -80static int __init procfs3_init(void) +80static int __init procfs3_init(void) 81{ 82 our_proc_file = proc_create(PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME, 0644, NULL, 83 &file_ops_4_our_proc_file); -84 if (our_proc_file == NULL) { -85 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", +84 if (our_proc_file == NULL) { +85 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", 86 PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); -87 return -ENOMEM; +87 return -ENOMEM; 88 } 89 proc_set_size(our_proc_file, 80); 90 proc_set_user(our_proc_file, GLOBAL_ROOT_UID, GLOBAL_ROOT_GID); 91 -92 pr_debug("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); -93 return 0; +92 pr_debug("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); +93 return 0; 94} 95 -96static void __exit procfs3_exit(void) +96static void __exit procfs3_exit(void) 97{ 98 remove_proc_entry(PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL); -99 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); +99 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); 100} 101 102module_init(procfs3_init); 103module_exit(procfs3_exit); 104 -105MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+105MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Still hungry for procfs examples? Well, first of all keep in mind, there are rumors around, claiming that procfs is on its way out, consider using sysfs instead. Consider using this mechanism, in case you want to document something kernel related @@ -2330,123 +2330,123 @@
/proc file. Of course, you can still use the same way as in the previous example.
1/* -2 * procfs4.c - create a "file" in /proc -3 * This program uses the seq_file library to manage the /proc file. -4 */ +1/* +2 * procfs4.c - create a "file" in /proc +3 * This program uses the seq_file library to manage the /proc file. +4 */ 5 -6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ -7#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -8#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ -9#include <linux/seq_file.h> /* for seq_file */ -10#include <linux/version.h> +6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ +7#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +8#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ +9#include <linux/seq_file.h> /* for seq_file */ +10#include <linux/version.h> 11 -12#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -13#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -14#endif +12#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +13#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +14#endif 15 -16#define PROC_NAME "iter" +16#define PROC_NAME "iter" 17 -18/* This function is called at the beginning of a sequence. -19 * ie, when: -20 * - the /proc file is read (first time) -21 * - after the function stop (end of sequence) -22 */ -23static void *my_seq_start(struct seq_file *s, loff_t *pos) +18/* This function is called at the beginning of a sequence. +19 * ie, when: +20 * - the /proc file is read (first time) +21 * - after the function stop (end of sequence) +22 */ +23static void *my_seq_start(struct seq_file *s, loff_t *pos) 24{ -25 static unsigned long counter = 0; +25 static unsigned long counter = 0; 26 -27 /* beginning a new sequence? */ -28 if (*pos == 0) { -29 /* yes => return a non null value to begin the sequence */ -30 return &counter; +27 /* beginning a new sequence? */ +28 if (*pos == 0) { +29 /* yes => return a non null value to begin the sequence */ +30 return &counter; 31 } 32 -33 /* no => it is the end of the sequence, return end to stop reading */ +33 /* no => it is the end of the sequence, return end to stop reading */ 34 *pos = 0; -35 return NULL; +35 return NULL; 36} 37 -38/* This function is called after the beginning of a sequence. -39 * It is called until the return is NULL (this ends the sequence). -40 */ -41static void *my_seq_next(struct seq_file *s, void *v, loff_t *pos) +38/* This function is called after the beginning of a sequence. +39 * It is called until the return is NULL (this ends the sequence). +40 */ +41static void *my_seq_next(struct seq_file *s, void *v, loff_t *pos) 42{ -43 unsigned long *tmp_v = (unsigned long *)v; +43 unsigned long *tmp_v = (unsigned long *)v; 44 (*tmp_v)++; 45 (*pos)++; -46 return NULL; +46 return NULL; 47} 48 -49/* This function is called at the end of a sequence. */ -50static void my_seq_stop(struct seq_file *s, void *v) +49/* This function is called at the end of a sequence. */ +50static void my_seq_stop(struct seq_file *s, void *v) 51{ -52 /* nothing to do, we use a static value in start() */ +52 /* nothing to do, we use a static value in start() */ 53} 54 -55/* This function is called for each "step" of a sequence. */ -56static int my_seq_show(struct seq_file *s, void *v) +55/* This function is called for each "step" of a sequence. */ +56static int my_seq_show(struct seq_file *s, void *v) 57{ 58 loff_t *spos = (loff_t *)v; 59 -60 seq_printf(s, "%Ld\n", *spos); -61 return 0; +60 seq_printf(s, "%Ld\n", *spos); +61 return 0; 62} 63 -64/* This structure gather "function" to manage the sequence */ -65static struct seq_operations my_seq_ops = { +64/* This structure gather "function" to manage the sequence */ +65static struct seq_operations my_seq_ops = { 66 .start = my_seq_start, 67 .next = my_seq_next, 68 .stop = my_seq_stop, 69 .show = my_seq_show, 70}; 71 -72/* This function is called when the /proc file is open. */ -73static int my_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +72/* This function is called when the /proc file is open. */ +73static int my_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 74{ -75 return seq_open(file, &my_seq_ops); +75 return seq_open(file, &my_seq_ops); 76}; 77 -78/* This structure gather "function" that manage the /proc file */ -79#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -80static const struct proc_ops my_file_ops = { +78/* This structure gather "function" that manage the /proc file */ +79#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +80static const struct proc_ops my_file_ops = { 81 .proc_open = my_open, 82 .proc_read = seq_read, 83 .proc_lseek = seq_lseek, 84 .proc_release = seq_release, 85}; -86#else -87static const struct file_operations my_file_ops = { +86#else +87static const struct file_operations my_file_ops = { 88 .open = my_open, 89 .read = seq_read, 90 .llseek = seq_lseek, 91 .release = seq_release, 92}; -93#endif +93#endif 94 -95static int __init procfs4_init(void) +95static int __init procfs4_init(void) 96{ -97 struct proc_dir_entry *entry; +97 struct proc_dir_entry *entry; 98 99 entry = proc_create(PROC_NAME, 0, NULL, &my_file_ops); -100 if (entry == NULL) { -101 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_NAME); -102 return -ENOMEM; +100 if (entry == NULL) { +101 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_NAME); +102 return -ENOMEM; 103 } 104 -105 return 0; +105 return 0; 106} 107 -108static void __exit procfs4_exit(void) +108static void __exit procfs4_exit(void) 109{ 110 remove_proc_entry(PROC_NAME, NULL); -111 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_NAME); +111 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_NAME); 112} 113 114module_init(procfs4_init); 115module_exit(procfs4_exit); 116 -117MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+117MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");If you want more information, you can read this web page:
@@ -2469,32 +2469,32 @@
An attribute definition in simply:
-
1struct attribute { -2 char *name; -3 struct module *owner; +1struct attribute { +2 char *name; +3 struct module *owner; 4 umode_t mode; 5}; 6 -7int sysfs_create_file(struct kobject * kobj, const struct attribute * attr); -8void sysfs_remove_file(struct kobject * kobj, const struct attribute * attr);+7int sysfs_create_file(struct kobject * kobj, const struct attribute * attr); +8void sysfs_remove_file(struct kobject * kobj, const struct attribute * attr);For example, the driver model defines -
struct device_attribute +
struct device_attribute
like:-
1struct device_attribute { -2 struct attribute attr; -3 ssize_t (*show)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, -4 char *buf); -5 ssize_t (*store)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, -6 const char *buf, size_t count); +1struct device_attribute { +2 struct attribute attr; +3 ssize_t (*show)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, +4 char *buf); +5 ssize_t (*store)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, +6 const char *buf, size_t count); 7}; 8 -9int device_create_file(struct device *, const struct device_attribute *); -10void device_remove_file(struct device *, const struct device_attribute *);+9int device_create_file(struct device *, const struct device_attribute *); +10void device_remove_file(struct device *, const struct device_attribute *);To read or write attributes,
show()
orstore()
method must be specified when declaring the attribute. For the @@ -2508,68 +2508,68 @@-
1/* -2 * hello-sysfs.c sysfs example -3 */ -4#include <linux/fs.h> -5#include <linux/init.h> -6#include <linux/kobject.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/string.h> -9#include <linux/sysfs.h> +1/* +2 * hello-sysfs.c sysfs example +3 */ +4#include <linux/fs.h> +5#include <linux/init.h> +6#include <linux/kobject.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/string.h> +9#include <linux/sysfs.h> 10 -11static struct kobject *mymodule; +11static struct kobject *mymodule; 12 -13/* the variable you want to be able to change */ -14static int myvariable = 0; +13/* the variable you want to be able to change */ +14static int myvariable = 0; 15 -16static ssize_t myvariable_show(struct kobject *kobj, -17 struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf) +16static ssize_t myvariable_show(struct kobject *kobj, +17 struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf) 18{ -19 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", myvariable); +19 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", myvariable); 20} 21 -22static ssize_t myvariable_store(struct kobject *kobj, -23 struct kobj_attribute *attr, const char *buf, -24 size_t count) +22static ssize_t myvariable_store(struct kobject *kobj, +23 struct kobj_attribute *attr, const char *buf, +24 size_t count) 25{ -26 sscanf(buf, "%d", &myvariable); -27 return count; +26 sscanf(buf, "%d", &myvariable); +27 return count; 28} 29 -30static struct kobj_attribute myvariable_attribute = +30static struct kobj_attribute myvariable_attribute = 31 __ATTR(myvariable, 0660, myvariable_show, myvariable_store); 32 -33static int __init mymodule_init(void) +33static int __init mymodule_init(void) 34{ -35 int error = 0; +35 int error = 0; 36 -37 pr_info("mymodule: initialized\n"); +37 pr_info("mymodule: initialized\n"); 38 -39 mymodule = kobject_create_and_add("mymodule", kernel_kobj); -40 if (!mymodule) -41 return -ENOMEM; +39 mymodule = kobject_create_and_add("mymodule", kernel_kobj); +40 if (!mymodule) +41 return -ENOMEM; 42 43 error = sysfs_create_file(mymodule, &myvariable_attribute.attr); -44 if (error) { +44 if (error) { 45 kobject_put(mymodule); -46 pr_info("failed to create the myvariable file " -47 "in /sys/kernel/mymodule\n"); +46 pr_info("failed to create the myvariable file " +47 "in /sys/kernel/mymodule\n"); 48 } 49 -50 return error; +50 return error; 51} 52 -53static void __exit mymodule_exit(void) +53static void __exit mymodule_exit(void) 54{ -55 pr_info("mymodule: Exit success\n"); +55 pr_info("mymodule: Exit success\n"); 56 kobject_put(mymodule); 57} 58 59module_init(mymodule_init); 60module_exit(mymodule_exit); 61 -62MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+62MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Make and install the module:
@@ -2588,7 +2588,7 @@
-
1echo "32" | sudo tee /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable +1echo "32" | sudo tee /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable 2sudo cat /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariableFinally, remove the test module:
@@ -2645,199 +2645,199 @@
9
-
1/* -2 * ioctl.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/cdev.h> -5#include <linux/fs.h> -6#include <linux/init.h> -7#include <linux/ioctl.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> -9#include <linux/slab.h> -10#include <linux/uaccess.h> -11#include <linux/version.h> +1/* +2 * ioctl.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/cdev.h> +5#include <linux/fs.h> +6#include <linux/init.h> +7#include <linux/ioctl.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> +9#include <linux/slab.h> +10#include <linux/uaccess.h> +11#include <linux/version.h> 12 -13struct ioctl_arg { -14 unsigned int val; +13struct ioctl_arg { +14 unsigned int val; 15}; 16 -17/* Documentation/userspace-api/ioctl/ioctl-number.rst */ -18#define IOC_MAGIC '\x66' +17/* Documentation/userspace-api/ioctl/ioctl-number.rst */ +18#define IOC_MAGIC '\x66' 19 -20#define IOCTL_VALSET _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 0, struct ioctl_arg) -21#define IOCTL_VALGET _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 1, struct ioctl_arg) -22#define IOCTL_VALGET_NUM _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 2, int) -23#define IOCTL_VALSET_NUM _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 3, int) +20#define IOCTL_VALSET _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 0, struct ioctl_arg) +21#define IOCTL_VALGET _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 1, struct ioctl_arg) +22#define IOCTL_VALGET_NUM _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 2, int) +23#define IOCTL_VALSET_NUM _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 3, int) 24 -25#define IOCTL_VAL_MAXNR 3 -26#define DRIVER_NAME "ioctltest" +25#define IOCTL_VAL_MAXNR 3 +26#define DRIVER_NAME "ioctltest" 27 -28static unsigned int test_ioctl_major = 0; -29static unsigned int num_of_dev = 1; -30static struct cdev test_ioctl_cdev; -31static int ioctl_num = 0; +28static unsigned int test_ioctl_major = 0; +29static unsigned int num_of_dev = 1; +30static struct cdev test_ioctl_cdev; +31static int ioctl_num = 0; 32 -33struct test_ioctl_data { -34 unsigned char val; +33struct test_ioctl_data { +34 unsigned char val; 35 rwlock_t lock; 36}; 37 -38static long test_ioctl_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, -39 unsigned long arg) +38static long test_ioctl_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, +39 unsigned long arg) 40{ -41 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; -42 int retval = 0; -43 unsigned char val; -44 struct ioctl_arg data; -45 memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data)); +41 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; +42 int retval = 0; +43 unsigned char val; +44 struct ioctl_arg data; +45 memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data)); 46 -47 switch (cmd) { -48 case IOCTL_VALSET: -49 if (copy_from_user(&data, (int __user *)arg, sizeof(data))) { +47 switch (cmd) { +48 case IOCTL_VALSET: +49 if (copy_from_user(&data, (int __user *)arg, sizeof(data))) { 50 retval = -EFAULT; -51 goto done; +51 goto done; 52 } 53 -54 pr_alert("IOCTL set val:%x .\n", data.val); +54 pr_alert("IOCTL set val:%x .\n", data.val); 55 write_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); 56 ioctl_data->val = data.val; 57 write_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); -58 break; +58 break; 59 -60 case IOCTL_VALGET: +60 case IOCTL_VALGET: 61 read_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); 62 val = ioctl_data->val; 63 read_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); 64 data.val = val; 65 -66 if (copy_to_user((int __user *)arg, &data, sizeof(data))) { +66 if (copy_to_user((int __user *)arg, &data, sizeof(data))) { 67 retval = -EFAULT; -68 goto done; +68 goto done; 69 } 70 -71 break; +71 break; 72 -73 case IOCTL_VALGET_NUM: -74 retval = __put_user(ioctl_num, (int __user *)arg); -75 break; +73 case IOCTL_VALGET_NUM: +74 retval = __put_user(ioctl_num, (int __user *)arg); +75 break; 76 -77 case IOCTL_VALSET_NUM: +77 case IOCTL_VALSET_NUM: 78 ioctl_num = arg; -79 break; +79 break; 80 -81 default: +81 default: 82 retval = -ENOTTY; 83 } 84 85done: -86 return retval; +86 return retval; 87} 88 -89static ssize_t test_ioctl_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, -90 size_t count, loff_t *f_pos) +89static ssize_t test_ioctl_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, +90 size_t count, loff_t *f_pos) 91{ -92 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; -93 unsigned char val; -94 int retval; -95 int i = 0; +92 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; +93 unsigned char val; +94 int retval; +95 int i = 0; 96 97 read_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); 98 val = ioctl_data->val; 99 read_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); 100 -101 for (; i < count; i++) { -102 if (copy_to_user(&buf[i], &val, 1)) { +101 for (; i < count; i++) { +102 if (copy_to_user(&buf[i], &val, 1)) { 103 retval = -EFAULT; -104 goto out; +104 goto out; 105 } 106 } 107 108 retval = count; 109out: -110 return retval; +110 return retval; 111} 112 -113static int test_ioctl_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) +113static int test_ioctl_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) 114{ -115 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); +115 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); 116 -117 if (filp->private_data) { +117 if (filp->private_data) { 118 kfree(filp->private_data); 119 filp->private_data = NULL; 120 } 121 -122 return 0; +122 return 0; 123} 124 -125static int test_ioctl_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) +125static int test_ioctl_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) 126{ -127 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data; +127 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data; 128 -129 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); -130 ioctl_data = kmalloc(sizeof(struct test_ioctl_data), GFP_KERNEL); +129 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); +130 ioctl_data = kmalloc(sizeof(struct test_ioctl_data), GFP_KERNEL); 131 -132 if (ioctl_data == NULL) -133 return -ENOMEM; +132 if (ioctl_data == NULL) +133 return -ENOMEM; 134 135 rwlock_init(&ioctl_data->lock); 136 ioctl_data->val = 0xFF; 137 filp->private_data = ioctl_data; 138 -139 return 0; +139 return 0; 140} 141 -142static struct file_operations fops = { -143#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +142static struct file_operations fops = { +143#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) 144 .owner = THIS_MODULE, -145#endif +145#endif 146 .open = test_ioctl_open, 147 .release = test_ioctl_close, 148 .read = test_ioctl_read, 149 .unlocked_ioctl = test_ioctl_ioctl, 150}; 151 -152static int __init ioctl_init(void) +152static int __init ioctl_init(void) 153{ -154 dev_t dev; -155 int alloc_ret = -1; -156 int cdev_ret = -1; +154 dev_t dev; +155 int alloc_ret = -1; +156 int cdev_ret = -1; 157 alloc_ret = alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, 0, num_of_dev, DRIVER_NAME); 158 -159 if (alloc_ret) -160 goto error; +159 if (alloc_ret) +160 goto error; 161 162 test_ioctl_major = MAJOR(dev); 163 cdev_init(&test_ioctl_cdev, &fops); 164 cdev_ret = cdev_add(&test_ioctl_cdev, dev, num_of_dev); 165 -166 if (cdev_ret) -167 goto error; +166 if (cdev_ret) +167 goto error; 168 -169 pr_alert("%s driver(major: %d) installed.\n", DRIVER_NAME, +169 pr_alert("%s driver(major: %d) installed.\n", DRIVER_NAME, 170 test_ioctl_major); -171 return 0; +171 return 0; 172error: -173 if (cdev_ret == 0) +173 if (cdev_ret == 0) 174 cdev_del(&test_ioctl_cdev); -175 if (alloc_ret == 0) +175 if (alloc_ret == 0) 176 unregister_chrdev_region(dev, num_of_dev); -177 return -1; +177 return -1; 178} 179 -180static void __exit ioctl_exit(void) +180static void __exit ioctl_exit(void) 181{ -182 dev_t dev = MKDEV(test_ioctl_major, 0); +182 dev_t dev = MKDEV(test_ioctl_major, 0); 183 184 cdev_del(&test_ioctl_cdev); 185 unregister_chrdev_region(dev, num_of_dev); -186 pr_alert("%s driver removed.\n", DRIVER_NAME); +186 pr_alert("%s driver removed.\n", DRIVER_NAME); 187} 188 189module_init(ioctl_init); 190module_exit(ioctl_exit); 191 -192MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -193MODULE_DESCRIPTION("This is test_ioctl module");+192MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +193MODULE_DESCRIPTION("This is test_ioctl module");You can see there is an argument called
cmd
intest_ioctl_ioctl() @@ -2862,395 +2862,395 @@
9 which we mentioned at 6.5 section, to enforce the exclusive access.
-
1/* -2 * chardev2.c - Create an input/output character device -3 */ +1/* +2 * chardev2.c - Create an input/output character device +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/atomic.h> -6#include <linux/cdev.h> -7#include <linux/delay.h> -8#include <linux/device.h> -9#include <linux/fs.h> -10#include <linux/init.h> -11#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -12#include <linux/printk.h> -13#include <linux/types.h> -14#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ -15#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/atomic.h> +6#include <linux/cdev.h> +7#include <linux/delay.h> +8#include <linux/device.h> +9#include <linux/fs.h> +10#include <linux/init.h> +11#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +12#include <linux/printk.h> +13#include <linux/types.h> +14#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ +15#include <linux/version.h> 16 -17#include <asm/errno.h> +17#include <asm/errno.h> 18 -19#include "chardev.h" -20#define SUCCESS 0 -21#define DEVICE_NAME "char_dev" -22#define BUF_LEN 80 +19#include "chardev.h" +20#define SUCCESS 0 +21#define DEVICE_NAME "char_dev" +22#define BUF_LEN 80 23 -24enum { +24enum { 25 CDEV_NOT_USED = 0, 26 CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN = 1, 27}; 28 -29/* Is the device open right now? Used to prevent concurrent access into -30 * the same device -31 */ -32static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); +29/* Is the device open right now? Used to prevent concurrent access into +30 * the same device +31 */ +32static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); 33 -34/* The message the device will give when asked */ -35static char message[BUF_LEN + 1]; +34/* The message the device will give when asked */ +35static char message[BUF_LEN + 1]; 36 -37static struct class *cls; +37static struct class *cls; 38 -39/* This is called whenever a process attempts to open the device file */ -40static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +39/* This is called whenever a process attempts to open the device file */ +40static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 41{ -42 pr_info("device_open(%p)\n", file); +42 pr_info("device_open(%p)\n", file); 43 44 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); -45 return SUCCESS; +45 return SUCCESS; 46} 47 -48static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +48static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 49{ -50 pr_info("device_release(%p,%p)\n", inode, file); +50 pr_info("device_release(%p,%p)\n", inode, file); 51 52 module_put(THIS_MODULE); -53 return SUCCESS; +53 return SUCCESS; 54} 55 -56/* This function is called whenever a process which has already opened the -57 * device file attempts to read from it. -58 */ -59static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -60 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to be filled */ -61 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ +56/* This function is called whenever a process which has already opened the +57 * device file attempts to read from it. +58 */ +59static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +60 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to be filled */ +61 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ 62 loff_t *offset) 63{ -64 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */ -65 int bytes_read = 0; -66 /* How far did the process reading the message get? Useful if the message -67 * is larger than the size of the buffer we get to fill in device_read. -68 */ -69 const char *message_ptr = message; +64 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */ +65 int bytes_read = 0; +66 /* How far did the process reading the message get? Useful if the message +67 * is larger than the size of the buffer we get to fill in device_read. +68 */ +69 const char *message_ptr = message; 70 -71 if (!*(message_ptr + *offset)) { /* we are at the end of message */ -72 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ -73 return 0; /* signify end of file */ +71 if (!*(message_ptr + *offset)) { /* we are at the end of message */ +72 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ +73 return 0; /* signify end of file */ 74 } 75 76 message_ptr += *offset; 77 -78 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ -79 while (length && *message_ptr) { -80 /* Because the buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel -81 * data segment, assignment would not work. Instead, we have to -82 * use put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to -83 * the user data segment. -84 */ +78 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ +79 while (length && *message_ptr) { +80 /* Because the buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel +81 * data segment, assignment would not work. Instead, we have to +82 * use put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to +83 * the user data segment. +84 */ 85 put_user(*(message_ptr++), buffer++); 86 length--; 87 bytes_read++; 88 } 89 -90 pr_info("Read %d bytes, %ld left\n", bytes_read, length); +90 pr_info("Read %d bytes, %ld left\n", bytes_read, length); 91 92 *offset += bytes_read; 93 -94 /* Read functions are supposed to return the number of bytes actually -95 * inserted into the buffer. -96 */ -97 return bytes_read; +94 /* Read functions are supposed to return the number of bytes actually +95 * inserted into the buffer. +96 */ +97 return bytes_read; 98} 99 -100/* called when somebody tries to write into our device file. */ -101static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, -102 size_t length, loff_t *offset) +100/* called when somebody tries to write into our device file. */ +101static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, +102 size_t length, loff_t *offset) 103{ -104 int i; +104 int i; 105 -106 pr_info("device_write(%p,%p,%ld)", file, buffer, length); +106 pr_info("device_write(%p,%p,%ld)", file, buffer, length); 107 -108 for (i = 0; i < length && i < BUF_LEN; i++) +108 for (i = 0; i < length && i < BUF_LEN; i++) 109 get_user(message[i], buffer + i); 110 -111 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ -112 return i; +111 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ +112 return i; 113} 114 -115/* This function is called whenever a process tries to do an ioctl on our -116 * device file. We get two extra parameters (additional to the inode and file -117 * structures, which all device functions get): the number of the ioctl called -118 * and the parameter given to the ioctl function. -119 * -120 * If the ioctl is write or read/write (meaning output is returned to the -121 * calling process), the ioctl call returns the output of this function. -122 */ -123static long -124device_ioctl(struct file *file, /* ditto */ -125 unsigned int ioctl_num, /* number and param for ioctl */ -126 unsigned long ioctl_param) +115/* This function is called whenever a process tries to do an ioctl on our +116 * device file. We get two extra parameters (additional to the inode and file +117 * structures, which all device functions get): the number of the ioctl called +118 * and the parameter given to the ioctl function. +119 * +120 * If the ioctl is write or read/write (meaning output is returned to the +121 * calling process), the ioctl call returns the output of this function. +122 */ +123static long +124device_ioctl(struct file *file, /* ditto */ +125 unsigned int ioctl_num, /* number and param for ioctl */ +126 unsigned long ioctl_param) 127{ -128 int i; -129 long ret = SUCCESS; +128 int i; +129 long ret = SUCCESS; 130 -131 /* We don't want to talk to two processes at the same time. */ -132 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) -133 return -EBUSY; +131 /* We don't want to talk to two processes at the same time. */ +132 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) +133 return -EBUSY; 134 -135 /* Switch according to the ioctl called */ -136 switch (ioctl_num) { -137 case IOCTL_SET_MSG: { -138 /* Receive a pointer to a message (in user space) and set that to -139 * be the device's message. Get the parameter given to ioctl by -140 * the process. -141 */ -142 char __user *tmp = (char __user *)ioctl_param; -143 char ch; +135 /* Switch according to the ioctl called */ +136 switch (ioctl_num) { +137 case IOCTL_SET_MSG: { +138 /* Receive a pointer to a message (in user space) and set that to +139 * be the device's message. Get the parameter given to ioctl by +140 * the process. +141 */ +142 char __user *tmp = (char __user *)ioctl_param; +143 char ch; 144 -145 /* Find the length of the message */ +145 /* Find the length of the message */ 146 get_user(ch, tmp); -147 for (i = 0; ch && i < BUF_LEN; i++, tmp++) +147 for (i = 0; ch && i < BUF_LEN; i++, tmp++) 148 get_user(ch, tmp); 149 -150 device_write(file, (char __user *)ioctl_param, i, NULL); -151 break; +150 device_write(file, (char __user *)ioctl_param, i, NULL); +151 break; 152 } -153 case IOCTL_GET_MSG: { +153 case IOCTL_GET_MSG: { 154 loff_t offset = 0; 155 -156 /* Give the current message to the calling process - the parameter -157 * we got is a pointer, fill it. -158 */ -159 i = device_read(file, (char __user *)ioctl_param, 99, &offset); +156 /* Give the current message to the calling process - the parameter +157 * we got is a pointer, fill it. +158 */ +159 i = device_read(file, (char __user *)ioctl_param, 99, &offset); 160 -161 /* Put a zero at the end of the buffer, so it will be properly -162 * terminated. -163 */ -164 put_user('\0', (char __user *)ioctl_param + i); -165 break; +161 /* Put a zero at the end of the buffer, so it will be properly +162 * terminated. +163 */ +164 put_user('\0', (char __user *)ioctl_param + i); +165 break; 166 } -167 case IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE: -168 /* This ioctl is both input (ioctl_param) and output (the return -169 * value of this function). -170 */ -171 ret = (long)message[ioctl_param]; -172 break; +167 case IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE: +168 /* This ioctl is both input (ioctl_param) and output (the return +169 * value of this function). +170 */ +171 ret = (long)message[ioctl_param]; +172 break; 173 } 174 -175 /* We're now ready for our next caller */ +175 /* We're now ready for our next caller */ 176 atomic_set(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED); 177 -178 return ret; +178 return ret; 179} 180 -181/* Module Declarations */ +181/* Module Declarations */ 182 -183/* This structure will hold the functions to be called when a process does -184 * something to the device we created. Since a pointer to this structure -185 * is kept in the devices table, it can't be local to init_module. NULL is -186 * for unimplemented functions. -187 */ -188static struct file_operations fops = { +183/* This structure will hold the functions to be called when a process does +184 * something to the device we created. Since a pointer to this structure +185 * is kept in the devices table, it can't be local to init_module. NULL is +186 * for unimplemented functions. +187 */ +188static struct file_operations fops = { 189 .read = device_read, 190 .write = device_write, 191 .unlocked_ioctl = device_ioctl, 192 .open = device_open, -193 .release = device_release, /* a.k.a. close */ +193 .release = device_release, /* a.k.a. close */ 194}; 195 -196/* Initialize the module - Register the character device */ -197static int __init chardev2_init(void) +196/* Initialize the module - Register the character device */ +197static int __init chardev2_init(void) 198{ -199 /* Register the character device (at least try) */ -200 int ret_val = register_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME, &fops); +199 /* Register the character device (at least try) */ +200 int ret_val = register_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME, &fops); 201 -202 /* Negative values signify an error */ -203 if (ret_val < 0) { -204 pr_alert("%s failed with %d\n", -205 "Sorry, registering the character device ", ret_val); -206 return ret_val; +202 /* Negative values signify an error */ +203 if (ret_val < 0) { +204 pr_alert("%s failed with %d\n", +205 "Sorry, registering the character device ", ret_val); +206 return ret_val; 207 } 208 -209#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +209#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) 210 cls = class_create(DEVICE_FILE_NAME); -211#else +211#else 212 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_FILE_NAME); -213#endif +213#endif 214 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(MAJOR_NUM, 0), NULL, DEVICE_FILE_NAME); 215 -216 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_FILE_NAME); +216 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_FILE_NAME); 217 -218 return 0; +218 return 0; 219} 220 -221/* Cleanup - unregister the appropriate file from /proc */ -222static void __exit chardev2_exit(void) +221/* Cleanup - unregister the appropriate file from /proc */ +222static void __exit chardev2_exit(void) 223{ 224 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(MAJOR_NUM, 0)); 225 class_destroy(cls); 226 -227 /* Unregister the device */ +227 /* Unregister the device */ 228 unregister_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME); 229} 230 231module_init(chardev2_init); 232module_exit(chardev2_exit); 233 -234MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+234MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");-
1/* -2 * chardev.h - the header file with the ioctl definitions. -3 * -4 * The declarations here have to be in a header file, because they need -5 * to be known both to the kernel module (in chardev2.c) and the process -6 * calling ioctl() (in userspace_ioctl.c). -7 */ +1/* +2 * chardev.h - the header file with the ioctl definitions. +3 * +4 * The declarations here have to be in a header file, because they need +5 * to be known both to the kernel module (in chardev2.c) and the process +6 * calling ioctl() (in userspace_ioctl.c). +7 */ 8 -9#ifndef CHARDEV_H -10#define CHARDEV_H +9#ifndef CHARDEV_H +10#define CHARDEV_H 11 -12#include <linux/ioctl.h> +12#include <linux/ioctl.h> 13 -14/* The major device number. We can not rely on dynamic registration -15 * any more, because ioctls need to know it. -16 */ -17#define MAJOR_NUM 100 +14/* The major device number. We can not rely on dynamic registration +15 * any more, because ioctls need to know it. +16 */ +17#define MAJOR_NUM 100 18 -19/* Set the message of the device driver */ -20#define IOCTL_SET_MSG _IOW(MAJOR_NUM, 0, char *) -21/* _IOW means that we are creating an ioctl command number for passing -22 * information from a user process to the kernel module. -23 * -24 * The first arguments, MAJOR_NUM, is the major device number we are using. -25 * -26 * The second argument is the number of the command (there could be several -27 * with different meanings). -28 * -29 * The third argument is the type we want to get from the process to the -30 * kernel. -31 */ +19/* Set the message of the device driver */ +20#define IOCTL_SET_MSG _IOW(MAJOR_NUM, 0, char *) +21/* _IOW means that we are creating an ioctl command number for passing +22 * information from a user process to the kernel module. +23 * +24 * The first arguments, MAJOR_NUM, is the major device number we are using. +25 * +26 * The second argument is the number of the command (there could be several +27 * with different meanings). +28 * +29 * The third argument is the type we want to get from the process to the +30 * kernel. +31 */ 32 -33/* Get the message of the device driver */ -34#define IOCTL_GET_MSG _IOR(MAJOR_NUM, 1, char *) -35/* This IOCTL is used for output, to get the message of the device driver. -36 * However, we still need the buffer to place the message in to be input, -37 * as it is allocated by the process. -38 */ +33/* Get the message of the device driver */ +34#define IOCTL_GET_MSG _IOR(MAJOR_NUM, 1, char *) +35/* This IOCTL is used for output, to get the message of the device driver. +36 * However, we still need the buffer to place the message in to be input, +37 * as it is allocated by the process. +38 */ 39 -40/* Get the n'th byte of the message */ -41#define IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE _IOWR(MAJOR_NUM, 2, int) -42/* The IOCTL is used for both input and output. It receives from the user -43 * a number, n, and returns message[n]. -44 */ +40/* Get the n'th byte of the message */ +41#define IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE _IOWR(MAJOR_NUM, 2, int) +42/* The IOCTL is used for both input and output. It receives from the user +43 * a number, n, and returns message[n]. +44 */ 45 -46/* The name of the device file */ -47#define DEVICE_FILE_NAME "char_dev" -48#define DEVICE_PATH "/dev/char_dev" +46/* The name of the device file */ +47#define DEVICE_FILE_NAME "char_dev" +48#define DEVICE_PATH "/dev/char_dev" 49 -50#endif+50#endif-
1/* userspace_ioctl.c - the process to use ioctl's to control the kernel module -2 * -3 * Until now we could have used cat for input and output. But now -4 * we need to do ioctl's, which require writing our own process. -5 */ ++9 $(MAKE) -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean1/* userspace_ioctl.c - the process to use ioctl's to control the kernel module +2 * +3 * Until now we could have used cat for input and output. But now +4 * we need to do ioctl's, which require writing our own process. +5 */ 6 -7/* device specifics, such as ioctl numbers and the -8 * major device file. */ -9#include "../chardev.h" +7/* device specifics, such as ioctl numbers and the +8 * major device file. */ +9#include "../chardev.h" 10 -11#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ -12#include <fcntl.h> /* open */ -13#include <unistd.h> /* close */ -14#include <stdlib.h> /* exit */ -15#include <sys/ioctl.h> /* ioctl */ +11#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ +12#include <fcntl.h> /* open */ +13#include <unistd.h> /* close */ +14#include <stdlib.h> /* exit */ +15#include <sys/ioctl.h> /* ioctl */ 16 -17/* Functions for the ioctl calls */ +17/* Functions for the ioctl calls */ 18 -19int ioctl_set_msg(int file_desc, char *message) +19int ioctl_set_msg(int file_desc, char *message) 20{ -21 int ret_val; +21 int ret_val; 22 23 ret_val = ioctl(file_desc, IOCTL_SET_MSG, message); 24 -25 if (ret_val < 0) { -26 printf("ioctl_set_msg failed:%d\n", ret_val); +25 if (ret_val < 0) { +26 printf("ioctl_set_msg failed:%d\n", ret_val); 27 } 28 -29 return ret_val; +29 return ret_val; 30} 31 -32int ioctl_get_msg(int file_desc) +32int ioctl_get_msg(int file_desc) 33{ -34 int ret_val; -35 char message[100] = { 0 }; +34 int ret_val; +35 char message[100] = { 0 }; 36 -37 /* Warning - this is dangerous because we don't tell -38 * the kernel how far it's allowed to write, so it -39 * might overflow the buffer. In a real production -40 * program, we would have used two ioctls - one to tell -41 * the kernel the buffer length and another to give -42 * it the buffer to fill -43 */ +37 /* Warning - this is dangerous because we don't tell +38 * the kernel how far it's allowed to write, so it +39 * might overflow the buffer. In a real production +40 * program, we would have used two ioctls - one to tell +41 * the kernel the buffer length and another to give +42 * it the buffer to fill +43 */ 44 ret_val = ioctl(file_desc, IOCTL_GET_MSG, message); 45 -46 if (ret_val < 0) { -47 printf("ioctl_get_msg failed:%d\n", ret_val); +46 if (ret_val < 0) { +47 printf("ioctl_get_msg failed:%d\n", ret_val); 48 } -49 printf("get_msg message:%s", message); +49 printf("get_msg message:%s", message); 50 -51 return ret_val; +51 return ret_val; 52} 53 -54int ioctl_get_nth_byte(int file_desc) +54int ioctl_get_nth_byte(int file_desc) 55{ -56 int i, c; +56 int i, c; 57 -58 printf("get_nth_byte message:"); +58 printf("get_nth_byte message:"); 59 60 i = 0; -61 do { +61 do { 62 c = ioctl(file_desc, IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE, i++); 63 -64 if (c < 0) { -65 printf("\nioctl_get_nth_byte failed at the %d'th byte:\n", i); -66 return c; +64 if (c < 0) { +65 printf("\nioctl_get_nth_byte failed at the %d'th byte:\n", i); +66 return c; 67 } 68 69 putchar(c); -70 } while (c != 0); +70 } while (c != 0); 71 -72 return 0; +72 return 0; 73} 74 -75/* Main - Call the ioctl functions */ -76int main(void) +75/* Main - Call the ioctl functions */ +76int main(void) 77{ -78 int file_desc, ret_val; -79 char *msg = "Message passed by ioctl\n"; +78 int file_desc, ret_val; +79 char *msg = "Message passed by ioctl\n"; 80 81 file_desc = open(DEVICE_PATH, O_RDWR); -82 if (file_desc < 0) { -83 printf("Can't open device file: %s, error:%d\n", DEVICE_PATH, +82 if (file_desc < 0) { +83 printf("Can't open device file: %s, error:%d\n", DEVICE_PATH, 84 file_desc); 85 exit(EXIT_FAILURE); 86 } 87 88 ret_val = ioctl_set_msg(file_desc, msg); -89 if (ret_val) -90 goto error; +89 if (ret_val) +90 goto error; 91 ret_val = ioctl_get_nth_byte(file_desc); -92 if (ret_val) -93 goto error; +92 if (ret_val) +93 goto error; 94 ret_val = ioctl_get_msg(file_desc); -95 if (ret_val) -96 goto error; +95 if (ret_val) +96 goto error; 97 98 close(file_desc); -99 return 0; +99 return 0; 100error: 101 close(file_desc); 102 exit(EXIT_FAILURE); @@ -3521,297 +3521,297 @@10 < exported.
-
1/* -2 * syscall-steal.c -3 * -4 * System call "stealing" sample. -5 * -6 * Disables page protection at a processor level by changing the 16th bit -7 * in the cr0 register (could be Intel specific). -8 */ +1/* +2 * syscall-steal.c +3 * +4 * System call "stealing" sample. +5 * +6 * Disables page protection at a processor level by changing the 16th bit +7 * in the cr0 register (could be Intel specific). +8 */ 9 -10#include <linux/delay.h> -11#include <linux/kernel.h> -12#include <linux/module.h> -13#include <linux/moduleparam.h> /* which will have params */ -14#include <linux/unistd.h> /* The list of system calls */ -15#include <linux/cred.h> /* For current_uid() */ -16#include <linux/uidgid.h> /* For __kuid_val() */ -17#include <linux/version.h> +10#include <linux/delay.h> +11#include <linux/kernel.h> +12#include <linux/module.h> +13#include <linux/moduleparam.h> /* which will have params */ +14#include <linux/unistd.h> /* The list of system calls */ +15#include <linux/cred.h> /* For current_uid() */ +16#include <linux/uidgid.h> /* For __kuid_val() */ +17#include <linux/version.h> 18 -19/* For the current (process) structure, we need this to know who the -20 * current user is. -21 */ -22#include <linux/sched.h> -23#include <linux/uaccess.h> +19/* For the current (process) structure, we need this to know who the +20 * current user is. +21 */ +22#include <linux/sched.h> +23#include <linux/uaccess.h> 24 -25/* The way we access "sys_call_table" varies as kernel internal changes. -26 * - Prior to v5.4 : manual symbol lookup -27 * - v5.5 to v5.6 : use kallsyms_lookup_name() -28 * - v5.7+ : Kprobes or specific kernel module parameter -29 */ +25/* The way we access "sys_call_table" varies as kernel internal changes. +26 * - Prior to v5.4 : manual symbol lookup +27 * - v5.5 to v5.6 : use kallsyms_lookup_name() +28 * - v5.7+ : Kprobes or specific kernel module parameter +29 */ 30 -31/* The in-kernel calls to the ksys_close() syscall were removed in Linux v5.11+. -32 */ -33#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(5, 7, 0)) +31/* The in-kernel calls to the ksys_close() syscall were removed in Linux v5.11+. +32 */ +33#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(5, 7, 0)) 34 -35#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE <= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 4, 0) -36#define HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE 1 -37#include <linux/syscalls.h> /* For ksys_close() */ -38#else -39#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For kallsyms_lookup_name */ -40#endif +35#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE <= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 4, 0) +36#define HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE 1 +37#include <linux/syscalls.h> /* For ksys_close() */ +38#else +39#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For kallsyms_lookup_name */ +40#endif 41 -42#else +42#else 43 -44#if defined(CONFIG_KPROBES) -45#define HAVE_KPROBES 1 -46#if defined(CONFIG_X86_64) -47/* If you have tried to use the syscall table to intercept syscalls and it -48 * doesn't work, you can try to use Kprobes to intercept syscalls. -49 * Set USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL to 1 to register a pre-handler -50 * before the syscall. -51 */ -52#define USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL 0 -53#endif -54#include <linux/kprobes.h> -55#else -56#define HAVE_PARAM 1 -57#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For sprint_symbol */ -58/* The address of the sys_call_table, which can be obtained with looking up -59 * "/boot/System.map" or "/proc/kallsyms". When the kernel version is v5.7+, -60 * without CONFIG_KPROBES, you can input the parameter or the module will look -61 * up all the memory. -62 */ -63static unsigned long sym = 0; +44#if defined(CONFIG_KPROBES) +45#define HAVE_KPROBES 1 +46#if defined(CONFIG_X86_64) +47/* If you have tried to use the syscall table to intercept syscalls and it +48 * doesn't work, you can try to use Kprobes to intercept syscalls. +49 * Set USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL to 1 to register a pre-handler +50 * before the syscall. +51 */ +52#define USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL 0 +53#endif +54#include <linux/kprobes.h> +55#else +56#define HAVE_PARAM 1 +57#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For sprint_symbol */ +58/* The address of the sys_call_table, which can be obtained with looking up +59 * "/boot/System.map" or "/proc/kallsyms". When the kernel version is v5.7+, +60 * without CONFIG_KPROBES, you can input the parameter or the module will look +61 * up all the memory. +62 */ +63static unsigned long sym = 0; 64module_param(sym, ulong, 0644); -65#endif /* CONFIG_KPROBES */ +65#endif /* CONFIG_KPROBES */ 66 -67#endif /* Version < v5.7 */ +67#endif /* Version < v5.7 */ 68 -69/* UID we want to spy on - will be filled from the command line. */ -70static uid_t uid = -1; -71module_param(uid, int, 0644); +69/* UID we want to spy on - will be filled from the command line. */ +70static uid_t uid = -1; +71module_param(uid, int, 0644); 72 -73#if USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL +73#if USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL 74 -75/* syscall_sym is the symbol name of the syscall to spy on. The default is -76 * "__x64_sys_openat", which can be changed by the module parameter. You can -77 * look up the symbol name of a syscall in /proc/kallsyms. -78 */ -79static char *syscall_sym = "__x64_sys_openat"; +75/* syscall_sym is the symbol name of the syscall to spy on. The default is +76 * "__x64_sys_openat", which can be changed by the module parameter. You can +77 * look up the symbol name of a syscall in /proc/kallsyms. +78 */ +79static char *syscall_sym = "__x64_sys_openat"; 80module_param(syscall_sym, charp, 0644); 81 -82static int sys_call_kprobe_pre_handler(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs) +82static int sys_call_kprobe_pre_handler(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs) 83{ -84 if (__kuid_val(current_uid()) != uid) { -85 return 0; +84 if (__kuid_val(current_uid()) != uid) { +85 return 0; 86 } 87 -88 pr_info("%s called by %d\n", syscall_sym, uid); -89 return 0; +88 pr_info("%s called by %d\n", syscall_sym, uid); +89 return 0; 90} 91 -92static struct kprobe syscall_kprobe = { -93 .symbol_name = "__x64_sys_openat", +92static struct kprobe syscall_kprobe = { +93 .symbol_name = "__x64_sys_openat", 94 .pre_handler = sys_call_kprobe_pre_handler, 95}; 96 -97#else +97#else 98 -99static unsigned long **sys_call_table_stolen; +99static unsigned long **sys_call_table_stolen; 100 -101/* A pointer to the original system call. The reason we keep this, rather -102 * than call the original function (sys_openat), is because somebody else -103 * might have replaced the system call before us. Note that this is not -104 * 100% safe, because if another module replaced sys_openat before us, -105 * then when we are inserted, we will call the function in that module - -106 * and it might be removed before we are. -107 * -108 * Another reason for this is that we can not get sys_openat. -109 * It is a static variable, so it is not exported. -110 */ -111#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER -112static asmlinkage long (*original_call)(const struct pt_regs *); -113#else -114static asmlinkage long (*original_call)(int, const char __user *, int, umode_t); -115#endif +101/* A pointer to the original system call. The reason we keep this, rather +102 * than call the original function (sys_openat), is because somebody else +103 * might have replaced the system call before us. Note that this is not +104 * 100% safe, because if another module replaced sys_openat before us, +105 * then when we are inserted, we will call the function in that module - +106 * and it might be removed before we are. +107 * +108 * Another reason for this is that we can not get sys_openat. +109 * It is a static variable, so it is not exported. +110 */ +111#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER +112static asmlinkage long (*original_call)(const struct pt_regs *); +113#else +114static asmlinkage long (*original_call)(int, const char __user *, int, umode_t); +115#endif 116 -117/* The function we will replace sys_openat (the function called when you -118 * call the open system call) with. To find the exact prototype, with -119 * the number and type of arguments, we find the original function first -120 * (it is at fs/open.c). -121 * -122 * In theory, this means that we are tied to the current version of the -123 * kernel. In practice, the system calls almost never change (it would -124 * wreck havoc and require programs to be recompiled, since the system -125 * calls are the interface between the kernel and the processes). -126 */ -127#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER -128static asmlinkage long our_sys_openat(const struct pt_regs *regs) -129#else -130static asmlinkage long our_sys_openat(int dfd, const char __user *filename, -131 int flags, umode_t mode) -132#endif +117/* The function we will replace sys_openat (the function called when you +118 * call the open system call) with. To find the exact prototype, with +119 * the number and type of arguments, we find the original function first +120 * (it is at fs/open.c). +121 * +122 * In theory, this means that we are tied to the current version of the +123 * kernel. In practice, the system calls almost never change (it would +124 * wreck havoc and require programs to be recompiled, since the system +125 * calls are the interface between the kernel and the processes). +126 */ +127#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER +128static asmlinkage long our_sys_openat(const struct pt_regs *regs) +129#else +130static asmlinkage long our_sys_openat(int dfd, const char __user *filename, +131 int flags, umode_t mode) +132#endif 133{ -134 int i = 0; -135 char ch; +134 int i = 0; +135 char ch; 136 -137 if (__kuid_val(current_uid()) != uid) -138 goto orig_call; +137 if (__kuid_val(current_uid()) != uid) +138 goto orig_call; 139 -140 /* Report the file, if relevant */ -141 pr_info("Opened file by %d: ", uid); -142 do { -143#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER -144 get_user(ch, (char __user *)regs->si + i); -145#else -146 get_user(ch, (char __user *)filename + i); -147#endif +140 /* Report the file, if relevant */ +141 pr_info("Opened file by %d: ", uid); +142 do { +143#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER +144 get_user(ch, (char __user *)regs->si + i); +145#else +146 get_user(ch, (char __user *)filename + i); +147#endif 148 i++; -149 pr_info("%c", ch); -150 } while (ch != 0); -151 pr_info("\n"); +149 pr_info("%c", ch); +150 } while (ch != 0); +151 pr_info("\n"); 152 153orig_call: -154 /* Call the original sys_openat - otherwise, we lose the ability to -155 * open files. -156 */ -157#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER -158 return original_call(regs); -159#else -160 return original_call(dfd, filename, flags, mode); -161#endif +154 /* Call the original sys_openat - otherwise, we lose the ability to +155 * open files. +156 */ +157#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER +158 return original_call(regs); +159#else +160 return original_call(dfd, filename, flags, mode); +161#endif 162} 163 -164static unsigned long **acquire_sys_call_table(void) +164static unsigned long **acquire_sys_call_table(void) 165{ -166#ifdef HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE -167 unsigned long int offset = PAGE_OFFSET; -168 unsigned long **sct; +166#ifdef HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE +167 unsigned long int offset = PAGE_OFFSET; +168 unsigned long **sct; 169 -170 while (offset < ULLONG_MAX) { -171 sct = (unsigned long **)offset; +170 while (offset < ULLONG_MAX) { +171 sct = (unsigned long **)offset; 172 -173 if (sct[__NR_close] == (unsigned long *)ksys_close) -174 return sct; +173 if (sct[__NR_close] == (unsigned long *)ksys_close) +174 return sct; 175 -176 offset += sizeof(void *); +176 offset += sizeof(void *); 177 } 178 -179 return NULL; -180#endif +179 return NULL; +180#endif 181 -182#ifdef HAVE_PARAM -183 const char sct_name[15] = "sys_call_table"; -184 char symbol[40] = { 0 }; +182#ifdef HAVE_PARAM +183 const char sct_name[15] = "sys_call_table"; +184 char symbol[40] = { 0 }; 185 -186 if (sym == 0) { -187 pr_alert("For Linux v5.7+, Kprobes is the preferable way to get " -188 "symbol.\n"); -189 pr_info("If Kprobes is absent, you have to specify the address of " -190 "sys_call_table symbol\n"); -191 pr_info("by /boot/System.map or /proc/kallsyms, which contains all the " -192 "symbol addresses, into sym parameter.\n"); -193 return NULL; +186 if (sym == 0) { +187 pr_alert("For Linux v5.7+, Kprobes is the preferable way to get " +188 "symbol.\n"); +189 pr_info("If Kprobes is absent, you have to specify the address of " +190 "sys_call_table symbol\n"); +191 pr_info("by /boot/System.map or /proc/kallsyms, which contains all the " +192 "symbol addresses, into sym parameter.\n"); +193 return NULL; 194 } 195 sprint_symbol(symbol, sym); -196 if (!strncmp(sct_name, symbol, sizeof(sct_name) - 1)) -197 return (unsigned long **)sym; +196 if (!strncmp(sct_name, symbol, sizeof(sct_name) - 1)) +197 return (unsigned long **)sym; 198 -199 return NULL; -200#endif +199 return NULL; +200#endif 201 -202#ifdef HAVE_KPROBES -203 unsigned long (*kallsyms_lookup_name)(const char *name); -204 struct kprobe kp = { -205 .symbol_name = "kallsyms_lookup_name", +202#ifdef HAVE_KPROBES +203 unsigned long (*kallsyms_lookup_name)(const char *name); +204 struct kprobe kp = { +205 .symbol_name = "kallsyms_lookup_name", 206 }; 207 -208 if (register_kprobe(&kp) < 0) -209 return NULL; -210 kallsyms_lookup_name = (unsigned long (*)(const char *name))kp.addr; +208 if (register_kprobe(&kp) < 0) +209 return NULL; +210 kallsyms_lookup_name = (unsigned long (*)(const char *name))kp.addr; 211 unregister_kprobe(&kp); -212#endif +212#endif 213 -214 return (unsigned long **)kallsyms_lookup_name("sys_call_table"); +214 return (unsigned long **)kallsyms_lookup_name("sys_call_table"); 215} 216 -217#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 3, 0) -218static inline void __write_cr0(unsigned long cr0) +217#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 3, 0) +218static inline void __write_cr0(unsigned long cr0) 219{ -220 asm volatile("mov %0,%%cr0" : "+r"(cr0) : : "memory"); +220 asm volatile("mov %0,%%cr0" : "+r"(cr0) : : "memory"); 221} -222#else -223#define __write_cr0 write_cr0 -224#endif +222#else +223#define __write_cr0 write_cr0 +224#endif 225 -226static void enable_write_protection(void) +226static void enable_write_protection(void) 227{ -228 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); +228 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); 229 set_bit(16, &cr0); 230 __write_cr0(cr0); 231} 232 -233static void disable_write_protection(void) +233static void disable_write_protection(void) 234{ -235 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); +235 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); 236 clear_bit(16, &cr0); 237 __write_cr0(cr0); 238} -239#endif +239#endif 240 -241static int __init syscall_steal_start(void) +241static int __init syscall_steal_start(void) 242{ -243#if USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL -244 int err; -245 /* use symbol name from the module parameter */ +243#if USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL +244 int err; +245 /* use symbol name from the module parameter */ 246 syscall_kprobe.symbol_name = syscall_sym; 247 err = register_kprobe(&syscall_kprobe); -248 if (err) { -249 pr_err("register_kprobe() on %s failed: %d\n", syscall_sym, err); -250 pr_err("Please check the symbol name from 'syscall_sym' parameter.\n"); -251 return err; +248 if (err) { +249 pr_err("register_kprobe() on %s failed: %d\n", syscall_sym, err); +250 pr_err("Please check the symbol name from 'syscall_sym' parameter.\n"); +251 return err; 252 } -253#else -254 if (!(sys_call_table_stolen = acquire_sys_call_table())) -255 return -1; +253#else +254 if (!(sys_call_table_stolen = acquire_sys_call_table())) +255 return -1; 256 257 disable_write_protection(); 258 -259 /* keep track of the original open function */ -260 original_call = (void *)sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat]; +259 /* keep track of the original open function */ +260 original_call = (void *)sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat]; 261 -262 /* use our openat function instead */ -263 sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat] = (unsigned long *)our_sys_openat; +262 /* use our openat function instead */ +263 sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat] = (unsigned long *)our_sys_openat; 264 265 enable_write_protection(); -266#endif +266#endif 267 -268 pr_info("Spying on UID:%d\n", uid); -269 return 0; +268 pr_info("Spying on UID:%d\n", uid); +269 return 0; 270} 271 -272static void __exit syscall_steal_end(void) +272static void __exit syscall_steal_end(void) 273{ -274#if USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL +274#if USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL 275 unregister_kprobe(&syscall_kprobe); -276#else -277 if (!sys_call_table_stolen) -278 return; +276#else +277 if (!sys_call_table_stolen) +278 return; 279 -280 /* Return the system call back to normal */ -281 if (sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat] != (unsigned long *)our_sys_openat) { -282 pr_alert("Somebody else also played with the "); -283 pr_alert("open system call\n"); -284 pr_alert("The system may be left in "); -285 pr_alert("an unstable state.\n"); +280 /* Return the system call back to normal */ +281 if (sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat] != (unsigned long *)our_sys_openat) { +282 pr_alert("Somebody else also played with the "); +283 pr_alert("open system call\n"); +284 pr_alert("The system may be left in "); +285 pr_alert("an unstable state.\n"); 286 } 287 288 disable_write_protection(); -289 sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat] = (unsigned long *)original_call; +289 sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat] = (unsigned long *)original_call; 290 enable_write_protection(); -291#endif +291#endif 292 293 msleep(2000); 294} @@ -3819,7 +3819,7 @@+299MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");10 < 296module_init(syscall_steal_start); 297module_exit(syscall_steal_end); 298 -299MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
11 Blocking Processes and threads
@@ -3924,295 +3924,295 @@11.1
-
1/* -2 * sleep.c - create a /proc file, and if several processes try to open it -3 * at the same time, put all but one to sleep. -4 */ +1/* +2 * sleep.c - create a /proc file, and if several processes try to open it +3 * at the same time, put all but one to sleep. +4 */ 5 -6#include <linux/atomic.h> -7#include <linux/fs.h> -8#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ -9#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -10#include <linux/printk.h> -11#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ -12#include <linux/types.h> -13#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ -14#include <linux/version.h> -15#include <linux/wait.h> /* For putting processes to sleep and -16 waking them up */ +6#include <linux/atomic.h> +7#include <linux/fs.h> +8#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ +9#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +10#include <linux/printk.h> +11#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ +12#include <linux/types.h> +13#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ +14#include <linux/version.h> +15#include <linux/wait.h> /* For putting processes to sleep and +16 waking them up */ 17 -18#include <asm/current.h> -19#include <asm/errno.h> +18#include <asm/current.h> +19#include <asm/errno.h> 20 -21#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -22#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -23#endif +21#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +22#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +23#endif 24 -25/* Here we keep the last message received, to prove that we can process our -26 * input. -27 */ -28#define MESSAGE_LENGTH 80 -29static char message[MESSAGE_LENGTH]; +25/* Here we keep the last message received, to prove that we can process our +26 * input. +27 */ +28#define MESSAGE_LENGTH 80 +29static char message[MESSAGE_LENGTH]; 30 -31static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; -32#define PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME "sleep" +31static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; +32#define PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME "sleep" 33 -34/* Since we use the file operations struct, we can't use the special proc -35 * output provisions - we have to use a standard read function, which is this -36 * function. -37 */ -38static ssize_t module_output(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -39 char __user *buf, /* The buffer to put data to -40 (in the user segment) */ -41 size_t len, /* The length of the buffer */ +34/* Since we use the file operations struct, we can't use the special proc +35 * output provisions - we have to use a standard read function, which is this +36 * function. +37 */ +38static ssize_t module_output(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +39 char __user *buf, /* The buffer to put data to +40 (in the user segment) */ +41 size_t len, /* The length of the buffer */ 42 loff_t *offset) 43{ -44 static int finished = 0; -45 int i; -46 char output_msg[MESSAGE_LENGTH + 30]; +44 static int finished = 0; +45 int i; +46 char output_msg[MESSAGE_LENGTH + 30]; 47 -48 /* Return 0 to signify end of file - that we have nothing more to say -49 * at this point. -50 */ -51 if (finished) { +48 /* Return 0 to signify end of file - that we have nothing more to say +49 * at this point. +50 */ +51 if (finished) { 52 finished = 0; -53 return 0; +53 return 0; 54 } 55 -56 sprintf(output_msg, "Last input:%s\n", message); -57 for (i = 0; i < len && output_msg[i]; i++) +56 sprintf(output_msg, "Last input:%s\n", message); +57 for (i = 0; i < len && output_msg[i]; i++) 58 put_user(output_msg[i], buf + i); 59 60 finished = 1; -61 return i; /* Return the number of bytes "read" */ +61 return i; /* Return the number of bytes "read" */ 62} 63 -64/* This function receives input from the user when the user writes to the -65 * /proc file. -66 */ -67static ssize_t module_input(struct file *file, /* The file itself */ -68 const char __user *buf, /* The buffer with input */ -69 size_t length, /* The buffer's length */ -70 loff_t *offset) /* offset to file - ignore */ +64/* This function receives input from the user when the user writes to the +65 * /proc file. +66 */ +67static ssize_t module_input(struct file *file, /* The file itself */ +68 const char __user *buf, /* The buffer with input */ +69 size_t length, /* The buffer's length */ +70 loff_t *offset) /* offset to file - ignore */ 71{ -72 int i; +72 int i; 73 -74 /* Put the input into message, where module_output will later be able -75 * to use it. -76 */ -77 for (i = 0; i < MESSAGE_LENGTH - 1 && i < length; i++) +74 /* Put the input into message, where module_output will later be able +75 * to use it. +76 */ +77 for (i = 0; i < MESSAGE_LENGTH - 1 && i < length; i++) 78 get_user(message[i], buf + i); -79 /* we want a standard, zero terminated string */ -80 message[i] = '\0'; +79 /* we want a standard, zero terminated string */ +80 message[i] = '\0'; 81 -82 /* We need to return the number of input characters used */ -83 return i; +82 /* We need to return the number of input characters used */ +83 return i; 84} 85 -86/* 1 if the file is currently open by somebody */ -87static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(0); +86/* 1 if the file is currently open by somebody */ +87static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(0); 88 -89/* Queue of processes who want our file */ -90static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(waitq); +89/* Queue of processes who want our file */ +90static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(waitq); 91 -92/* Called when the /proc file is opened */ -93static int module_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +92/* Called when the /proc file is opened */ +93static int module_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 94{ -95 /* Try to get without blocking */ -96 if (!atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, 0, 1)) { -97 /* Success without blocking, allow the access */ +95 /* Try to get without blocking */ +96 if (!atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, 0, 1)) { +97 /* Success without blocking, allow the access */ 98 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); -99 return 0; +99 return 0; 100 } -101 /* If the file's flags include O_NONBLOCK, it means the process does not -102 * want to wait for the file. In this case, because the file is already open, -103 * we should fail with -EAGAIN, meaning "you will have to try again", -104 * instead of blocking a process which would rather stay awake. -105 */ -106 if (file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) -107 return -EAGAIN; +101 /* If the file's flags include O_NONBLOCK, it means the process does not +102 * want to wait for the file. In this case, because the file is already open, +103 * we should fail with -EAGAIN, meaning "you will have to try again", +104 * instead of blocking a process which would rather stay awake. +105 */ +106 if (file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) +107 return -EAGAIN; 108 -109 /* This is the correct place for try_module_get(THIS_MODULE) because if -110 * a process is in the loop, which is within the kernel module, -111 * the kernel module must not be removed. -112 */ +109 /* This is the correct place for try_module_get(THIS_MODULE) because if +110 * a process is in the loop, which is within the kernel module, +111 * the kernel module must not be removed. +112 */ 113 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); 114 -115 while (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, 0, 1)) { -116 int i, is_sig = 0; +115 while (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, 0, 1)) { +116 int i, is_sig = 0; 117 -118 /* This function puts the current process, including any system -119 * calls, such as us, to sleep. Execution will be resumed right -120 * after the function call, either because somebody called -121 * wake_up(&waitq) (only module_close does that, when the file -122 * is closed) or when a signal, such as Ctrl-C, is sent -123 * to the process -124 */ +118 /* This function puts the current process, including any system +119 * calls, such as us, to sleep. Execution will be resumed right +120 * after the function call, either because somebody called +121 * wake_up(&waitq) (only module_close does that, when the file +122 * is closed) or when a signal, such as Ctrl-C, is sent +123 * to the process +124 */ 125 wait_event_interruptible(waitq, !atomic_read(&already_open)); 126 -127 /* If we woke up because we got a signal we're not blocking, -128 * return -EINTR (fail the system call). This allows processes -129 * to be killed or stopped. -130 */ -131 for (i = 0; i < _NSIG_WORDS && !is_sig; i++) +127 /* If we woke up because we got a signal we're not blocking, +128 * return -EINTR (fail the system call). This allows processes +129 * to be killed or stopped. +130 */ +131 for (i = 0; i < _NSIG_WORDS && !is_sig; i++) 132 is_sig = current->pending.signal.sig[i] & ~current->blocked.sig[i]; 133 -134 if (is_sig) { -135 /* It is important to put module_put(THIS_MODULE) here, because -136 * for processes where the open is interrupted there will never -137 * be a corresponding close. If we do not decrement the usage -138 * count here, we will be left with a positive usage count -139 * which we will have no way to bring down to zero, giving us -140 * an immortal module, which can only be killed by rebooting -141 * the machine. -142 */ +134 if (is_sig) { +135 /* It is important to put module_put(THIS_MODULE) here, because +136 * for processes where the open is interrupted there will never +137 * be a corresponding close. If we do not decrement the usage +138 * count here, we will be left with a positive usage count +139 * which we will have no way to bring down to zero, giving us +140 * an immortal module, which can only be killed by rebooting +141 * the machine. +142 */ 143 module_put(THIS_MODULE); -144 return -EINTR; +144 return -EINTR; 145 } 146 } 147 -148 return 0; /* Allow the access */ +148 return 0; /* Allow the access */ 149} 150 -151/* Called when the /proc file is closed */ -152static int module_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +151/* Called when the /proc file is closed */ +152static int module_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 153{ -154 /* Set already_open to zero, so one of the processes in the waitq will -155 * be able to set already_open back to one and to open the file. All -156 * the other processes will be called when already_open is back to one, -157 * so they'll go back to sleep. -158 */ +154 /* Set already_open to zero, so one of the processes in the waitq will +155 * be able to set already_open back to one and to open the file. All +156 * the other processes will be called when already_open is back to one, +157 * so they'll go back to sleep. +158 */ 159 atomic_set(&already_open, 0); 160 -161 /* Wake up all the processes in waitq, so if anybody is waiting for the -162 * file, they can have it. -163 */ +161 /* Wake up all the processes in waitq, so if anybody is waiting for the +162 * file, they can have it. +163 */ 164 wake_up(&waitq); 165 166 module_put(THIS_MODULE); 167 -168 return 0; /* success */ +168 return 0; /* success */ 169} 170 -171/* Structures to register as the /proc file, with pointers to all the relevant -172 * functions. -173 */ +171/* Structures to register as the /proc file, with pointers to all the relevant +172 * functions. +173 */ 174 -175/* File operations for our proc file. This is where we place pointers to all -176 * the functions called when somebody tries to do something to our file. NULL -177 * means we don't want to deal with something. -178 */ -179#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -180static const struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { -181 .proc_read = module_output, /* "read" from the file */ -182 .proc_write = module_input, /* "write" to the file */ -183 .proc_open = module_open, /* called when the /proc file is opened */ -184 .proc_release = module_close, /* called when it's closed */ -185 .proc_lseek = noop_llseek, /* return file->f_pos */ +175/* File operations for our proc file. This is where we place pointers to all +176 * the functions called when somebody tries to do something to our file. NULL +177 * means we don't want to deal with something. +178 */ +179#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +180static const struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { +181 .proc_read = module_output, /* "read" from the file */ +182 .proc_write = module_input, /* "write" to the file */ +183 .proc_open = module_open, /* called when the /proc file is opened */ +184 .proc_release = module_close, /* called when it's closed */ +185 .proc_lseek = noop_llseek, /* return file->f_pos */ 186}; -187#else -188static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { +187#else +188static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { 189 .read = module_output, 190 .write = module_input, 191 .open = module_open, 192 .release = module_close, 193 .llseek = noop_llseek, 194}; -195#endif +195#endif 196 -197/* Initialize the module - register the proc file */ -198static int __init sleep_init(void) +197/* Initialize the module - register the proc file */ +198static int __init sleep_init(void) 199{ 200 our_proc_file = 201 proc_create(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, 0644, NULL, &file_ops_4_our_proc_file); -202 if (our_proc_file == NULL) { -203 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); -204 return -ENOMEM; +202 if (our_proc_file == NULL) { +203 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); +204 return -ENOMEM; 205 } 206 proc_set_size(our_proc_file, 80); 207 proc_set_user(our_proc_file, GLOBAL_ROOT_UID, GLOBAL_ROOT_GID); 208 -209 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); +209 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); 210 -211 return 0; +211 return 0; 212} 213 -214/* Cleanup - unregister our file from /proc. This could get dangerous if -215 * there are still processes waiting in waitq, because they are inside our -216 * open function, which will get unloaded. I'll explain how to avoid removal -217 * of a kernel module in such a case in chapter 10. -218 */ -219static void __exit sleep_exit(void) +214/* Cleanup - unregister our file from /proc. This could get dangerous if +215 * there are still processes waiting in waitq, because they are inside our +216 * open function, which will get unloaded. I'll explain how to avoid removal +217 * of a kernel module in such a case in chapter 10. +218 */ +219static void __exit sleep_exit(void) 220{ 221 remove_proc_entry(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL); -222 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); +222 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); 223} 224 225module_init(sleep_init); 226module_exit(sleep_exit); 227 -228MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+228MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");-
1/* -2 * cat_nonblock.c - open a file and display its contents, but exit rather than -3 * wait for input. -4 */ -5#include <errno.h> /* for errno */ -6#include <fcntl.h> /* for open */ -7#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ -8#include <stdlib.h> /* for exit */ -9#include <unistd.h> /* for read */ ++32MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +33MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Workqueue example");1/* +2 * cat_nonblock.c - open a file and display its contents, but exit rather than +3 * wait for input. +4 */ +5#include <errno.h> /* for errno */ +6#include <fcntl.h> /* for open */ +7#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ +8#include <stdlib.h> /* for exit */ +9#include <unistd.h> /* for read */ 10 -11#define MAX_BYTES 1024 * 4 +11#define MAX_BYTES 1024 * 4 12 -13int main(int argc, char *argv[]) +13int main(int argc, char *argv[]) 14{ -15 int fd; /* The file descriptor for the file to read */ -16 size_t bytes; /* The number of bytes read */ -17 char buffer[MAX_BYTES]; /* The buffer for the bytes */ +15 int fd; /* The file descriptor for the file to read */ +16 size_t bytes; /* The number of bytes read */ +17 char buffer[MAX_BYTES]; /* The buffer for the bytes */ 18 -19 /* Usage */ -20 if (argc != 2) { -21 printf("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]); -22 puts("Reads the content of a file, but doesn't wait for input"); +19 /* Usage */ +20 if (argc != 2) { +21 printf("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]); +22 puts("Reads the content of a file, but doesn't wait for input"); 23 exit(-1); 24 } 25 -26 /* Open the file for reading in non blocking mode */ +26 /* Open the file for reading in non blocking mode */ 27 fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK); 28 -29 /* If open failed */ -30 if (fd == -1) { -31 puts(errno == EAGAIN ? "Open would block" : "Open failed"); +29 /* If open failed */ +30 if (fd == -1) { +31 puts(errno == EAGAIN ? "Open would block" : "Open failed"); 32 exit(-1); 33 } 34 -35 /* Read the file and output its contents */ -36 do { -37 /* Read characters from the file */ +35 /* Read the file and output its contents */ +36 do { +37 /* Read characters from the file */ 38 bytes = read(fd, buffer, MAX_BYTES); 39 -40 /* If there's an error, report it and die */ -41 if (bytes == -1) { -42 if (errno == EAGAIN) -43 puts("Normally I'd block, but you told me not to"); -44 else -45 puts("Another read error"); +40 /* If there's an error, report it and die */ +41 if (bytes == -1) { +42 if (errno == EAGAIN) +43 puts("Normally I'd block, but you told me not to"); +44 else +45 puts("Another read error"); 46 exit(-1); 47 } 48 -49 /* Print the characters */ -50 if (bytes > 0) { -51 for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++) +49 /* Print the characters */ +50 if (bytes > 0) { +51 for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++) 52 putchar(buffer[i]); 53 } 54 -55 /* While there are no errors and the file isn't over */ -56 } while (bytes > 0); +55 /* While there are no errors and the file isn't over */ +56 } while (bytes > 0); 57 -58 return 0; +58 return 0; 59}@@ -4249,90 +4249,90 @@
11.2
-
1/* -2 * completions.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/completion.h> -5#include <linux/err.h> /* for IS_ERR() */ -6#include <linux/init.h> -7#include <linux/kthread.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> -9#include <linux/printk.h> -10#include <linux/version.h> +1/* +2 * completions.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/completion.h> +5#include <linux/err.h> /* for IS_ERR() */ +6#include <linux/init.h> +7#include <linux/kthread.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> +9#include <linux/printk.h> +10#include <linux/version.h> 11 -12static struct completion crank_comp; -13static struct completion flywheel_comp; +12static struct completion crank_comp; +13static struct completion flywheel_comp; 14 -15static int machine_crank_thread(void *arg) +15static int machine_crank_thread(void *arg) 16{ -17 pr_info("Turn the crank\n"); +17 pr_info("Turn the crank\n"); 18 19 complete_all(&crank_comp); -20#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 17, 0) +20#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 17, 0) 21 kthread_complete_and_exit(&crank_comp, 0); -22#else +22#else 23 complete_and_exit(&crank_comp, 0); -24#endif +24#endif 25} 26 -27static int machine_flywheel_spinup_thread(void *arg) +27static int machine_flywheel_spinup_thread(void *arg) 28{ 29 wait_for_completion(&crank_comp); 30 -31 pr_info("Flywheel spins up\n"); +31 pr_info("Flywheel spins up\n"); 32 33 complete_all(&flywheel_comp); -34#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 17, 0) +34#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 17, 0) 35 kthread_complete_and_exit(&flywheel_comp, 0); -36#else +36#else 37 complete_and_exit(&flywheel_comp, 0); -38#endif +38#endif 39} 40 -41static int __init completions_init(void) +41static int __init completions_init(void) 42{ -43 struct task_struct *crank_thread; -44 struct task_struct *flywheel_thread; +43 struct task_struct *crank_thread; +44 struct task_struct *flywheel_thread; 45 -46 pr_info("completions example\n"); +46 pr_info("completions example\n"); 47 48 init_completion(&crank_comp); 49 init_completion(&flywheel_comp); 50 -51 crank_thread = kthread_create(machine_crank_thread, NULL, "KThread Crank"); -52 if (IS_ERR(crank_thread)) -53 goto ERROR_THREAD_1; +51 crank_thread = kthread_create(machine_crank_thread, NULL, "KThread Crank"); +52 if (IS_ERR(crank_thread)) +53 goto ERROR_THREAD_1; 54 55 flywheel_thread = kthread_create(machine_flywheel_spinup_thread, NULL, -56 "KThread Flywheel"); -57 if (IS_ERR(flywheel_thread)) -58 goto ERROR_THREAD_2; +56 "KThread Flywheel"); +57 if (IS_ERR(flywheel_thread)) +58 goto ERROR_THREAD_2; 59 60 wake_up_process(flywheel_thread); 61 wake_up_process(crank_thread); 62 -63 return 0; +63 return 0; 64 65ERROR_THREAD_2: 66 kthread_stop(crank_thread); 67ERROR_THREAD_1: 68 -69 return -1; +69 return -1; 70} 71 -72static void __exit completions_exit(void) +72static void __exit completions_exit(void) 73{ 74 wait_for_completion(&crank_comp); 75 wait_for_completion(&flywheel_comp); 76 -77 pr_info("completions exit\n"); +77 pr_info("completions exit\n"); 78} 79 80module_init(completions_init); 81module_exit(completions_exit); 82 -83MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Completions example"); -84MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+83MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Completions example"); +84MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
12 Avoiding Collisions and Deadlocks
@@ -4348,46 +4348,46 @@12.1
-
1/* -2 * example_mutex.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/module.h> -5#include <linux/mutex.h> -6#include <linux/printk.h> +@@ -4405,68 +4405,68 @@1/* +2 * example_mutex.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/module.h> +5#include <linux/mutex.h> +6#include <linux/printk.h> 7 -8static DEFINE_MUTEX(mymutex); +8static DEFINE_MUTEX(mymutex); 9 -10static int __init example_mutex_init(void) +10static int __init example_mutex_init(void) 11{ -12 int ret; +12 int ret; 13 -14 pr_info("example_mutex init\n"); +14 pr_info("example_mutex init\n"); 15 16 ret = mutex_trylock(&mymutex); -17 if (ret != 0) { -18 pr_info("mutex is locked\n"); +17 if (ret != 0) { +18 pr_info("mutex is locked\n"); 19 -20 if (mutex_is_locked(&mymutex) == 0) -21 pr_info("The mutex failed to lock!\n"); +20 if (mutex_is_locked(&mymutex) == 0) +21 pr_info("The mutex failed to lock!\n"); 22 23 mutex_unlock(&mymutex); -24 pr_info("mutex is unlocked\n"); -25 } else -26 pr_info("Failed to lock\n"); +24 pr_info("mutex is unlocked\n"); +25 } else +26 pr_info("Failed to lock\n"); 27 -28 return 0; +28 return 0; 29} 30 -31static void __exit example_mutex_exit(void) +31static void __exit example_mutex_exit(void) 32{ -33 pr_info("example_mutex exit\n"); +33 pr_info("example_mutex exit\n"); 34} 35 36module_init(example_mutex_init); 37module_exit(example_mutex_exit); 38 -39MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Mutex example"); -40MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+39MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Mutex example"); +40MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");12.2 variable to retain their state.
-
1/* -2 * example_spinlock.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/printk.h> -7#include <linux/spinlock.h> +1/* +2 * example_spinlock.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/printk.h> +7#include <linux/spinlock.h> 8 -9static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(sl_static); -10static spinlock_t sl_dynamic; +9static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(sl_static); +10static spinlock_t sl_dynamic; 11 -12static void example_spinlock_static(void) +12static void example_spinlock_static(void) 13{ -14 unsigned long flags; +14 unsigned long flags; 15 16 spin_lock_irqsave(&sl_static, flags); -17 pr_info("Locked static spinlock\n"); +17 pr_info("Locked static spinlock\n"); 18 -19 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this -20 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. -21 */ +19 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this +20 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. +21 */ 22 23 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sl_static, flags); -24 pr_info("Unlocked static spinlock\n"); +24 pr_info("Unlocked static spinlock\n"); 25} 26 -27static void example_spinlock_dynamic(void) +27static void example_spinlock_dynamic(void) 28{ -29 unsigned long flags; +29 unsigned long flags; 30 31 spin_lock_init(&sl_dynamic); 32 spin_lock_irqsave(&sl_dynamic, flags); -33 pr_info("Locked dynamic spinlock\n"); +33 pr_info("Locked dynamic spinlock\n"); 34 -35 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this -36 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. -37 */ +35 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this +36 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. +37 */ 38 39 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sl_dynamic, flags); -40 pr_info("Unlocked dynamic spinlock\n"); +40 pr_info("Unlocked dynamic spinlock\n"); 41} 42 -43static int __init example_spinlock_init(void) +43static int __init example_spinlock_init(void) 44{ -45 pr_info("example spinlock started\n"); +45 pr_info("example spinlock started\n"); 46 47 example_spinlock_static(); 48 example_spinlock_dynamic(); 49 -50 return 0; +50 return 0; 51} 52 -53static void __exit example_spinlock_exit(void) +53static void __exit example_spinlock_exit(void) 54{ -55 pr_info("example spinlock exit\n"); +55 pr_info("example spinlock exit\n"); 56} 57 58module_init(example_spinlock_init); 59module_exit(example_spinlock_exit); 60 -61MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Spinlock example"); -62MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+61MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Spinlock example"); +62MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Taking 100% of a CPU’s resources comes with greater responsibility. Situations where the kernel code monopolizes a CPU are called atomic contexts. Holding a spinlock is one of those situations. Sleeping in atomic contexts may leave the system @@ -4499,61 +4499,61 @@
12. -
29module_init(sched_init); 30module_exit(sched_exit); 31 -32MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -33MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Workqueue example");1/* -2 * example_rwlock.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/module.h> -5#include <linux/printk.h> -6#include <linux/rwlock.h> +1/* +2 * example_rwlock.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/module.h> +5#include <linux/printk.h> +6#include <linux/rwlock.h> 7 -8static DEFINE_RWLOCK(myrwlock); +8static DEFINE_RWLOCK(myrwlock); 9 -10static void example_read_lock(void) +10static void example_read_lock(void) 11{ -12 unsigned long flags; +12 unsigned long flags; 13 14 read_lock_irqsave(&myrwlock, flags); -15 pr_info("Read Locked\n"); +15 pr_info("Read Locked\n"); 16 -17 /* Read from something */ +17 /* Read from something */ 18 19 read_unlock_irqrestore(&myrwlock, flags); -20 pr_info("Read Unlocked\n"); +20 pr_info("Read Unlocked\n"); 21} 22 -23static void example_write_lock(void) +23static void example_write_lock(void) 24{ -25 unsigned long flags; +25 unsigned long flags; 26 27 write_lock_irqsave(&myrwlock, flags); -28 pr_info("Write Locked\n"); +28 pr_info("Write Locked\n"); 29 -30 /* Write to something */ +30 /* Write to something */ 31 32 write_unlock_irqrestore(&myrwlock, flags); -33 pr_info("Write Unlocked\n"); +33 pr_info("Write Unlocked\n"); 34} 35 -36static int __init example_rwlock_init(void) +36static int __init example_rwlock_init(void) 37{ -38 pr_info("example_rwlock started\n"); +38 pr_info("example_rwlock started\n"); 39 40 example_read_lock(); 41 example_write_lock(); 42 -43 return 0; +43 return 0; 44} 45 -46static void __exit example_rwlock_exit(void) +46static void __exit example_rwlock_exit(void) 47{ -48 pr_info("example_rwlock exit\n"); +48 pr_info("example_rwlock exit\n"); 49} 50 51module_init(example_rwlock_init); 52module_exit(example_rwlock_exit); 53 -54MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Read/Write locks example"); -55MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+54MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Read/Write locks example"); +55MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Of course, if you know for sure that there are no functions triggered by irqs which could possibly interfere with your logic then you can use the simpler
read_lock(&myrwlock) @@ -4569,81 +4569,81 @@
12.4 below.
-
1/* -2 * example_atomic.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/atomic.h> -5#include <linux/bitops.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/printk.h> +1/* +2 * example_atomic.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/atomic.h> +5#include <linux/bitops.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/printk.h> 8 -9#define BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c" -10#define BYTE_TO_BINARY(byte) \ -11 ((byte & 0x80) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x40) ? '1' : '0'), \ -12 ((byte & 0x20) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x10) ? '1' : '0'), \ -13 ((byte & 0x08) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x04) ? '1' : '0'), \ -14 ((byte & 0x02) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x01) ? '1' : '0') +9#define BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c" +10#define BYTE_TO_BINARY(byte) \ +11 ((byte & 0x80) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x40) ? '1' : '0'), \ +12 ((byte & 0x20) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x10) ? '1' : '0'), \ +13 ((byte & 0x08) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x04) ? '1' : '0'), \ +14 ((byte & 0x02) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x01) ? '1' : '0') 15 -16static void atomic_add_subtract(void) +16static void atomic_add_subtract(void) 17{ 18 atomic_t debbie; 19 atomic_t chris = ATOMIC_INIT(50); 20 21 atomic_set(&debbie, 45); 22 -23 /* subtract one */ +23 /* subtract one */ 24 atomic_dec(&debbie); 25 26 atomic_add(7, &debbie); 27 -28 /* add one */ +28 /* add one */ 29 atomic_inc(&debbie); 30 -31 pr_info("chris: %d, debbie: %d\n", atomic_read(&chris), +31 pr_info("chris: %d, debbie: %d\n", atomic_read(&chris), 32 atomic_read(&debbie)); 33} 34 -35static void atomic_bitwise(void) +35static void atomic_bitwise(void) 36{ -37 unsigned long word = 0; +37 unsigned long word = 0; 38 -39 pr_info("Bits 0: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +39 pr_info("Bits 0: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 40 set_bit(3, &word); 41 set_bit(5, &word); -42 pr_info("Bits 1: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +42 pr_info("Bits 1: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 43 clear_bit(5, &word); -44 pr_info("Bits 2: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +44 pr_info("Bits 2: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 45 change_bit(3, &word); 46 -47 pr_info("Bits 3: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); -48 if (test_and_set_bit(3, &word)) -49 pr_info("wrong\n"); -50 pr_info("Bits 4: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +47 pr_info("Bits 3: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +48 if (test_and_set_bit(3, &word)) +49 pr_info("wrong\n"); +50 pr_info("Bits 4: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 51 52 word = 255; -53 pr_info("Bits 5: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "\n", BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +53 pr_info("Bits 5: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "\n", BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 54} 55 -56static int __init example_atomic_init(void) +56static int __init example_atomic_init(void) 57{ -58 pr_info("example_atomic started\n"); +58 pr_info("example_atomic started\n"); 59 60 atomic_add_subtract(); 61 atomic_bitwise(); 62 -63 return 0; +63 return 0; 64} 65 -66static void __exit example_atomic_exit(void) +66static void __exit example_atomic_exit(void) 67{ -68 pr_info("example_atomic exit\n"); +68 pr_info("example_atomic exit\n"); 69} 70 71module_init(example_atomic_init); 72module_exit(example_atomic_exit); 73 -74MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Atomic operations example"); -75MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+74MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Atomic operations example"); +75MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Before the C11 standard adopts the built-in atomic types, the kernel already provided a small set of atomic types by using a bunch of tricky architecture-specific codes. Implementing the atomic types by C11 atomics may allow the kernel to throw @@ -4680,80 +4680,80 @@
13.1
-
1/* -2 * print_string.c - Send output to the tty we're running on, regardless if -3 * it is through X11, telnet, etc. We do this by printing the string to the -4 * tty associated with the current task. -5 */ -6#include <linux/init.h> -7#include <linux/kernel.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> -9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For current */ -10#include <linux/tty.h> /* For the tty declarations */ +1/* +2 * print_string.c - Send output to the tty we're running on, regardless if +3 * it is through X11, telnet, etc. We do this by printing the string to the +4 * tty associated with the current task. +5 */ +6#include <linux/init.h> +7#include <linux/kernel.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> +9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For current */ +10#include <linux/tty.h> /* For the tty declarations */ 11 -12static void print_string(char *str) +12static void print_string(char *str) 13{ -14 /* The tty for the current task */ -15 struct tty_struct *my_tty = get_current_tty(); +14 /* The tty for the current task */ +15 struct tty_struct *my_tty = get_current_tty(); 16 -17 /* If my_tty is NULL, the current task has no tty you can print to (i.e., -18 * if it is a daemon). If so, there is nothing we can do. -19 */ -20 if (my_tty) { -21 const struct tty_operations *ttyops = my_tty->driver->ops; -22 /* my_tty->driver is a struct which holds the tty's functions, -23 * one of which (write) is used to write strings to the tty. -24 * It can be used to take a string either from the user's or -25 * kernel's memory segment. -26 * -27 * The function's 1st parameter is the tty to write to, because the -28 * same function would normally be used for all tty's of a certain -29 * type. -30 * The 2nd parameter is a pointer to a string. -31 * The 3rd parameter is the length of the string. -32 * -33 * As you will see below, sometimes it's necessary to use -34 * preprocessor stuff to create code that works for different -35 * kernel versions. The (naive) approach we've taken here does not -36 * scale well. The right way to deal with this is described in -37 * section 2 of -38 * linux/Documentation/SubmittingPatches -39 */ -40 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, /* The tty itself */ -41 str, /* String */ -42 strlen(str)); /* Length */ +17 /* If my_tty is NULL, the current task has no tty you can print to (i.e., +18 * if it is a daemon). If so, there is nothing we can do. +19 */ +20 if (my_tty) { +21 const struct tty_operations *ttyops = my_tty->driver->ops; +22 /* my_tty->driver is a struct which holds the tty's functions, +23 * one of which (write) is used to write strings to the tty. +24 * It can be used to take a string either from the user's or +25 * kernel's memory segment. +26 * +27 * The function's 1st parameter is the tty to write to, because the +28 * same function would normally be used for all tty's of a certain +29 * type. +30 * The 2nd parameter is a pointer to a string. +31 * The 3rd parameter is the length of the string. +32 * +33 * As you will see below, sometimes it's necessary to use +34 * preprocessor stuff to create code that works for different +35 * kernel versions. The (naive) approach we've taken here does not +36 * scale well. The right way to deal with this is described in +37 * section 2 of +38 * linux/Documentation/SubmittingPatches +39 */ +40 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, /* The tty itself */ +41 str, /* String */ +42 strlen(str)); /* Length */ 43 -44 /* ttys were originally hardware devices, which (usually) strictly -45 * followed the ASCII standard. In ASCII, to move to a new line you -46 * need two characters, a carriage return and a line feed. On Unix, -47 * the ASCII line feed is used for both purposes - so we can not -48 * just use \n, because it would not have a carriage return and the -49 * next line will start at the column right after the line feed. -50 * -51 * This is why text files are different between Unix and MS Windows. -52 * In CP/M and derivatives, like MS-DOS and MS Windows, the ASCII -53 * standard was strictly adhered to, and therefore a newline requires -54 * both a LF and a CR. -55 */ -56 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, "\015\012", 2); +44 /* ttys were originally hardware devices, which (usually) strictly +45 * followed the ASCII standard. In ASCII, to move to a new line you +46 * need two characters, a carriage return and a line feed. On Unix, +47 * the ASCII line feed is used for both purposes - so we can not +48 * just use \n, because it would not have a carriage return and the +49 * next line will start at the column right after the line feed. +50 * +51 * This is why text files are different between Unix and MS Windows. +52 * In CP/M and derivatives, like MS-DOS and MS Windows, the ASCII +53 * standard was strictly adhered to, and therefore a newline requires +54 * both a LF and a CR. +55 */ +56 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, "\015\012", 2); 57 } 58} 59 -60static int __init print_string_init(void) +60static int __init print_string_init(void) 61{ -62 print_string("The module has been inserted. Hello world!"); -63 return 0; +62 print_string("The module has been inserted. Hello world!"); +63 return 0; 64} 65 -66static void __exit print_string_exit(void) +66static void __exit print_string_exit(void) 67{ -68 print_string("The module has been removed. Farewell world!"); +68 print_string("The module has been removed. Farewell world!"); 69} 70 71module_init(print_string_init); 72module_exit(print_string_exit); 73 -74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
13.2 Flashing keyboard LEDs
@@ -4771,39 +4771,39 @@1 and
data
fields, providing the attacker with a way to use return-oriented programming (ROP) to call arbitrary functions within the kernel. Also, the function prototype of the callback, -containing aunsigned long +containing a
unsigned long
argument, will prevent work from any type checking. Furthermore, the function prototype -withunsigned long +with
unsigned long
argument may be an obstacle to the forward-edge protection of control-flow integrity. Thus, it is better to use a unique prototype to separate from the cluster that takes an -unsigned long +
unsigned long
argument. The timer callback should be passed a pointer to thetimer_list -
structure rather than anunsigned long +
structure rather than anunsigned long
argument. Then, it wraps all the information the callback needs, including thetimer_list
structure, into a larger structure, and it can use thecontainer_of -
macro instead of theunsigned long +
macro instead of theunsigned long
value. For more information see: Improving the kernel timers API.Before Linux v4.14,
-setup_timer
was used to initialize the timer and thetimer_list
structure looked like:1struct timer_list { -2 unsigned long expires; -3 void (*function)(unsigned long); -4 unsigned long data; +1struct timer_list { +2 unsigned long expires; +3 void (*function)(unsigned long); +4 unsigned long data; 5 u32 flags; -6 /* ... */ +6 /* ... */ 7}; 8 -9void setup_timer(struct timer_list *timer, void (*callback)(unsigned long), -10 unsigned long data);+9void setup_timer(struct timer_list *timer, void (*callback)(unsigned long), +10 unsigned long data);Since Linux v4.14,
-timer_setup
is adopted and the kernel step by step converting totimer_setup @@ -4813,63 +4813,63 @@
was implemented by1
setup_timer
at first.1void timer_setup(struct timer_list *timer, -2 void (*callback)(struct timer_list *), unsigned int flags);+1void timer_setup(struct timer_list *timer, +2 void (*callback)(struct timer_list *), unsigned int flags);The
-setup_timer
was then removed since v4.15. As a result, thetimer_list
structure had changed to the following.1struct timer_list { -2 unsigned long expires; -3 void (*function)(struct timer_list *); +1struct timer_list { +2 unsigned long expires; +3 void (*function)(struct timer_list *); 4 u32 flags; -5 /* ... */ +5 /* ... */ 6};The following source code illustrates a minimal kernel module which, when loaded, starts blinking the keyboard LEDs until it is unloaded.
-
1/* -2 * kbleds.c - Blink keyboard leds until the module is unloaded. -3 */ +1/* +2 * kbleds.c - Blink keyboard leds until the module is unloaded. +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/init.h> -6#include <linux/kd.h> /* For KDSETLED */ -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/tty.h> /* For tty_struct */ -9#include <linux/vt.h> /* For MAX_NR_CONSOLES */ -10#include <linux/vt_kern.h> /* for fg_console */ -11#include <linux/console_struct.h> /* For vc_cons */ +5#include <linux/init.h> +6#include <linux/kd.h> /* For KDSETLED */ +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/tty.h> /* For tty_struct */ +9#include <linux/vt.h> /* For MAX_NR_CONSOLES */ +10#include <linux/vt_kern.h> /* for fg_console */ +11#include <linux/console_struct.h> /* For vc_cons */ 12 -13MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Example module illustrating the use of Keyboard LEDs."); +13MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Example module illustrating the use of Keyboard LEDs."); 14 -15static struct timer_list my_timer; -16static struct tty_driver *my_driver; -17static unsigned long kbledstatus = 0; +15static struct timer_list my_timer; +16static struct tty_driver *my_driver; +17static unsigned long kbledstatus = 0; 18 -19#define BLINK_DELAY HZ / 5 -20#define ALL_LEDS_ON 0x07 -21#define RESTORE_LEDS 0xFF +19#define BLINK_DELAY HZ / 5 +20#define ALL_LEDS_ON 0x07 +21#define RESTORE_LEDS 0xFF 22 -23/* Function my_timer_func blinks the keyboard LEDs periodically by invoking -24 * command KDSETLED of ioctl() on the keyboard driver. To learn more on virtual -25 * terminal ioctl operations, please see file: -26 * drivers/tty/vt/vt_ioctl.c, function vt_ioctl(). -27 * -28 * The argument to KDSETLED is alternatively set to 7 (thus causing the led -29 * mode to be set to LED_SHOW_IOCTL, and all the leds are lit) and to 0xFF -30 * (any value above 7 switches back the led mode to LED_SHOW_FLAGS, thus -31 * the LEDs reflect the actual keyboard status). To learn more on this, -32 * please see file: drivers/tty/vt/keyboard.c, function setledstate(). -33 */ -34static void my_timer_func(struct timer_list *unused) +23/* Function my_timer_func blinks the keyboard LEDs periodically by invoking +24 * command KDSETLED of ioctl() on the keyboard driver. To learn more on virtual +25 * terminal ioctl operations, please see file: +26 * drivers/tty/vt/vt_ioctl.c, function vt_ioctl(). +27 * +28 * The argument to KDSETLED is alternatively set to 7 (thus causing the led +29 * mode to be set to LED_SHOW_IOCTL, and all the leds are lit) and to 0xFF +30 * (any value above 7 switches back the led mode to LED_SHOW_FLAGS, thus +31 * the LEDs reflect the actual keyboard status). To learn more on this, +32 * please see file: drivers/tty/vt/keyboard.c, function setledstate(). +33 */ +34static void my_timer_func(struct timer_list *unused) 35{ -36 struct tty_struct *t = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty; +36 struct tty_struct *t = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty; 37 -38 if (kbledstatus == ALL_LEDS_ON) +38 if (kbledstatus == ALL_LEDS_ON) 39 kbledstatus = RESTORE_LEDS; -40 else +40 else 41 kbledstatus = ALL_LEDS_ON; 42 43 (my_driver->ops->ioctl)(t, KDSETLED, kbledstatus); @@ -4878,34 +4878,34 @@+85MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");1 46 add_timer(&my_timer); 47} 48 -49static int __init kbleds_init(void) +49static int __init kbleds_init(void) 50{ -51 int i; +51 int i; 52 -53 pr_info("kbleds: loading\n"); -54 pr_info("kbleds: fgconsole is %x\n", fg_console); -55 for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_CONSOLES; i++) { -56 if (!vc_cons[i].d) -57 break; -58 pr_info("poet_atkm: console[%i/%i] #%i, tty %p\n", i, MAX_NR_CONSOLES, -59 vc_cons[i].d->vc_num, (void *)vc_cons[i].d->port.tty); +53 pr_info("kbleds: loading\n"); +54 pr_info("kbleds: fgconsole is %x\n", fg_console); +55 for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_CONSOLES; i++) { +56 if (!vc_cons[i].d) +57 break; +58 pr_info("poet_atkm: console[%i/%i] #%i, tty %p\n", i, MAX_NR_CONSOLES, +59 vc_cons[i].d->vc_num, (void *)vc_cons[i].d->port.tty); 60 } -61 pr_info("kbleds: finished scanning consoles\n"); +61 pr_info("kbleds: finished scanning consoles\n"); 62 63 my_driver = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty->driver; -64 pr_info("kbleds: tty driver name %s\n", my_driver->driver_name); +64 pr_info("kbleds: tty driver name %s\n", my_driver->driver_name); 65 -66 /* Set up the LED blink timer the first time. */ +66 /* Set up the LED blink timer the first time. */ 67 timer_setup(&my_timer, my_timer_func, 0); 68 my_timer.expires = jiffies + BLINK_DELAY; 69 add_timer(&my_timer); 70 -71 return 0; +71 return 0; 72} 73 -74static void __exit kbleds_cleanup(void) +74static void __exit kbleds_cleanup(void) 75{ -76 pr_info("kbleds: unloading...\n"); +76 pr_info("kbleds: unloading...\n"); 77 del_timer(&my_timer); 78 (my_driver->ops->ioctl)(vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty, KDSETLED, 79 RESTORE_LEDS); @@ -4914,7 +4914,7 @@
1 82module_init(kbleds_init); 83module_exit(kbleds_cleanup); 84 -85MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
If none of the examples in this chapter fit your debugging needs, there might yet be some other tricks to try. Ever wondered what
CONFIG_LL_DEBUG @@ -4956,50 +4956,50 @@
14.1 softirq.
-
1/* -2 * example_tasklet.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/delay.h> -5#include <linux/interrupt.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/printk.h> +1/* +2 * example_tasklet.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/delay.h> +5#include <linux/interrupt.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/printk.h> 8 -9/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibility. -10 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ -11 */ -12#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD -13#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) -14#endif +9/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibility. +10 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ +11 */ +12#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD +13#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) +14#endif 15 -16static void tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) +16static void tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) 17{ -18 pr_info("Example tasklet starts\n"); +18 pr_info("Example tasklet starts\n"); 19 mdelay(5000); -20 pr_info("Example tasklet ends\n"); +20 pr_info("Example tasklet ends\n"); 21} 22 -23static DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(mytask, tasklet_fn); +23static DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(mytask, tasklet_fn); 24 -25static int __init example_tasklet_init(void) +25static int __init example_tasklet_init(void) 26{ -27 pr_info("tasklet example init\n"); +27 pr_info("tasklet example init\n"); 28 tasklet_schedule(&mytask); 29 mdelay(200); -30 pr_info("Example tasklet init continues...\n"); -31 return 0; +30 pr_info("Example tasklet init continues...\n"); +31 return 0; 32} 33 -34static void __exit example_tasklet_exit(void) +34static void __exit example_tasklet_exit(void) 35{ -36 pr_info("tasklet example exit\n"); +36 pr_info("tasklet example exit\n"); 37 tasklet_kill(&mytask); 38} 39 40module_init(example_tasklet_init); 41module_exit(example_tasklet_exit); 42 -43MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Tasklet example"); -44MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+43MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Tasklet example"); +44MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");So with this example loaded
dmesg
should show: @@ -5032,30 +5032,30 @@14.2
-
1/* -2 * sched.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/workqueue.h> +1/* +2 * sched.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/workqueue.h> 7 -8static struct workqueue_struct *queue = NULL; -9static struct work_struct work; +8static struct workqueue_struct *queue = NULL; +9static struct work_struct work; 10 -11static void work_handler(struct work_struct *data) +11static void work_handler(struct work_struct *data) 12{ -13 pr_info("work handler function.\n"); +13 pr_info("work handler function.\n"); 14} 15 -16static int __init sched_init(void) +16static int __init sched_init(void) 17{ -18 queue = alloc_workqueue("HELLOWORLD", WQ_UNBOUND, 1); +18 queue = alloc_workqueue("HELLOWORLD", WQ_UNBOUND, 1); 19 INIT_WORK(&work, work_handler); 20 queue_work(queue, &work); -21 return 0; +21 return 0; 22} 23 -24static void __exit sched_exit(void) +24static void __exit sched_exit(void) 25{ 26 destroy_workqueue(queue); 27} @@ -5063,8 +5063,8 @@14.2
15 Interrupt Handlers
@@ -5158,115 +5158,115 @@
-
1/* -2 * intrpt.c - Handling GPIO with interrupts -3 * -4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) -5 * from: -6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples -7 * -8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off. -9 */ +1/* +2 * intrpt.c - Handling GPIO with interrupts +3 * +4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) +5 * from: +6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples +7 * +8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off. +9 */ 10 -11#include <linux/gpio.h> -12#include <linux/interrupt.h> -13#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for ARRAY_SIZE() */ -14#include <linux/module.h> -15#include <linux/printk.h> +11#include <linux/gpio.h> +12#include <linux/interrupt.h> +13#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for ARRAY_SIZE() */ +14#include <linux/module.h> +15#include <linux/printk.h> 16 -17static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; +17static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; 18 -19/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -20 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -21 */ -22static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; +19/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +20 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +21 */ +22static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; 23 -24/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS -25 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -26 */ -27static struct gpio buttons[] = { { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, -28 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" } }; +24/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS +25 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +26 */ +27static struct gpio buttons[] = { { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, +28 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" } }; 29 -30/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed. */ -31static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) +30/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed. */ +31static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) 32{ -33 /* first button */ -34 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +33 /* first button */ +34 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 35 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 1); -36 /* second button */ -37 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +36 /* second button */ +37 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 38 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); 39 -40 return IRQ_HANDLED; +40 return IRQ_HANDLED; 41} 42 -43static int __init intrpt_init(void) +43static int __init intrpt_init(void) 44{ -45 int ret = 0; +45 int ret = 0; 46 -47 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +47 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 48 -49 /* register LED gpios */ +49 /* register LED gpios */ 50 ret = gpio_request_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 51 -52 if (ret) { -53 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); -54 return ret; +52 if (ret) { +53 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); +54 return ret; 55 } 56 -57 /* register BUTTON gpios */ +57 /* register BUTTON gpios */ 58 ret = gpio_request_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 59 -60 if (ret) { -61 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -62 goto fail1; +60 if (ret) { +61 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +62 goto fail1; 63 } 64 -65 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); +65 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); 66 67 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[0].gpio); 68 -69 if (ret < 0) { -70 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -71 goto fail2; +69 if (ret < 0) { +70 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +71 goto fail2; 72 } 73 74 button_irqs[0] = ret; 75 -76 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); +76 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); 77 78 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[0], button_isr, 79 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -80 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); +80 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); 81 -82 if (ret) { -83 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -84 goto fail2; +82 if (ret) { +83 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +84 goto fail2; 85 } 86 87 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); 88 -89 if (ret < 0) { -90 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -91 goto fail2; +89 if (ret < 0) { +90 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +91 goto fail2; 92 } 93 94 button_irqs[1] = ret; 95 -96 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); +96 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); 97 98 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[1], button_isr, 99 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -100 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); +100 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); 101 -102 if (ret) { -103 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -104 goto fail3; +102 if (ret) { +103 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +104 goto fail3; 105 } 106 -107 return 0; +107 return 0; 108 -109/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ +109/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ 110fail3: 111 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 112 @@ -5276,24 +5276,24 @@+144MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +145MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Handle some GPIO interrupts");116fail1: 117 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 118 -119 return ret; +119 return ret; 120} 121 -122static void __exit intrpt_exit(void) +122static void __exit intrpt_exit(void) 123{ -124 int i; +124 int i; 125 -126 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +126 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 127 -128 /* free irqs */ +128 /* free irqs */ 129 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 130 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); 131 -132 /* turn all LEDs off */ -133 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) +132 /* turn all LEDs off */ +133 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) 134 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); 135 -136 /* unregister */ +136 /* unregister */ 137 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 138 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 139} @@ -5301,8 +5301,8 @@
141module_init(intrpt_init); 142module_exit(intrpt_exit); 143 -144MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -145MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Handle some GPIO interrupts");
@@ -5317,138 +5317,138 @@
15.3
-
1/* -2 * bottomhalf.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling -3 * -4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) -5 * from: -6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples -7 * -8 * Press one button to turn on an LED and another to turn it off -9 */ +1/* +2 * bottomhalf.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling +3 * +4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) +5 * from: +6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples +7 * +8 * Press one button to turn on an LED and another to turn it off +9 */ 10 -11#include <linux/delay.h> -12#include <linux/gpio.h> -13#include <linux/interrupt.h> -14#include <linux/module.h> -15#include <linux/printk.h> -16#include <linux/init.h> +11#include <linux/delay.h> +12#include <linux/gpio.h> +13#include <linux/interrupt.h> +14#include <linux/module.h> +15#include <linux/printk.h> +16#include <linux/init.h> 17 -18/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibility. -19 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ -20 */ -21#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD -22#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) -23#endif +18/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibility. +19 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ +20 */ +21#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD +22#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) +23#endif 24 -25static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; +25static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; 26 -27/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -28 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -29 */ -30static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; +27/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +28 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +29 */ +30static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; 31 -32/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS -33 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -34 */ -35static struct gpio buttons[] = { -36 { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, -37 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" }, +32/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS +33 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +34 */ +35static struct gpio buttons[] = { +36 { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, +37 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" }, 38}; 39 -40/* Tasklet containing some non-trivial amount of processing */ -41static void bottomhalf_tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) +40/* Tasklet containing some non-trivial amount of processing */ +41static void bottomhalf_tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) 42{ -43 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet starts\n"); -44 /* do something which takes a while */ +43 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet starts\n"); +44 /* do something which takes a while */ 45 mdelay(500); -46 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet ends\n"); +46 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet ends\n"); 47} 48 -49static DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(buttontask, bottomhalf_tasklet_fn); +49static DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(buttontask, bottomhalf_tasklet_fn); 50 -51/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed */ -52static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) +51/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed */ +52static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) 53{ -54 /* Do something quickly right now */ -55 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +54 /* Do something quickly right now */ +55 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 56 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 1); -57 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +57 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 58 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); 59 -60 /* Do the rest at leisure via the scheduler */ +60 /* Do the rest at leisure via the scheduler */ 61 tasklet_schedule(&buttontask); 62 -63 return IRQ_HANDLED; +63 return IRQ_HANDLED; 64} 65 -66static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) +66static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) 67{ -68 int ret = 0; +68 int ret = 0; 69 -70 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +70 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 71 -72 /* register LED gpios */ +72 /* register LED gpios */ 73 ret = gpio_request_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 74 -75 if (ret) { -76 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); -77 return ret; +75 if (ret) { +76 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); +77 return ret; 78 } 79 -80 /* register BUTTON gpios */ +80 /* register BUTTON gpios */ 81 ret = gpio_request_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 82 -83 if (ret) { -84 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -85 goto fail1; +83 if (ret) { +84 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +85 goto fail1; 86 } 87 -88 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); +88 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); 89 90 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[0].gpio); 91 -92 if (ret < 0) { -93 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -94 goto fail2; +92 if (ret < 0) { +93 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +94 goto fail2; 95 } 96 97 button_irqs[0] = ret; 98 -99 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); +99 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); 100 101 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[0], button_isr, 102 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -103 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); +103 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); 104 -105 if (ret) { -106 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -107 goto fail2; +105 if (ret) { +106 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +107 goto fail2; 108 } 109 110 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); 111 -112 if (ret < 0) { -113 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -114 goto fail2; +112 if (ret < 0) { +113 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +114 goto fail2; 115 } 116 117 button_irqs[1] = ret; 118 -119 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); +119 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); 120 121 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[1], button_isr, 122 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -123 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); +123 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); 124 -125 if (ret) { -126 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -127 goto fail3; +125 if (ret) { +126 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +127 goto fail3; 128 } 129 -130 return 0; +130 return 0; 131 -132/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ +132/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ 133fail3: 134 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 135 @@ -5458,24 +5458,24 @@+167MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +168MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");15.3 139fail1: 140 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 141 -142 return ret; +142 return ret; 143} 144 -145static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) +145static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) 146{ -147 int i; +147 int i; 148 -149 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +149 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 150 -151 /* free irqs */ +151 /* free irqs */ 152 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 153 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); 154 -155 /* turn all LEDs off */ -156 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) +155 /* turn all LEDs off */ +156 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) 157 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); 158 -159 /* unregister */ +159 /* unregister */ 160 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 161 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 162} @@ -5483,8 +5483,8 @@
15.3 164module_init(bottomhalf_init); 165module_exit(bottomhalf_exit); 166 -167MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -168MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");
15.4 Threaded IRQ
@@ -5509,121 +5509,121 @@15.4
-
1/* -2 * bh_thread.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling -3 * -4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) -5 * from: -6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples -7 * -8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off -9 */ +1/* +2 * bh_thread.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling +3 * +4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) +5 * from: +6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples +7 * +8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off +9 */ 10 -11#include <linux/module.h> -12#include <linux/kernel.h> -13#include <linux/gpio.h> -14#include <linux/delay.h> -15#include <linux/interrupt.h> +11#include <linux/module.h> +12#include <linux/kernel.h> +13#include <linux/gpio.h> +14#include <linux/delay.h> +15#include <linux/interrupt.h> 16 -17static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; +17static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; 18 -19/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -20 * FIXME: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -21 */ -22static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; +19/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +20 * FIXME: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +21 */ +22static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; 23 -24/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS -25 * FIXME: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -26 */ -27static struct gpio buttons[] = { -28 { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, -29 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" }, +24/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS +25 * FIXME: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +26 */ +27static struct gpio buttons[] = { +28 { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, +29 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" }, 30}; 31 -32/* This happens immediately, when the IRQ is triggered */ -33static irqreturn_t button_top_half(int irq, void *ident) +32/* This happens immediately, when the IRQ is triggered */ +33static irqreturn_t button_top_half(int irq, void *ident) 34{ -35 return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD; +35 return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD; 36} 37 -38/* This can happen at leisure, freeing up IRQs for other high priority task */ -39static irqreturn_t button_bottom_half(int irq, void *ident) +38/* This can happen at leisure, freeing up IRQs for other high priority task */ +39static irqreturn_t button_bottom_half(int irq, void *ident) 40{ -41 pr_info("Bottom half task starts\n"); -42 mdelay(500); /* do something which takes a while */ -43 pr_info("Bottom half task ends\n"); -44 return IRQ_HANDLED; +41 pr_info("Bottom half task starts\n"); +42 mdelay(500); /* do something which takes a while */ +43 pr_info("Bottom half task ends\n"); +44 return IRQ_HANDLED; 45} 46 -47static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) +47static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) 48{ -49 int ret = 0; +49 int ret = 0; 50 -51 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +51 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 52 -53 /* register LED gpios */ +53 /* register LED gpios */ 54 ret = gpio_request_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 55 -56 if (ret) { -57 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); -58 return ret; +56 if (ret) { +57 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); +58 return ret; 59 } 60 -61 /* register BUTTON gpios */ +61 /* register BUTTON gpios */ 62 ret = gpio_request_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 63 -64 if (ret) { -65 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -66 goto fail1; +64 if (ret) { +65 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +66 goto fail1; 67 } 68 -69 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); +69 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); 70 71 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[0].gpio); 72 -73 if (ret < 0) { -74 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -75 goto fail2; +73 if (ret < 0) { +74 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +75 goto fail2; 76 } 77 78 button_irqs[0] = ret; 79 -80 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); +80 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); 81 82 ret = request_threaded_irq(button_irqs[0], button_top_half, 83 button_bottom_half, 84 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -85 "gpiomod#button1", &buttons[0]); +85 "gpiomod#button1", &buttons[0]); 86 -87 if (ret) { -88 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -89 goto fail2; +87 if (ret) { +88 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +89 goto fail2; 90 } 91 92 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); 93 -94 if (ret < 0) { -95 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -96 goto fail2; +94 if (ret < 0) { +95 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +96 goto fail2; 97 } 98 99 button_irqs[1] = ret; 100 -101 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); +101 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); 102 103 ret = request_threaded_irq(button_irqs[1], button_top_half, 104 button_bottom_half, 105 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -106 "gpiomod#button2", &buttons[1]); +106 "gpiomod#button2", &buttons[1]); 107 -108 if (ret) { -109 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -110 goto fail3; +108 if (ret) { +109 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +110 goto fail3; 111 } 112 -113 return 0; +113 return 0; 114 -115/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ +115/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ 116fail3: 117 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 118 @@ -5633,24 +5633,24 @@+150MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +151MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");15.4 122fail1: 123 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 124 -125 return ret; +125 return ret; 126} 127 -128static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) +128static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) 129{ -130 int i; +130 int i; 131 -132 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +132 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 133 -134 /* free irqs */ +134 /* free irqs */ 135 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 136 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); 137 -138 /* turn all LEDs off */ -139 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) +138 /* turn all LEDs off */ +139 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) 140 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); 141 -142 /* unregister */ +142 /* unregister */ 143 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 144 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 145} @@ -5658,8 +5658,8 @@
15.4 147module_init(bottomhalf_init); 148module_exit(bottomhalf_exit); 149 -150MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -151MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");
A threaded IRQ is registered using
request_threaded_irq()
. This function only takes one additional parameter than therequest_irq() @@ -5718,22 +5718,22 @@
will add a new device to the list of support virtual input devices.
-
1int init(struct vinput *);-This function is passed a
struct vinput -
already initialized with an allocatedstruct input_dev +
1int init(struct vinput *);+This function is passed a
struct vinput +
already initialized with an allocatedstruct input_dev
. Theinit()
function is responsible for initializing the capabilities of the input device and register it.-
1int send(struct vinput *, char *, int);+1int send(struct vinput *, char *, int);This function will receive a user string to interpret and inject the event using the
input_report_XXXX
orinput_event
call. The string is already copied from user.-
1int read(struct vinput *, char *, int);+1int read(struct vinput *, char *, int);This function is used for debugging and should fill the buffer parameter with the last event sent in the virtual input device format. The buffer will then be copied to user. @@ -5744,12 +5744,12 @@
structure is similar to other attribute types we talked about in section 8:
-
1struct class_attribute { -2 struct attribute attr; -3 ssize_t (*show)(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, -4 char *buf); -5 ssize_t (*store)(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, -6 const char *buf, size_t count); +1struct class_attribute { +2 struct attribute attr; +3 ssize_t (*show)(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, +4 char *buf); +5 ssize_t (*store)(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, +6 const char *buf, size_t count); 7};@@ -5760,227 +5760,227 @@structures which are named class_attr_export/unexport. Then, put them into
vinput_class_attrs
array and the macroATTRIBUTE_GROUPS(vinput_class) -
will generate thestruct attribute_group vinput_class_group +
will generate thestruct attribute_group vinput_class_group
that should be assigned invinput_class
. Finally, callclass_register(&vinput_class)
to create attributes in sysfs.To create a vinputX sysfs entry and /dev node.
-
1echo "vkbd" | sudo tee /sys/class/vinput/export+1echo "vkbd" | sudo tee /sys/class/vinput/exportTo unexport the device, just echo its id in unexport:
-
1echo "0" | sudo tee /sys/class/vinput/unexport+1echo "0" | sudo tee /sys/class/vinput/unexport-
1/* -2 * vinput.h -3 */ +1/* +2 * vinput.h +3 */ 4 -5#ifndef VINPUT_H -6#define VINPUT_H +5#ifndef VINPUT_H +6#define VINPUT_H 7 -8#include <linux/input.h> -9#include <linux/spinlock.h> +8#include <linux/input.h> +9#include <linux/spinlock.h> 10 -11#define VINPUT_MAX_LEN 128 -12#define MAX_VINPUT 32 -13#define VINPUT_MINORS MAX_VINPUT +11#define VINPUT_MAX_LEN 128 +12#define MAX_VINPUT 32 +13#define VINPUT_MINORS MAX_VINPUT 14 -15#define dev_to_vinput(dev) container_of(dev, struct vinput, dev) +15#define dev_to_vinput(dev) container_of(dev, struct vinput, dev) 16 -17struct vinput_device; +17struct vinput_device; 18 -19struct vinput { -20 long id; -21 long devno; -22 long last_entry; +19struct vinput { +20 long id; +21 long devno; +22 long last_entry; 23 spinlock_t lock; 24 -25 void *priv_data; +25 void *priv_data; 26 -27 struct device dev; -28 struct list_head list; -29 struct input_dev *input; -30 struct vinput_device *type; +27 struct device dev; +28 struct list_head list; +29 struct input_dev *input; +30 struct vinput_device *type; 31}; 32 -33struct vinput_ops { -34 int (*init)(struct vinput *); -35 int (*kill)(struct vinput *); -36 int (*send)(struct vinput *, char *, int); -37 int (*read)(struct vinput *, char *, int); +33struct vinput_ops { +34 int (*init)(struct vinput *); +35 int (*kill)(struct vinput *); +36 int (*send)(struct vinput *, char *, int); +37 int (*read)(struct vinput *, char *, int); 38}; 39 -40struct vinput_device { -41 char name[16]; -42 struct list_head list; -43 struct vinput_ops *ops; +40struct vinput_device { +41 char name[16]; +42 struct list_head list; +43 struct vinput_ops *ops; 44}; 45 -46int vinput_register(struct vinput_device *dev); -47void vinput_unregister(struct vinput_device *dev); +46int vinput_register(struct vinput_device *dev); +47void vinput_unregister(struct vinput_device *dev); 48 -49#endif+49#endif-
1/* -2 * vinput.c -3 */ +1/* +2 * vinput.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/cdev.h> -6#include <linux/input.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/slab.h> -9#include <linux/spinlock.h> -10#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/cdev.h> +6#include <linux/input.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/slab.h> +9#include <linux/spinlock.h> +10#include <linux/version.h> 11 -12#include <asm/uaccess.h> +12#include <asm/uaccess.h> 13 -14#include "vinput.h" +14#include "vinput.h" 15 -16#define DRIVER_NAME "vinput" +16#define DRIVER_NAME "vinput" 17 -18#define dev_to_vinput(dev) container_of(dev, struct vinput, dev) +18#define dev_to_vinput(dev) container_of(dev, struct vinput, dev) 19 -20static DECLARE_BITMAP(vinput_ids, VINPUT_MINORS); +20static DECLARE_BITMAP(vinput_ids, VINPUT_MINORS); 21 -22static LIST_HEAD(vinput_devices); -23static LIST_HEAD(vinput_vdevices); +22static LIST_HEAD(vinput_devices); +23static LIST_HEAD(vinput_vdevices); 24 -25static int vinput_dev; -26static struct spinlock vinput_lock; -27static struct class vinput_class; +25static int vinput_dev; +26static struct spinlock vinput_lock; +27static struct class vinput_class; 28 -29/* Search the name of vinput device in the vinput_devices linked list, -30 * which added at vinput_register(). -31 */ -32static struct vinput_device *vinput_get_device_by_type(const char *type) +29/* Search the name of vinput device in the vinput_devices linked list, +30 * which added at vinput_register(). +31 */ +32static struct vinput_device *vinput_get_device_by_type(const char *type) 33{ -34 int found = 0; -35 struct vinput_device *vinput; -36 struct list_head *curr; +34 int found = 0; +35 struct vinput_device *vinput; +36 struct list_head *curr; 37 38 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 39 list_for_each (curr, &vinput_devices) { -40 vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput_device, list); -41 if (vinput && strncmp(type, vinput->name, strlen(vinput->name)) == 0) { +40 vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput_device, list); +41 if (vinput && strncmp(type, vinput->name, strlen(vinput->name)) == 0) { 42 found = 1; -43 break; +43 break; 44 } 45 } 46 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 47 -48 if (found) -49 return vinput; -50 return ERR_PTR(-ENODEV); +48 if (found) +49 return vinput; +50 return ERR_PTR(-ENODEV); 51} 52 -53/* Search the id of virtual device in the vinput_vdevices linked list, -54 * which added at vinput_alloc_vdevice(). -55 */ -56static struct vinput *vinput_get_vdevice_by_id(long id) +53/* Search the id of virtual device in the vinput_vdevices linked list, +54 * which added at vinput_alloc_vdevice(). +55 */ +56static struct vinput *vinput_get_vdevice_by_id(long id) 57{ -58 struct vinput *vinput = NULL; -59 struct list_head *curr; +58 struct vinput *vinput = NULL; +59 struct list_head *curr; 60 61 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 62 list_for_each (curr, &vinput_vdevices) { -63 vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput, list); -64 if (vinput && vinput->id == id) -65 break; +63 vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput, list); +64 if (vinput && vinput->id == id) +65 break; 66 } 67 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 68 -69 if (vinput && vinput->id == id) -70 return vinput; -71 return ERR_PTR(-ENODEV); +69 if (vinput && vinput->id == id) +70 return vinput; +71 return ERR_PTR(-ENODEV); 72} 73 -74static int vinput_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +74static int vinput_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 75{ -76 int err = 0; -77 struct vinput *vinput = NULL; +76 int err = 0; +77 struct vinput *vinput = NULL; 78 79 vinput = vinput_get_vdevice_by_id(iminor(inode)); 80 -81 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) +81 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) 82 err = PTR_ERR(vinput); -83 else +83 else 84 file->private_data = vinput; 85 -86 return err; +86 return err; 87} 88 -89static int vinput_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +89static int vinput_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 90{ -91 return 0; +91 return 0; 92} 93 -94static ssize_t vinput_read(struct file *file, char __user *buffer, size_t count, +94static ssize_t vinput_read(struct file *file, char __user *buffer, size_t count, 95 loff_t *offset) 96{ -97 int len; -98 char buff[VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1]; -99 struct vinput *vinput = file->private_data; +97 int len; +98 char buff[VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1]; +99 struct vinput *vinput = file->private_data; 100 101 len = vinput->type->ops->read(vinput, buff, count); 102 -103 if (*offset > len) +103 if (*offset > len) 104 count = 0; -105 else if (count + *offset > VINPUT_MAX_LEN) +105 else if (count + *offset > VINPUT_MAX_LEN) 106 count = len - *offset; 107 -108 if (raw_copy_to_user(buffer, buff + *offset, count)) -109 return -EFAULT; +108 if (raw_copy_to_user(buffer, buff + *offset, count)) +109 return -EFAULT; 110 111 *offset += count; 112 -113 return count; +113 return count; 114} 115 -116static ssize_t vinput_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, -117 size_t count, loff_t *offset) +116static ssize_t vinput_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, +117 size_t count, loff_t *offset) 118{ -119 char buff[VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1]; -120 struct vinput *vinput = file->private_data; +119 char buff[VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1]; +120 struct vinput *vinput = file->private_data; 121 -122 memset(buff, 0, sizeof(char) * (VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1)); +122 memset(buff, 0, sizeof(char) * (VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1)); 123 -124 if (count > VINPUT_MAX_LEN) { -125 dev_warn(&vinput->dev, "Too long. %d bytes allowed\n", VINPUT_MAX_LEN); -126 return -EINVAL; +124 if (count > VINPUT_MAX_LEN) { +125 dev_warn(&vinput->dev, "Too long. %d bytes allowed\n", VINPUT_MAX_LEN); +126 return -EINVAL; 127 } 128 -129 if (raw_copy_from_user(buff, buffer, count)) -130 return -EFAULT; +129 if (raw_copy_from_user(buff, buffer, count)) +130 return -EFAULT; 131 -132 return vinput->type->ops->send(vinput, buff, count); +132 return vinput->type->ops->send(vinput, buff, count); 133} 134 -135static const struct file_operations vinput_fops = { -136#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +135static const struct file_operations vinput_fops = { +136#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) 137 .owner = THIS_MODULE, -138#endif +138#endif 139 .open = vinput_open, 140 .release = vinput_release, 141 .read = vinput_read, 142 .write = vinput_write, 143}; 144 -145static void vinput_unregister_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) +145static void vinput_unregister_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) 146{ 147 input_unregister_device(vinput->input); -148 if (vinput->type->ops->kill) +148 if (vinput->type->ops->kill) 149 vinput->type->ops->kill(vinput); 150} 151 -152static void vinput_destroy_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) +152static void vinput_destroy_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) 153{ -154 /* Remove from the list first */ +154 /* Remove from the list first */ 155 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 156 list_del(&vinput->list); 157 clear_bit(vinput->id, vinput_ids); @@ -5991,24 +5991,24 @@+424MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +425MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Emulate input events");162 kfree(vinput); 163} 164 -165static void vinput_release_dev(struct device *dev) +165static void vinput_release_dev(struct device *dev) 166{ -167 struct vinput *vinput = dev_to_vinput(dev); -168 int id = vinput->id; +167 struct vinput *vinput = dev_to_vinput(dev); +168 int id = vinput->id; 169 170 vinput_destroy_vdevice(vinput); 171 -172 pr_debug("released vinput%d.\n", id); +172 pr_debug("released vinput%d.\n", id); 173} 174 -175static struct vinput *vinput_alloc_vdevice(void) +175static struct vinput *vinput_alloc_vdevice(void) 176{ -177 int err; -178 struct vinput *vinput = kzalloc(sizeof(struct vinput), GFP_KERNEL); +177 int err; +178 struct vinput *vinput = kzalloc(sizeof(struct vinput), GFP_KERNEL); 179 -180 if (!vinput) { -181 pr_err("vinput: Cannot allocate vinput input device\n"); -182 return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM); +180 if (!vinput) { +181 pr_err("vinput: Cannot allocate vinput input device\n"); +182 return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM); 183 } 184 185 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); @@ -6017,29 +6017,29 @@
188 189 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 190 vinput->id = find_first_zero_bit(vinput_ids, VINPUT_MINORS); -191 if (vinput->id >= VINPUT_MINORS) { +191 if (vinput->id >= VINPUT_MINORS) { 192 err = -ENOBUFS; -193 goto fail_id; +193 goto fail_id; 194 } 195 set_bit(vinput->id, vinput_ids); 196 list_add(&vinput->list, &vinput_vdevices); 197 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 198 -199 /* allocate the input device */ +199 /* allocate the input device */ 200 vinput->input = input_allocate_device(); -201 if (vinput->input == NULL) { -202 pr_err("vinput: Cannot allocate vinput input device\n"); +201 if (vinput->input == NULL) { +202 pr_err("vinput: Cannot allocate vinput input device\n"); 203 err = -ENOMEM; -204 goto fail_input_dev; +204 goto fail_input_dev; 205 } 206 -207 /* initialize device */ +207 /* initialize device */ 208 vinput->dev.class = &vinput_class; 209 vinput->dev.release = vinput_release_dev; 210 vinput->dev.devt = MKDEV(vinput_dev, vinput->id); -211 dev_set_name(&vinput->dev, DRIVER_NAME "%lu", vinput->id); +211 dev_set_name(&vinput->dev, DRIVER_NAME "%lu", vinput->id); 212 -213 return vinput; +213 return vinput; 214 215fail_input_dev: 216 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); @@ -6049,16 +6049,16 @@
220 module_put(THIS_MODULE); 221 kfree(vinput); 222 -223 return ERR_PTR(err); +223 return ERR_PTR(err); 224} 225 -226static int vinput_register_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) +226static int vinput_register_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) 227{ -228 int err = 0; +228 int err = 0; 229 -230 /* register the input device */ +230 /* register the input device */ 231 vinput->input->name = vinput->type->name; -232 vinput->input->phys = "vinput"; +232 vinput->input->phys = "vinput"; 233 vinput->input->dev.parent = &vinput->dev; 234 235 vinput->input->id.bustype = BUS_VIRTUAL; @@ -6068,180 +6068,180 @@
239 240 err = vinput->type->ops->init(vinput); 241 -242 if (err == 0) -243 dev_info(&vinput->dev, "Registered virtual input %s %ld\n", +242 if (err == 0) +243 dev_info(&vinput->dev, "Registered virtual input %s %ld\n", 244 vinput->type->name, vinput->id); 245 -246 return err; +246 return err; 247} 248 -249#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) -250static ssize_t export_store(const struct class *class, -251 const struct class_attribute *attr, -252#else -253static ssize_t export_store(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, -254#endif -255 const char *buf, size_t len) +249#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +250static ssize_t export_store(const struct class *class, +251 const struct class_attribute *attr, +252#else +253static ssize_t export_store(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, +254#endif +255 const char *buf, size_t len) 256{ -257 int err; -258 struct vinput *vinput; -259 struct vinput_device *device; +257 int err; +258 struct vinput *vinput; +259 struct vinput_device *device; 260 261 device = vinput_get_device_by_type(buf); -262 if (IS_ERR(device)) { -263 pr_info("vinput: This virtual device isn't registered\n"); +262 if (IS_ERR(device)) { +263 pr_info("vinput: This virtual device isn't registered\n"); 264 err = PTR_ERR(device); -265 goto fail; +265 goto fail; 266 } 267 268 vinput = vinput_alloc_vdevice(); -269 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) { +269 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) { 270 err = PTR_ERR(vinput); -271 goto fail; +271 goto fail; 272 } 273 274 vinput->type = device; 275 err = device_register(&vinput->dev); -276 if (err < 0) -277 goto fail_register; +276 if (err < 0) +277 goto fail_register; 278 279 err = vinput_register_vdevice(vinput); -280 if (err < 0) -281 goto fail_register_vinput; +280 if (err < 0) +281 goto fail_register_vinput; 282 -283 return len; +283 return len; 284 285fail_register_vinput: 286 input_free_device(vinput->input); 287 device_unregister(&vinput->dev); -288 /* avoid calling vinput_destroy_vdevice() twice */ -289 return err; +288 /* avoid calling vinput_destroy_vdevice() twice */ +289 return err; 290fail_register: 291 input_free_device(vinput->input); 292 vinput_destroy_vdevice(vinput); 293fail: -294 return err; +294 return err; 295} -296/* This macro generates class_attr_export structure and export_store() */ -297static CLASS_ATTR_WO(export); +296/* This macro generates class_attr_export structure and export_store() */ +297static CLASS_ATTR_WO(export); 298 -299#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) -300static ssize_t unexport_store(const struct class *class, -301 const struct class_attribute *attr, -302#else -303static ssize_t unexport_store(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, -304#endif -305 const char *buf, size_t len) +299#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +300static ssize_t unexport_store(const struct class *class, +301 const struct class_attribute *attr, +302#else +303static ssize_t unexport_store(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, +304#endif +305 const char *buf, size_t len) 306{ -307 int err; -308 unsigned long id; -309 struct vinput *vinput; +307 int err; +308 unsigned long id; +309 struct vinput *vinput; 310 311 err = kstrtol(buf, 10, &id); -312 if (err) { +312 if (err) { 313 err = -EINVAL; -314 goto failed; +314 goto failed; 315 } 316 317 vinput = vinput_get_vdevice_by_id(id); -318 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) { -319 pr_err("vinput: No such vinput device %ld\n", id); +318 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) { +319 pr_err("vinput: No such vinput device %ld\n", id); 320 err = PTR_ERR(vinput); -321 goto failed; +321 goto failed; 322 } 323 324 vinput_unregister_vdevice(vinput); 325 device_unregister(&vinput->dev); 326 -327 return len; +327 return len; 328failed: -329 return err; +329 return err; 330} -331/* This macro generates class_attr_unexport structure and unexport_store() */ -332static CLASS_ATTR_WO(unexport); +331/* This macro generates class_attr_unexport structure and unexport_store() */ +332static CLASS_ATTR_WO(unexport); 333 -334static struct attribute *vinput_class_attrs[] = { +334static struct attribute *vinput_class_attrs[] = { 335 &class_attr_export.attr, 336 &class_attr_unexport.attr, 337 NULL, 338}; 339 -340/* This macro generates vinput_class_groups structure */ +340/* This macro generates vinput_class_groups structure */ 341ATTRIBUTE_GROUPS(vinput_class); 342 -343static struct class vinput_class = { -344 .name = "vinput", -345#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +343static struct class vinput_class = { +344 .name = "vinput", +345#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) 346 .owner = THIS_MODULE, -347#endif +347#endif 348 .class_groups = vinput_class_groups, 349}; 350 -351int vinput_register(struct vinput_device *dev) +351int vinput_register(struct vinput_device *dev) 352{ 353 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 354 list_add(&dev->list, &vinput_devices); 355 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 356 -357 pr_info("vinput: registered new virtual input device '%s'\n", dev->name); +357 pr_info("vinput: registered new virtual input device '%s'\n", dev->name); 358 -359 return 0; +359 return 0; 360} 361EXPORT_SYMBOL(vinput_register); 362 -363void vinput_unregister(struct vinput_device *dev) +363void vinput_unregister(struct vinput_device *dev) 364{ -365 struct list_head *curr, *next; +365 struct list_head *curr, *next; 366 -367 /* Remove from the list first */ +367 /* Remove from the list first */ 368 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 369 list_del(&dev->list); 370 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 371 -372 /* unregister all devices of this type */ +372 /* unregister all devices of this type */ 373 list_for_each_safe (curr, next, &vinput_vdevices) { -374 struct vinput *vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput, list); -375 if (vinput && vinput->type == dev) { +374 struct vinput *vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput, list); +375 if (vinput && vinput->type == dev) { 376 vinput_unregister_vdevice(vinput); 377 device_unregister(&vinput->dev); 378 } 379 } 380 -381 pr_info("vinput: unregistered virtual input device '%s'\n", dev->name); +381 pr_info("vinput: unregistered virtual input device '%s'\n", dev->name); 382} 383EXPORT_SYMBOL(vinput_unregister); 384 -385static int __init vinput_init(void) +385static int __init vinput_init(void) 386{ -387 int err = 0; +387 int err = 0; 388 -389 pr_info("vinput: Loading virtual input driver\n"); +389 pr_info("vinput: Loading virtual input driver\n"); 390 391 vinput_dev = register_chrdev(0, DRIVER_NAME, &vinput_fops); -392 if (vinput_dev < 0) { -393 pr_err("vinput: Unable to allocate char dev region\n"); +392 if (vinput_dev < 0) { +393 pr_err("vinput: Unable to allocate char dev region\n"); 394 err = vinput_dev; -395 goto failed_alloc; +395 goto failed_alloc; 396 } 397 398 spin_lock_init(&vinput_lock); 399 400 err = class_register(&vinput_class); -401 if (err < 0) { -402 pr_err("vinput: Unable to register vinput class\n"); -403 goto failed_class; +401 if (err < 0) { +402 pr_err("vinput: Unable to register vinput class\n"); +403 goto failed_class; 404 } 405 -406 return 0; +406 return 0; 407failed_class: 408 unregister_chrdev(vinput_dev, DRIVER_NAME); 409failed_alloc: -410 return err; +410 return err; 411} 412 -413static void __exit vinput_end(void) +413static void __exit vinput_end(void) 414{ -415 pr_info("vinput: Unloading virtual input driver\n"); +415 pr_info("vinput: Unloading virtual input driver\n"); 416 417 unregister_chrdev(vinput_dev, DRIVER_NAME); 418 class_unregister(&vinput_class); @@ -6250,8 +6250,8 @@
421module_init(vinput_init); 422module_exit(vinput_end); 423 -424MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -425MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Emulate input events");
Here the virtual keyboard is one of example to use vinput. It supports all
KEY_MAX
keycodes. The injection format is theKEY_CODE @@ -6264,7 +6264,7 @@
= 34):
-
1echo "+34" | sudo tee /dev/vinput0+1echo "+34" | sudo tee /dev/vinput0Simulate a key release on "g" (
KEY_G
= 34):@@ -6272,111 +6272,111 @@
-
1echo "-34" | sudo tee /dev/vinput0+1echo "-34" | sudo tee /dev/vinput0-
1/* -2 * vkbd.c -3 */ +1/* +2 * vkbd.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/init.h> -6#include <linux/input.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/spinlock.h> +5#include <linux/init.h> +6#include <linux/input.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/spinlock.h> 9 -10#include "vinput.h" +10#include "vinput.h" 11 -12#define VINPUT_KBD "vkbd" -13#define VINPUT_RELEASE 0 -14#define VINPUT_PRESS 1 +12#define VINPUT_KBD "vkbd" +13#define VINPUT_RELEASE 0 +14#define VINPUT_PRESS 1 15 -16static unsigned short vkeymap[KEY_MAX]; +16static unsigned short vkeymap[KEY_MAX]; 17 -18static int vinput_vkbd_init(struct vinput *vinput) +18static int vinput_vkbd_init(struct vinput *vinput) 19{ -20 int i; +20 int i; 21 -22 /* Set up the input bitfield */ +22 /* Set up the input bitfield */ 23 vinput->input->evbit[0] = BIT_MASK(EV_KEY) | BIT_MASK(EV_REP); -24 vinput->input->keycodesize = sizeof(unsigned short); +24 vinput->input->keycodesize = sizeof(unsigned short); 25 vinput->input->keycodemax = KEY_MAX; 26 vinput->input->keycode = vkeymap; 27 -28 for (i = 0; i < KEY_MAX; i++) +28 for (i = 0; i < KEY_MAX; i++) 29 set_bit(vkeymap[i], vinput->input->keybit); 30 -31 /* vinput will help us allocate new input device structure via -32 * input_allocate_device(). So, we can register it straightforwardly. -33 */ -34 return input_register_device(vinput->input); +31 /* vinput will help us allocate new input device structure via +32 * input_allocate_device(). So, we can register it straightforwardly. +33 */ +34 return input_register_device(vinput->input); 35} 36 -37static int vinput_vkbd_read(struct vinput *vinput, char *buff, int len) +37static int vinput_vkbd_read(struct vinput *vinput, char *buff, int len) 38{ 39 spin_lock(&vinput->lock); -40 len = snprintf(buff, len, "%+ld\n", vinput->last_entry); +40 len = snprintf(buff, len, "%+ld\n", vinput->last_entry); 41 spin_unlock(&vinput->lock); 42 -43 return len; +43 return len; 44} 45 -46static int vinput_vkbd_send(struct vinput *vinput, char *buff, int len) +46static int vinput_vkbd_send(struct vinput *vinput, char *buff, int len) 47{ -48 int ret; -49 long key = 0; -50 short type = VINPUT_PRESS; +48 int ret; +49 long key = 0; +50 short type = VINPUT_PRESS; 51 -52 /* Determine which event was received (press or release) -53 * and store the state. -54 */ -55 if (buff[0] == '+') +52 /* Determine which event was received (press or release) +53 * and store the state. +54 */ +55 if (buff[0] == '+') 56 ret = kstrtol(buff + 1, 10, &key); -57 else +57 else 58 ret = kstrtol(buff, 10, &key); -59 if (ret) -60 dev_err(&vinput->dev, "error during kstrtol: -%d\n", ret); +59 if (ret) +60 dev_err(&vinput->dev, "error during kstrtol: -%d\n", ret); 61 spin_lock(&vinput->lock); 62 vinput->last_entry = key; 63 spin_unlock(&vinput->lock); 64 -65 if (key < 0) { +65 if (key < 0) { 66 type = VINPUT_RELEASE; 67 key = -key; 68 } 69 -70 dev_info(&vinput->dev, "Event %s code %ld\n", -71 (type == VINPUT_RELEASE) ? "VINPUT_RELEASE" : "VINPUT_PRESS", key); +70 dev_info(&vinput->dev, "Event %s code %ld\n", +71 (type == VINPUT_RELEASE) ? "VINPUT_RELEASE" : "VINPUT_PRESS", key); 72 -73 /* Report the state received to input subsystem. */ +73 /* Report the state received to input subsystem. */ 74 input_report_key(vinput->input, key, type); -75 /* Tell input subsystem that it finished the report. */ +75 /* Tell input subsystem that it finished the report. */ 76 input_sync(vinput->input); 77 -78 return len; +78 return len; 79} 80 -81static struct vinput_ops vkbd_ops = { +81static struct vinput_ops vkbd_ops = { 82 .init = vinput_vkbd_init, 83 .send = vinput_vkbd_send, 84 .read = vinput_vkbd_read, 85}; 86 -87static struct vinput_device vkbd_dev = { +87static struct vinput_device vkbd_dev = { 88 .name = VINPUT_KBD, 89 .ops = &vkbd_ops, 90}; 91 -92static int __init vkbd_init(void) +92static int __init vkbd_init(void) 93{ -94 int i; +94 int i; 95 -96 for (i = 0; i < KEY_MAX; i++) +96 for (i = 0; i < KEY_MAX; i++) 97 vkeymap[i] = i; -98 return vinput_register(&vkbd_dev); +98 return vinput_register(&vkbd_dev); 99} 100 -101static void __exit vkbd_end(void) +101static void __exit vkbd_end(void) 102{ 103 vinput_unregister(&vkbd_dev); 104} @@ -6384,8 +6384,8 @@+109MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +110MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Emulate keyboard input events through /dev/vinput");106module_init(vkbd_init); 107module_exit(vkbd_end); 108 -109MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -110MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Emulate keyboard input events through /dev/vinput");
17 Standardizing the interfaces: The Device Model
@@ -6397,59 +6397,59 @@
-
1/* -2 * devicemodel.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/kernel.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/platform_device.h> +1/* +2 * devicemodel.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/kernel.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/platform_device.h> 7 -8struct devicemodel_data { -9 char *greeting; -10 int number; +8struct devicemodel_data { +9 char *greeting; +10 int number; 11}; 12 -13static int devicemodel_probe(struct platform_device *dev) +13static int devicemodel_probe(struct platform_device *dev) 14{ -15 struct devicemodel_data *pd = -16 (struct devicemodel_data *)(dev->dev.platform_data); +15 struct devicemodel_data *pd = +16 (struct devicemodel_data *)(dev->dev.platform_data); 17 -18 pr_info("devicemodel probe\n"); -19 pr_info("devicemodel greeting: %s; %d\n", pd->greeting, pd->number); +18 pr_info("devicemodel probe\n"); +19 pr_info("devicemodel greeting: %s; %d\n", pd->greeting, pd->number); 20 -21 /* Your device initialization code */ +21 /* Your device initialization code */ 22 -23 return 0; +23 return 0; 24} 25 -26static int devicemodel_remove(struct platform_device *dev) +26static int devicemodel_remove(struct platform_device *dev) 27{ -28 pr_info("devicemodel example removed\n"); +28 pr_info("devicemodel example removed\n"); 29 -30 /* Your device removal code */ +30 /* Your device removal code */ 31 -32 return 0; +32 return 0; 33} 34 -35static int devicemodel_suspend(struct device *dev) +35static int devicemodel_suspend(struct device *dev) 36{ -37 pr_info("devicemodel example suspend\n"); +37 pr_info("devicemodel example suspend\n"); 38 -39 /* Your device suspend code */ +39 /* Your device suspend code */ 40 -41 return 0; +41 return 0; 42} 43 -44static int devicemodel_resume(struct device *dev) +44static int devicemodel_resume(struct device *dev) 45{ -46 pr_info("devicemodel example resume\n"); +46 pr_info("devicemodel example resume\n"); 47 -48 /* Your device resume code */ +48 /* Your device resume code */ 49 -50 return 0; +50 return 0; 51} 52 -53static const struct dev_pm_ops devicemodel_pm_ops = { +53static const struct dev_pm_ops devicemodel_pm_ops = { 54 .suspend = devicemodel_suspend, 55 .resume = devicemodel_resume, 56 .poweroff = devicemodel_suspend, @@ -6458,43 +6458,43 @@+97MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +98MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Linux Device Model example");59 .restore = devicemodel_resume, 60}; 61 -62static struct platform_driver devicemodel_driver = { +62static struct platform_driver devicemodel_driver = { 63 .driver = 64 { -65 .name = "devicemodel_example", +65 .name = "devicemodel_example", 66 .pm = &devicemodel_pm_ops, 67 }, 68 .probe = devicemodel_probe, 69 .remove = devicemodel_remove, 70}; 71 -72static int __init devicemodel_init(void) +72static int __init devicemodel_init(void) 73{ -74 int ret; +74 int ret; 75 -76 pr_info("devicemodel init\n"); +76 pr_info("devicemodel init\n"); 77 78 ret = platform_driver_register(&devicemodel_driver); 79 -80 if (ret) { -81 pr_err("Unable to register driver\n"); -82 return ret; +80 if (ret) { +81 pr_err("Unable to register driver\n"); +82 return ret; 83 } 84 -85 return 0; +85 return 0; 86} 87 -88static void __exit devicemodel_exit(void) +88static void __exit devicemodel_exit(void) 89{ -90 pr_info("devicemodel exit\n"); +90 pr_info("devicemodel exit\n"); 91 platform_driver_unregister(&devicemodel_driver); 92} 93 94module_init(devicemodel_init); 95module_exit(devicemodel_exit); 96 -97MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -98MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Linux Device Model example");
18 Optimizations
@@ -6518,10 +6518,10 @@1bvl = bvec_alloc(gfp_mask, nr_iovecs, &idx); -2if (unlikely(!bvl)) { +2if (unlikely(!bvl)) { 3 mempool_free(bio, bio_pool); 4 bio = NULL; -5 goto out; +5 goto out; 6}
When the
unlikely
macro is used, the compiler alters its machine instruction output, so that it @@ -6539,7 +6539,7 @@18.2 asm goto +
asm goto
inline assembly, and the following kernel configurations are set:@@ -6562,10 +6562,10 @@
18.2
-
1pr_info("fastpath 1\n"); -2if (static_branch_unlikely(&fkey)) -3 pr_alert("do unlikely thing\n"); -4pr_info("fastpath 2\n");+1pr_info("fastpath 1\n"); +2if (static_branch_unlikely(&fkey)) +3 pr_alert("do unlikely thing\n"); +4pr_info("fastpath 2\n");@@ -6578,159 +6578,159 @@18.2
-
1/* -2 * static_key.c -3 */ +1/* +2 * static_key.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/atomic.h> -6#include <linux/device.h> -7#include <linux/fs.h> -8#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ -9#include <linux/module.h> -10#include <linux/printk.h> -11#include <linux/types.h> -12#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ -13#include <linux/jump_label.h> /* for static key macros */ -14#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/atomic.h> +6#include <linux/device.h> +7#include <linux/fs.h> +8#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ +9#include <linux/module.h> +10#include <linux/printk.h> +11#include <linux/types.h> +12#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ +13#include <linux/jump_label.h> /* for static key macros */ +14#include <linux/version.h> 15 -16#include <asm/errno.h> +16#include <asm/errno.h> 17 -18static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file); -19static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file); -20static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, char __user *buf, size_t count, +18static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file); +19static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file); +20static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, char __user *buf, size_t count, 21 loff_t *ppos); -22static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buf, -23 size_t count, loff_t *ppos); +22static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buf, +23 size_t count, loff_t *ppos); 24 -25#define SUCCESS 0 -26#define DEVICE_NAME "key_state" -27#define BUF_LEN 10 +25#define SUCCESS 0 +26#define DEVICE_NAME "key_state" +27#define BUF_LEN 10 28 -29static int major; +29static int major; 30 -31enum { +31enum { 32 CDEV_NOT_USED = 0, 33 CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN = 1, 34}; 35 -36static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); +36static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); 37 -38static char msg[BUF_LEN + 1]; +38static char msg[BUF_LEN + 1]; 39 -40static struct class *cls; +40static struct class *cls; 41 -42static DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(fkey); +42static DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(fkey); 43 -44static struct file_operations chardev_fops = { -45#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +44static struct file_operations chardev_fops = { +45#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) 46 .owner = THIS_MODULE, -47#endif +47#endif 48 .open = device_open, 49 .release = device_release, 50 .read = device_read, 51 .write = device_write, 52}; 53 -54static int __init chardev_init(void) +54static int __init chardev_init(void) 55{ 56 major = register_chrdev(0, DEVICE_NAME, &chardev_fops); -57 if (major < 0) { -58 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major); -59 return major; +57 if (major < 0) { +58 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major); +59 return major; 60 } 61 -62 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d\n", major); +62 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d\n", major); 63 -64#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +64#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) 65 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_NAME); -66#else +66#else 67 cls = class_create(DEVICE_NAME); -68#endif +68#endif 69 70 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(major, 0), NULL, DEVICE_NAME); 71 -72 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); +72 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); 73 -74 return SUCCESS; +74 return SUCCESS; 75} 76 -77static void __exit chardev_exit(void) +77static void __exit chardev_exit(void) 78{ 79 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(major, 0)); 80 class_destroy(cls); 81 -82 /* Unregister the device */ +82 /* Unregister the device */ 83 unregister_chrdev(major, DEVICE_NAME); 84} 85 -86/* Methods */ +86/* Methods */ 87 -88/** -89 * Called when a process tried to open the device file, like -90 * cat /dev/key_state -91 */ -92static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +88/** +89 * Called when a process tried to open the device file, like +90 * cat /dev/key_state +91 */ +92static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 93{ -94 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) -95 return -EBUSY; +94 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) +95 return -EBUSY; 96 -97 sprintf(msg, static_key_enabled(&fkey) ? "enabled\n" : "disabled\n"); +97 sprintf(msg, static_key_enabled(&fkey) ? "enabled\n" : "disabled\n"); 98 -99 pr_info("fastpath 1\n"); -100 if (static_branch_unlikely(&fkey)) -101 pr_alert("do unlikely thing\n"); -102 pr_info("fastpath 2\n"); +99 pr_info("fastpath 1\n"); +100 if (static_branch_unlikely(&fkey)) +101 pr_alert("do unlikely thing\n"); +102 pr_info("fastpath 2\n"); 103 104 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); 105 -106 return SUCCESS; +106 return SUCCESS; 107} 108 -109/** -110 * Called when a process closes the device file -111 */ -112static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +109/** +110 * Called when a process closes the device file +111 */ +112static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 113{ -114 /* We are now ready for our next caller. */ +114 /* We are now ready for our next caller. */ 115 atomic_set(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED); 116 -117 /** -118 * Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will -119 * never get rid of the module. -120 */ +117 /** +118 * Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will +119 * never get rid of the module. +120 */ 121 module_put(THIS_MODULE); 122 -123 return SUCCESS; +123 return SUCCESS; 124} 125 -126/** -127 * Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to -128 * read from it. -129 */ -130static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -131 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */ -132 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ +126/** +127 * Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to +128 * read from it. +129 */ +130static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +131 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */ +132 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ 133 loff_t *offset) 134{ -135 /* Number of the bytes actually written to the buffer */ -136 int bytes_read = 0; -137 const char *msg_ptr = msg; +135 /* Number of the bytes actually written to the buffer */ +136 int bytes_read = 0; +137 const char *msg_ptr = msg; 138 -139 if (!*(msg_ptr + *offset)) { /* We are at the end of the message */ -140 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ -141 return 0; /* signify end of file */ +139 if (!*(msg_ptr + *offset)) { /* We are at the end of the message */ +140 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ +141 return 0; /* signify end of file */ 142 } 143 144 msg_ptr += *offset; 145 -146 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ -147 while (length && *msg_ptr) { -148 /** -149 * The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel -150 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use -151 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to -152 * the user data segment. -153 */ +146 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ +147 while (length && *msg_ptr) { +148 /** +149 * The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel +150 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use +151 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to +152 * the user data segment. +153 */ 154 put_user(*(msg_ptr++), buffer++); 155 length--; 156 bytes_read++; @@ -6738,41 +6738,41 @@+195MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");18.2 158 159 *offset += bytes_read; 160 -161 /* Most read functions return the number of bytes put into the buffer. */ -162 return bytes_read; +161 /* Most read functions return the number of bytes put into the buffer. */ +162 return bytes_read; 163} 164 -165/* Called when a process writes to dev file; echo "enable" > /dev/key_state */ -166static ssize_t device_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buffer, -167 size_t length, loff_t *offset) +165/* Called when a process writes to dev file; echo "enable" > /dev/key_state */ +166static ssize_t device_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buffer, +167 size_t length, loff_t *offset) 168{ -169 char command[10]; +169 char command[10]; 170 -171 if (length > 10) { -172 pr_err("command exceeded 10 char\n"); -173 return -EINVAL; +171 if (length > 10) { +172 pr_err("command exceeded 10 char\n"); +173 return -EINVAL; 174 } 175 -176 if (copy_from_user(command, buffer, length)) -177 return -EFAULT; +176 if (copy_from_user(command, buffer, length)) +177 return -EFAULT; 178 -179 if (strncmp(command, "enable", strlen("enable")) == 0) +179 if (strncmp(command, "enable", strlen("enable")) == 0) 180 static_branch_enable(&fkey); -181 else if (strncmp(command, "disable", strlen("disable")) == 0) +181 else if (strncmp(command, "disable", strlen("disable")) == 0) 182 static_branch_disable(&fkey); -183 else { -184 pr_err("Invalid command: %s\n", command); -185 return -EINVAL; +183 else { +184 pr_err("Invalid command: %s\n", command); +185 return -EINVAL; 186 } 187 -188 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ -189 return length; +188 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ +189 return length; 190} 191 192module_init(chardev_init); 193module_exit(chardev_exit); 194 -195MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
To check the state of the static key, we can use the /dev/key_state interface.
diff --git a/lkmpg-for-ht.css b/lkmpg-for-ht.css index f24a9d2a..d00784dd 100644 --- a/lkmpg-for-ht.css +++ b/lkmpg-for-ht.css @@ -285,6 +285,10 @@ pre#fancyvrb12{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } #colorbox26{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} #colorbox27{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} #colorbox27{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} +#colorbox28{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} +#colorbox28{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} +#colorbox29{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} +#colorbox29{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} pre#fancyvrb13{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb13{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb13{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } @@ -295,40 +299,40 @@ pre#fancyvrb14{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb14{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb14{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb14{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -#colorbox28{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} -#colorbox28{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} +#colorbox30{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} 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-span#textcolor151{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor145{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor146{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor147{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor148{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor149{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor150{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor151{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor152{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor153{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor154{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor155{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor156{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor157{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor158{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor159{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor160{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor161{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor162{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor163{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor164{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor153{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor154{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor155{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor156{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor157{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor158{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor159{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor160{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor161{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor162{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor163{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor164{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor165{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor166{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor167{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor168{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor169{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor170{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor167{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor168{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor169{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor170{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor171{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor172{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor173{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor174{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor175{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor176{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor177{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor173{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor174{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor175{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor176{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor177{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor178{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor179{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor180{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor181{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor182{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor183{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor184{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor181{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor182{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor183{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor184{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor185{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor186{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor187{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor188{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor189{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor190{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor186{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor187{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor188{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor189{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor190{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor191{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor192{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor193{color:rgb(163,20,20)} @@ -562,138 +566,140 @@ span#textcolor200{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor201{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor202{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor203{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor204{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor204{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor205{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor206{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor207{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor208{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor208{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor209{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor210{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor211{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor212{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor213{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor214{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor215{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor216{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor217{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor211{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor212{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor213{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor214{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor215{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor216{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor217{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor218{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor219{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor220{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor221{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb32{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb32{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb32{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb32{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb32{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor218{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor219{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor220{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor221{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor222{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor223{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor223{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor224{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor225{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor226{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor227{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor228{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor229{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor230{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor225{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor226{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor227{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor228{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor229{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor230{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor231{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor232{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor233{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor234{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor235{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb33{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb33{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb33{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb33{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb33{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor232{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor233{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor234{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor235{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor236{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor237{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor237{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor238{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor239{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor240{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor241{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor242{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor243{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor244{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor239{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor240{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor241{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor242{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor243{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor244{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor245{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor246{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor247{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor248{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb34{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb34{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb34{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb34{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb34{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -#colorbox245{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} -#colorbox245{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} -#colorbox246{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} -#colorbox246{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} -#colorbox247{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} -#colorbox247{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} -#colorbox248{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} -#colorbox248{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} #colorbox249{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} #colorbox249{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} -span#textcolor250{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor251{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +#colorbox250{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} +#colorbox250{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} +#colorbox251{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} +#colorbox251{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} +#colorbox252{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} +#colorbox252{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} +#colorbox253{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} +#colorbox253{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} +#colorbox254{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} +#colorbox254{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} +#colorbox255{border: solid 1px rgb(255,0,0);} +#colorbox255{background-color: rgb(255,255,255);} +span#textcolor256{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor257{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb35{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb35{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb35{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb35{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb35{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor252{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor253{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor254{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor255{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor256{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor257{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor258{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor259{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor260{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor261{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor262{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor263{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb36{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb36{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb36{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb36{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb36{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor258{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor259{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor260{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor261{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor262{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor263{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor264{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor264{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor265{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor266{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor267{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor268{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor269{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor270{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb37{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb37{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb37{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb37{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb37{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor265{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor266{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor267{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor268{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor269{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor270{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor271{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor272{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor273{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor274{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor275{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor276{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor271{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor272{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor273{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor274{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor275{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor276{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor277{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor278{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor279{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor279{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor280{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor281{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor282{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor283{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor281{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor282{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor283{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor284{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor285{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor286{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor286{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor287{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor288{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor289{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor290{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor291{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor292{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor293{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor292{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor293{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor294{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor295{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor296{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor297{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor298{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor299{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor300{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor295{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor296{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor297{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor298{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor299{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor300{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor301{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor302{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor303{color:rgb(43,145,175)} @@ -702,56 +708,56 @@ span#textcolor305{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor306{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor307{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor308{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor309{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor309{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor310{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor311{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor312{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor313{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor313{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor314{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor315{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor316{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor315{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor316{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor317{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor318{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor318{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor319{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor320{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor321{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor322{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor320{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor321{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor322{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor323{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor324{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor324{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor325{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor326{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor327{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor328{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor327{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor328{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor329{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor330{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor331{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor332{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor333{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor334{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor330{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor331{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor332{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor333{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor334{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor335{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor336{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor336{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor337{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor338{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor339{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor339{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor340{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor341{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor342{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor343{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor344{color:rgb(43,145,175)} 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-span#textcolor3669{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor3670{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor3667{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3668{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3669{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor3670{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor3671{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3672{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor3673{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor3674{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor3675{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3676{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor3677{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3678{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb100{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb100{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb100{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } diff --git a/lkmpg-for-ht.html b/lkmpg-for-ht.html index b6e5ffdf..b391b153 100644 --- a/lkmpg-for-ht.html +++ b/lkmpg-for-ht.html @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide
-November 5, 2024+November 11, 2024@@ -352,10 +352,10 @@4.1 3PWD := $(CURDIR) 4 5all: -6 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules +6 $(MAKE) -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules 7 8clean: -9 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean
In Makefile, $(CURDIR) can set to the absolute pathname of the current working directory(after all -C options are processed, if any). See more about CURDIR in GNU make manual. @@ -388,7 +388,7 @@
4.1
1all: -2 echo $(PWD)+2 echo $(PWD)
Then, we can use -p flag to print out the environment variable values from the Makefile. @@ -422,27 +422,27 @@
1 $ sudo -E make -p | grep PWD 2 PWD = /home/ubuntu/temp 3 OLDPWD = /home/ubuntu -4 echo $(PWD)+4 echo $(PWD)
You can set the env_reset disabled by editing the /etc/sudoers with root and visudo.
-
1 ## sudoers file. -2 ## +1 ## sudoers file. +2 ## 3 ... 4 Defaults env_reset -5 ## Change env_reset to !env_reset in previous line to keep all environment variables+5 ## Change env_reset to !env_reset in previous line to keep all environment variables
Then execute env and sudo env individually.
-
1 # disable the env_reset -2 echo "user:" > non-env_reset.log; env >> non-env_reset.log -3 echo "root:" >> non-env_reset.log; sudo env >> non-env_reset.log -4 # enable the env_reset -5 echo "user:" > env_reset.log; env >> env_reset.log -6 echo "root:" >> env_reset.log; sudo env >> env_reset.log+
1 # disable the env_reset +2 echo "user:" > non-env_reset.log; env >> non-env_reset.log +3 echo "root:" >> non-env_reset.log; sudo env >> non-env_reset.log +4 # enable the env_reset +5 echo "user:" > env_reset.log; env >> env_reset.log +6 echo "root:" >> env_reset.log; sudo env >> env_reset.log
You can view and compare these logs to find differences between env_reset and !env_reset.
1 Defaults env_keep += "PWD"+
1 Defaults env_keep += "PWD"
After applying the above change, you can check the environment variable settings by: @@ -489,7 +489,7 @@
1sudo journalctl --since "1 hour ago" | grep kernel+
1sudo journalctl --since "1 hour ago" | grep kernel
You now know the basics of creating, compiling, installing and removing modules. Now for more of a description of how this module works.
Kernel modules must have at least two functions: a "start" (initialization) function @@ -576,29 +576,29 @@
-
1/* -2 * hello-2.c - Demonstrating the module_init() and module_exit() macros. -3 * This is preferred over using init_module() and cleanup_module(). -4 */ -5#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */ -6#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */ -7#include <linux/printk.h> /* Needed for pr_info() */ +1/* +2 * hello-2.c - Demonstrating the module_init() and module_exit() macros. +3 * This is preferred over using init_module() and cleanup_module(). +4 */ +5#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */ +6#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */ +7#include <linux/printk.h> /* Needed for pr_info() */ 8 -9static int __init hello_2_init(void) +9static int __init hello_2_init(void) 10{ -11 pr_info("Hello, world 2\n"); -12 return 0; +11 pr_info("Hello, world 2\n"); +12 return 0; 13} 14 -15static void __exit hello_2_exit(void) +15static void __exit hello_2_exit(void) 16{ -17 pr_info("Goodbye, world 2\n"); +17 pr_info("Goodbye, world 2\n"); 18} 19 20module_init(hello_2_init); 21module_exit(hello_2_exit); 22 -23MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+23MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
So now we have two real kernel modules under our belt. Adding another module is as simple as this:
@@ -606,13 +606,13 @@
1obj-m += hello-1.o 2obj-m += hello-2.o 3 -4PWD := $(CURDIR) +4PWD := $(CURDIR) 5 6all: -7 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules +7 $(MAKE) -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules 8 9clean: -10 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean+10 $(MAKE) -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean
Now have a look at drivers/char/Makefile for a real world example. As you can see, some things got hardwired into the kernel (obj-y) but where have all those obj-m gone? Those familiar with shell scripts will easily be @@ -647,30 +647,30 @@
-
1/* -2 * hello-3.c - Illustrating the __init, __initdata and __exit macros. -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */ -5#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */ -6#include <linux/printk.h> /* Needed for pr_info() */ +1/* +2 * hello-3.c - Illustrating the __init, __initdata and __exit macros. +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */ +5#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */ +6#include <linux/printk.h> /* Needed for pr_info() */ 7 -8static int hello3_data __initdata = 3; +8static int hello3_data __initdata = 3; 9 -10static int __init hello_3_init(void) +10static int __init hello_3_init(void) 11{ -12 pr_info("Hello, world %d\n", hello3_data); -13 return 0; +12 pr_info("Hello, world %d\n", hello3_data); +13 return 0; 14} 15 -16static void __exit hello_3_exit(void) +16static void __exit hello_3_exit(void) 17{ -18 pr_info("Goodbye, world 3\n"); +18 pr_info("Goodbye, world 3\n"); 19} 20 21module_init(hello_3_init); 22module_exit(hello_3_exit); 23 -24MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+24MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
1/* -2 * hello-4.c - Demonstrates module documentation. -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */ -5#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */ -6#include <linux/printk.h> /* Needed for pr_info() */ +1/* +2 * hello-4.c - Demonstrates module documentation. +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> /* Needed for the macros */ +5#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */ +6#include <linux/printk.h> /* Needed for pr_info() */ 7 -8MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -9MODULE_AUTHOR("LKMPG"); -10MODULE_DESCRIPTION("A sample driver"); +8MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +9MODULE_AUTHOR("LKMPG"); +10MODULE_DESCRIPTION("A sample driver"); 11 -12static int __init init_hello_4(void) +12static int __init init_hello_4(void) 13{ -14 pr_info("Hello, world 4\n"); -15 return 0; +14 pr_info("Hello, world 4\n"); +15 return 0; 16} 17 -18static void __exit cleanup_hello_4(void) +18static void __exit cleanup_hello_4(void) 19{ -20 pr_info("Goodbye, world 4\n"); +20 pr_info("Goodbye, world 4\n"); 21} 22 23module_init(init_hello_4); @@ -747,8 +747,8 @@-
1int myint = 3; -2module_param(myint, int, 0);+1int myint = 3; +2module_param(myint, int, 0);Arrays are supported too, but things are a bit different now than they were in the olden days. To keep track of the number of parameters you need to pass a pointer to a count variable as third parameter. At your option, you could also ignore the count and @@ -756,12 +756,12 @@
instead. We show both possibilities here:
-
1int myintarray[2]; -2module_param_array(myintarray, int, NULL, 0); /* not interested in count */ +1int myintarray[2]; +2module_param_array(myintarray, int, NULL, 0); /* not interested in count */ 3 -4short myshortarray[4]; -5int count; -6module_param_array(myshortarray, short, &count, 0); /* put count into "count" variable */+4short myshortarray[4]; +5int count; +6module_param_array(myshortarray, short, &count, 0); /* put count into "count" variable */A good use for this is to have the module variable’s default values set, like a port or IO address. If the variables contain the default values, then perform autodetection (explained elsewhere). Otherwise, keep the current value. This will be made clear @@ -771,70 +771,70 @@
-
1/* -2 * hello-5.c - Demonstrates command line argument passing to a module. -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for ARRAY_SIZE() */ -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/moduleparam.h> -8#include <linux/printk.h> -9#include <linux/stat.h> ++15 $(MAKE) -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean1/* +2 * hello-5.c - Demonstrates command line argument passing to a module. +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for ARRAY_SIZE() */ +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/moduleparam.h> +8#include <linux/printk.h> +9#include <linux/stat.h> 10 -11MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +11MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); 12 -13static short int myshort = 1; -14static int myint = 420; -15static long int mylong = 9999; -16static char *mystring = "blah"; -17static int myintarray[2] = { 420, 420 }; -18static int arr_argc = 0; +13static short int myshort = 1; +14static int myint = 420; +15static long int mylong = 9999; +16static char *mystring = "blah"; +17static int myintarray[2] = { 420, 420 }; +18static int arr_argc = 0; 19 -20/* module_param(foo, int, 0000) -21 * The first param is the parameter's name. -22 * The second param is its data type. -23 * The final argument is the permissions bits, -24 * for exposing parameters in sysfs (if non-zero) at a later stage. -25 */ -26module_param(myshort, short, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP); -27MODULE_PARM_DESC(myshort, "A short integer"); -28module_param(myint, int, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH); -29MODULE_PARM_DESC(myint, "An integer"); -30module_param(mylong, long, S_IRUSR); -31MODULE_PARM_DESC(mylong, "A long integer"); +20/* module_param(foo, int, 0000) +21 * The first param is the parameter's name. +22 * The second param is its data type. +23 * The final argument is the permissions bits, +24 * for exposing parameters in sysfs (if non-zero) at a later stage. +25 */ +26module_param(myshort, short, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP); +27MODULE_PARM_DESC(myshort, "A short integer"); +28module_param(myint, int, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH); +29MODULE_PARM_DESC(myint, "An integer"); +30module_param(mylong, long, S_IRUSR); +31MODULE_PARM_DESC(mylong, "A long integer"); 32module_param(mystring, charp, 0000); -33MODULE_PARM_DESC(mystring, "A character string"); +33MODULE_PARM_DESC(mystring, "A character string"); 34 -35/* module_param_array(name, type, num, perm); -36 * The first param is the parameter's (in this case the array's) name. -37 * The second param is the data type of the elements of the array. -38 * The third argument is a pointer to the variable that will store the number -39 * of elements of the array initialized by the user at module loading time. -40 * The fourth argument is the permission bits. -41 */ -42module_param_array(myintarray, int, &arr_argc, 0000); -43MODULE_PARM_DESC(myintarray, "An array of integers"); +35/* module_param_array(name, type, num, perm); +36 * The first param is the parameter's (in this case the array's) name. +37 * The second param is the data type of the elements of the array. +38 * The third argument is a pointer to the variable that will store the number +39 * of elements of the array initialized by the user at module loading time. +40 * The fourth argument is the permission bits. +41 */ +42module_param_array(myintarray, int, &arr_argc, 0000); +43MODULE_PARM_DESC(myintarray, "An array of integers"); 44 -45static int __init hello_5_init(void) +45static int __init hello_5_init(void) 46{ -47 int i; +47 int i; 48 -49 pr_info("Hello, world 5\n=============\n"); -50 pr_info("myshort is a short integer: %hd\n", myshort); -51 pr_info("myint is an integer: %d\n", myint); -52 pr_info("mylong is a long integer: %ld\n", mylong); -53 pr_info("mystring is a string: %s\n", mystring); +49 pr_info("Hello, world 5\n=============\n"); +50 pr_info("myshort is a short integer: %hd\n", myshort); +51 pr_info("myint is an integer: %d\n", myint); +52 pr_info("mylong is a long integer: %ld\n", mylong); +53 pr_info("mystring is a string: %s\n", mystring); 54 -55 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(myintarray); i++) -56 pr_info("myintarray[%d] = %d\n", i, myintarray[i]); +55 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(myintarray); i++) +56 pr_info("myintarray[%d] = %d\n", i, myintarray[i]); 57 -58 pr_info("got %d arguments for myintarray.\n", arr_argc); -59 return 0; +58 pr_info("got %d arguments for myintarray.\n", arr_argc); +59 return 0; 60} 61 -62static void __exit hello_5_exit(void) +62static void __exit hello_5_exit(void) 63{ -64 pr_info("Goodbye, world 5\n"); +64 pr_info("Goodbye, world 5\n"); 65} 66 67module_init(hello_5_init); @@ -887,35 +887,35 @@1/* -2 * start.c - Illustration of multi filed modules -3 */ +
1/* +2 * start.c - Illustration of multi filed modules +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ -6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ +6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ 7 -8int init_module(void) +8int init_module(void) 9{ -10 pr_info("Hello, world - this is the kernel speaking\n"); -11 return 0; +10 pr_info("Hello, world - this is the kernel speaking\n"); +11 return 0; 12} 13 -14MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+14MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");The next file:
-1/* -2 * stop.c - Illustration of multi filed modules -3 */ +1/* +2 * stop.c - Illustration of multi filed modules +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ -6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ +6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ 7 -8void cleanup_module(void) +8void cleanup_module(void) 9{ -10 pr_info("Short is the life of a kernel module\n"); +10 pr_info("Short is the life of a kernel module\n"); 11} 12 -13MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+13MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");And finally, the makefile:
@@ -927,13 +927,13 @@
6obj-m += startstop.o 7startstop-objs := start.o stop.o 8 -9PWD := $(CURDIR) +9PWD := $(CURDIR) 10 11all: -12 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules +12 $(MAKE) -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules 13 14clean: -15 make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean
This is the complete makefile for all the examples we have seen so far. The first five lines are nothing special, but for the last example we will need two lines. First we invent an object name for our combined module, second we tell @@ -1014,7 +1014,7 @@
boot directory, under a name like config-5.14.x. You may just want to copy it to your kernel source -tree:
cp /boot/config-`uname -r` .config +tree:
by gcc. -cp /boot/config-`uname -r` .config
.Let’s focus again on the previous error message: a closer look at the version magic strings suggests that, even with two configuration files which are exactly the same, a @@ -1042,8 +1042,8 @@
/lib/modules/5.14.0-rc2/build. A simple command as following should suffice. -
1cp /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build/Makefile linux-`uname -r`-Here
-linux-`uname -r` +
1cp /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build/Makefile linux-`uname -r`+Here
linux-`uname -r`
is the Linux kernel source you are attempting to build.Now, please run
make
to update configuration and version headers and objects: @@ -1142,12 +1142,12 @@
1#include <stdio.h> +1#include <stdio.h> 2 -3int main(void) +3int main(void) 4{ -5 printf("hello"); -6 return 0; +5 printf("hello"); +6 return 0; 7}with
-gcc -Wall -o hello hello.c
. Run the executable withstrace ./hello @@ -1156,7 +1156,7 @@
"hello", 5hello) +
write(1, "hello", 5hello)
. There it is. The face behind theprintf()
mask. You may not be familiar with write, since most people use library functions for file I/O (likefopen @@ -1367,43 +1367,43 @@
1struct file_operations { -2 struct module *owner; -3 loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int); -4 ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); -5 ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); -6 ssize_t (*read_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *); -7 ssize_t (*write_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *); -8 int (*iopoll)(struct kiocb *kiocb, bool spin); -9 int (*iterate) (struct file *, struct dir_context *); -10 int (*iterate_shared) (struct file *, struct dir_context *); -11 __poll_t (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *); -12 long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); -13 long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); -14 int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *); -15 unsigned long mmap_supported_flags; -16 int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *); -17 int (*flush) (struct file *, fl_owner_t id); -18 int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *); -19 int (*fsync) (struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int datasync); -20 int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int); -21 int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *); -22 ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *, int); -23 unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long); -24 int (*check_flags)(int); -25 int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *); -26 ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, unsigned int); -27 ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *, size_t, unsigned int); -28 int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **, void **); -29 long (*fallocate)(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset, +1struct file_operations { +2 struct module *owner; +3 loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int); +4 ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); +5 ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); +6 ssize_t (*read_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *); +7 ssize_t (*write_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *); +8 int (*iopoll)(struct kiocb *kiocb, bool spin); +9 int (*iterate) (struct file *, struct dir_context *); +10 int (*iterate_shared) (struct file *, struct dir_context *); +11 __poll_t (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *); +12 long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); +13 long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); +14 int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *); +15 unsigned long mmap_supported_flags; +16 int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *); +17 int (*flush) (struct file *, fl_owner_t id); +18 int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *); +19 int (*fsync) (struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int datasync); +20 int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int); +21 int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *); +22 ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *, int); +23 unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long); +24 int (*check_flags)(int); +25 int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *); +26 ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, unsigned int); +27 ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *, size_t, unsigned int); +28 int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **, void **); +29 long (*fallocate)(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset, 30 loff_t len); -31 void (*show_fdinfo)(struct seq_file *m, struct file *f); -32 ssize_t (*copy_file_range)(struct file *, loff_t, struct file *, -33 loff_t, size_t, unsigned int); -34 loff_t (*remap_file_range)(struct file *file_in, loff_t pos_in, -35 struct file *file_out, loff_t pos_out, -36 loff_t len, unsigned int remap_flags); -37 int (*fadvise)(struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int); +31 void (*show_fdinfo)(struct seq_file *m, struct file *f); +32 ssize_t (*copy_file_range)(struct file *, loff_t, struct file *, +33 loff_t, size_t, unsigned int); +34 loff_t (*remap_file_range)(struct file *file_in, loff_t pos_in, +35 struct file *file_out, loff_t pos_out, +36 loff_t len, unsigned int remap_flags); +37 int (*fadvise)(struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int); 38} __randomize_layout;Some operations are not implemented by a driver. For example, a driver that handles a video card will not need to read from a directory structure. The corresponding entries @@ -1418,7 +1418,7 @@
1struct file_operations fops = { +
1struct file_operations fops = { 2 read: device_read, 3 write: device_write, 4 open: device_open, @@ -1430,7 +1430,7 @@-
1struct file_operations fops = { +1struct file_operations fops = { 2 .read = device_read, 3 .write = device_write, 4 .open = device_open, @@ -1440,7 +1440,7 @@NULL
An instance of
struct file_operations +
An instance of
struct file_operations
containing pointers to functions that are used to implementread
,write @@ -1463,7 +1463,7 @@
.6.2
Each device is represented in the kernel by a file structure, which is defined in include/linux/fs.h. Be aware that a file is a kernel level structure and never appears in a user space program. It is not the same thing as a -
FILE +
function, defined by include/linux/fs.h.FILE
, which is defined by glibc and would never appear in a kernel space function. Also, its name is a bit misleading; it represents an abstract open ‘file’, not a file on a disk, which is represented by a structure named @@ -1495,11 +1495,11 @@6.3
-
1int register_chrdev(unsigned int major, const char *name, struct file_operations *fops);+1int register_chrdev(unsigned int major, const char *name, struct file_operations *fops);Where unsigned int major is the major number you want to request, -
const char *name +
const char *name
is the name of the device as it will appear in /proc/devices and -struct file_operations *fops +
.struct file_operations *fops
is a pointer to thefile_operations
table for your driver. A negative return value means the registration failed. Note that we didn’t pass the minor number to @@ -1540,8 +1540,8 @@6.3
-
1int register_chrdev_region(dev_t from, unsigned count, const char *name); -2int alloc_chrdev_region(dev_t *dev, unsigned baseminor, unsigned count, const char *name);+1int register_chrdev_region(dev_t from, unsigned count, const char *name); +2int alloc_chrdev_region(dev_t *dev, unsigned baseminor, unsigned count, const char *name);The choice between two different functions depends on whether you know the major numbers for your device. Using
register_chrdev_region @@ -1549,22 +1549,22 @@
6.3
alloc_chrdev_region
if you would like to allocate a dynamically-allocated major number.Second, we should initialize the data structure -
struct cdev +
struct cdev
for our char device and associate it with the device numbers. To initialize the -struct cdev +
struct cdev
, we can achieve by the similar sequence of the following codes.-
1struct cdev *my_dev = cdev_alloc(); +1struct cdev *my_dev = cdev_alloc(); 2my_cdev->ops = &my_fops;However, the common usage pattern will embed the -
struct cdev +
struct cdev
within a device-specific structure of your own. In this case, we’ll needcdev_init
for the initialization.-
1void cdev_init(struct cdev *cdev, const struct file_operations *fops);+1void cdev_init(struct cdev *cdev, const struct file_operations *fops);@@ -1573,7 +1573,7 @@6.3
-
1int cdev_add(struct cdev *p, dev_t dev, unsigned count);+1int cdev_add(struct cdev *p, dev_t dev, unsigned count);To find an example using the interface, you can see ioctl.c described in section 9.
@@ -1629,7 +1629,7 @@
6.5 <
1cat /proc/devices(or open the file with a program) and the driver will put the number of times the device file has been read from into the file. We do not support writing to the file (like -
echo "hi" > /dev/hello +
echo "hi" > /dev/hello
), but catch these attempts and tell the user that the operation is not supported. Don’t worry if you don’t see what we do with the data we read into the buffer; we don’t do much with it. We simply read in the data and print a message @@ -1650,150 +1650,150 @@6.5 < concurrency details in the 12 section.
-
1/* -2 * chardev.c: Creates a read-only char device that says how many times -3 * you have read from the dev file -4 */ +1/* +2 * chardev.c: Creates a read-only char device that says how many times +3 * you have read from the dev file +4 */ 5 -6#include <linux/atomic.h> -7#include <linux/cdev.h> -8#include <linux/delay.h> -9#include <linux/device.h> -10#include <linux/fs.h> -11#include <linux/init.h> -12#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ -13#include <linux/module.h> -14#include <linux/printk.h> -15#include <linux/types.h> -16#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ -17#include <linux/version.h> +6#include <linux/atomic.h> +7#include <linux/cdev.h> +8#include <linux/delay.h> +9#include <linux/device.h> +10#include <linux/fs.h> +11#include <linux/init.h> +12#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ +13#include <linux/module.h> +14#include <linux/printk.h> +15#include <linux/types.h> +16#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ +17#include <linux/version.h> 18 -19#include <asm/errno.h> +19#include <asm/errno.h> 20 -21/* Prototypes - this would normally go in a .h file */ -22static int device_open(struct inode *, struct file *); -23static int device_release(struct inode *, struct file *); -24static ssize_t device_read(struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); -25static ssize_t device_write(struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, +21/* Prototypes - this would normally go in a .h file */ +22static int device_open(struct inode *, struct file *); +23static int device_release(struct inode *, struct file *); +24static ssize_t device_read(struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); +25static ssize_t device_write(struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, 26 loff_t *); 27 -28#define SUCCESS 0 -29#define DEVICE_NAME "chardev" /* Dev name as it appears in /proc/devices */ -30#define BUF_LEN 80 /* Max length of the message from the device */ +28#define SUCCESS 0 +29#define DEVICE_NAME "chardev" /* Dev name as it appears in /proc/devices */ +30#define BUF_LEN 80 /* Max length of the message from the device */ 31 -32/* Global variables are declared as static, so are global within the file. */ +32/* Global variables are declared as static, so are global within the file. */ 33 -34static int major; /* major number assigned to our device driver */ +34static int major; /* major number assigned to our device driver */ 35 -36enum { +36enum { 37 CDEV_NOT_USED = 0, 38 CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN = 1, 39}; 40 -41/* Is device open? Used to prevent multiple access to device */ -42static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); +41/* Is device open? Used to prevent multiple access to device */ +42static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); 43 -44static char msg[BUF_LEN + 1]; /* The msg the device will give when asked */ +44static char msg[BUF_LEN + 1]; /* The msg the device will give when asked */ 45 -46static struct class *cls; +46static struct class *cls; 47 -48static struct file_operations chardev_fops = { +48static struct file_operations chardev_fops = { 49 .read = device_read, 50 .write = device_write, 51 .open = device_open, 52 .release = device_release, 53}; 54 -55static int __init chardev_init(void) +55static int __init chardev_init(void) 56{ 57 major = register_chrdev(0, DEVICE_NAME, &chardev_fops); 58 -59 if (major < 0) { -60 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major); -61 return major; +59 if (major < 0) { +60 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major); +61 return major; 62 } 63 -64 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d.\n", major); +64 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d.\n", major); 65 -66#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +66#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) 67 cls = class_create(DEVICE_NAME); -68#else +68#else 69 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_NAME); -70#endif +70#endif 71 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(major, 0), NULL, DEVICE_NAME); 72 -73 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); +73 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); 74 -75 return SUCCESS; +75 return SUCCESS; 76} 77 -78static void __exit chardev_exit(void) +78static void __exit chardev_exit(void) 79{ 80 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(major, 0)); 81 class_destroy(cls); 82 -83 /* Unregister the device */ +83 /* Unregister the device */ 84 unregister_chrdev(major, DEVICE_NAME); 85} 86 -87/* Methods */ +87/* Methods */ 88 -89/* Called when a process tries to open the device file, like -90 * "sudo cat /dev/chardev" -91 */ -92static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +89/* Called when a process tries to open the device file, like +90 * "sudo cat /dev/chardev" +91 */ +92static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 93{ -94 static int counter = 0; +94 static int counter = 0; 95 -96 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) -97 return -EBUSY; +96 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) +97 return -EBUSY; 98 -99 sprintf(msg, "I already told you %d times Hello world!\n", counter++); +99 sprintf(msg, "I already told you %d times Hello world!\n", counter++); 100 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); 101 -102 return SUCCESS; +102 return SUCCESS; 103} 104 -105/* Called when a process closes the device file. */ -106static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +105/* Called when a process closes the device file. */ +106static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 107{ -108 /* We're now ready for our next caller */ +108 /* We're now ready for our next caller */ 109 atomic_set(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED); 110 -111 /* Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will -112 * never get rid of the module. -113 */ +111 /* Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will +112 * never get rid of the module. +113 */ 114 module_put(THIS_MODULE); 115 -116 return SUCCESS; +116 return SUCCESS; 117} 118 -119/* Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to -120 * read from it. -121 */ -122static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -123 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */ -124 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ +119/* Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to +120 * read from it. +121 */ +122static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +123 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */ +124 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ 125 loff_t *offset) 126{ -127 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */ -128 int bytes_read = 0; -129 const char *msg_ptr = msg; +127 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */ +128 int bytes_read = 0; +129 const char *msg_ptr = msg; 130 -131 if (!*(msg_ptr + *offset)) { /* we are at the end of message */ -132 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ -133 return 0; /* signify end of file */ +131 if (!*(msg_ptr + *offset)) { /* we are at the end of message */ +132 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ +133 return 0; /* signify end of file */ 134 } 135 136 msg_ptr += *offset; 137 -138 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ -139 while (length && *msg_ptr) { -140 /* The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel -141 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use -142 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to -143 * the user data segment. -144 */ +138 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ +139 while (length && *msg_ptr) { +140 /* The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel +141 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use +142 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to +143 * the user data segment. +144 */ 145 put_user(*(msg_ptr++), buffer++); 146 length--; 147 bytes_read++; @@ -1801,22 +1801,22 @@+167MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");6.5 < 149 150 *offset += bytes_read; 151 -152 /* Most read functions return the number of bytes put into the buffer. */ -153 return bytes_read; +152 /* Most read functions return the number of bytes put into the buffer. */ +153 return bytes_read; 154} 155 -156/* Called when a process writes to dev file: echo "hi" > /dev/hello */ -157static ssize_t device_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buff, -158 size_t len, loff_t *off) +156/* Called when a process writes to dev file: echo "hi" > /dev/hello */ +157static ssize_t device_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buff, +158 size_t len, loff_t *off) 159{ -160 pr_alert("Sorry, this operation is not supported.\n"); -161 return -EINVAL; +160 pr_alert("Sorry, this operation is not supported.\n"); +161 return -EINVAL; 162} 163 164module_init(chardev_init); 165module_exit(chardev_exit); 166 -167MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
6.6 Writing Modules for Multiple Kernel Versions
@@ -1874,7 +1874,7 @@7 .
The /proc/helloworld is created when the module is loaded with the function
proc_create -
. The return value is a pointer tostruct proc_dir_entry +
. The return value is a pointer tostruct proc_dir_entry
, and it will be used to configure the file /proc/helloworld (for example, the owner of this file). A null return value means that the creation has failed.Every time the file /proc/helloworld is read, the function @@ -1897,74 +1897,74 @@
7
-
1/* -2 * procfs1.c -3 */ +1/* +2 * procfs1.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> -8#include <linux/uaccess.h> -9#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> +8#include <linux/uaccess.h> +9#include <linux/version.h> 10 -11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -13#endif +11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +13#endif 14 -15#define procfs_name "helloworld" +15#define procfs_name "helloworld" 16 -17static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; +17static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; 18 -19static ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *file_pointer, char __user *buffer, -20 size_t buffer_length, loff_t *offset) +19static ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *file_pointer, char __user *buffer, +20 size_t buffer_length, loff_t *offset) 21{ -22 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n"; -23 int len = sizeof(s); -24 ssize_t ret = len; +22 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n"; +23 int len = sizeof(s); +24 ssize_t ret = len; 25 -26 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) { -27 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n"); +26 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) { +27 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n"); 28 ret = 0; -29 } else { -30 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", file_pointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name); +29 } else { +30 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", file_pointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name); 31 *offset += len; 32 } 33 -34 return ret; +34 return ret; 35} 36 -37#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -38static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = { +37#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +38static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = { 39 .proc_read = procfile_read, 40}; -41#else -42static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = { +41#else +42static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = { 43 .read = procfile_read, 44}; -45#endif +45#endif 46 -47static int __init procfs1_init(void) +47static int __init procfs1_init(void) 48{ 49 our_proc_file = proc_create(procfs_name, 0644, NULL, &proc_file_fops); -50 if (NULL == our_proc_file) { -51 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", procfs_name); -52 return -ENOMEM; +50 if (NULL == our_proc_file) { +51 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", procfs_name); +52 return -ENOMEM; 53 } 54 -55 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", procfs_name); -56 return 0; +55 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", procfs_name); +56 return 0; 57} 58 -59static void __exit procfs1_exit(void) +59static void __exit procfs1_exit(void) 60{ 61 proc_remove(our_proc_file); -62 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", procfs_name); +62 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", procfs_name); 63} 64 65module_init(procfs1_init); 66module_exit(procfs1_exit); 67 -68MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+68MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
7.1 The proc_ops Structure
@@ -2020,103 +2020,103 @@-
1/* -2 * procfs2.c - create a "file" in /proc -3 */ +1/* +2 * procfs2.c - create a "file" in /proc +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ -6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use the proc fs */ -8#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for copy_from_user */ -9#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ +6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use the proc fs */ +8#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for copy_from_user */ +9#include <linux/version.h> 10 -11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -13#endif +11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +13#endif 14 -15#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 1024 -16#define PROCFS_NAME "buffer1k" +15#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 1024 +16#define PROCFS_NAME "buffer1k" 17 -18/* This structure hold information about the /proc file */ -19static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; +18/* This structure hold information about the /proc file */ +19static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; 20 -21/* The buffer used to store character for this module */ -22static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE]; +21/* The buffer used to store character for this module */ +22static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE]; 23 -24/* The size of the buffer */ -25static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0; +24/* The size of the buffer */ +25static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0; 26 -27/* This function is called then the /proc file is read */ -28static ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *file_pointer, char __user *buffer, -29 size_t buffer_length, loff_t *offset) +27/* This function is called then the /proc file is read */ +28static ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *file_pointer, char __user *buffer, +29 size_t buffer_length, loff_t *offset) 30{ -31 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n"; -32 int len = sizeof(s); -33 ssize_t ret = len; +31 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n"; +32 int len = sizeof(s); +33 ssize_t ret = len; 34 -35 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) { -36 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n"); +35 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) { +36 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n"); 37 ret = 0; -38 } else { -39 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", file_pointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name); +38 } else { +39 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", file_pointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name); 40 *offset += len; 41 } 42 -43 return ret; +43 return ret; 44} 45 -46/* This function is called with the /proc file is written. */ -47static ssize_t procfile_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buff, -48 size_t len, loff_t *off) +46/* This function is called with the /proc file is written. */ +47static ssize_t procfile_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buff, +48 size_t len, loff_t *off) 49{ 50 procfs_buffer_size = len; -51 if (procfs_buffer_size >= PROCFS_MAX_SIZE) +51 if (procfs_buffer_size >= PROCFS_MAX_SIZE) 52 procfs_buffer_size = PROCFS_MAX_SIZE - 1; 53 -54 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buff, procfs_buffer_size)) -55 return -EFAULT; +54 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buff, procfs_buffer_size)) +55 return -EFAULT; 56 -57 procfs_buffer[procfs_buffer_size] = '\0'; +57 procfs_buffer[procfs_buffer_size] = '\0'; 58 *off += procfs_buffer_size; -59 pr_info("procfile write %s\n", procfs_buffer); +59 pr_info("procfile write %s\n", procfs_buffer); 60 -61 return procfs_buffer_size; +61 return procfs_buffer_size; 62} 63 -64#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -65static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = { +64#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +65static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = { 66 .proc_read = procfile_read, 67 .proc_write = procfile_write, 68}; -69#else -70static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = { +69#else +70static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = { 71 .read = procfile_read, 72 .write = procfile_write, 73}; -74#endif +74#endif 75 -76static int __init procfs2_init(void) +76static int __init procfs2_init(void) 77{ 78 our_proc_file = proc_create(PROCFS_NAME, 0644, NULL, &proc_file_fops); -79 if (NULL == our_proc_file) { -80 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROCFS_NAME); -81 return -ENOMEM; +79 if (NULL == our_proc_file) { +80 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROCFS_NAME); +81 return -ENOMEM; 82 } 83 -84 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_NAME); -85 return 0; +84 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_NAME); +85 return 0; 86} 87 -88static void __exit procfs2_exit(void) +88static void __exit procfs2_exit(void) 89{ 90 proc_remove(our_proc_file); -91 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_NAME); +91 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_NAME); 92} 93 94module_init(procfs2_init); 95module_exit(procfs2_exit); 96 -97MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+97MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
7.3 Manage /proc file with standard filesystem
@@ -2126,20 +2126,20 @@
In Linux, there is a standard mechanism for file system registration. Since every file system has to have its own functions to handle inode and file operations, there is a special structure to hold pointers to all those functions, -
struct inode_operations -
, which includes a pointer tostruct proc_ops +
struct inode_operations +
, which includes a pointer tostruct proc_ops
.The difference between file and inode operations is that file operations deal with the file itself whereas inode operations deal with ways of referencing the file, such as creating links to it.
In /proc, whenever we register a new file, we’re allowed to specify which -
-struct inode_operations +
struct inode_operations
will be used to access to it. This is the mechanism we use, a -struct inode_operations +
struct inode_operations -
which includes a pointer to astruct proc_ops +
which includes a pointer to astruct proc_ops
which includes pointers to ourprocfs_read
andprocfs_write
functions. @@ -2160,111 +2160,111 @@
-
1/* -2 * procfs3.c -3 */ +1/* +2 * procfs3.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> -8#include <linux/sched.h> -9#include <linux/uaccess.h> -10#include <linux/version.h> -11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 10, 0) -12#include <linux/minmax.h> -13#endif +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> +8#include <linux/sched.h> +9#include <linux/uaccess.h> +10#include <linux/version.h> +11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 10, 0) +12#include <linux/minmax.h> +13#endif 14 -15#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -16#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -17#endif +15#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +16#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +17#endif 18 -19#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 2048UL -20#define PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME "buffer2k" +19#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 2048UL +20#define PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME "buffer2k" 21 -22static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; -23static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE]; -24static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0; +22static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; +23static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE]; +24static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0; 25 -26static ssize_t procfs_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buffer, -27 size_t length, loff_t *offset) +26static ssize_t procfs_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buffer, +27 size_t length, loff_t *offset) 28{ -29 if (*offset || procfs_buffer_size == 0) { -30 pr_debug("procfs_read: END\n"); +29 if (*offset || procfs_buffer_size == 0) { +30 pr_debug("procfs_read: END\n"); 31 *offset = 0; -32 return 0; +32 return 0; 33 } 34 procfs_buffer_size = min(procfs_buffer_size, length); -35 if (copy_to_user(buffer, procfs_buffer, procfs_buffer_size)) -36 return -EFAULT; +35 if (copy_to_user(buffer, procfs_buffer, procfs_buffer_size)) +36 return -EFAULT; 37 *offset += procfs_buffer_size; 38 -39 pr_debug("procfs_read: read %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size); -40 return procfs_buffer_size; +39 pr_debug("procfs_read: read %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size); +40 return procfs_buffer_size; 41} -42static ssize_t procfs_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, -43 size_t len, loff_t *off) +42static ssize_t procfs_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, +43 size_t len, loff_t *off) 44{ 45 procfs_buffer_size = min(PROCFS_MAX_SIZE, len); -46 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buffer, procfs_buffer_size)) -47 return -EFAULT; +46 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buffer, procfs_buffer_size)) +47 return -EFAULT; 48 *off += procfs_buffer_size; 49 -50 pr_debug("procfs_write: write %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size); -51 return procfs_buffer_size; +50 pr_debug("procfs_write: write %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size); +51 return procfs_buffer_size; 52} -53static int procfs_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +53static int procfs_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 54{ 55 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); -56 return 0; +56 return 0; 57} -58static int procfs_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +58static int procfs_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 59{ 60 module_put(THIS_MODULE); -61 return 0; +61 return 0; 62} 63 -64#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -65static struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { +64#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +65static struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { 66 .proc_read = procfs_read, 67 .proc_write = procfs_write, 68 .proc_open = procfs_open, 69 .proc_release = procfs_close, 70}; -71#else -72static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { +71#else +72static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { 73 .read = procfs_read, 74 .write = procfs_write, 75 .open = procfs_open, 76 .release = procfs_close, 77}; -78#endif +78#endif 79 -80static int __init procfs3_init(void) +80static int __init procfs3_init(void) 81{ 82 our_proc_file = proc_create(PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME, 0644, NULL, 83 &file_ops_4_our_proc_file); -84 if (our_proc_file == NULL) { -85 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", +84 if (our_proc_file == NULL) { +85 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", 86 PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); -87 return -ENOMEM; +87 return -ENOMEM; 88 } 89 proc_set_size(our_proc_file, 80); 90 proc_set_user(our_proc_file, GLOBAL_ROOT_UID, GLOBAL_ROOT_GID); 91 -92 pr_debug("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); -93 return 0; +92 pr_debug("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); +93 return 0; 94} 95 -96static void __exit procfs3_exit(void) +96static void __exit procfs3_exit(void) 97{ 98 remove_proc_entry(PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL); -99 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); +99 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); 100} 101 102module_init(procfs3_init); 103module_exit(procfs3_exit); 104 -105MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+105MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Still hungry for procfs examples? Well, first of all keep in mind, there are rumors around, claiming that procfs is on its way out, consider using sysfs instead. Consider using this mechanism, in case you want to document something kernel related @@ -2330,123 +2330,123 @@
/proc file. Of course, you can still use the same way as in the previous example.
1/* -2 * procfs4.c - create a "file" in /proc -3 * This program uses the seq_file library to manage the /proc file. -4 */ +1/* +2 * procfs4.c - create a "file" in /proc +3 * This program uses the seq_file library to manage the /proc file. +4 */ 5 -6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ -7#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -8#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ -9#include <linux/seq_file.h> /* for seq_file */ -10#include <linux/version.h> +6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ +7#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +8#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ +9#include <linux/seq_file.h> /* for seq_file */ +10#include <linux/version.h> 11 -12#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -13#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -14#endif +12#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +13#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +14#endif 15 -16#define PROC_NAME "iter" +16#define PROC_NAME "iter" 17 -18/* This function is called at the beginning of a sequence. -19 * ie, when: -20 * - the /proc file is read (first time) -21 * - after the function stop (end of sequence) -22 */ -23static void *my_seq_start(struct seq_file *s, loff_t *pos) +18/* This function is called at the beginning of a sequence. +19 * ie, when: +20 * - the /proc file is read (first time) +21 * - after the function stop (end of sequence) +22 */ +23static void *my_seq_start(struct seq_file *s, loff_t *pos) 24{ -25 static unsigned long counter = 0; +25 static unsigned long counter = 0; 26 -27 /* beginning a new sequence? */ -28 if (*pos == 0) { -29 /* yes => return a non null value to begin the sequence */ -30 return &counter; +27 /* beginning a new sequence? */ +28 if (*pos == 0) { +29 /* yes => return a non null value to begin the sequence */ +30 return &counter; 31 } 32 -33 /* no => it is the end of the sequence, return end to stop reading */ +33 /* no => it is the end of the sequence, return end to stop reading */ 34 *pos = 0; -35 return NULL; +35 return NULL; 36} 37 -38/* This function is called after the beginning of a sequence. -39 * It is called until the return is NULL (this ends the sequence). -40 */ -41static void *my_seq_next(struct seq_file *s, void *v, loff_t *pos) +38/* This function is called after the beginning of a sequence. +39 * It is called until the return is NULL (this ends the sequence). +40 */ +41static void *my_seq_next(struct seq_file *s, void *v, loff_t *pos) 42{ -43 unsigned long *tmp_v = (unsigned long *)v; +43 unsigned long *tmp_v = (unsigned long *)v; 44 (*tmp_v)++; 45 (*pos)++; -46 return NULL; +46 return NULL; 47} 48 -49/* This function is called at the end of a sequence. */ -50static void my_seq_stop(struct seq_file *s, void *v) +49/* This function is called at the end of a sequence. */ +50static void my_seq_stop(struct seq_file *s, void *v) 51{ -52 /* nothing to do, we use a static value in start() */ +52 /* nothing to do, we use a static value in start() */ 53} 54 -55/* This function is called for each "step" of a sequence. */ -56static int my_seq_show(struct seq_file *s, void *v) +55/* This function is called for each "step" of a sequence. */ +56static int my_seq_show(struct seq_file *s, void *v) 57{ 58 loff_t *spos = (loff_t *)v; 59 -60 seq_printf(s, "%Ld\n", *spos); -61 return 0; +60 seq_printf(s, "%Ld\n", *spos); +61 return 0; 62} 63 -64/* This structure gather "function" to manage the sequence */ -65static struct seq_operations my_seq_ops = { +64/* This structure gather "function" to manage the sequence */ +65static struct seq_operations my_seq_ops = { 66 .start = my_seq_start, 67 .next = my_seq_next, 68 .stop = my_seq_stop, 69 .show = my_seq_show, 70}; 71 -72/* This function is called when the /proc file is open. */ -73static int my_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +72/* This function is called when the /proc file is open. */ +73static int my_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 74{ -75 return seq_open(file, &my_seq_ops); +75 return seq_open(file, &my_seq_ops); 76}; 77 -78/* This structure gather "function" that manage the /proc file */ -79#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -80static const struct proc_ops my_file_ops = { +78/* This structure gather "function" that manage the /proc file */ +79#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +80static const struct proc_ops my_file_ops = { 81 .proc_open = my_open, 82 .proc_read = seq_read, 83 .proc_lseek = seq_lseek, 84 .proc_release = seq_release, 85}; -86#else -87static const struct file_operations my_file_ops = { +86#else +87static const struct file_operations my_file_ops = { 88 .open = my_open, 89 .read = seq_read, 90 .llseek = seq_lseek, 91 .release = seq_release, 92}; -93#endif +93#endif 94 -95static int __init procfs4_init(void) +95static int __init procfs4_init(void) 96{ -97 struct proc_dir_entry *entry; +97 struct proc_dir_entry *entry; 98 99 entry = proc_create(PROC_NAME, 0, NULL, &my_file_ops); -100 if (entry == NULL) { -101 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_NAME); -102 return -ENOMEM; +100 if (entry == NULL) { +101 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_NAME); +102 return -ENOMEM; 103 } 104 -105 return 0; +105 return 0; 106} 107 -108static void __exit procfs4_exit(void) +108static void __exit procfs4_exit(void) 109{ 110 remove_proc_entry(PROC_NAME, NULL); -111 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_NAME); +111 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_NAME); 112} 113 114module_init(procfs4_init); 115module_exit(procfs4_exit); 116 -117MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+117MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");If you want more information, you can read this web page:
@@ -2469,32 +2469,32 @@
An attribute definition in simply:
-
1struct attribute { -2 char *name; -3 struct module *owner; +1struct attribute { +2 char *name; +3 struct module *owner; 4 umode_t mode; 5}; 6 -7int sysfs_create_file(struct kobject * kobj, const struct attribute * attr); -8void sysfs_remove_file(struct kobject * kobj, const struct attribute * attr);+7int sysfs_create_file(struct kobject * kobj, const struct attribute * attr); +8void sysfs_remove_file(struct kobject * kobj, const struct attribute * attr);For example, the driver model defines -
struct device_attribute +
struct device_attribute
like:-
1struct device_attribute { -2 struct attribute attr; -3 ssize_t (*show)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, -4 char *buf); -5 ssize_t (*store)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, -6 const char *buf, size_t count); +1struct device_attribute { +2 struct attribute attr; +3 ssize_t (*show)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, +4 char *buf); +5 ssize_t (*store)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, +6 const char *buf, size_t count); 7}; 8 -9int device_create_file(struct device *, const struct device_attribute *); -10void device_remove_file(struct device *, const struct device_attribute *);+9int device_create_file(struct device *, const struct device_attribute *); +10void device_remove_file(struct device *, const struct device_attribute *);To read or write attributes,
show()
orstore()
method must be specified when declaring the attribute. For the @@ -2508,68 +2508,68 @@-
1/* -2 * hello-sysfs.c sysfs example -3 */ -4#include <linux/fs.h> -5#include <linux/init.h> -6#include <linux/kobject.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/string.h> -9#include <linux/sysfs.h> +1/* +2 * hello-sysfs.c sysfs example +3 */ +4#include <linux/fs.h> +5#include <linux/init.h> +6#include <linux/kobject.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/string.h> +9#include <linux/sysfs.h> 10 -11static struct kobject *mymodule; +11static struct kobject *mymodule; 12 -13/* the variable you want to be able to change */ -14static int myvariable = 0; +13/* the variable you want to be able to change */ +14static int myvariable = 0; 15 -16static ssize_t myvariable_show(struct kobject *kobj, -17 struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf) +16static ssize_t myvariable_show(struct kobject *kobj, +17 struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf) 18{ -19 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", myvariable); +19 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", myvariable); 20} 21 -22static ssize_t myvariable_store(struct kobject *kobj, -23 struct kobj_attribute *attr, const char *buf, -24 size_t count) +22static ssize_t myvariable_store(struct kobject *kobj, +23 struct kobj_attribute *attr, const char *buf, +24 size_t count) 25{ -26 sscanf(buf, "%d", &myvariable); -27 return count; +26 sscanf(buf, "%d", &myvariable); +27 return count; 28} 29 -30static struct kobj_attribute myvariable_attribute = +30static struct kobj_attribute myvariable_attribute = 31 __ATTR(myvariable, 0660, myvariable_show, myvariable_store); 32 -33static int __init mymodule_init(void) +33static int __init mymodule_init(void) 34{ -35 int error = 0; +35 int error = 0; 36 -37 pr_info("mymodule: initialized\n"); +37 pr_info("mymodule: initialized\n"); 38 -39 mymodule = kobject_create_and_add("mymodule", kernel_kobj); -40 if (!mymodule) -41 return -ENOMEM; +39 mymodule = kobject_create_and_add("mymodule", kernel_kobj); +40 if (!mymodule) +41 return -ENOMEM; 42 43 error = sysfs_create_file(mymodule, &myvariable_attribute.attr); -44 if (error) { +44 if (error) { 45 kobject_put(mymodule); -46 pr_info("failed to create the myvariable file " -47 "in /sys/kernel/mymodule\n"); +46 pr_info("failed to create the myvariable file " +47 "in /sys/kernel/mymodule\n"); 48 } 49 -50 return error; +50 return error; 51} 52 -53static void __exit mymodule_exit(void) +53static void __exit mymodule_exit(void) 54{ -55 pr_info("mymodule: Exit success\n"); +55 pr_info("mymodule: Exit success\n"); 56 kobject_put(mymodule); 57} 58 59module_init(mymodule_init); 60module_exit(mymodule_exit); 61 -62MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+62MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Make and install the module:
@@ -2588,7 +2588,7 @@
-
1echo "32" | sudo tee /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable +1echo "32" | sudo tee /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable 2sudo cat /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariableFinally, remove the test module:
@@ -2645,199 +2645,199 @@
9
-
1/* -2 * ioctl.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/cdev.h> -5#include <linux/fs.h> -6#include <linux/init.h> -7#include <linux/ioctl.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> -9#include <linux/slab.h> -10#include <linux/uaccess.h> -11#include <linux/version.h> +1/* +2 * ioctl.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/cdev.h> +5#include <linux/fs.h> +6#include <linux/init.h> +7#include <linux/ioctl.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> +9#include <linux/slab.h> +10#include <linux/uaccess.h> +11#include <linux/version.h> 12 -13struct ioctl_arg { -14 unsigned int val; +13struct ioctl_arg { +14 unsigned int val; 15}; 16 -17/* Documentation/userspace-api/ioctl/ioctl-number.rst */ -18#define IOC_MAGIC '\x66' +17/* Documentation/userspace-api/ioctl/ioctl-number.rst */ +18#define IOC_MAGIC '\x66' 19 -20#define IOCTL_VALSET _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 0, struct ioctl_arg) -21#define IOCTL_VALGET _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 1, struct ioctl_arg) -22#define IOCTL_VALGET_NUM _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 2, int) -23#define IOCTL_VALSET_NUM _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 3, int) +20#define IOCTL_VALSET _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 0, struct ioctl_arg) +21#define IOCTL_VALGET _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 1, struct ioctl_arg) +22#define IOCTL_VALGET_NUM _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 2, int) +23#define IOCTL_VALSET_NUM _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 3, int) 24 -25#define IOCTL_VAL_MAXNR 3 -26#define DRIVER_NAME "ioctltest" +25#define IOCTL_VAL_MAXNR 3 +26#define DRIVER_NAME "ioctltest" 27 -28static unsigned int test_ioctl_major = 0; -29static unsigned int num_of_dev = 1; -30static struct cdev test_ioctl_cdev; -31static int ioctl_num = 0; +28static unsigned int test_ioctl_major = 0; +29static unsigned int num_of_dev = 1; +30static struct cdev test_ioctl_cdev; +31static int ioctl_num = 0; 32 -33struct test_ioctl_data { -34 unsigned char val; +33struct test_ioctl_data { +34 unsigned char val; 35 rwlock_t lock; 36}; 37 -38static long test_ioctl_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, -39 unsigned long arg) +38static long test_ioctl_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, +39 unsigned long arg) 40{ -41 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; -42 int retval = 0; -43 unsigned char val; -44 struct ioctl_arg data; -45 memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data)); +41 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; +42 int retval = 0; +43 unsigned char val; +44 struct ioctl_arg data; +45 memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data)); 46 -47 switch (cmd) { -48 case IOCTL_VALSET: -49 if (copy_from_user(&data, (int __user *)arg, sizeof(data))) { +47 switch (cmd) { +48 case IOCTL_VALSET: +49 if (copy_from_user(&data, (int __user *)arg, sizeof(data))) { 50 retval = -EFAULT; -51 goto done; +51 goto done; 52 } 53 -54 pr_alert("IOCTL set val:%x .\n", data.val); +54 pr_alert("IOCTL set val:%x .\n", data.val); 55 write_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); 56 ioctl_data->val = data.val; 57 write_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); -58 break; +58 break; 59 -60 case IOCTL_VALGET: +60 case IOCTL_VALGET: 61 read_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); 62 val = ioctl_data->val; 63 read_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); 64 data.val = val; 65 -66 if (copy_to_user((int __user *)arg, &data, sizeof(data))) { +66 if (copy_to_user((int __user *)arg, &data, sizeof(data))) { 67 retval = -EFAULT; -68 goto done; +68 goto done; 69 } 70 -71 break; +71 break; 72 -73 case IOCTL_VALGET_NUM: -74 retval = __put_user(ioctl_num, (int __user *)arg); -75 break; +73 case IOCTL_VALGET_NUM: +74 retval = __put_user(ioctl_num, (int __user *)arg); +75 break; 76 -77 case IOCTL_VALSET_NUM: +77 case IOCTL_VALSET_NUM: 78 ioctl_num = arg; -79 break; +79 break; 80 -81 default: +81 default: 82 retval = -ENOTTY; 83 } 84 85done: -86 return retval; +86 return retval; 87} 88 -89static ssize_t test_ioctl_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, -90 size_t count, loff_t *f_pos) +89static ssize_t test_ioctl_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, +90 size_t count, loff_t *f_pos) 91{ -92 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; -93 unsigned char val; -94 int retval; -95 int i = 0; +92 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; +93 unsigned char val; +94 int retval; +95 int i = 0; 96 97 read_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); 98 val = ioctl_data->val; 99 read_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); 100 -101 for (; i < count; i++) { -102 if (copy_to_user(&buf[i], &val, 1)) { +101 for (; i < count; i++) { +102 if (copy_to_user(&buf[i], &val, 1)) { 103 retval = -EFAULT; -104 goto out; +104 goto out; 105 } 106 } 107 108 retval = count; 109out: -110 return retval; +110 return retval; 111} 112 -113static int test_ioctl_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) +113static int test_ioctl_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) 114{ -115 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); +115 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); 116 -117 if (filp->private_data) { +117 if (filp->private_data) { 118 kfree(filp->private_data); 119 filp->private_data = NULL; 120 } 121 -122 return 0; +122 return 0; 123} 124 -125static int test_ioctl_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) +125static int test_ioctl_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) 126{ -127 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data; +127 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data; 128 -129 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); -130 ioctl_data = kmalloc(sizeof(struct test_ioctl_data), GFP_KERNEL); +129 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); +130 ioctl_data = kmalloc(sizeof(struct test_ioctl_data), GFP_KERNEL); 131 -132 if (ioctl_data == NULL) -133 return -ENOMEM; +132 if (ioctl_data == NULL) +133 return -ENOMEM; 134 135 rwlock_init(&ioctl_data->lock); 136 ioctl_data->val = 0xFF; 137 filp->private_data = ioctl_data; 138 -139 return 0; +139 return 0; 140} 141 -142static struct file_operations fops = { -143#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +142static struct file_operations fops = { +143#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) 144 .owner = THIS_MODULE, -145#endif +145#endif 146 .open = test_ioctl_open, 147 .release = test_ioctl_close, 148 .read = test_ioctl_read, 149 .unlocked_ioctl = test_ioctl_ioctl, 150}; 151 -152static int __init ioctl_init(void) +152static int __init ioctl_init(void) 153{ -154 dev_t dev; -155 int alloc_ret = -1; -156 int cdev_ret = -1; +154 dev_t dev; +155 int alloc_ret = -1; +156 int cdev_ret = -1; 157 alloc_ret = alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, 0, num_of_dev, DRIVER_NAME); 158 -159 if (alloc_ret) -160 goto error; +159 if (alloc_ret) +160 goto error; 161 162 test_ioctl_major = MAJOR(dev); 163 cdev_init(&test_ioctl_cdev, &fops); 164 cdev_ret = cdev_add(&test_ioctl_cdev, dev, num_of_dev); 165 -166 if (cdev_ret) -167 goto error; +166 if (cdev_ret) +167 goto error; 168 -169 pr_alert("%s driver(major: %d) installed.\n", DRIVER_NAME, +169 pr_alert("%s driver(major: %d) installed.\n", DRIVER_NAME, 170 test_ioctl_major); -171 return 0; +171 return 0; 172error: -173 if (cdev_ret == 0) +173 if (cdev_ret == 0) 174 cdev_del(&test_ioctl_cdev); -175 if (alloc_ret == 0) +175 if (alloc_ret == 0) 176 unregister_chrdev_region(dev, num_of_dev); -177 return -1; +177 return -1; 178} 179 -180static void __exit ioctl_exit(void) +180static void __exit ioctl_exit(void) 181{ -182 dev_t dev = MKDEV(test_ioctl_major, 0); +182 dev_t dev = MKDEV(test_ioctl_major, 0); 183 184 cdev_del(&test_ioctl_cdev); 185 unregister_chrdev_region(dev, num_of_dev); -186 pr_alert("%s driver removed.\n", DRIVER_NAME); +186 pr_alert("%s driver removed.\n", DRIVER_NAME); 187} 188 189module_init(ioctl_init); 190module_exit(ioctl_exit); 191 -192MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -193MODULE_DESCRIPTION("This is test_ioctl module");+192MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +193MODULE_DESCRIPTION("This is test_ioctl module");You can see there is an argument called
cmd
intest_ioctl_ioctl() @@ -2862,395 +2862,395 @@
9 which we mentioned at 6.5 section, to enforce the exclusive access.
-
1/* -2 * chardev2.c - Create an input/output character device -3 */ +1/* +2 * chardev2.c - Create an input/output character device +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/atomic.h> -6#include <linux/cdev.h> -7#include <linux/delay.h> -8#include <linux/device.h> -9#include <linux/fs.h> -10#include <linux/init.h> -11#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -12#include <linux/printk.h> -13#include <linux/types.h> -14#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ -15#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/atomic.h> +6#include <linux/cdev.h> +7#include <linux/delay.h> +8#include <linux/device.h> +9#include <linux/fs.h> +10#include <linux/init.h> +11#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +12#include <linux/printk.h> +13#include <linux/types.h> +14#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ +15#include <linux/version.h> 16 -17#include <asm/errno.h> +17#include <asm/errno.h> 18 -19#include "chardev.h" -20#define SUCCESS 0 -21#define DEVICE_NAME "char_dev" -22#define BUF_LEN 80 +19#include "chardev.h" +20#define SUCCESS 0 +21#define DEVICE_NAME "char_dev" +22#define BUF_LEN 80 23 -24enum { +24enum { 25 CDEV_NOT_USED = 0, 26 CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN = 1, 27}; 28 -29/* Is the device open right now? Used to prevent concurrent access into -30 * the same device -31 */ -32static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); +29/* Is the device open right now? Used to prevent concurrent access into +30 * the same device +31 */ +32static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); 33 -34/* The message the device will give when asked */ -35static char message[BUF_LEN + 1]; +34/* The message the device will give when asked */ +35static char message[BUF_LEN + 1]; 36 -37static struct class *cls; +37static struct class *cls; 38 -39/* This is called whenever a process attempts to open the device file */ -40static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +39/* This is called whenever a process attempts to open the device file */ +40static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 41{ -42 pr_info("device_open(%p)\n", file); +42 pr_info("device_open(%p)\n", file); 43 44 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); -45 return SUCCESS; +45 return SUCCESS; 46} 47 -48static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +48static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 49{ -50 pr_info("device_release(%p,%p)\n", inode, file); +50 pr_info("device_release(%p,%p)\n", inode, file); 51 52 module_put(THIS_MODULE); -53 return SUCCESS; +53 return SUCCESS; 54} 55 -56/* This function is called whenever a process which has already opened the -57 * device file attempts to read from it. -58 */ -59static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -60 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to be filled */ -61 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ +56/* This function is called whenever a process which has already opened the +57 * device file attempts to read from it. +58 */ +59static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +60 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to be filled */ +61 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ 62 loff_t *offset) 63{ -64 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */ -65 int bytes_read = 0; -66 /* How far did the process reading the message get? Useful if the message -67 * is larger than the size of the buffer we get to fill in device_read. -68 */ -69 const char *message_ptr = message; +64 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */ +65 int bytes_read = 0; +66 /* How far did the process reading the message get? Useful if the message +67 * is larger than the size of the buffer we get to fill in device_read. +68 */ +69 const char *message_ptr = message; 70 -71 if (!*(message_ptr + *offset)) { /* we are at the end of message */ -72 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ -73 return 0; /* signify end of file */ +71 if (!*(message_ptr + *offset)) { /* we are at the end of message */ +72 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ +73 return 0; /* signify end of file */ 74 } 75 76 message_ptr += *offset; 77 -78 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ -79 while (length && *message_ptr) { -80 /* Because the buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel -81 * data segment, assignment would not work. Instead, we have to -82 * use put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to -83 * the user data segment. -84 */ +78 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ +79 while (length && *message_ptr) { +80 /* Because the buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel +81 * data segment, assignment would not work. Instead, we have to +82 * use put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to +83 * the user data segment. +84 */ 85 put_user(*(message_ptr++), buffer++); 86 length--; 87 bytes_read++; 88 } 89 -90 pr_info("Read %d bytes, %ld left\n", bytes_read, length); +90 pr_info("Read %d bytes, %ld left\n", bytes_read, length); 91 92 *offset += bytes_read; 93 -94 /* Read functions are supposed to return the number of bytes actually -95 * inserted into the buffer. -96 */ -97 return bytes_read; +94 /* Read functions are supposed to return the number of bytes actually +95 * inserted into the buffer. +96 */ +97 return bytes_read; 98} 99 -100/* called when somebody tries to write into our device file. */ -101static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, -102 size_t length, loff_t *offset) +100/* called when somebody tries to write into our device file. */ +101static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, +102 size_t length, loff_t *offset) 103{ -104 int i; +104 int i; 105 -106 pr_info("device_write(%p,%p,%ld)", file, buffer, length); +106 pr_info("device_write(%p,%p,%ld)", file, buffer, length); 107 -108 for (i = 0; i < length && i < BUF_LEN; i++) +108 for (i = 0; i < length && i < BUF_LEN; i++) 109 get_user(message[i], buffer + i); 110 -111 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ -112 return i; +111 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ +112 return i; 113} 114 -115/* This function is called whenever a process tries to do an ioctl on our -116 * device file. We get two extra parameters (additional to the inode and file -117 * structures, which all device functions get): the number of the ioctl called -118 * and the parameter given to the ioctl function. -119 * -120 * If the ioctl is write or read/write (meaning output is returned to the -121 * calling process), the ioctl call returns the output of this function. -122 */ -123static long -124device_ioctl(struct file *file, /* ditto */ -125 unsigned int ioctl_num, /* number and param for ioctl */ -126 unsigned long ioctl_param) +115/* This function is called whenever a process tries to do an ioctl on our +116 * device file. We get two extra parameters (additional to the inode and file +117 * structures, which all device functions get): the number of the ioctl called +118 * and the parameter given to the ioctl function. +119 * +120 * If the ioctl is write or read/write (meaning output is returned to the +121 * calling process), the ioctl call returns the output of this function. +122 */ +123static long +124device_ioctl(struct file *file, /* ditto */ +125 unsigned int ioctl_num, /* number and param for ioctl */ +126 unsigned long ioctl_param) 127{ -128 int i; -129 long ret = SUCCESS; +128 int i; +129 long ret = SUCCESS; 130 -131 /* We don't want to talk to two processes at the same time. */ -132 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) -133 return -EBUSY; +131 /* We don't want to talk to two processes at the same time. */ +132 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) +133 return -EBUSY; 134 -135 /* Switch according to the ioctl called */ -136 switch (ioctl_num) { -137 case IOCTL_SET_MSG: { -138 /* Receive a pointer to a message (in user space) and set that to -139 * be the device's message. Get the parameter given to ioctl by -140 * the process. -141 */ -142 char __user *tmp = (char __user *)ioctl_param; -143 char ch; +135 /* Switch according to the ioctl called */ +136 switch (ioctl_num) { +137 case IOCTL_SET_MSG: { +138 /* Receive a pointer to a message (in user space) and set that to +139 * be the device's message. Get the parameter given to ioctl by +140 * the process. +141 */ +142 char __user *tmp = (char __user *)ioctl_param; +143 char ch; 144 -145 /* Find the length of the message */ +145 /* Find the length of the message */ 146 get_user(ch, tmp); -147 for (i = 0; ch && i < BUF_LEN; i++, tmp++) +147 for (i = 0; ch && i < BUF_LEN; i++, tmp++) 148 get_user(ch, tmp); 149 -150 device_write(file, (char __user *)ioctl_param, i, NULL); -151 break; +150 device_write(file, (char __user *)ioctl_param, i, NULL); +151 break; 152 } -153 case IOCTL_GET_MSG: { +153 case IOCTL_GET_MSG: { 154 loff_t offset = 0; 155 -156 /* Give the current message to the calling process - the parameter -157 * we got is a pointer, fill it. -158 */ -159 i = device_read(file, (char __user *)ioctl_param, 99, &offset); +156 /* Give the current message to the calling process - the parameter +157 * we got is a pointer, fill it. +158 */ +159 i = device_read(file, (char __user *)ioctl_param, 99, &offset); 160 -161 /* Put a zero at the end of the buffer, so it will be properly -162 * terminated. -163 */ -164 put_user('\0', (char __user *)ioctl_param + i); -165 break; +161 /* Put a zero at the end of the buffer, so it will be properly +162 * terminated. +163 */ +164 put_user('\0', (char __user *)ioctl_param + i); +165 break; 166 } -167 case IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE: -168 /* This ioctl is both input (ioctl_param) and output (the return -169 * value of this function). -170 */ -171 ret = (long)message[ioctl_param]; -172 break; +167 case IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE: +168 /* This ioctl is both input (ioctl_param) and output (the return +169 * value of this function). +170 */ +171 ret = (long)message[ioctl_param]; +172 break; 173 } 174 -175 /* We're now ready for our next caller */ +175 /* We're now ready for our next caller */ 176 atomic_set(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED); 177 -178 return ret; +178 return ret; 179} 180 -181/* Module Declarations */ +181/* Module Declarations */ 182 -183/* This structure will hold the functions to be called when a process does -184 * something to the device we created. Since a pointer to this structure -185 * is kept in the devices table, it can't be local to init_module. NULL is -186 * for unimplemented functions. -187 */ -188static struct file_operations fops = { +183/* This structure will hold the functions to be called when a process does +184 * something to the device we created. Since a pointer to this structure +185 * is kept in the devices table, it can't be local to init_module. NULL is +186 * for unimplemented functions. +187 */ +188static struct file_operations fops = { 189 .read = device_read, 190 .write = device_write, 191 .unlocked_ioctl = device_ioctl, 192 .open = device_open, -193 .release = device_release, /* a.k.a. close */ +193 .release = device_release, /* a.k.a. close */ 194}; 195 -196/* Initialize the module - Register the character device */ -197static int __init chardev2_init(void) +196/* Initialize the module - Register the character device */ +197static int __init chardev2_init(void) 198{ -199 /* Register the character device (at least try) */ -200 int ret_val = register_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME, &fops); +199 /* Register the character device (at least try) */ +200 int ret_val = register_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME, &fops); 201 -202 /* Negative values signify an error */ -203 if (ret_val < 0) { -204 pr_alert("%s failed with %d\n", -205 "Sorry, registering the character device ", ret_val); -206 return ret_val; +202 /* Negative values signify an error */ +203 if (ret_val < 0) { +204 pr_alert("%s failed with %d\n", +205 "Sorry, registering the character device ", ret_val); +206 return ret_val; 207 } 208 -209#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +209#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) 210 cls = class_create(DEVICE_FILE_NAME); -211#else +211#else 212 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_FILE_NAME); -213#endif +213#endif 214 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(MAJOR_NUM, 0), NULL, DEVICE_FILE_NAME); 215 -216 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_FILE_NAME); +216 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_FILE_NAME); 217 -218 return 0; +218 return 0; 219} 220 -221/* Cleanup - unregister the appropriate file from /proc */ -222static void __exit chardev2_exit(void) +221/* Cleanup - unregister the appropriate file from /proc */ +222static void __exit chardev2_exit(void) 223{ 224 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(MAJOR_NUM, 0)); 225 class_destroy(cls); 226 -227 /* Unregister the device */ +227 /* Unregister the device */ 228 unregister_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME); 229} 230 231module_init(chardev2_init); 232module_exit(chardev2_exit); 233 -234MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+234MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");-
1/* -2 * chardev.h - the header file with the ioctl definitions. -3 * -4 * The declarations here have to be in a header file, because they need -5 * to be known both to the kernel module (in chardev2.c) and the process -6 * calling ioctl() (in userspace_ioctl.c). -7 */ +1/* +2 * chardev.h - the header file with the ioctl definitions. +3 * +4 * The declarations here have to be in a header file, because they need +5 * to be known both to the kernel module (in chardev2.c) and the process +6 * calling ioctl() (in userspace_ioctl.c). +7 */ 8 -9#ifndef CHARDEV_H -10#define CHARDEV_H +9#ifndef CHARDEV_H +10#define CHARDEV_H 11 -12#include <linux/ioctl.h> +12#include <linux/ioctl.h> 13 -14/* The major device number. We can not rely on dynamic registration -15 * any more, because ioctls need to know it. -16 */ -17#define MAJOR_NUM 100 +14/* The major device number. We can not rely on dynamic registration +15 * any more, because ioctls need to know it. +16 */ +17#define MAJOR_NUM 100 18 -19/* Set the message of the device driver */ -20#define IOCTL_SET_MSG _IOW(MAJOR_NUM, 0, char *) -21/* _IOW means that we are creating an ioctl command number for passing -22 * information from a user process to the kernel module. -23 * -24 * The first arguments, MAJOR_NUM, is the major device number we are using. -25 * -26 * The second argument is the number of the command (there could be several -27 * with different meanings). -28 * -29 * The third argument is the type we want to get from the process to the -30 * kernel. -31 */ +19/* Set the message of the device driver */ +20#define IOCTL_SET_MSG _IOW(MAJOR_NUM, 0, char *) +21/* _IOW means that we are creating an ioctl command number for passing +22 * information from a user process to the kernel module. +23 * +24 * The first arguments, MAJOR_NUM, is the major device number we are using. +25 * +26 * The second argument is the number of the command (there could be several +27 * with different meanings). +28 * +29 * The third argument is the type we want to get from the process to the +30 * kernel. +31 */ 32 -33/* Get the message of the device driver */ -34#define IOCTL_GET_MSG _IOR(MAJOR_NUM, 1, char *) -35/* This IOCTL is used for output, to get the message of the device driver. -36 * However, we still need the buffer to place the message in to be input, -37 * as it is allocated by the process. -38 */ +33/* Get the message of the device driver */ +34#define IOCTL_GET_MSG _IOR(MAJOR_NUM, 1, char *) +35/* This IOCTL is used for output, to get the message of the device driver. +36 * However, we still need the buffer to place the message in to be input, +37 * as it is allocated by the process. +38 */ 39 -40/* Get the n'th byte of the message */ -41#define IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE _IOWR(MAJOR_NUM, 2, int) -42/* The IOCTL is used for both input and output. It receives from the user -43 * a number, n, and returns message[n]. -44 */ +40/* Get the n'th byte of the message */ +41#define IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE _IOWR(MAJOR_NUM, 2, int) +42/* The IOCTL is used for both input and output. It receives from the user +43 * a number, n, and returns message[n]. +44 */ 45 -46/* The name of the device file */ -47#define DEVICE_FILE_NAME "char_dev" -48#define DEVICE_PATH "/dev/char_dev" +46/* The name of the device file */ +47#define DEVICE_FILE_NAME "char_dev" +48#define DEVICE_PATH "/dev/char_dev" 49 -50#endif+50#endif-
1/* userspace_ioctl.c - the process to use ioctl's to control the kernel module -2 * -3 * Until now we could have used cat for input and output. But now -4 * we need to do ioctl's, which require writing our own process. -5 */ +1/* userspace_ioctl.c - the process to use ioctl's to control the kernel module +2 * +3 * Until now we could have used cat for input and output. But now +4 * we need to do ioctl's, which require writing our own process. +5 */ 6 -7/* device specifics, such as ioctl numbers and the -8 * major device file. */ -9#include "../chardev.h" +7/* device specifics, such as ioctl numbers and the +8 * major device file. */ +9#include "../chardev.h" 10 -11#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ -12#include <fcntl.h> /* open */ -13#include <unistd.h> /* close */ -14#include <stdlib.h> /* exit */ -15#include <sys/ioctl.h> /* ioctl */ +11#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ +12#include <fcntl.h> /* open */ +13#include <unistd.h> /* close */ +14#include <stdlib.h> /* exit */ +15#include <sys/ioctl.h> /* ioctl */ 16 -17/* Functions for the ioctl calls */ +17/* Functions for the ioctl calls */ 18 -19int ioctl_set_msg(int file_desc, char *message) +19int ioctl_set_msg(int file_desc, char *message) 20{ -21 int ret_val; +21 int ret_val; 22 23 ret_val = ioctl(file_desc, IOCTL_SET_MSG, message); 24 -25 if (ret_val < 0) { -26 printf("ioctl_set_msg failed:%d\n", ret_val); +25 if (ret_val < 0) { +26 printf("ioctl_set_msg failed:%d\n", ret_val); 27 } 28 -29 return ret_val; +29 return ret_val; 30} 31 -32int ioctl_get_msg(int file_desc) +32int ioctl_get_msg(int file_desc) 33{ -34 int ret_val; -35 char message[100] = { 0 }; +34 int ret_val; +35 char message[100] = { 0 }; 36 -37 /* Warning - this is dangerous because we don't tell -38 * the kernel how far it's allowed to write, so it -39 * might overflow the buffer. In a real production -40 * program, we would have used two ioctls - one to tell -41 * the kernel the buffer length and another to give -42 * it the buffer to fill -43 */ +37 /* Warning - this is dangerous because we don't tell +38 * the kernel how far it's allowed to write, so it +39 * might overflow the buffer. In a real production +40 * program, we would have used two ioctls - one to tell +41 * the kernel the buffer length and another to give +42 * it the buffer to fill +43 */ 44 ret_val = ioctl(file_desc, IOCTL_GET_MSG, message); 45 -46 if (ret_val < 0) { -47 printf("ioctl_get_msg failed:%d\n", ret_val); +46 if (ret_val < 0) { +47 printf("ioctl_get_msg failed:%d\n", ret_val); 48 } -49 printf("get_msg message:%s", message); +49 printf("get_msg message:%s", message); 50 -51 return ret_val; +51 return ret_val; 52} 53 -54int ioctl_get_nth_byte(int file_desc) +54int ioctl_get_nth_byte(int file_desc) 55{ -56 int i, c; +56 int i, c; 57 -58 printf("get_nth_byte message:"); +58 printf("get_nth_byte message:"); 59 60 i = 0; -61 do { +61 do { 62 c = ioctl(file_desc, IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE, i++); 63 -64 if (c < 0) { -65 printf("\nioctl_get_nth_byte failed at the %d'th byte:\n", i); -66 return c; +64 if (c < 0) { +65 printf("\nioctl_get_nth_byte failed at the %d'th byte:\n", i); +66 return c; 67 } 68 69 putchar(c); -70 } while (c != 0); +70 } while (c != 0); 71 -72 return 0; +72 return 0; 73} 74 -75/* Main - Call the ioctl functions */ -76int main(void) +75/* Main - Call the ioctl functions */ +76int main(void) 77{ -78 int file_desc, ret_val; -79 char *msg = "Message passed by ioctl\n"; +78 int file_desc, ret_val; +79 char *msg = "Message passed by ioctl\n"; 80 81 file_desc = open(DEVICE_PATH, O_RDWR); -82 if (file_desc < 0) { -83 printf("Can't open device file: %s, error:%d\n", DEVICE_PATH, +82 if (file_desc < 0) { +83 printf("Can't open device file: %s, error:%d\n", DEVICE_PATH, 84 file_desc); 85 exit(EXIT_FAILURE); 86 } 87 88 ret_val = ioctl_set_msg(file_desc, msg); -89 if (ret_val) -90 goto error; +89 if (ret_val) +90 goto error; 91 ret_val = ioctl_get_nth_byte(file_desc); -92 if (ret_val) -93 goto error; +92 if (ret_val) +93 goto error; 94 ret_val = ioctl_get_msg(file_desc); -95 if (ret_val) -96 goto error; +95 if (ret_val) +96 goto error; 97 98 close(file_desc); -99 return 0; +99 return 0; 100error: 101 close(file_desc); 102 exit(EXIT_FAILURE); @@ -3521,297 +3521,297 @@10 < exported.
-
1/* -2 * syscall-steal.c -3 * -4 * System call "stealing" sample. -5 * -6 * Disables page protection at a processor level by changing the 16th bit -7 * in the cr0 register (could be Intel specific). -8 */ +1/* +2 * syscall-steal.c +3 * +4 * System call "stealing" sample. +5 * +6 * Disables page protection at a processor level by changing the 16th bit +7 * in the cr0 register (could be Intel specific). +8 */ 9 -10#include <linux/delay.h> -11#include <linux/kernel.h> -12#include <linux/module.h> -13#include <linux/moduleparam.h> /* which will have params */ -14#include <linux/unistd.h> /* The list of system calls */ -15#include <linux/cred.h> /* For current_uid() */ -16#include <linux/uidgid.h> /* For __kuid_val() */ -17#include <linux/version.h> +10#include <linux/delay.h> +11#include <linux/kernel.h> +12#include <linux/module.h> +13#include <linux/moduleparam.h> /* which will have params */ +14#include <linux/unistd.h> /* The list of system calls */ +15#include <linux/cred.h> /* For current_uid() */ +16#include <linux/uidgid.h> /* For __kuid_val() */ +17#include <linux/version.h> 18 -19/* For the current (process) structure, we need this to know who the -20 * current user is. -21 */ -22#include <linux/sched.h> -23#include <linux/uaccess.h> +19/* For the current (process) structure, we need this to know who the +20 * current user is. +21 */ +22#include <linux/sched.h> +23#include <linux/uaccess.h> 24 -25/* The way we access "sys_call_table" varies as kernel internal changes. -26 * - Prior to v5.4 : manual symbol lookup -27 * - v5.5 to v5.6 : use kallsyms_lookup_name() -28 * - v5.7+ : Kprobes or specific kernel module parameter -29 */ +25/* The way we access "sys_call_table" varies as kernel internal changes. +26 * - Prior to v5.4 : manual symbol lookup +27 * - v5.5 to v5.6 : use kallsyms_lookup_name() +28 * - v5.7+ : Kprobes or specific kernel module parameter +29 */ 30 -31/* The in-kernel calls to the ksys_close() syscall were removed in Linux v5.11+. -32 */ -33#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(5, 7, 0)) +31/* The in-kernel calls to the ksys_close() syscall were removed in Linux v5.11+. +32 */ +33#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(5, 7, 0)) 34 -35#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE <= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 4, 0) -36#define HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE 1 -37#include <linux/syscalls.h> /* For ksys_close() */ -38#else -39#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For kallsyms_lookup_name */ -40#endif +35#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE <= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 4, 0) +36#define HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE 1 +37#include <linux/syscalls.h> /* For ksys_close() */ +38#else +39#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For kallsyms_lookup_name */ +40#endif 41 -42#else +42#else 43 -44#if defined(CONFIG_KPROBES) -45#define HAVE_KPROBES 1 -46#if defined(CONFIG_X86_64) -47/* If you have tried to use the syscall table to intercept syscalls and it -48 * doesn't work, you can try to use Kprobes to intercept syscalls. -49 * Set USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL to 1 to register a pre-handler -50 * before the syscall. -51 */ -52#define USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL 0 -53#endif -54#include <linux/kprobes.h> -55#else -56#define HAVE_PARAM 1 -57#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For sprint_symbol */ -58/* The address of the sys_call_table, which can be obtained with looking up -59 * "/boot/System.map" or "/proc/kallsyms". When the kernel version is v5.7+, -60 * without CONFIG_KPROBES, you can input the parameter or the module will look -61 * up all the memory. -62 */ -63static unsigned long sym = 0; +44#if defined(CONFIG_KPROBES) +45#define HAVE_KPROBES 1 +46#if defined(CONFIG_X86_64) +47/* If you have tried to use the syscall table to intercept syscalls and it +48 * doesn't work, you can try to use Kprobes to intercept syscalls. +49 * Set USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL to 1 to register a pre-handler +50 * before the syscall. +51 */ +52#define USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL 0 +53#endif +54#include <linux/kprobes.h> +55#else +56#define HAVE_PARAM 1 +57#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For sprint_symbol */ +58/* The address of the sys_call_table, which can be obtained with looking up +59 * "/boot/System.map" or "/proc/kallsyms". When the kernel version is v5.7+, +60 * without CONFIG_KPROBES, you can input the parameter or the module will look +61 * up all the memory. +62 */ +63static unsigned long sym = 0; 64module_param(sym, ulong, 0644); -65#endif /* CONFIG_KPROBES */ +65#endif /* CONFIG_KPROBES */ 66 -67#endif /* Version < v5.7 */ +67#endif /* Version < v5.7 */ 68 -69/* UID we want to spy on - will be filled from the command line. */ -70static uid_t uid = -1; -71module_param(uid, int, 0644); +69/* UID we want to spy on - will be filled from the command line. */ +70static uid_t uid = -1; +71module_param(uid, int, 0644); 72 -73#if USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL +73#if USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL 74 -75/* syscall_sym is the symbol name of the syscall to spy on. The default is -76 * "__x64_sys_openat", which can be changed by the module parameter. You can -77 * look up the symbol name of a syscall in /proc/kallsyms. -78 */ -79static char *syscall_sym = "__x64_sys_openat"; +75/* syscall_sym is the symbol name of the syscall to spy on. The default is +76 * "__x64_sys_openat", which can be changed by the module parameter. You can +77 * look up the symbol name of a syscall in /proc/kallsyms. +78 */ +79static char *syscall_sym = "__x64_sys_openat"; 80module_param(syscall_sym, charp, 0644); 81 -82static int sys_call_kprobe_pre_handler(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs) +82static int sys_call_kprobe_pre_handler(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs) 83{ -84 if (__kuid_val(current_uid()) != uid) { -85 return 0; +84 if (__kuid_val(current_uid()) != uid) { +85 return 0; 86 } 87 -88 pr_info("%s called by %d\n", syscall_sym, uid); -89 return 0; +88 pr_info("%s called by %d\n", syscall_sym, uid); +89 return 0; 90} 91 -92static struct kprobe syscall_kprobe = { -93 .symbol_name = "__x64_sys_openat", +92static struct kprobe syscall_kprobe = { +93 .symbol_name = "__x64_sys_openat", 94 .pre_handler = sys_call_kprobe_pre_handler, 95}; 96 -97#else +97#else 98 -99static unsigned long **sys_call_table_stolen; +99static unsigned long **sys_call_table_stolen; 100 -101/* A pointer to the original system call. The reason we keep this, rather -102 * than call the original function (sys_openat), is because somebody else -103 * might have replaced the system call before us. Note that this is not -104 * 100% safe, because if another module replaced sys_openat before us, -105 * then when we are inserted, we will call the function in that module - -106 * and it might be removed before we are. -107 * -108 * Another reason for this is that we can not get sys_openat. -109 * It is a static variable, so it is not exported. -110 */ -111#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER -112static asmlinkage long (*original_call)(const struct pt_regs *); -113#else -114static asmlinkage long (*original_call)(int, const char __user *, int, umode_t); -115#endif +101/* A pointer to the original system call. The reason we keep this, rather +102 * than call the original function (sys_openat), is because somebody else +103 * might have replaced the system call before us. Note that this is not +104 * 100% safe, because if another module replaced sys_openat before us, +105 * then when we are inserted, we will call the function in that module - +106 * and it might be removed before we are. +107 * +108 * Another reason for this is that we can not get sys_openat. +109 * It is a static variable, so it is not exported. +110 */ +111#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER +112static asmlinkage long (*original_call)(const struct pt_regs *); +113#else +114static asmlinkage long (*original_call)(int, const char __user *, int, umode_t); +115#endif 116 -117/* The function we will replace sys_openat (the function called when you -118 * call the open system call) with. To find the exact prototype, with -119 * the number and type of arguments, we find the original function first -120 * (it is at fs/open.c). -121 * -122 * In theory, this means that we are tied to the current version of the -123 * kernel. In practice, the system calls almost never change (it would -124 * wreck havoc and require programs to be recompiled, since the system -125 * calls are the interface between the kernel and the processes). -126 */ -127#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER -128static asmlinkage long our_sys_openat(const struct pt_regs *regs) -129#else -130static asmlinkage long our_sys_openat(int dfd, const char __user *filename, -131 int flags, umode_t mode) -132#endif +117/* The function we will replace sys_openat (the function called when you +118 * call the open system call) with. To find the exact prototype, with +119 * the number and type of arguments, we find the original function first +120 * (it is at fs/open.c). +121 * +122 * In theory, this means that we are tied to the current version of the +123 * kernel. In practice, the system calls almost never change (it would +124 * wreck havoc and require programs to be recompiled, since the system +125 * calls are the interface between the kernel and the processes). +126 */ +127#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER +128static asmlinkage long our_sys_openat(const struct pt_regs *regs) +129#else +130static asmlinkage long our_sys_openat(int dfd, const char __user *filename, +131 int flags, umode_t mode) +132#endif 133{ -134 int i = 0; -135 char ch; +134 int i = 0; +135 char ch; 136 -137 if (__kuid_val(current_uid()) != uid) -138 goto orig_call; +137 if (__kuid_val(current_uid()) != uid) +138 goto orig_call; 139 -140 /* Report the file, if relevant */ -141 pr_info("Opened file by %d: ", uid); -142 do { -143#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER -144 get_user(ch, (char __user *)regs->si + i); -145#else -146 get_user(ch, (char __user *)filename + i); -147#endif +140 /* Report the file, if relevant */ +141 pr_info("Opened file by %d: ", uid); +142 do { +143#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER +144 get_user(ch, (char __user *)regs->si + i); +145#else +146 get_user(ch, (char __user *)filename + i); +147#endif 148 i++; -149 pr_info("%c", ch); -150 } while (ch != 0); -151 pr_info("\n"); +149 pr_info("%c", ch); +150 } while (ch != 0); +151 pr_info("\n"); 152 153orig_call: -154 /* Call the original sys_openat - otherwise, we lose the ability to -155 * open files. -156 */ -157#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER -158 return original_call(regs); -159#else -160 return original_call(dfd, filename, flags, mode); -161#endif +154 /* Call the original sys_openat - otherwise, we lose the ability to +155 * open files. +156 */ +157#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER +158 return original_call(regs); +159#else +160 return original_call(dfd, filename, flags, mode); +161#endif 162} 163 -164static unsigned long **acquire_sys_call_table(void) +164static unsigned long **acquire_sys_call_table(void) 165{ -166#ifdef HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE -167 unsigned long int offset = PAGE_OFFSET; -168 unsigned long **sct; +166#ifdef HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE +167 unsigned long int offset = PAGE_OFFSET; +168 unsigned long **sct; 169 -170 while (offset < ULLONG_MAX) { -171 sct = (unsigned long **)offset; +170 while (offset < ULLONG_MAX) { +171 sct = (unsigned long **)offset; 172 -173 if (sct[__NR_close] == (unsigned long *)ksys_close) -174 return sct; +173 if (sct[__NR_close] == (unsigned long *)ksys_close) +174 return sct; 175 -176 offset += sizeof(void *); +176 offset += sizeof(void *); 177 } 178 -179 return NULL; -180#endif +179 return NULL; +180#endif 181 -182#ifdef HAVE_PARAM -183 const char sct_name[15] = "sys_call_table"; -184 char symbol[40] = { 0 }; +182#ifdef HAVE_PARAM +183 const char sct_name[15] = "sys_call_table"; +184 char symbol[40] = { 0 }; 185 -186 if (sym == 0) { -187 pr_alert("For Linux v5.7+, Kprobes is the preferable way to get " -188 "symbol.\n"); -189 pr_info("If Kprobes is absent, you have to specify the address of " -190 "sys_call_table symbol\n"); -191 pr_info("by /boot/System.map or /proc/kallsyms, which contains all the " -192 "symbol addresses, into sym parameter.\n"); -193 return NULL; +186 if (sym == 0) { +187 pr_alert("For Linux v5.7+, Kprobes is the preferable way to get " +188 "symbol.\n"); +189 pr_info("If Kprobes is absent, you have to specify the address of " +190 "sys_call_table symbol\n"); +191 pr_info("by /boot/System.map or /proc/kallsyms, which contains all the " +192 "symbol addresses, into sym parameter.\n"); +193 return NULL; 194 } 195 sprint_symbol(symbol, sym); -196 if (!strncmp(sct_name, symbol, sizeof(sct_name) - 1)) -197 return (unsigned long **)sym; +196 if (!strncmp(sct_name, symbol, sizeof(sct_name) - 1)) +197 return (unsigned long **)sym; 198 -199 return NULL; -200#endif +199 return NULL; +200#endif 201 -202#ifdef HAVE_KPROBES -203 unsigned long (*kallsyms_lookup_name)(const char *name); -204 struct kprobe kp = { -205 .symbol_name = "kallsyms_lookup_name", +202#ifdef HAVE_KPROBES +203 unsigned long (*kallsyms_lookup_name)(const char *name); +204 struct kprobe kp = { +205 .symbol_name = "kallsyms_lookup_name", 206 }; 207 -208 if (register_kprobe(&kp) < 0) -209 return NULL; -210 kallsyms_lookup_name = (unsigned long (*)(const char *name))kp.addr; +208 if (register_kprobe(&kp) < 0) +209 return NULL; +210 kallsyms_lookup_name = (unsigned long (*)(const char *name))kp.addr; 211 unregister_kprobe(&kp); -212#endif +212#endif 213 -214 return (unsigned long **)kallsyms_lookup_name("sys_call_table"); +214 return (unsigned long **)kallsyms_lookup_name("sys_call_table"); 215} 216 -217#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 3, 0) -218static inline void __write_cr0(unsigned long cr0) +217#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 3, 0) +218static inline void __write_cr0(unsigned long cr0) 219{ -220 asm volatile("mov %0,%%cr0" : "+r"(cr0) : : "memory"); +220 asm volatile("mov %0,%%cr0" : "+r"(cr0) : : "memory"); 221} -222#else -223#define __write_cr0 write_cr0 -224#endif +222#else +223#define __write_cr0 write_cr0 +224#endif 225 -226static void enable_write_protection(void) +226static void enable_write_protection(void) 227{ -228 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); +228 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); 229 set_bit(16, &cr0); 230 __write_cr0(cr0); 231} 232 -233static void disable_write_protection(void) +233static void disable_write_protection(void) 234{ -235 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); +235 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); 236 clear_bit(16, &cr0); 237 __write_cr0(cr0); 238} -239#endif +239#endif 240 -241static int __init syscall_steal_start(void) +241static int __init syscall_steal_start(void) 242{ -243#if USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL -244 int err; -245 /* use symbol name from the module parameter */ +243#if USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL +244 int err; +245 /* use symbol name from the module parameter */ 246 syscall_kprobe.symbol_name = syscall_sym; 247 err = register_kprobe(&syscall_kprobe); -248 if (err) { -249 pr_err("register_kprobe() on %s failed: %d\n", syscall_sym, err); -250 pr_err("Please check the symbol name from 'syscall_sym' parameter.\n"); -251 return err; +248 if (err) { +249 pr_err("register_kprobe() on %s failed: %d\n", syscall_sym, err); +250 pr_err("Please check the symbol name from 'syscall_sym' parameter.\n"); +251 return err; 252 } -253#else -254 if (!(sys_call_table_stolen = acquire_sys_call_table())) -255 return -1; +253#else +254 if (!(sys_call_table_stolen = acquire_sys_call_table())) +255 return -1; 256 257 disable_write_protection(); 258 -259 /* keep track of the original open function */ -260 original_call = (void *)sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat]; +259 /* keep track of the original open function */ +260 original_call = (void *)sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat]; 261 -262 /* use our openat function instead */ -263 sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat] = (unsigned long *)our_sys_openat; +262 /* use our openat function instead */ +263 sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat] = (unsigned long *)our_sys_openat; 264 265 enable_write_protection(); -266#endif +266#endif 267 -268 pr_info("Spying on UID:%d\n", uid); -269 return 0; +268 pr_info("Spying on UID:%d\n", uid); +269 return 0; 270} 271 -272static void __exit syscall_steal_end(void) +272static void __exit syscall_steal_end(void) 273{ -274#if USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL +274#if USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL 275 unregister_kprobe(&syscall_kprobe); -276#else -277 if (!sys_call_table_stolen) -278 return; +276#else +277 if (!sys_call_table_stolen) +278 return; 279 -280 /* Return the system call back to normal */ -281 if (sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat] != (unsigned long *)our_sys_openat) { -282 pr_alert("Somebody else also played with the "); -283 pr_alert("open system call\n"); -284 pr_alert("The system may be left in "); -285 pr_alert("an unstable state.\n"); +280 /* Return the system call back to normal */ +281 if (sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat] != (unsigned long *)our_sys_openat) { +282 pr_alert("Somebody else also played with the "); +283 pr_alert("open system call\n"); +284 pr_alert("The system may be left in "); +285 pr_alert("an unstable state.\n"); 286 } 287 288 disable_write_protection(); -289 sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat] = (unsigned long *)original_call; +289 sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat] = (unsigned long *)original_call; 290 enable_write_protection(); -291#endif +291#endif 292 293 msleep(2000); 294} @@ -3819,7 +3819,7 @@+299MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");10 < 296module_init(syscall_steal_start); 297module_exit(syscall_steal_end); 298 -299MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
11 Blocking Processes and threads
@@ -3924,295 +3924,295 @@11.1
-
1/* -2 * sleep.c - create a /proc file, and if several processes try to open it -3 * at the same time, put all but one to sleep. -4 */ +1/* +2 * sleep.c - create a /proc file, and if several processes try to open it +3 * at the same time, put all but one to sleep. +4 */ 5 -6#include <linux/atomic.h> -7#include <linux/fs.h> -8#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ -9#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -10#include <linux/printk.h> -11#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ -12#include <linux/types.h> -13#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ -14#include <linux/version.h> -15#include <linux/wait.h> /* For putting processes to sleep and -16 waking them up */ +6#include <linux/atomic.h> +7#include <linux/fs.h> +8#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ +9#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +10#include <linux/printk.h> +11#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ +12#include <linux/types.h> +13#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ +14#include <linux/version.h> +15#include <linux/wait.h> /* For putting processes to sleep and +16 waking them up */ 17 -18#include <asm/current.h> -19#include <asm/errno.h> +18#include <asm/current.h> +19#include <asm/errno.h> 20 -21#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -22#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -23#endif +21#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +22#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +23#endif 24 -25/* Here we keep the last message received, to prove that we can process our -26 * input. -27 */ -28#define MESSAGE_LENGTH 80 -29static char message[MESSAGE_LENGTH]; +25/* Here we keep the last message received, to prove that we can process our +26 * input. +27 */ +28#define MESSAGE_LENGTH 80 +29static char message[MESSAGE_LENGTH]; 30 -31static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; -32#define PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME "sleep" +31static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; +32#define PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME "sleep" 33 -34/* Since we use the file operations struct, we can't use the special proc -35 * output provisions - we have to use a standard read function, which is this -36 * function. -37 */ -38static ssize_t module_output(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -39 char __user *buf, /* The buffer to put data to -40 (in the user segment) */ -41 size_t len, /* The length of the buffer */ +34/* Since we use the file operations struct, we can't use the special proc +35 * output provisions - we have to use a standard read function, which is this +36 * function. +37 */ +38static ssize_t module_output(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +39 char __user *buf, /* The buffer to put data to +40 (in the user segment) */ +41 size_t len, /* The length of the buffer */ 42 loff_t *offset) 43{ -44 static int finished = 0; -45 int i; -46 char output_msg[MESSAGE_LENGTH + 30]; +44 static int finished = 0; +45 int i; +46 char output_msg[MESSAGE_LENGTH + 30]; 47 -48 /* Return 0 to signify end of file - that we have nothing more to say -49 * at this point. -50 */ -51 if (finished) { +48 /* Return 0 to signify end of file - that we have nothing more to say +49 * at this point. +50 */ +51 if (finished) { 52 finished = 0; -53 return 0; +53 return 0; 54 } 55 -56 sprintf(output_msg, "Last input:%s\n", message); -57 for (i = 0; i < len && output_msg[i]; i++) +56 sprintf(output_msg, "Last input:%s\n", message); +57 for (i = 0; i < len && output_msg[i]; i++) 58 put_user(output_msg[i], buf + i); 59 60 finished = 1; -61 return i; /* Return the number of bytes "read" */ +61 return i; /* Return the number of bytes "read" */ 62} 63 -64/* This function receives input from the user when the user writes to the -65 * /proc file. -66 */ -67static ssize_t module_input(struct file *file, /* The file itself */ -68 const char __user *buf, /* The buffer with input */ -69 size_t length, /* The buffer's length */ -70 loff_t *offset) /* offset to file - ignore */ +64/* This function receives input from the user when the user writes to the +65 * /proc file. +66 */ +67static ssize_t module_input(struct file *file, /* The file itself */ +68 const char __user *buf, /* The buffer with input */ +69 size_t length, /* The buffer's length */ +70 loff_t *offset) /* offset to file - ignore */ 71{ -72 int i; +72 int i; 73 -74 /* Put the input into message, where module_output will later be able -75 * to use it. -76 */ -77 for (i = 0; i < MESSAGE_LENGTH - 1 && i < length; i++) +74 /* Put the input into message, where module_output will later be able +75 * to use it. +76 */ +77 for (i = 0; i < MESSAGE_LENGTH - 1 && i < length; i++) 78 get_user(message[i], buf + i); -79 /* we want a standard, zero terminated string */ -80 message[i] = '\0'; +79 /* we want a standard, zero terminated string */ +80 message[i] = '\0'; 81 -82 /* We need to return the number of input characters used */ -83 return i; +82 /* We need to return the number of input characters used */ +83 return i; 84} 85 -86/* 1 if the file is currently open by somebody */ -87static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(0); +86/* 1 if the file is currently open by somebody */ +87static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(0); 88 -89/* Queue of processes who want our file */ -90static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(waitq); +89/* Queue of processes who want our file */ +90static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(waitq); 91 -92/* Called when the /proc file is opened */ -93static int module_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +92/* Called when the /proc file is opened */ +93static int module_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 94{ -95 /* Try to get without blocking */ -96 if (!atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, 0, 1)) { -97 /* Success without blocking, allow the access */ +95 /* Try to get without blocking */ +96 if (!atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, 0, 1)) { +97 /* Success without blocking, allow the access */ 98 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); -99 return 0; +99 return 0; 100 } -101 /* If the file's flags include O_NONBLOCK, it means the process does not -102 * want to wait for the file. In this case, because the file is already open, -103 * we should fail with -EAGAIN, meaning "you will have to try again", -104 * instead of blocking a process which would rather stay awake. -105 */ -106 if (file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) -107 return -EAGAIN; +101 /* If the file's flags include O_NONBLOCK, it means the process does not +102 * want to wait for the file. In this case, because the file is already open, +103 * we should fail with -EAGAIN, meaning "you will have to try again", +104 * instead of blocking a process which would rather stay awake. +105 */ +106 if (file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) +107 return -EAGAIN; 108 -109 /* This is the correct place for try_module_get(THIS_MODULE) because if -110 * a process is in the loop, which is within the kernel module, -111 * the kernel module must not be removed. -112 */ +109 /* This is the correct place for try_module_get(THIS_MODULE) because if +110 * a process is in the loop, which is within the kernel module, +111 * the kernel module must not be removed. +112 */ 113 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); 114 -115 while (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, 0, 1)) { -116 int i, is_sig = 0; +115 while (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, 0, 1)) { +116 int i, is_sig = 0; 117 -118 /* This function puts the current process, including any system -119 * calls, such as us, to sleep. Execution will be resumed right -120 * after the function call, either because somebody called -121 * wake_up(&waitq) (only module_close does that, when the file -122 * is closed) or when a signal, such as Ctrl-C, is sent -123 * to the process -124 */ +118 /* This function puts the current process, including any system +119 * calls, such as us, to sleep. Execution will be resumed right +120 * after the function call, either because somebody called +121 * wake_up(&waitq) (only module_close does that, when the file +122 * is closed) or when a signal, such as Ctrl-C, is sent +123 * to the process +124 */ 125 wait_event_interruptible(waitq, !atomic_read(&already_open)); 126 -127 /* If we woke up because we got a signal we're not blocking, -128 * return -EINTR (fail the system call). This allows processes -129 * to be killed or stopped. -130 */ -131 for (i = 0; i < _NSIG_WORDS && !is_sig; i++) +127 /* If we woke up because we got a signal we're not blocking, +128 * return -EINTR (fail the system call). This allows processes +129 * to be killed or stopped. +130 */ +131 for (i = 0; i < _NSIG_WORDS && !is_sig; i++) 132 is_sig = current->pending.signal.sig[i] & ~current->blocked.sig[i]; 133 -134 if (is_sig) { -135 /* It is important to put module_put(THIS_MODULE) here, because -136 * for processes where the open is interrupted there will never -137 * be a corresponding close. If we do not decrement the usage -138 * count here, we will be left with a positive usage count -139 * which we will have no way to bring down to zero, giving us -140 * an immortal module, which can only be killed by rebooting -141 * the machine. -142 */ +134 if (is_sig) { +135 /* It is important to put module_put(THIS_MODULE) here, because +136 * for processes where the open is interrupted there will never +137 * be a corresponding close. If we do not decrement the usage +138 * count here, we will be left with a positive usage count +139 * which we will have no way to bring down to zero, giving us +140 * an immortal module, which can only be killed by rebooting +141 * the machine. +142 */ 143 module_put(THIS_MODULE); -144 return -EINTR; +144 return -EINTR; 145 } 146 } 147 -148 return 0; /* Allow the access */ +148 return 0; /* Allow the access */ 149} 150 -151/* Called when the /proc file is closed */ -152static int module_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +151/* Called when the /proc file is closed */ +152static int module_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 153{ -154 /* Set already_open to zero, so one of the processes in the waitq will -155 * be able to set already_open back to one and to open the file. All -156 * the other processes will be called when already_open is back to one, -157 * so they'll go back to sleep. -158 */ +154 /* Set already_open to zero, so one of the processes in the waitq will +155 * be able to set already_open back to one and to open the file. All +156 * the other processes will be called when already_open is back to one, +157 * so they'll go back to sleep. +158 */ 159 atomic_set(&already_open, 0); 160 -161 /* Wake up all the processes in waitq, so if anybody is waiting for the -162 * file, they can have it. -163 */ +161 /* Wake up all the processes in waitq, so if anybody is waiting for the +162 * file, they can have it. +163 */ 164 wake_up(&waitq); 165 166 module_put(THIS_MODULE); 167 -168 return 0; /* success */ +168 return 0; /* success */ 169} 170 -171/* Structures to register as the /proc file, with pointers to all the relevant -172 * functions. -173 */ +171/* Structures to register as the /proc file, with pointers to all the relevant +172 * functions. +173 */ 174 -175/* File operations for our proc file. This is where we place pointers to all -176 * the functions called when somebody tries to do something to our file. NULL -177 * means we don't want to deal with something. -178 */ -179#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -180static const struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { -181 .proc_read = module_output, /* "read" from the file */ -182 .proc_write = module_input, /* "write" to the file */ -183 .proc_open = module_open, /* called when the /proc file is opened */ -184 .proc_release = module_close, /* called when it's closed */ -185 .proc_lseek = noop_llseek, /* return file->f_pos */ +175/* File operations for our proc file. This is where we place pointers to all +176 * the functions called when somebody tries to do something to our file. NULL +177 * means we don't want to deal with something. +178 */ +179#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +180static const struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { +181 .proc_read = module_output, /* "read" from the file */ +182 .proc_write = module_input, /* "write" to the file */ +183 .proc_open = module_open, /* called when the /proc file is opened */ +184 .proc_release = module_close, /* called when it's closed */ +185 .proc_lseek = noop_llseek, /* return file->f_pos */ 186}; -187#else -188static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { +187#else +188static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { 189 .read = module_output, 190 .write = module_input, 191 .open = module_open, 192 .release = module_close, 193 .llseek = noop_llseek, 194}; -195#endif +195#endif 196 -197/* Initialize the module - register the proc file */ -198static int __init sleep_init(void) +197/* Initialize the module - register the proc file */ +198static int __init sleep_init(void) 199{ 200 our_proc_file = 201 proc_create(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, 0644, NULL, &file_ops_4_our_proc_file); -202 if (our_proc_file == NULL) { -203 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); -204 return -ENOMEM; +202 if (our_proc_file == NULL) { +203 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); +204 return -ENOMEM; 205 } 206 proc_set_size(our_proc_file, 80); 207 proc_set_user(our_proc_file, GLOBAL_ROOT_UID, GLOBAL_ROOT_GID); 208 -209 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); +209 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); 210 -211 return 0; +211 return 0; 212} 213 -214/* Cleanup - unregister our file from /proc. This could get dangerous if -215 * there are still processes waiting in waitq, because they are inside our -216 * open function, which will get unloaded. I'll explain how to avoid removal -217 * of a kernel module in such a case in chapter 10. -218 */ -219static void __exit sleep_exit(void) +214/* Cleanup - unregister our file from /proc. This could get dangerous if +215 * there are still processes waiting in waitq, because they are inside our +216 * open function, which will get unloaded. I'll explain how to avoid removal +217 * of a kernel module in such a case in chapter 10. +218 */ +219static void __exit sleep_exit(void) 220{ 221 remove_proc_entry(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL); -222 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); +222 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); 223} 224 225module_init(sleep_init); 226module_exit(sleep_exit); 227 -228MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+228MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");-
1/* -2 * cat_nonblock.c - open a file and display its contents, but exit rather than -3 * wait for input. -4 */ -5#include <errno.h> /* for errno */ -6#include <fcntl.h> /* for open */ -7#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ -8#include <stdlib.h> /* for exit */ -9#include <unistd.h> /* for read */ ++32MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +33MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Workqueue example");1/* +2 * cat_nonblock.c - open a file and display its contents, but exit rather than +3 * wait for input. +4 */ +5#include <errno.h> /* for errno */ +6#include <fcntl.h> /* for open */ +7#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ +8#include <stdlib.h> /* for exit */ +9#include <unistd.h> /* for read */ 10 -11#define MAX_BYTES 1024 * 4 +11#define MAX_BYTES 1024 * 4 12 -13int main(int argc, char *argv[]) +13int main(int argc, char *argv[]) 14{ -15 int fd; /* The file descriptor for the file to read */ -16 size_t bytes; /* The number of bytes read */ -17 char buffer[MAX_BYTES]; /* The buffer for the bytes */ +15 int fd; /* The file descriptor for the file to read */ +16 size_t bytes; /* The number of bytes read */ +17 char buffer[MAX_BYTES]; /* The buffer for the bytes */ 18 -19 /* Usage */ -20 if (argc != 2) { -21 printf("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]); -22 puts("Reads the content of a file, but doesn't wait for input"); +19 /* Usage */ +20 if (argc != 2) { +21 printf("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]); +22 puts("Reads the content of a file, but doesn't wait for input"); 23 exit(-1); 24 } 25 -26 /* Open the file for reading in non blocking mode */ +26 /* Open the file for reading in non blocking mode */ 27 fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK); 28 -29 /* If open failed */ -30 if (fd == -1) { -31 puts(errno == EAGAIN ? "Open would block" : "Open failed"); +29 /* If open failed */ +30 if (fd == -1) { +31 puts(errno == EAGAIN ? "Open would block" : "Open failed"); 32 exit(-1); 33 } 34 -35 /* Read the file and output its contents */ -36 do { -37 /* Read characters from the file */ +35 /* Read the file and output its contents */ +36 do { +37 /* Read characters from the file */ 38 bytes = read(fd, buffer, MAX_BYTES); 39 -40 /* If there's an error, report it and die */ -41 if (bytes == -1) { -42 if (errno == EAGAIN) -43 puts("Normally I'd block, but you told me not to"); -44 else -45 puts("Another read error"); +40 /* If there's an error, report it and die */ +41 if (bytes == -1) { +42 if (errno == EAGAIN) +43 puts("Normally I'd block, but you told me not to"); +44 else +45 puts("Another read error"); 46 exit(-1); 47 } 48 -49 /* Print the characters */ -50 if (bytes > 0) { -51 for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++) +49 /* Print the characters */ +50 if (bytes > 0) { +51 for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++) 52 putchar(buffer[i]); 53 } 54 -55 /* While there are no errors and the file isn't over */ -56 } while (bytes > 0); +55 /* While there are no errors and the file isn't over */ +56 } while (bytes > 0); 57 -58 return 0; +58 return 0; 59}@@ -4249,90 +4249,90 @@
11.2
-
1/* -2 * completions.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/completion.h> -5#include <linux/err.h> /* for IS_ERR() */ -6#include <linux/init.h> -7#include <linux/kthread.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> -9#include <linux/printk.h> -10#include <linux/version.h> +1/* +2 * completions.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/completion.h> +5#include <linux/err.h> /* for IS_ERR() */ +6#include <linux/init.h> +7#include <linux/kthread.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> +9#include <linux/printk.h> +10#include <linux/version.h> 11 -12static struct completion crank_comp; -13static struct completion flywheel_comp; +12static struct completion crank_comp; +13static struct completion flywheel_comp; 14 -15static int machine_crank_thread(void *arg) +15static int machine_crank_thread(void *arg) 16{ -17 pr_info("Turn the crank\n"); +17 pr_info("Turn the crank\n"); 18 19 complete_all(&crank_comp); -20#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 17, 0) +20#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 17, 0) 21 kthread_complete_and_exit(&crank_comp, 0); -22#else +22#else 23 complete_and_exit(&crank_comp, 0); -24#endif +24#endif 25} 26 -27static int machine_flywheel_spinup_thread(void *arg) +27static int machine_flywheel_spinup_thread(void *arg) 28{ 29 wait_for_completion(&crank_comp); 30 -31 pr_info("Flywheel spins up\n"); +31 pr_info("Flywheel spins up\n"); 32 33 complete_all(&flywheel_comp); -34#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 17, 0) +34#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 17, 0) 35 kthread_complete_and_exit(&flywheel_comp, 0); -36#else +36#else 37 complete_and_exit(&flywheel_comp, 0); -38#endif +38#endif 39} 40 -41static int __init completions_init(void) +41static int __init completions_init(void) 42{ -43 struct task_struct *crank_thread; -44 struct task_struct *flywheel_thread; +43 struct task_struct *crank_thread; +44 struct task_struct *flywheel_thread; 45 -46 pr_info("completions example\n"); +46 pr_info("completions example\n"); 47 48 init_completion(&crank_comp); 49 init_completion(&flywheel_comp); 50 -51 crank_thread = kthread_create(machine_crank_thread, NULL, "KThread Crank"); -52 if (IS_ERR(crank_thread)) -53 goto ERROR_THREAD_1; +51 crank_thread = kthread_create(machine_crank_thread, NULL, "KThread Crank"); +52 if (IS_ERR(crank_thread)) +53 goto ERROR_THREAD_1; 54 55 flywheel_thread = kthread_create(machine_flywheel_spinup_thread, NULL, -56 "KThread Flywheel"); -57 if (IS_ERR(flywheel_thread)) -58 goto ERROR_THREAD_2; +56 "KThread Flywheel"); +57 if (IS_ERR(flywheel_thread)) +58 goto ERROR_THREAD_2; 59 60 wake_up_process(flywheel_thread); 61 wake_up_process(crank_thread); 62 -63 return 0; +63 return 0; 64 65ERROR_THREAD_2: 66 kthread_stop(crank_thread); 67ERROR_THREAD_1: 68 -69 return -1; +69 return -1; 70} 71 -72static void __exit completions_exit(void) +72static void __exit completions_exit(void) 73{ 74 wait_for_completion(&crank_comp); 75 wait_for_completion(&flywheel_comp); 76 -77 pr_info("completions exit\n"); +77 pr_info("completions exit\n"); 78} 79 80module_init(completions_init); 81module_exit(completions_exit); 82 -83MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Completions example"); -84MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+83MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Completions example"); +84MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
12 Avoiding Collisions and Deadlocks
@@ -4348,46 +4348,46 @@12.1
-
1/* -2 * example_mutex.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/module.h> -5#include <linux/mutex.h> -6#include <linux/printk.h> +@@ -4405,68 +4405,68 @@1/* +2 * example_mutex.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/module.h> +5#include <linux/mutex.h> +6#include <linux/printk.h> 7 -8static DEFINE_MUTEX(mymutex); +8static DEFINE_MUTEX(mymutex); 9 -10static int __init example_mutex_init(void) +10static int __init example_mutex_init(void) 11{ -12 int ret; +12 int ret; 13 -14 pr_info("example_mutex init\n"); +14 pr_info("example_mutex init\n"); 15 16 ret = mutex_trylock(&mymutex); -17 if (ret != 0) { -18 pr_info("mutex is locked\n"); +17 if (ret != 0) { +18 pr_info("mutex is locked\n"); 19 -20 if (mutex_is_locked(&mymutex) == 0) -21 pr_info("The mutex failed to lock!\n"); +20 if (mutex_is_locked(&mymutex) == 0) +21 pr_info("The mutex failed to lock!\n"); 22 23 mutex_unlock(&mymutex); -24 pr_info("mutex is unlocked\n"); -25 } else -26 pr_info("Failed to lock\n"); +24 pr_info("mutex is unlocked\n"); +25 } else +26 pr_info("Failed to lock\n"); 27 -28 return 0; +28 return 0; 29} 30 -31static void __exit example_mutex_exit(void) +31static void __exit example_mutex_exit(void) 32{ -33 pr_info("example_mutex exit\n"); +33 pr_info("example_mutex exit\n"); 34} 35 36module_init(example_mutex_init); 37module_exit(example_mutex_exit); 38 -39MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Mutex example"); -40MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+39MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Mutex example"); +40MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");12.2 variable to retain their state.
-
1/* -2 * example_spinlock.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/printk.h> -7#include <linux/spinlock.h> +1/* +2 * example_spinlock.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/printk.h> +7#include <linux/spinlock.h> 8 -9static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(sl_static); -10static spinlock_t sl_dynamic; +9static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(sl_static); +10static spinlock_t sl_dynamic; 11 -12static void example_spinlock_static(void) +12static void example_spinlock_static(void) 13{ -14 unsigned long flags; +14 unsigned long flags; 15 16 spin_lock_irqsave(&sl_static, flags); -17 pr_info("Locked static spinlock\n"); +17 pr_info("Locked static spinlock\n"); 18 -19 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this -20 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. -21 */ +19 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this +20 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. +21 */ 22 23 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sl_static, flags); -24 pr_info("Unlocked static spinlock\n"); +24 pr_info("Unlocked static spinlock\n"); 25} 26 -27static void example_spinlock_dynamic(void) +27static void example_spinlock_dynamic(void) 28{ -29 unsigned long flags; +29 unsigned long flags; 30 31 spin_lock_init(&sl_dynamic); 32 spin_lock_irqsave(&sl_dynamic, flags); -33 pr_info("Locked dynamic spinlock\n"); +33 pr_info("Locked dynamic spinlock\n"); 34 -35 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this -36 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. -37 */ +35 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this +36 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. +37 */ 38 39 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sl_dynamic, flags); -40 pr_info("Unlocked dynamic spinlock\n"); +40 pr_info("Unlocked dynamic spinlock\n"); 41} 42 -43static int __init example_spinlock_init(void) +43static int __init example_spinlock_init(void) 44{ -45 pr_info("example spinlock started\n"); +45 pr_info("example spinlock started\n"); 46 47 example_spinlock_static(); 48 example_spinlock_dynamic(); 49 -50 return 0; +50 return 0; 51} 52 -53static void __exit example_spinlock_exit(void) +53static void __exit example_spinlock_exit(void) 54{ -55 pr_info("example spinlock exit\n"); +55 pr_info("example spinlock exit\n"); 56} 57 58module_init(example_spinlock_init); 59module_exit(example_spinlock_exit); 60 -61MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Spinlock example"); -62MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+61MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Spinlock example"); +62MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Taking 100% of a CPU’s resources comes with greater responsibility. Situations where the kernel code monopolizes a CPU are called atomic contexts. Holding a spinlock is one of those situations. Sleeping in atomic contexts may leave the system @@ -4499,61 +4499,61 @@
12. -
29module_init(sched_init); 30module_exit(sched_exit); 31 -32MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -33MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Workqueue example");1/* -2 * example_rwlock.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/module.h> -5#include <linux/printk.h> -6#include <linux/rwlock.h> +1/* +2 * example_rwlock.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/module.h> +5#include <linux/printk.h> +6#include <linux/rwlock.h> 7 -8static DEFINE_RWLOCK(myrwlock); +8static DEFINE_RWLOCK(myrwlock); 9 -10static void example_read_lock(void) +10static void example_read_lock(void) 11{ -12 unsigned long flags; +12 unsigned long flags; 13 14 read_lock_irqsave(&myrwlock, flags); -15 pr_info("Read Locked\n"); +15 pr_info("Read Locked\n"); 16 -17 /* Read from something */ +17 /* Read from something */ 18 19 read_unlock_irqrestore(&myrwlock, flags); -20 pr_info("Read Unlocked\n"); +20 pr_info("Read Unlocked\n"); 21} 22 -23static void example_write_lock(void) +23static void example_write_lock(void) 24{ -25 unsigned long flags; +25 unsigned long flags; 26 27 write_lock_irqsave(&myrwlock, flags); -28 pr_info("Write Locked\n"); +28 pr_info("Write Locked\n"); 29 -30 /* Write to something */ +30 /* Write to something */ 31 32 write_unlock_irqrestore(&myrwlock, flags); -33 pr_info("Write Unlocked\n"); +33 pr_info("Write Unlocked\n"); 34} 35 -36static int __init example_rwlock_init(void) +36static int __init example_rwlock_init(void) 37{ -38 pr_info("example_rwlock started\n"); +38 pr_info("example_rwlock started\n"); 39 40 example_read_lock(); 41 example_write_lock(); 42 -43 return 0; +43 return 0; 44} 45 -46static void __exit example_rwlock_exit(void) +46static void __exit example_rwlock_exit(void) 47{ -48 pr_info("example_rwlock exit\n"); +48 pr_info("example_rwlock exit\n"); 49} 50 51module_init(example_rwlock_init); 52module_exit(example_rwlock_exit); 53 -54MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Read/Write locks example"); -55MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+54MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Read/Write locks example"); +55MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Of course, if you know for sure that there are no functions triggered by irqs which could possibly interfere with your logic then you can use the simpler
read_lock(&myrwlock) @@ -4569,81 +4569,81 @@
12.4 below.
-
1/* -2 * example_atomic.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/atomic.h> -5#include <linux/bitops.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/printk.h> +1/* +2 * example_atomic.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/atomic.h> +5#include <linux/bitops.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/printk.h> 8 -9#define BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c" -10#define BYTE_TO_BINARY(byte) \ -11 ((byte & 0x80) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x40) ? '1' : '0'), \ -12 ((byte & 0x20) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x10) ? '1' : '0'), \ -13 ((byte & 0x08) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x04) ? '1' : '0'), \ -14 ((byte & 0x02) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x01) ? '1' : '0') +9#define BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c" +10#define BYTE_TO_BINARY(byte) \ +11 ((byte & 0x80) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x40) ? '1' : '0'), \ +12 ((byte & 0x20) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x10) ? '1' : '0'), \ +13 ((byte & 0x08) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x04) ? '1' : '0'), \ +14 ((byte & 0x02) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x01) ? '1' : '0') 15 -16static void atomic_add_subtract(void) +16static void atomic_add_subtract(void) 17{ 18 atomic_t debbie; 19 atomic_t chris = ATOMIC_INIT(50); 20 21 atomic_set(&debbie, 45); 22 -23 /* subtract one */ +23 /* subtract one */ 24 atomic_dec(&debbie); 25 26 atomic_add(7, &debbie); 27 -28 /* add one */ +28 /* add one */ 29 atomic_inc(&debbie); 30 -31 pr_info("chris: %d, debbie: %d\n", atomic_read(&chris), +31 pr_info("chris: %d, debbie: %d\n", atomic_read(&chris), 32 atomic_read(&debbie)); 33} 34 -35static void atomic_bitwise(void) +35static void atomic_bitwise(void) 36{ -37 unsigned long word = 0; +37 unsigned long word = 0; 38 -39 pr_info("Bits 0: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +39 pr_info("Bits 0: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 40 set_bit(3, &word); 41 set_bit(5, &word); -42 pr_info("Bits 1: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +42 pr_info("Bits 1: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 43 clear_bit(5, &word); -44 pr_info("Bits 2: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +44 pr_info("Bits 2: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 45 change_bit(3, &word); 46 -47 pr_info("Bits 3: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); -48 if (test_and_set_bit(3, &word)) -49 pr_info("wrong\n"); -50 pr_info("Bits 4: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +47 pr_info("Bits 3: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +48 if (test_and_set_bit(3, &word)) +49 pr_info("wrong\n"); +50 pr_info("Bits 4: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 51 52 word = 255; -53 pr_info("Bits 5: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "\n", BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +53 pr_info("Bits 5: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "\n", BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 54} 55 -56static int __init example_atomic_init(void) +56static int __init example_atomic_init(void) 57{ -58 pr_info("example_atomic started\n"); +58 pr_info("example_atomic started\n"); 59 60 atomic_add_subtract(); 61 atomic_bitwise(); 62 -63 return 0; +63 return 0; 64} 65 -66static void __exit example_atomic_exit(void) +66static void __exit example_atomic_exit(void) 67{ -68 pr_info("example_atomic exit\n"); +68 pr_info("example_atomic exit\n"); 69} 70 71module_init(example_atomic_init); 72module_exit(example_atomic_exit); 73 -74MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Atomic operations example"); -75MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+74MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Atomic operations example"); +75MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Before the C11 standard adopts the built-in atomic types, the kernel already provided a small set of atomic types by using a bunch of tricky architecture-specific codes. Implementing the atomic types by C11 atomics may allow the kernel to throw @@ -4680,80 +4680,80 @@
13.1
-
1/* -2 * print_string.c - Send output to the tty we're running on, regardless if -3 * it is through X11, telnet, etc. We do this by printing the string to the -4 * tty associated with the current task. -5 */ -6#include <linux/init.h> -7#include <linux/kernel.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> -9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For current */ -10#include <linux/tty.h> /* For the tty declarations */ +1/* +2 * print_string.c - Send output to the tty we're running on, regardless if +3 * it is through X11, telnet, etc. We do this by printing the string to the +4 * tty associated with the current task. +5 */ +6#include <linux/init.h> +7#include <linux/kernel.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> +9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For current */ +10#include <linux/tty.h> /* For the tty declarations */ 11 -12static void print_string(char *str) +12static void print_string(char *str) 13{ -14 /* The tty for the current task */ -15 struct tty_struct *my_tty = get_current_tty(); +14 /* The tty for the current task */ +15 struct tty_struct *my_tty = get_current_tty(); 16 -17 /* If my_tty is NULL, the current task has no tty you can print to (i.e., -18 * if it is a daemon). If so, there is nothing we can do. -19 */ -20 if (my_tty) { -21 const struct tty_operations *ttyops = my_tty->driver->ops; -22 /* my_tty->driver is a struct which holds the tty's functions, -23 * one of which (write) is used to write strings to the tty. -24 * It can be used to take a string either from the user's or -25 * kernel's memory segment. -26 * -27 * The function's 1st parameter is the tty to write to, because the -28 * same function would normally be used for all tty's of a certain -29 * type. -30 * The 2nd parameter is a pointer to a string. -31 * The 3rd parameter is the length of the string. -32 * -33 * As you will see below, sometimes it's necessary to use -34 * preprocessor stuff to create code that works for different -35 * kernel versions. The (naive) approach we've taken here does not -36 * scale well. The right way to deal with this is described in -37 * section 2 of -38 * linux/Documentation/SubmittingPatches -39 */ -40 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, /* The tty itself */ -41 str, /* String */ -42 strlen(str)); /* Length */ +17 /* If my_tty is NULL, the current task has no tty you can print to (i.e., +18 * if it is a daemon). If so, there is nothing we can do. +19 */ +20 if (my_tty) { +21 const struct tty_operations *ttyops = my_tty->driver->ops; +22 /* my_tty->driver is a struct which holds the tty's functions, +23 * one of which (write) is used to write strings to the tty. +24 * It can be used to take a string either from the user's or +25 * kernel's memory segment. +26 * +27 * The function's 1st parameter is the tty to write to, because the +28 * same function would normally be used for all tty's of a certain +29 * type. +30 * The 2nd parameter is a pointer to a string. +31 * The 3rd parameter is the length of the string. +32 * +33 * As you will see below, sometimes it's necessary to use +34 * preprocessor stuff to create code that works for different +35 * kernel versions. The (naive) approach we've taken here does not +36 * scale well. The right way to deal with this is described in +37 * section 2 of +38 * linux/Documentation/SubmittingPatches +39 */ +40 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, /* The tty itself */ +41 str, /* String */ +42 strlen(str)); /* Length */ 43 -44 /* ttys were originally hardware devices, which (usually) strictly -45 * followed the ASCII standard. In ASCII, to move to a new line you -46 * need two characters, a carriage return and a line feed. On Unix, -47 * the ASCII line feed is used for both purposes - so we can not -48 * just use \n, because it would not have a carriage return and the -49 * next line will start at the column right after the line feed. -50 * -51 * This is why text files are different between Unix and MS Windows. -52 * In CP/M and derivatives, like MS-DOS and MS Windows, the ASCII -53 * standard was strictly adhered to, and therefore a newline requires -54 * both a LF and a CR. -55 */ -56 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, "\015\012", 2); +44 /* ttys were originally hardware devices, which (usually) strictly +45 * followed the ASCII standard. In ASCII, to move to a new line you +46 * need two characters, a carriage return and a line feed. On Unix, +47 * the ASCII line feed is used for both purposes - so we can not +48 * just use \n, because it would not have a carriage return and the +49 * next line will start at the column right after the line feed. +50 * +51 * This is why text files are different between Unix and MS Windows. +52 * In CP/M and derivatives, like MS-DOS and MS Windows, the ASCII +53 * standard was strictly adhered to, and therefore a newline requires +54 * both a LF and a CR. +55 */ +56 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, "\015\012", 2); 57 } 58} 59 -60static int __init print_string_init(void) +60static int __init print_string_init(void) 61{ -62 print_string("The module has been inserted. Hello world!"); -63 return 0; +62 print_string("The module has been inserted. Hello world!"); +63 return 0; 64} 65 -66static void __exit print_string_exit(void) +66static void __exit print_string_exit(void) 67{ -68 print_string("The module has been removed. Farewell world!"); +68 print_string("The module has been removed. Farewell world!"); 69} 70 71module_init(print_string_init); 72module_exit(print_string_exit); 73 -74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
13.2 Flashing keyboard LEDs
@@ -4771,39 +4771,39 @@1 and
data
fields, providing the attacker with a way to use return-oriented programming (ROP) to call arbitrary functions within the kernel. Also, the function prototype of the callback, -containing aunsigned long +containing a
unsigned long
argument, will prevent work from any type checking. Furthermore, the function prototype -withunsigned long +with
unsigned long
argument may be an obstacle to the forward-edge protection of control-flow integrity. Thus, it is better to use a unique prototype to separate from the cluster that takes an -unsigned long +
unsigned long
argument. The timer callback should be passed a pointer to thetimer_list -
structure rather than anunsigned long +
structure rather than anunsigned long
argument. Then, it wraps all the information the callback needs, including thetimer_list
structure, into a larger structure, and it can use thecontainer_of -
macro instead of theunsigned long +
macro instead of theunsigned long
value. For more information see: Improving the kernel timers API.Before Linux v4.14,
-setup_timer
was used to initialize the timer and thetimer_list
structure looked like:1struct timer_list { -2 unsigned long expires; -3 void (*function)(unsigned long); -4 unsigned long data; +1struct timer_list { +2 unsigned long expires; +3 void (*function)(unsigned long); +4 unsigned long data; 5 u32 flags; -6 /* ... */ +6 /* ... */ 7}; 8 -9void setup_timer(struct timer_list *timer, void (*callback)(unsigned long), -10 unsigned long data);+9void setup_timer(struct timer_list *timer, void (*callback)(unsigned long), +10 unsigned long data);Since Linux v4.14,
-timer_setup
is adopted and the kernel step by step converting totimer_setup @@ -4813,63 +4813,63 @@
was implemented by1
setup_timer
at first.1void timer_setup(struct timer_list *timer, -2 void (*callback)(struct timer_list *), unsigned int flags);+1void timer_setup(struct timer_list *timer, +2 void (*callback)(struct timer_list *), unsigned int flags);The
-setup_timer
was then removed since v4.15. As a result, thetimer_list
structure had changed to the following.1struct timer_list { -2 unsigned long expires; -3 void (*function)(struct timer_list *); +1struct timer_list { +2 unsigned long expires; +3 void (*function)(struct timer_list *); 4 u32 flags; -5 /* ... */ +5 /* ... */ 6};The following source code illustrates a minimal kernel module which, when loaded, starts blinking the keyboard LEDs until it is unloaded.
-
1/* -2 * kbleds.c - Blink keyboard leds until the module is unloaded. -3 */ +1/* +2 * kbleds.c - Blink keyboard leds until the module is unloaded. +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/init.h> -6#include <linux/kd.h> /* For KDSETLED */ -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/tty.h> /* For tty_struct */ -9#include <linux/vt.h> /* For MAX_NR_CONSOLES */ -10#include <linux/vt_kern.h> /* for fg_console */ -11#include <linux/console_struct.h> /* For vc_cons */ +5#include <linux/init.h> +6#include <linux/kd.h> /* For KDSETLED */ +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/tty.h> /* For tty_struct */ +9#include <linux/vt.h> /* For MAX_NR_CONSOLES */ +10#include <linux/vt_kern.h> /* for fg_console */ +11#include <linux/console_struct.h> /* For vc_cons */ 12 -13MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Example module illustrating the use of Keyboard LEDs."); +13MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Example module illustrating the use of Keyboard LEDs."); 14 -15static struct timer_list my_timer; -16static struct tty_driver *my_driver; -17static unsigned long kbledstatus = 0; +15static struct timer_list my_timer; +16static struct tty_driver *my_driver; +17static unsigned long kbledstatus = 0; 18 -19#define BLINK_DELAY HZ / 5 -20#define ALL_LEDS_ON 0x07 -21#define RESTORE_LEDS 0xFF +19#define BLINK_DELAY HZ / 5 +20#define ALL_LEDS_ON 0x07 +21#define RESTORE_LEDS 0xFF 22 -23/* Function my_timer_func blinks the keyboard LEDs periodically by invoking -24 * command KDSETLED of ioctl() on the keyboard driver. To learn more on virtual -25 * terminal ioctl operations, please see file: -26 * drivers/tty/vt/vt_ioctl.c, function vt_ioctl(). -27 * -28 * The argument to KDSETLED is alternatively set to 7 (thus causing the led -29 * mode to be set to LED_SHOW_IOCTL, and all the leds are lit) and to 0xFF -30 * (any value above 7 switches back the led mode to LED_SHOW_FLAGS, thus -31 * the LEDs reflect the actual keyboard status). To learn more on this, -32 * please see file: drivers/tty/vt/keyboard.c, function setledstate(). -33 */ -34static void my_timer_func(struct timer_list *unused) +23/* Function my_timer_func blinks the keyboard LEDs periodically by invoking +24 * command KDSETLED of ioctl() on the keyboard driver. To learn more on virtual +25 * terminal ioctl operations, please see file: +26 * drivers/tty/vt/vt_ioctl.c, function vt_ioctl(). +27 * +28 * The argument to KDSETLED is alternatively set to 7 (thus causing the led +29 * mode to be set to LED_SHOW_IOCTL, and all the leds are lit) and to 0xFF +30 * (any value above 7 switches back the led mode to LED_SHOW_FLAGS, thus +31 * the LEDs reflect the actual keyboard status). To learn more on this, +32 * please see file: drivers/tty/vt/keyboard.c, function setledstate(). +33 */ +34static void my_timer_func(struct timer_list *unused) 35{ -36 struct tty_struct *t = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty; +36 struct tty_struct *t = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty; 37 -38 if (kbledstatus == ALL_LEDS_ON) +38 if (kbledstatus == ALL_LEDS_ON) 39 kbledstatus = RESTORE_LEDS; -40 else +40 else 41 kbledstatus = ALL_LEDS_ON; 42 43 (my_driver->ops->ioctl)(t, KDSETLED, kbledstatus); @@ -4878,34 +4878,34 @@+85MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");1 46 add_timer(&my_timer); 47} 48 -49static int __init kbleds_init(void) +49static int __init kbleds_init(void) 50{ -51 int i; +51 int i; 52 -53 pr_info("kbleds: loading\n"); -54 pr_info("kbleds: fgconsole is %x\n", fg_console); -55 for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_CONSOLES; i++) { -56 if (!vc_cons[i].d) -57 break; -58 pr_info("poet_atkm: console[%i/%i] #%i, tty %p\n", i, MAX_NR_CONSOLES, -59 vc_cons[i].d->vc_num, (void *)vc_cons[i].d->port.tty); +53 pr_info("kbleds: loading\n"); +54 pr_info("kbleds: fgconsole is %x\n", fg_console); +55 for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_CONSOLES; i++) { +56 if (!vc_cons[i].d) +57 break; +58 pr_info("poet_atkm: console[%i/%i] #%i, tty %p\n", i, MAX_NR_CONSOLES, +59 vc_cons[i].d->vc_num, (void *)vc_cons[i].d->port.tty); 60 } -61 pr_info("kbleds: finished scanning consoles\n"); +61 pr_info("kbleds: finished scanning consoles\n"); 62 63 my_driver = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty->driver; -64 pr_info("kbleds: tty driver name %s\n", my_driver->driver_name); +64 pr_info("kbleds: tty driver name %s\n", my_driver->driver_name); 65 -66 /* Set up the LED blink timer the first time. */ +66 /* Set up the LED blink timer the first time. */ 67 timer_setup(&my_timer, my_timer_func, 0); 68 my_timer.expires = jiffies + BLINK_DELAY; 69 add_timer(&my_timer); 70 -71 return 0; +71 return 0; 72} 73 -74static void __exit kbleds_cleanup(void) +74static void __exit kbleds_cleanup(void) 75{ -76 pr_info("kbleds: unloading...\n"); +76 pr_info("kbleds: unloading...\n"); 77 del_timer(&my_timer); 78 (my_driver->ops->ioctl)(vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty, KDSETLED, 79 RESTORE_LEDS); @@ -4914,7 +4914,7 @@
1 82module_init(kbleds_init); 83module_exit(kbleds_cleanup); 84 -85MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
If none of the examples in this chapter fit your debugging needs, there might yet be some other tricks to try. Ever wondered what
CONFIG_LL_DEBUG @@ -4956,50 +4956,50 @@
14.1 softirq.
-
1/* -2 * example_tasklet.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/delay.h> -5#include <linux/interrupt.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/printk.h> +1/* +2 * example_tasklet.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/delay.h> +5#include <linux/interrupt.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/printk.h> 8 -9/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibility. -10 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ -11 */ -12#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD -13#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) -14#endif +9/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibility. +10 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ +11 */ +12#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD +13#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) +14#endif 15 -16static void tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) +16static void tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) 17{ -18 pr_info("Example tasklet starts\n"); +18 pr_info("Example tasklet starts\n"); 19 mdelay(5000); -20 pr_info("Example tasklet ends\n"); +20 pr_info("Example tasklet ends\n"); 21} 22 -23static DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(mytask, tasklet_fn); +23static DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(mytask, tasklet_fn); 24 -25static int __init example_tasklet_init(void) +25static int __init example_tasklet_init(void) 26{ -27 pr_info("tasklet example init\n"); +27 pr_info("tasklet example init\n"); 28 tasklet_schedule(&mytask); 29 mdelay(200); -30 pr_info("Example tasklet init continues...\n"); -31 return 0; +30 pr_info("Example tasklet init continues...\n"); +31 return 0; 32} 33 -34static void __exit example_tasklet_exit(void) +34static void __exit example_tasklet_exit(void) 35{ -36 pr_info("tasklet example exit\n"); +36 pr_info("tasklet example exit\n"); 37 tasklet_kill(&mytask); 38} 39 40module_init(example_tasklet_init); 41module_exit(example_tasklet_exit); 42 -43MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Tasklet example"); -44MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+43MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Tasklet example"); +44MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");So with this example loaded
dmesg
should show: @@ -5032,30 +5032,30 @@14.2
-
1/* -2 * sched.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/workqueue.h> +1/* +2 * sched.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/workqueue.h> 7 -8static struct workqueue_struct *queue = NULL; -9static struct work_struct work; +8static struct workqueue_struct *queue = NULL; +9static struct work_struct work; 10 -11static void work_handler(struct work_struct *data) +11static void work_handler(struct work_struct *data) 12{ -13 pr_info("work handler function.\n"); +13 pr_info("work handler function.\n"); 14} 15 -16static int __init sched_init(void) +16static int __init sched_init(void) 17{ -18 queue = alloc_workqueue("HELLOWORLD", WQ_UNBOUND, 1); +18 queue = alloc_workqueue("HELLOWORLD", WQ_UNBOUND, 1); 19 INIT_WORK(&work, work_handler); 20 queue_work(queue, &work); -21 return 0; +21 return 0; 22} 23 -24static void __exit sched_exit(void) +24static void __exit sched_exit(void) 25{ 26 destroy_workqueue(queue); 27} @@ -5063,8 +5063,8 @@14.2
15 Interrupt Handlers
@@ -5158,115 +5158,115 @@
-
1/* -2 * intrpt.c - Handling GPIO with interrupts -3 * -4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) -5 * from: -6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples -7 * -8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off. -9 */ +1/* +2 * intrpt.c - Handling GPIO with interrupts +3 * +4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) +5 * from: +6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples +7 * +8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off. +9 */ 10 -11#include <linux/gpio.h> -12#include <linux/interrupt.h> -13#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for ARRAY_SIZE() */ -14#include <linux/module.h> -15#include <linux/printk.h> +11#include <linux/gpio.h> +12#include <linux/interrupt.h> +13#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for ARRAY_SIZE() */ +14#include <linux/module.h> +15#include <linux/printk.h> 16 -17static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; +17static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; 18 -19/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -20 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -21 */ -22static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; +19/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +20 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +21 */ +22static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; 23 -24/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS -25 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -26 */ -27static struct gpio buttons[] = { { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, -28 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" } }; +24/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS +25 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +26 */ +27static struct gpio buttons[] = { { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, +28 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" } }; 29 -30/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed. */ -31static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) +30/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed. */ +31static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) 32{ -33 /* first button */ -34 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +33 /* first button */ +34 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 35 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 1); -36 /* second button */ -37 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +36 /* second button */ +37 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 38 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); 39 -40 return IRQ_HANDLED; +40 return IRQ_HANDLED; 41} 42 -43static int __init intrpt_init(void) +43static int __init intrpt_init(void) 44{ -45 int ret = 0; +45 int ret = 0; 46 -47 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +47 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 48 -49 /* register LED gpios */ +49 /* register LED gpios */ 50 ret = gpio_request_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 51 -52 if (ret) { -53 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); -54 return ret; +52 if (ret) { +53 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); +54 return ret; 55 } 56 -57 /* register BUTTON gpios */ +57 /* register BUTTON gpios */ 58 ret = gpio_request_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 59 -60 if (ret) { -61 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -62 goto fail1; +60 if (ret) { +61 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +62 goto fail1; 63 } 64 -65 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); +65 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); 66 67 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[0].gpio); 68 -69 if (ret < 0) { -70 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -71 goto fail2; +69 if (ret < 0) { +70 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +71 goto fail2; 72 } 73 74 button_irqs[0] = ret; 75 -76 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); +76 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); 77 78 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[0], button_isr, 79 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -80 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); +80 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); 81 -82 if (ret) { -83 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -84 goto fail2; +82 if (ret) { +83 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +84 goto fail2; 85 } 86 87 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); 88 -89 if (ret < 0) { -90 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -91 goto fail2; +89 if (ret < 0) { +90 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +91 goto fail2; 92 } 93 94 button_irqs[1] = ret; 95 -96 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); +96 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); 97 98 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[1], button_isr, 99 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -100 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); +100 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); 101 -102 if (ret) { -103 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -104 goto fail3; +102 if (ret) { +103 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +104 goto fail3; 105 } 106 -107 return 0; +107 return 0; 108 -109/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ +109/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ 110fail3: 111 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 112 @@ -5276,24 +5276,24 @@+144MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +145MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Handle some GPIO interrupts");116fail1: 117 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 118 -119 return ret; +119 return ret; 120} 121 -122static void __exit intrpt_exit(void) +122static void __exit intrpt_exit(void) 123{ -124 int i; +124 int i; 125 -126 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +126 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 127 -128 /* free irqs */ +128 /* free irqs */ 129 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 130 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); 131 -132 /* turn all LEDs off */ -133 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) +132 /* turn all LEDs off */ +133 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) 134 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); 135 -136 /* unregister */ +136 /* unregister */ 137 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 138 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 139} @@ -5301,8 +5301,8 @@
141module_init(intrpt_init); 142module_exit(intrpt_exit); 143 -144MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -145MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Handle some GPIO interrupts");
@@ -5317,138 +5317,138 @@
15.3
-
1/* -2 * bottomhalf.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling -3 * -4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) -5 * from: -6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples -7 * -8 * Press one button to turn on an LED and another to turn it off -9 */ +1/* +2 * bottomhalf.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling +3 * +4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) +5 * from: +6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples +7 * +8 * Press one button to turn on an LED and another to turn it off +9 */ 10 -11#include <linux/delay.h> -12#include <linux/gpio.h> -13#include <linux/interrupt.h> -14#include <linux/module.h> -15#include <linux/printk.h> -16#include <linux/init.h> +11#include <linux/delay.h> +12#include <linux/gpio.h> +13#include <linux/interrupt.h> +14#include <linux/module.h> +15#include <linux/printk.h> +16#include <linux/init.h> 17 -18/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibility. -19 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ -20 */ -21#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD -22#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) -23#endif +18/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibility. +19 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ +20 */ +21#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD +22#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) +23#endif 24 -25static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; +25static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; 26 -27/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -28 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -29 */ -30static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; +27/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +28 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +29 */ +30static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; 31 -32/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS -33 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -34 */ -35static struct gpio buttons[] = { -36 { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, -37 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" }, +32/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS +33 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +34 */ +35static struct gpio buttons[] = { +36 { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, +37 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" }, 38}; 39 -40/* Tasklet containing some non-trivial amount of processing */ -41static void bottomhalf_tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) +40/* Tasklet containing some non-trivial amount of processing */ +41static void bottomhalf_tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) 42{ -43 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet starts\n"); -44 /* do something which takes a while */ +43 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet starts\n"); +44 /* do something which takes a while */ 45 mdelay(500); -46 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet ends\n"); +46 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet ends\n"); 47} 48 -49static DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(buttontask, bottomhalf_tasklet_fn); +49static DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(buttontask, bottomhalf_tasklet_fn); 50 -51/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed */ -52static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) +51/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed */ +52static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) 53{ -54 /* Do something quickly right now */ -55 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +54 /* Do something quickly right now */ +55 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 56 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 1); -57 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +57 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 58 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); 59 -60 /* Do the rest at leisure via the scheduler */ +60 /* Do the rest at leisure via the scheduler */ 61 tasklet_schedule(&buttontask); 62 -63 return IRQ_HANDLED; +63 return IRQ_HANDLED; 64} 65 -66static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) +66static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) 67{ -68 int ret = 0; +68 int ret = 0; 69 -70 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +70 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 71 -72 /* register LED gpios */ +72 /* register LED gpios */ 73 ret = gpio_request_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 74 -75 if (ret) { -76 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); -77 return ret; +75 if (ret) { +76 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); +77 return ret; 78 } 79 -80 /* register BUTTON gpios */ +80 /* register BUTTON gpios */ 81 ret = gpio_request_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 82 -83 if (ret) { -84 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -85 goto fail1; +83 if (ret) { +84 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +85 goto fail1; 86 } 87 -88 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); +88 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); 89 90 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[0].gpio); 91 -92 if (ret < 0) { -93 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -94 goto fail2; +92 if (ret < 0) { +93 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +94 goto fail2; 95 } 96 97 button_irqs[0] = ret; 98 -99 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); +99 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); 100 101 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[0], button_isr, 102 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -103 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); +103 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); 104 -105 if (ret) { -106 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -107 goto fail2; +105 if (ret) { +106 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +107 goto fail2; 108 } 109 110 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); 111 -112 if (ret < 0) { -113 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -114 goto fail2; +112 if (ret < 0) { +113 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +114 goto fail2; 115 } 116 117 button_irqs[1] = ret; 118 -119 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); +119 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); 120 121 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[1], button_isr, 122 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -123 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); +123 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); 124 -125 if (ret) { -126 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -127 goto fail3; +125 if (ret) { +126 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +127 goto fail3; 128 } 129 -130 return 0; +130 return 0; 131 -132/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ +132/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ 133fail3: 134 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 135 @@ -5458,24 +5458,24 @@+167MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +168MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");15.3 139fail1: 140 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 141 -142 return ret; +142 return ret; 143} 144 -145static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) +145static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) 146{ -147 int i; +147 int i; 148 -149 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +149 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 150 -151 /* free irqs */ +151 /* free irqs */ 152 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 153 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); 154 -155 /* turn all LEDs off */ -156 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) +155 /* turn all LEDs off */ +156 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) 157 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); 158 -159 /* unregister */ +159 /* unregister */ 160 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 161 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 162} @@ -5483,8 +5483,8 @@
15.3 164module_init(bottomhalf_init); 165module_exit(bottomhalf_exit); 166 -167MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -168MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");
15.4 Threaded IRQ
@@ -5509,121 +5509,121 @@15.4
-
1/* -2 * bh_thread.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling -3 * -4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) -5 * from: -6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples -7 * -8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off -9 */ +1/* +2 * bh_thread.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling +3 * +4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) +5 * from: +6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples +7 * +8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off +9 */ 10 -11#include <linux/module.h> -12#include <linux/kernel.h> -13#include <linux/gpio.h> -14#include <linux/delay.h> -15#include <linux/interrupt.h> +11#include <linux/module.h> +12#include <linux/kernel.h> +13#include <linux/gpio.h> +14#include <linux/delay.h> +15#include <linux/interrupt.h> 16 -17static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; +17static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; 18 -19/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -20 * FIXME: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -21 */ -22static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; +19/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +20 * FIXME: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +21 */ +22static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; 23 -24/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS -25 * FIXME: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -26 */ -27static struct gpio buttons[] = { -28 { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, -29 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" }, +24/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS +25 * FIXME: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +26 */ +27static struct gpio buttons[] = { +28 { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, +29 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" }, 30}; 31 -32/* This happens immediately, when the IRQ is triggered */ -33static irqreturn_t button_top_half(int irq, void *ident) +32/* This happens immediately, when the IRQ is triggered */ +33static irqreturn_t button_top_half(int irq, void *ident) 34{ -35 return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD; +35 return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD; 36} 37 -38/* This can happen at leisure, freeing up IRQs for other high priority task */ -39static irqreturn_t button_bottom_half(int irq, void *ident) +38/* This can happen at leisure, freeing up IRQs for other high priority task */ +39static irqreturn_t button_bottom_half(int irq, void *ident) 40{ -41 pr_info("Bottom half task starts\n"); -42 mdelay(500); /* do something which takes a while */ -43 pr_info("Bottom half task ends\n"); -44 return IRQ_HANDLED; +41 pr_info("Bottom half task starts\n"); +42 mdelay(500); /* do something which takes a while */ +43 pr_info("Bottom half task ends\n"); +44 return IRQ_HANDLED; 45} 46 -47static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) +47static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) 48{ -49 int ret = 0; +49 int ret = 0; 50 -51 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +51 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 52 -53 /* register LED gpios */ +53 /* register LED gpios */ 54 ret = gpio_request_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 55 -56 if (ret) { -57 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); -58 return ret; +56 if (ret) { +57 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); +58 return ret; 59 } 60 -61 /* register BUTTON gpios */ +61 /* register BUTTON gpios */ 62 ret = gpio_request_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 63 -64 if (ret) { -65 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -66 goto fail1; +64 if (ret) { +65 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +66 goto fail1; 67 } 68 -69 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); +69 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); 70 71 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[0].gpio); 72 -73 if (ret < 0) { -74 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -75 goto fail2; +73 if (ret < 0) { +74 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +75 goto fail2; 76 } 77 78 button_irqs[0] = ret; 79 -80 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); +80 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); 81 82 ret = request_threaded_irq(button_irqs[0], button_top_half, 83 button_bottom_half, 84 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -85 "gpiomod#button1", &buttons[0]); +85 "gpiomod#button1", &buttons[0]); 86 -87 if (ret) { -88 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -89 goto fail2; +87 if (ret) { +88 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +89 goto fail2; 90 } 91 92 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); 93 -94 if (ret < 0) { -95 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -96 goto fail2; +94 if (ret < 0) { +95 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +96 goto fail2; 97 } 98 99 button_irqs[1] = ret; 100 -101 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); +101 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); 102 103 ret = request_threaded_irq(button_irqs[1], button_top_half, 104 button_bottom_half, 105 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -106 "gpiomod#button2", &buttons[1]); +106 "gpiomod#button2", &buttons[1]); 107 -108 if (ret) { -109 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -110 goto fail3; +108 if (ret) { +109 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +110 goto fail3; 111 } 112 -113 return 0; +113 return 0; 114 -115/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ +115/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ 116fail3: 117 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 118 @@ -5633,24 +5633,24 @@+150MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +151MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");15.4 122fail1: 123 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 124 -125 return ret; +125 return ret; 126} 127 -128static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) +128static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) 129{ -130 int i; +130 int i; 131 -132 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +132 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 133 -134 /* free irqs */ +134 /* free irqs */ 135 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 136 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); 137 -138 /* turn all LEDs off */ -139 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) +138 /* turn all LEDs off */ +139 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) 140 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); 141 -142 /* unregister */ +142 /* unregister */ 143 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 144 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 145} @@ -5658,8 +5658,8 @@
15.4 147module_init(bottomhalf_init); 148module_exit(bottomhalf_exit); 149 -150MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -151MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");
A threaded IRQ is registered using
request_threaded_irq()
. This function only takes one additional parameter than therequest_irq() @@ -5718,22 +5718,22 @@
will add a new device to the list of support virtual input devices.
-
1int init(struct vinput *);-This function is passed a
struct vinput -
already initialized with an allocatedstruct input_dev +
1int init(struct vinput *);+This function is passed a
struct vinput +
already initialized with an allocatedstruct input_dev
. Theinit()
function is responsible for initializing the capabilities of the input device and register it.-
1int send(struct vinput *, char *, int);+1int send(struct vinput *, char *, int);This function will receive a user string to interpret and inject the event using the
input_report_XXXX
orinput_event
call. The string is already copied from user.-
1int read(struct vinput *, char *, int);+1int read(struct vinput *, char *, int);This function is used for debugging and should fill the buffer parameter with the last event sent in the virtual input device format. The buffer will then be copied to user. @@ -5744,12 +5744,12 @@
structure is similar to other attribute types we talked about in section 8:
-
1struct class_attribute { -2 struct attribute attr; -3 ssize_t (*show)(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, -4 char *buf); -5 ssize_t (*store)(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, -6 const char *buf, size_t count); +1struct class_attribute { +2 struct attribute attr; +3 ssize_t (*show)(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, +4 char *buf); +5 ssize_t (*store)(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, +6 const char *buf, size_t count); 7};@@ -5760,227 +5760,227 @@structures which are named class_attr_export/unexport. Then, put them into
vinput_class_attrs
array and the macroATTRIBUTE_GROUPS(vinput_class) -
will generate thestruct attribute_group vinput_class_group +
will generate thestruct attribute_group vinput_class_group
that should be assigned invinput_class
. Finally, callclass_register(&vinput_class)
to create attributes in sysfs.To create a vinputX sysfs entry and /dev node.
-
1echo "vkbd" | sudo tee /sys/class/vinput/export+1echo "vkbd" | sudo tee /sys/class/vinput/exportTo unexport the device, just echo its id in unexport:
-
1echo "0" | sudo tee /sys/class/vinput/unexport+1echo "0" | sudo tee /sys/class/vinput/unexport-
1/* -2 * vinput.h -3 */ +1/* +2 * vinput.h +3 */ 4 -5#ifndef VINPUT_H -6#define VINPUT_H +5#ifndef VINPUT_H +6#define VINPUT_H 7 -8#include <linux/input.h> -9#include <linux/spinlock.h> +8#include <linux/input.h> +9#include <linux/spinlock.h> 10 -11#define VINPUT_MAX_LEN 128 -12#define MAX_VINPUT 32 -13#define VINPUT_MINORS MAX_VINPUT +11#define VINPUT_MAX_LEN 128 +12#define MAX_VINPUT 32 +13#define VINPUT_MINORS MAX_VINPUT 14 -15#define dev_to_vinput(dev) container_of(dev, struct vinput, dev) +15#define dev_to_vinput(dev) container_of(dev, struct vinput, dev) 16 -17struct vinput_device; +17struct vinput_device; 18 -19struct vinput { -20 long id; -21 long devno; -22 long last_entry; +19struct vinput { +20 long id; +21 long devno; +22 long last_entry; 23 spinlock_t lock; 24 -25 void *priv_data; +25 void *priv_data; 26 -27 struct device dev; -28 struct list_head list; -29 struct input_dev *input; -30 struct vinput_device *type; +27 struct device dev; +28 struct list_head list; +29 struct input_dev *input; +30 struct vinput_device *type; 31}; 32 -33struct vinput_ops { -34 int (*init)(struct vinput *); -35 int (*kill)(struct vinput *); -36 int (*send)(struct vinput *, char *, int); -37 int (*read)(struct vinput *, char *, int); +33struct vinput_ops { +34 int (*init)(struct vinput *); +35 int (*kill)(struct vinput *); +36 int (*send)(struct vinput *, char *, int); +37 int (*read)(struct vinput *, char *, int); 38}; 39 -40struct vinput_device { -41 char name[16]; -42 struct list_head list; -43 struct vinput_ops *ops; +40struct vinput_device { +41 char name[16]; +42 struct list_head list; +43 struct vinput_ops *ops; 44}; 45 -46int vinput_register(struct vinput_device *dev); -47void vinput_unregister(struct vinput_device *dev); +46int vinput_register(struct vinput_device *dev); +47void vinput_unregister(struct vinput_device *dev); 48 -49#endif+49#endif-
1/* -2 * vinput.c -3 */ +1/* +2 * vinput.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/cdev.h> -6#include <linux/input.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/slab.h> -9#include <linux/spinlock.h> -10#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/cdev.h> +6#include <linux/input.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/slab.h> +9#include <linux/spinlock.h> +10#include <linux/version.h> 11 -12#include <asm/uaccess.h> +12#include <asm/uaccess.h> 13 -14#include "vinput.h" +14#include "vinput.h" 15 -16#define DRIVER_NAME "vinput" +16#define DRIVER_NAME "vinput" 17 -18#define dev_to_vinput(dev) container_of(dev, struct vinput, dev) +18#define dev_to_vinput(dev) container_of(dev, struct vinput, dev) 19 -20static DECLARE_BITMAP(vinput_ids, VINPUT_MINORS); +20static DECLARE_BITMAP(vinput_ids, VINPUT_MINORS); 21 -22static LIST_HEAD(vinput_devices); -23static LIST_HEAD(vinput_vdevices); +22static LIST_HEAD(vinput_devices); +23static LIST_HEAD(vinput_vdevices); 24 -25static int vinput_dev; -26static struct spinlock vinput_lock; -27static struct class vinput_class; +25static int vinput_dev; +26static struct spinlock vinput_lock; +27static struct class vinput_class; 28 -29/* Search the name of vinput device in the vinput_devices linked list, -30 * which added at vinput_register(). -31 */ -32static struct vinput_device *vinput_get_device_by_type(const char *type) +29/* Search the name of vinput device in the vinput_devices linked list, +30 * which added at vinput_register(). +31 */ +32static struct vinput_device *vinput_get_device_by_type(const char *type) 33{ -34 int found = 0; -35 struct vinput_device *vinput; -36 struct list_head *curr; +34 int found = 0; +35 struct vinput_device *vinput; +36 struct list_head *curr; 37 38 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 39 list_for_each (curr, &vinput_devices) { -40 vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput_device, list); -41 if (vinput && strncmp(type, vinput->name, strlen(vinput->name)) == 0) { +40 vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput_device, list); +41 if (vinput && strncmp(type, vinput->name, strlen(vinput->name)) == 0) { 42 found = 1; -43 break; +43 break; 44 } 45 } 46 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 47 -48 if (found) -49 return vinput; -50 return ERR_PTR(-ENODEV); +48 if (found) +49 return vinput; +50 return ERR_PTR(-ENODEV); 51} 52 -53/* Search the id of virtual device in the vinput_vdevices linked list, -54 * which added at vinput_alloc_vdevice(). -55 */ -56static struct vinput *vinput_get_vdevice_by_id(long id) +53/* Search the id of virtual device in the vinput_vdevices linked list, +54 * which added at vinput_alloc_vdevice(). +55 */ +56static struct vinput *vinput_get_vdevice_by_id(long id) 57{ -58 struct vinput *vinput = NULL; -59 struct list_head *curr; +58 struct vinput *vinput = NULL; +59 struct list_head *curr; 60 61 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 62 list_for_each (curr, &vinput_vdevices) { -63 vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput, list); -64 if (vinput && vinput->id == id) -65 break; +63 vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput, list); +64 if (vinput && vinput->id == id) +65 break; 66 } 67 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 68 -69 if (vinput && vinput->id == id) -70 return vinput; -71 return ERR_PTR(-ENODEV); +69 if (vinput && vinput->id == id) +70 return vinput; +71 return ERR_PTR(-ENODEV); 72} 73 -74static int vinput_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +74static int vinput_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 75{ -76 int err = 0; -77 struct vinput *vinput = NULL; +76 int err = 0; +77 struct vinput *vinput = NULL; 78 79 vinput = vinput_get_vdevice_by_id(iminor(inode)); 80 -81 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) +81 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) 82 err = PTR_ERR(vinput); -83 else +83 else 84 file->private_data = vinput; 85 -86 return err; +86 return err; 87} 88 -89static int vinput_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +89static int vinput_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 90{ -91 return 0; +91 return 0; 92} 93 -94static ssize_t vinput_read(struct file *file, char __user *buffer, size_t count, +94static ssize_t vinput_read(struct file *file, char __user *buffer, size_t count, 95 loff_t *offset) 96{ -97 int len; -98 char buff[VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1]; -99 struct vinput *vinput = file->private_data; +97 int len; +98 char buff[VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1]; +99 struct vinput *vinput = file->private_data; 100 101 len = vinput->type->ops->read(vinput, buff, count); 102 -103 if (*offset > len) +103 if (*offset > len) 104 count = 0; -105 else if (count + *offset > VINPUT_MAX_LEN) +105 else if (count + *offset > VINPUT_MAX_LEN) 106 count = len - *offset; 107 -108 if (raw_copy_to_user(buffer, buff + *offset, count)) -109 return -EFAULT; +108 if (raw_copy_to_user(buffer, buff + *offset, count)) +109 return -EFAULT; 110 111 *offset += count; 112 -113 return count; +113 return count; 114} 115 -116static ssize_t vinput_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, -117 size_t count, loff_t *offset) +116static ssize_t vinput_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, +117 size_t count, loff_t *offset) 118{ -119 char buff[VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1]; -120 struct vinput *vinput = file->private_data; +119 char buff[VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1]; +120 struct vinput *vinput = file->private_data; 121 -122 memset(buff, 0, sizeof(char) * (VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1)); +122 memset(buff, 0, sizeof(char) * (VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1)); 123 -124 if (count > VINPUT_MAX_LEN) { -125 dev_warn(&vinput->dev, "Too long. %d bytes allowed\n", VINPUT_MAX_LEN); -126 return -EINVAL; +124 if (count > VINPUT_MAX_LEN) { +125 dev_warn(&vinput->dev, "Too long. %d bytes allowed\n", VINPUT_MAX_LEN); +126 return -EINVAL; 127 } 128 -129 if (raw_copy_from_user(buff, buffer, count)) -130 return -EFAULT; +129 if (raw_copy_from_user(buff, buffer, count)) +130 return -EFAULT; 131 -132 return vinput->type->ops->send(vinput, buff, count); +132 return vinput->type->ops->send(vinput, buff, count); 133} 134 -135static const struct file_operations vinput_fops = { -136#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +135static const struct file_operations vinput_fops = { +136#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) 137 .owner = THIS_MODULE, -138#endif +138#endif 139 .open = vinput_open, 140 .release = vinput_release, 141 .read = vinput_read, 142 .write = vinput_write, 143}; 144 -145static void vinput_unregister_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) +145static void vinput_unregister_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) 146{ 147 input_unregister_device(vinput->input); -148 if (vinput->type->ops->kill) +148 if (vinput->type->ops->kill) 149 vinput->type->ops->kill(vinput); 150} 151 -152static void vinput_destroy_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) +152static void vinput_destroy_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) 153{ -154 /* Remove from the list first */ +154 /* Remove from the list first */ 155 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 156 list_del(&vinput->list); 157 clear_bit(vinput->id, vinput_ids); @@ -5991,24 +5991,24 @@+424MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +425MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Emulate input events");162 kfree(vinput); 163} 164 -165static void vinput_release_dev(struct device *dev) +165static void vinput_release_dev(struct device *dev) 166{ -167 struct vinput *vinput = dev_to_vinput(dev); -168 int id = vinput->id; +167 struct vinput *vinput = dev_to_vinput(dev); +168 int id = vinput->id; 169 170 vinput_destroy_vdevice(vinput); 171 -172 pr_debug("released vinput%d.\n", id); +172 pr_debug("released vinput%d.\n", id); 173} 174 -175static struct vinput *vinput_alloc_vdevice(void) +175static struct vinput *vinput_alloc_vdevice(void) 176{ -177 int err; -178 struct vinput *vinput = kzalloc(sizeof(struct vinput), GFP_KERNEL); +177 int err; +178 struct vinput *vinput = kzalloc(sizeof(struct vinput), GFP_KERNEL); 179 -180 if (!vinput) { -181 pr_err("vinput: Cannot allocate vinput input device\n"); -182 return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM); +180 if (!vinput) { +181 pr_err("vinput: Cannot allocate vinput input device\n"); +182 return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM); 183 } 184 185 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); @@ -6017,29 +6017,29 @@
188 189 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 190 vinput->id = find_first_zero_bit(vinput_ids, VINPUT_MINORS); -191 if (vinput->id >= VINPUT_MINORS) { +191 if (vinput->id >= VINPUT_MINORS) { 192 err = -ENOBUFS; -193 goto fail_id; +193 goto fail_id; 194 } 195 set_bit(vinput->id, vinput_ids); 196 list_add(&vinput->list, &vinput_vdevices); 197 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 198 -199 /* allocate the input device */ +199 /* allocate the input device */ 200 vinput->input = input_allocate_device(); -201 if (vinput->input == NULL) { -202 pr_err("vinput: Cannot allocate vinput input device\n"); +201 if (vinput->input == NULL) { +202 pr_err("vinput: Cannot allocate vinput input device\n"); 203 err = -ENOMEM; -204 goto fail_input_dev; +204 goto fail_input_dev; 205 } 206 -207 /* initialize device */ +207 /* initialize device */ 208 vinput->dev.class = &vinput_class; 209 vinput->dev.release = vinput_release_dev; 210 vinput->dev.devt = MKDEV(vinput_dev, vinput->id); -211 dev_set_name(&vinput->dev, DRIVER_NAME "%lu", vinput->id); +211 dev_set_name(&vinput->dev, DRIVER_NAME "%lu", vinput->id); 212 -213 return vinput; +213 return vinput; 214 215fail_input_dev: 216 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); @@ -6049,16 +6049,16 @@
220 module_put(THIS_MODULE); 221 kfree(vinput); 222 -223 return ERR_PTR(err); +223 return ERR_PTR(err); 224} 225 -226static int vinput_register_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) +226static int vinput_register_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) 227{ -228 int err = 0; +228 int err = 0; 229 -230 /* register the input device */ +230 /* register the input device */ 231 vinput->input->name = vinput->type->name; -232 vinput->input->phys = "vinput"; +232 vinput->input->phys = "vinput"; 233 vinput->input->dev.parent = &vinput->dev; 234 235 vinput->input->id.bustype = BUS_VIRTUAL; @@ -6068,180 +6068,180 @@
239 240 err = vinput->type->ops->init(vinput); 241 -242 if (err == 0) -243 dev_info(&vinput->dev, "Registered virtual input %s %ld\n", +242 if (err == 0) +243 dev_info(&vinput->dev, "Registered virtual input %s %ld\n", 244 vinput->type->name, vinput->id); 245 -246 return err; +246 return err; 247} 248 -249#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) -250static ssize_t export_store(const struct class *class, -251 const struct class_attribute *attr, -252#else -253static ssize_t export_store(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, -254#endif -255 const char *buf, size_t len) +249#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +250static ssize_t export_store(const struct class *class, +251 const struct class_attribute *attr, +252#else +253static ssize_t export_store(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, +254#endif +255 const char *buf, size_t len) 256{ -257 int err; -258 struct vinput *vinput; -259 struct vinput_device *device; +257 int err; +258 struct vinput *vinput; +259 struct vinput_device *device; 260 261 device = vinput_get_device_by_type(buf); -262 if (IS_ERR(device)) { -263 pr_info("vinput: This virtual device isn't registered\n"); +262 if (IS_ERR(device)) { +263 pr_info("vinput: This virtual device isn't registered\n"); 264 err = PTR_ERR(device); -265 goto fail; +265 goto fail; 266 } 267 268 vinput = vinput_alloc_vdevice(); -269 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) { +269 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) { 270 err = PTR_ERR(vinput); -271 goto fail; +271 goto fail; 272 } 273 274 vinput->type = device; 275 err = device_register(&vinput->dev); -276 if (err < 0) -277 goto fail_register; +276 if (err < 0) +277 goto fail_register; 278 279 err = vinput_register_vdevice(vinput); -280 if (err < 0) -281 goto fail_register_vinput; +280 if (err < 0) +281 goto fail_register_vinput; 282 -283 return len; +283 return len; 284 285fail_register_vinput: 286 input_free_device(vinput->input); 287 device_unregister(&vinput->dev); -288 /* avoid calling vinput_destroy_vdevice() twice */ -289 return err; +288 /* avoid calling vinput_destroy_vdevice() twice */ +289 return err; 290fail_register: 291 input_free_device(vinput->input); 292 vinput_destroy_vdevice(vinput); 293fail: -294 return err; +294 return err; 295} -296/* This macro generates class_attr_export structure and export_store() */ -297static CLASS_ATTR_WO(export); +296/* This macro generates class_attr_export structure and export_store() */ +297static CLASS_ATTR_WO(export); 298 -299#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) -300static ssize_t unexport_store(const struct class *class, -301 const struct class_attribute *attr, -302#else -303static ssize_t unexport_store(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, -304#endif -305 const char *buf, size_t len) +299#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +300static ssize_t unexport_store(const struct class *class, +301 const struct class_attribute *attr, +302#else +303static ssize_t unexport_store(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, +304#endif +305 const char *buf, size_t len) 306{ -307 int err; -308 unsigned long id; -309 struct vinput *vinput; +307 int err; +308 unsigned long id; +309 struct vinput *vinput; 310 311 err = kstrtol(buf, 10, &id); -312 if (err) { +312 if (err) { 313 err = -EINVAL; -314 goto failed; +314 goto failed; 315 } 316 317 vinput = vinput_get_vdevice_by_id(id); -318 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) { -319 pr_err("vinput: No such vinput device %ld\n", id); +318 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) { +319 pr_err("vinput: No such vinput device %ld\n", id); 320 err = PTR_ERR(vinput); -321 goto failed; +321 goto failed; 322 } 323 324 vinput_unregister_vdevice(vinput); 325 device_unregister(&vinput->dev); 326 -327 return len; +327 return len; 328failed: -329 return err; +329 return err; 330} -331/* This macro generates class_attr_unexport structure and unexport_store() */ -332static CLASS_ATTR_WO(unexport); +331/* This macro generates class_attr_unexport structure and unexport_store() */ +332static CLASS_ATTR_WO(unexport); 333 -334static struct attribute *vinput_class_attrs[] = { +334static struct attribute *vinput_class_attrs[] = { 335 &class_attr_export.attr, 336 &class_attr_unexport.attr, 337 NULL, 338}; 339 -340/* This macro generates vinput_class_groups structure */ +340/* This macro generates vinput_class_groups structure */ 341ATTRIBUTE_GROUPS(vinput_class); 342 -343static struct class vinput_class = { -344 .name = "vinput", -345#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +343static struct class vinput_class = { +344 .name = "vinput", +345#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) 346 .owner = THIS_MODULE, -347#endif +347#endif 348 .class_groups = vinput_class_groups, 349}; 350 -351int vinput_register(struct vinput_device *dev) +351int vinput_register(struct vinput_device *dev) 352{ 353 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 354 list_add(&dev->list, &vinput_devices); 355 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 356 -357 pr_info("vinput: registered new virtual input device '%s'\n", dev->name); +357 pr_info("vinput: registered new virtual input device '%s'\n", dev->name); 358 -359 return 0; +359 return 0; 360} 361EXPORT_SYMBOL(vinput_register); 362 -363void vinput_unregister(struct vinput_device *dev) +363void vinput_unregister(struct vinput_device *dev) 364{ -365 struct list_head *curr, *next; +365 struct list_head *curr, *next; 366 -367 /* Remove from the list first */ +367 /* Remove from the list first */ 368 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 369 list_del(&dev->list); 370 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 371 -372 /* unregister all devices of this type */ +372 /* unregister all devices of this type */ 373 list_for_each_safe (curr, next, &vinput_vdevices) { -374 struct vinput *vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput, list); -375 if (vinput && vinput->type == dev) { +374 struct vinput *vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput, list); +375 if (vinput && vinput->type == dev) { 376 vinput_unregister_vdevice(vinput); 377 device_unregister(&vinput->dev); 378 } 379 } 380 -381 pr_info("vinput: unregistered virtual input device '%s'\n", dev->name); +381 pr_info("vinput: unregistered virtual input device '%s'\n", dev->name); 382} 383EXPORT_SYMBOL(vinput_unregister); 384 -385static int __init vinput_init(void) +385static int __init vinput_init(void) 386{ -387 int err = 0; +387 int err = 0; 388 -389 pr_info("vinput: Loading virtual input driver\n"); +389 pr_info("vinput: Loading virtual input driver\n"); 390 391 vinput_dev = register_chrdev(0, DRIVER_NAME, &vinput_fops); -392 if (vinput_dev < 0) { -393 pr_err("vinput: Unable to allocate char dev region\n"); +392 if (vinput_dev < 0) { +393 pr_err("vinput: Unable to allocate char dev region\n"); 394 err = vinput_dev; -395 goto failed_alloc; +395 goto failed_alloc; 396 } 397 398 spin_lock_init(&vinput_lock); 399 400 err = class_register(&vinput_class); -401 if (err < 0) { -402 pr_err("vinput: Unable to register vinput class\n"); -403 goto failed_class; +401 if (err < 0) { +402 pr_err("vinput: Unable to register vinput class\n"); +403 goto failed_class; 404 } 405 -406 return 0; +406 return 0; 407failed_class: 408 unregister_chrdev(vinput_dev, DRIVER_NAME); 409failed_alloc: -410 return err; +410 return err; 411} 412 -413static void __exit vinput_end(void) +413static void __exit vinput_end(void) 414{ -415 pr_info("vinput: Unloading virtual input driver\n"); +415 pr_info("vinput: Unloading virtual input driver\n"); 416 417 unregister_chrdev(vinput_dev, DRIVER_NAME); 418 class_unregister(&vinput_class); @@ -6250,8 +6250,8 @@
421module_init(vinput_init); 422module_exit(vinput_end); 423 -424MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -425MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Emulate input events");
Here the virtual keyboard is one of example to use vinput. It supports all
KEY_MAX
keycodes. The injection format is theKEY_CODE @@ -6264,7 +6264,7 @@
= 34):
-
1echo "+34" | sudo tee /dev/vinput0+1echo "+34" | sudo tee /dev/vinput0Simulate a key release on "g" (
KEY_G
= 34):@@ -6272,111 +6272,111 @@
-
1echo "-34" | sudo tee /dev/vinput0+1echo "-34" | sudo tee /dev/vinput0-
1/* -2 * vkbd.c -3 */ +1/* +2 * vkbd.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/init.h> -6#include <linux/input.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/spinlock.h> +5#include <linux/init.h> +6#include <linux/input.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/spinlock.h> 9 -10#include "vinput.h" +10#include "vinput.h" 11 -12#define VINPUT_KBD "vkbd" -13#define VINPUT_RELEASE 0 -14#define VINPUT_PRESS 1 +12#define VINPUT_KBD "vkbd" +13#define VINPUT_RELEASE 0 +14#define VINPUT_PRESS 1 15 -16static unsigned short vkeymap[KEY_MAX]; +16static unsigned short vkeymap[KEY_MAX]; 17 -18static int vinput_vkbd_init(struct vinput *vinput) +18static int vinput_vkbd_init(struct vinput *vinput) 19{ -20 int i; +20 int i; 21 -22 /* Set up the input bitfield */ +22 /* Set up the input bitfield */ 23 vinput->input->evbit[0] = BIT_MASK(EV_KEY) | BIT_MASK(EV_REP); -24 vinput->input->keycodesize = sizeof(unsigned short); +24 vinput->input->keycodesize = sizeof(unsigned short); 25 vinput->input->keycodemax = KEY_MAX; 26 vinput->input->keycode = vkeymap; 27 -28 for (i = 0; i < KEY_MAX; i++) +28 for (i = 0; i < KEY_MAX; i++) 29 set_bit(vkeymap[i], vinput->input->keybit); 30 -31 /* vinput will help us allocate new input device structure via -32 * input_allocate_device(). So, we can register it straightforwardly. -33 */ -34 return input_register_device(vinput->input); +31 /* vinput will help us allocate new input device structure via +32 * input_allocate_device(). So, we can register it straightforwardly. +33 */ +34 return input_register_device(vinput->input); 35} 36 -37static int vinput_vkbd_read(struct vinput *vinput, char *buff, int len) +37static int vinput_vkbd_read(struct vinput *vinput, char *buff, int len) 38{ 39 spin_lock(&vinput->lock); -40 len = snprintf(buff, len, "%+ld\n", vinput->last_entry); +40 len = snprintf(buff, len, "%+ld\n", vinput->last_entry); 41 spin_unlock(&vinput->lock); 42 -43 return len; +43 return len; 44} 45 -46static int vinput_vkbd_send(struct vinput *vinput, char *buff, int len) +46static int vinput_vkbd_send(struct vinput *vinput, char *buff, int len) 47{ -48 int ret; -49 long key = 0; -50 short type = VINPUT_PRESS; +48 int ret; +49 long key = 0; +50 short type = VINPUT_PRESS; 51 -52 /* Determine which event was received (press or release) -53 * and store the state. -54 */ -55 if (buff[0] == '+') +52 /* Determine which event was received (press or release) +53 * and store the state. +54 */ +55 if (buff[0] == '+') 56 ret = kstrtol(buff + 1, 10, &key); -57 else +57 else 58 ret = kstrtol(buff, 10, &key); -59 if (ret) -60 dev_err(&vinput->dev, "error during kstrtol: -%d\n", ret); +59 if (ret) +60 dev_err(&vinput->dev, "error during kstrtol: -%d\n", ret); 61 spin_lock(&vinput->lock); 62 vinput->last_entry = key; 63 spin_unlock(&vinput->lock); 64 -65 if (key < 0) { +65 if (key < 0) { 66 type = VINPUT_RELEASE; 67 key = -key; 68 } 69 -70 dev_info(&vinput->dev, "Event %s code %ld\n", -71 (type == VINPUT_RELEASE) ? "VINPUT_RELEASE" : "VINPUT_PRESS", key); +70 dev_info(&vinput->dev, "Event %s code %ld\n", +71 (type == VINPUT_RELEASE) ? "VINPUT_RELEASE" : "VINPUT_PRESS", key); 72 -73 /* Report the state received to input subsystem. */ +73 /* Report the state received to input subsystem. */ 74 input_report_key(vinput->input, key, type); -75 /* Tell input subsystem that it finished the report. */ +75 /* Tell input subsystem that it finished the report. */ 76 input_sync(vinput->input); 77 -78 return len; +78 return len; 79} 80 -81static struct vinput_ops vkbd_ops = { +81static struct vinput_ops vkbd_ops = { 82 .init = vinput_vkbd_init, 83 .send = vinput_vkbd_send, 84 .read = vinput_vkbd_read, 85}; 86 -87static struct vinput_device vkbd_dev = { +87static struct vinput_device vkbd_dev = { 88 .name = VINPUT_KBD, 89 .ops = &vkbd_ops, 90}; 91 -92static int __init vkbd_init(void) +92static int __init vkbd_init(void) 93{ -94 int i; +94 int i; 95 -96 for (i = 0; i < KEY_MAX; i++) +96 for (i = 0; i < KEY_MAX; i++) 97 vkeymap[i] = i; -98 return vinput_register(&vkbd_dev); +98 return vinput_register(&vkbd_dev); 99} 100 -101static void __exit vkbd_end(void) +101static void __exit vkbd_end(void) 102{ 103 vinput_unregister(&vkbd_dev); 104} @@ -6384,8 +6384,8 @@+109MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +110MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Emulate keyboard input events through /dev/vinput");106module_init(vkbd_init); 107module_exit(vkbd_end); 108 -109MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -110MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Emulate keyboard input events through /dev/vinput");
17 Standardizing the interfaces: The Device Model
@@ -6397,59 +6397,59 @@
-
1/* -2 * devicemodel.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/kernel.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/platform_device.h> +1/* +2 * devicemodel.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/kernel.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/platform_device.h> 7 -8struct devicemodel_data { -9 char *greeting; -10 int number; +8struct devicemodel_data { +9 char *greeting; +10 int number; 11}; 12 -13static int devicemodel_probe(struct platform_device *dev) +13static int devicemodel_probe(struct platform_device *dev) 14{ -15 struct devicemodel_data *pd = -16 (struct devicemodel_data *)(dev->dev.platform_data); +15 struct devicemodel_data *pd = +16 (struct devicemodel_data *)(dev->dev.platform_data); 17 -18 pr_info("devicemodel probe\n"); -19 pr_info("devicemodel greeting: %s; %d\n", pd->greeting, pd->number); +18 pr_info("devicemodel probe\n"); +19 pr_info("devicemodel greeting: %s; %d\n", pd->greeting, pd->number); 20 -21 /* Your device initialization code */ +21 /* Your device initialization code */ 22 -23 return 0; +23 return 0; 24} 25 -26static int devicemodel_remove(struct platform_device *dev) +26static int devicemodel_remove(struct platform_device *dev) 27{ -28 pr_info("devicemodel example removed\n"); +28 pr_info("devicemodel example removed\n"); 29 -30 /* Your device removal code */ +30 /* Your device removal code */ 31 -32 return 0; +32 return 0; 33} 34 -35static int devicemodel_suspend(struct device *dev) +35static int devicemodel_suspend(struct device *dev) 36{ -37 pr_info("devicemodel example suspend\n"); +37 pr_info("devicemodel example suspend\n"); 38 -39 /* Your device suspend code */ +39 /* Your device suspend code */ 40 -41 return 0; +41 return 0; 42} 43 -44static int devicemodel_resume(struct device *dev) +44static int devicemodel_resume(struct device *dev) 45{ -46 pr_info("devicemodel example resume\n"); +46 pr_info("devicemodel example resume\n"); 47 -48 /* Your device resume code */ +48 /* Your device resume code */ 49 -50 return 0; +50 return 0; 51} 52 -53static const struct dev_pm_ops devicemodel_pm_ops = { +53static const struct dev_pm_ops devicemodel_pm_ops = { 54 .suspend = devicemodel_suspend, 55 .resume = devicemodel_resume, 56 .poweroff = devicemodel_suspend, @@ -6458,43 +6458,43 @@+97MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +98MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Linux Device Model example");59 .restore = devicemodel_resume, 60}; 61 -62static struct platform_driver devicemodel_driver = { +62static struct platform_driver devicemodel_driver = { 63 .driver = 64 { -65 .name = "devicemodel_example", +65 .name = "devicemodel_example", 66 .pm = &devicemodel_pm_ops, 67 }, 68 .probe = devicemodel_probe, 69 .remove = devicemodel_remove, 70}; 71 -72static int __init devicemodel_init(void) +72static int __init devicemodel_init(void) 73{ -74 int ret; +74 int ret; 75 -76 pr_info("devicemodel init\n"); +76 pr_info("devicemodel init\n"); 77 78 ret = platform_driver_register(&devicemodel_driver); 79 -80 if (ret) { -81 pr_err("Unable to register driver\n"); -82 return ret; +80 if (ret) { +81 pr_err("Unable to register driver\n"); +82 return ret; 83 } 84 -85 return 0; +85 return 0; 86} 87 -88static void __exit devicemodel_exit(void) +88static void __exit devicemodel_exit(void) 89{ -90 pr_info("devicemodel exit\n"); +90 pr_info("devicemodel exit\n"); 91 platform_driver_unregister(&devicemodel_driver); 92} 93 94module_init(devicemodel_init); 95module_exit(devicemodel_exit); 96 -97MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -98MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Linux Device Model example");
18 Optimizations
@@ -6518,10 +6518,10 @@1bvl = bvec_alloc(gfp_mask, nr_iovecs, &idx); -2if (unlikely(!bvl)) { +2if (unlikely(!bvl)) { 3 mempool_free(bio, bio_pool); 4 bio = NULL; -5 goto out; +5 goto out; 6}
When the
unlikely
macro is used, the compiler alters its machine instruction output, so that it @@ -6539,7 +6539,7 @@18.2 asm goto +
asm goto
inline assembly, and the following kernel configurations are set:@@ -6562,10 +6562,10 @@
18.2
-
1pr_info("fastpath 1\n"); -2if (static_branch_unlikely(&fkey)) -3 pr_alert("do unlikely thing\n"); -4pr_info("fastpath 2\n");+1pr_info("fastpath 1\n"); +2if (static_branch_unlikely(&fkey)) +3 pr_alert("do unlikely thing\n"); +4pr_info("fastpath 2\n");@@ -6578,159 +6578,159 @@18.2
-
1/* -2 * static_key.c -3 */ +1/* +2 * static_key.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/atomic.h> -6#include <linux/device.h> -7#include <linux/fs.h> -8#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ -9#include <linux/module.h> -10#include <linux/printk.h> -11#include <linux/types.h> -12#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ -13#include <linux/jump_label.h> /* for static key macros */ -14#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/atomic.h> +6#include <linux/device.h> +7#include <linux/fs.h> +8#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ +9#include <linux/module.h> +10#include <linux/printk.h> +11#include <linux/types.h> +12#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ +13#include <linux/jump_label.h> /* for static key macros */ +14#include <linux/version.h> 15 -16#include <asm/errno.h> +16#include <asm/errno.h> 17 -18static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file); -19static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file); -20static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, char __user *buf, size_t count, +18static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file); +19static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file); +20static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, char __user *buf, size_t count, 21 loff_t *ppos); -22static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buf, -23 size_t count, loff_t *ppos); +22static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buf, +23 size_t count, loff_t *ppos); 24 -25#define SUCCESS 0 -26#define DEVICE_NAME "key_state" -27#define BUF_LEN 10 +25#define SUCCESS 0 +26#define DEVICE_NAME "key_state" +27#define BUF_LEN 10 28 -29static int major; +29static int major; 30 -31enum { +31enum { 32 CDEV_NOT_USED = 0, 33 CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN = 1, 34}; 35 -36static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); +36static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); 37 -38static char msg[BUF_LEN + 1]; +38static char msg[BUF_LEN + 1]; 39 -40static struct class *cls; +40static struct class *cls; 41 -42static DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(fkey); +42static DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(fkey); 43 -44static struct file_operations chardev_fops = { -45#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +44static struct file_operations chardev_fops = { +45#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) 46 .owner = THIS_MODULE, -47#endif +47#endif 48 .open = device_open, 49 .release = device_release, 50 .read = device_read, 51 .write = device_write, 52}; 53 -54static int __init chardev_init(void) +54static int __init chardev_init(void) 55{ 56 major = register_chrdev(0, DEVICE_NAME, &chardev_fops); -57 if (major < 0) { -58 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major); -59 return major; +57 if (major < 0) { +58 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major); +59 return major; 60 } 61 -62 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d\n", major); +62 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d\n", major); 63 -64#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +64#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) 65 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_NAME); -66#else +66#else 67 cls = class_create(DEVICE_NAME); -68#endif +68#endif 69 70 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(major, 0), NULL, DEVICE_NAME); 71 -72 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); +72 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); 73 -74 return SUCCESS; +74 return SUCCESS; 75} 76 -77static void __exit chardev_exit(void) +77static void __exit chardev_exit(void) 78{ 79 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(major, 0)); 80 class_destroy(cls); 81 -82 /* Unregister the device */ +82 /* Unregister the device */ 83 unregister_chrdev(major, DEVICE_NAME); 84} 85 -86/* Methods */ +86/* Methods */ 87 -88/** -89 * Called when a process tried to open the device file, like -90 * cat /dev/key_state -91 */ -92static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +88/** +89 * Called when a process tried to open the device file, like +90 * cat /dev/key_state +91 */ +92static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 93{ -94 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) -95 return -EBUSY; +94 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) +95 return -EBUSY; 96 -97 sprintf(msg, static_key_enabled(&fkey) ? "enabled\n" : "disabled\n"); +97 sprintf(msg, static_key_enabled(&fkey) ? "enabled\n" : "disabled\n"); 98 -99 pr_info("fastpath 1\n"); -100 if (static_branch_unlikely(&fkey)) -101 pr_alert("do unlikely thing\n"); -102 pr_info("fastpath 2\n"); +99 pr_info("fastpath 1\n"); +100 if (static_branch_unlikely(&fkey)) +101 pr_alert("do unlikely thing\n"); +102 pr_info("fastpath 2\n"); 103 104 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); 105 -106 return SUCCESS; +106 return SUCCESS; 107} 108 -109/** -110 * Called when a process closes the device file -111 */ -112static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +109/** +110 * Called when a process closes the device file +111 */ +112static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 113{ -114 /* We are now ready for our next caller. */ +114 /* We are now ready for our next caller. */ 115 atomic_set(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED); 116 -117 /** -118 * Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will -119 * never get rid of the module. -120 */ +117 /** +118 * Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will +119 * never get rid of the module. +120 */ 121 module_put(THIS_MODULE); 122 -123 return SUCCESS; +123 return SUCCESS; 124} 125 -126/** -127 * Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to -128 * read from it. -129 */ -130static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -131 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */ -132 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ +126/** +127 * Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to +128 * read from it. +129 */ +130static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +131 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */ +132 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ 133 loff_t *offset) 134{ -135 /* Number of the bytes actually written to the buffer */ -136 int bytes_read = 0; -137 const char *msg_ptr = msg; +135 /* Number of the bytes actually written to the buffer */ +136 int bytes_read = 0; +137 const char *msg_ptr = msg; 138 -139 if (!*(msg_ptr + *offset)) { /* We are at the end of the message */ -140 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ -141 return 0; /* signify end of file */ +139 if (!*(msg_ptr + *offset)) { /* We are at the end of the message */ +140 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ +141 return 0; /* signify end of file */ 142 } 143 144 msg_ptr += *offset; 145 -146 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ -147 while (length && *msg_ptr) { -148 /** -149 * The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel -150 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use -151 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to -152 * the user data segment. -153 */ +146 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ +147 while (length && *msg_ptr) { +148 /** +149 * The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel +150 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use +151 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to +152 * the user data segment. +153 */ 154 put_user(*(msg_ptr++), buffer++); 155 length--; 156 bytes_read++; @@ -6738,41 +6738,41 @@+195MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");18.2 158 159 *offset += bytes_read; 160 -161 /* Most read functions return the number of bytes put into the buffer. */ -162 return bytes_read; +161 /* Most read functions return the number of bytes put into the buffer. */ +162 return bytes_read; 163} 164 -165/* Called when a process writes to dev file; echo "enable" > /dev/key_state */ -166static ssize_t device_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buffer, -167 size_t length, loff_t *offset) +165/* Called when a process writes to dev file; echo "enable" > /dev/key_state */ +166static ssize_t device_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buffer, +167 size_t length, loff_t *offset) 168{ -169 char command[10]; +169 char command[10]; 170 -171 if (length > 10) { -172 pr_err("command exceeded 10 char\n"); -173 return -EINVAL; +171 if (length > 10) { +172 pr_err("command exceeded 10 char\n"); +173 return -EINVAL; 174 } 175 -176 if (copy_from_user(command, buffer, length)) -177 return -EFAULT; +176 if (copy_from_user(command, buffer, length)) +177 return -EFAULT; 178 -179 if (strncmp(command, "enable", strlen("enable")) == 0) +179 if (strncmp(command, "enable", strlen("enable")) == 0) 180 static_branch_enable(&fkey); -181 else if (strncmp(command, "disable", strlen("disable")) == 0) +181 else if (strncmp(command, "disable", strlen("disable")) == 0) 182 static_branch_disable(&fkey); -183 else { -184 pr_err("Invalid command: %s\n", command); -185 return -EINVAL; +183 else { +184 pr_err("Invalid command: %s\n", command); +185 return -EINVAL; 186 } 187 -188 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ -189 return length; +188 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ +189 return length; 190} 191 192module_init(chardev_init); 193module_exit(chardev_exit); 194 -195MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
To check the state of the static key, we can use the /dev/key_state interface.