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一起学java之变量,数据类型和运算符
</h1>
<div class="content">
<h5 id="标示符"><a href="#标示符" class="headerlink" title="标示符"></a>标示符</h5><p>1.概念:就是标示变量,类等的名称的字符串序列 说白了就是程序中可以自己起名字的地方 </p>
<p>2.标示符的命名规则 </p>
<ul>
<li>由字母,下划线_,美元符号$或数字组成 </li>
<li>由字母,下划线_,美元符号$开始 </li>
<li>大小写敏感,长度无限制 <a id="more"></a></li>
<li>不能使用java关键字,goto和const虽然未被使用,但java也作为关键字保留 </li>
<li>不合法的标示符举例:class data# 78.9 </li>
</ul>
<p><img src="/images/java_crux.png" alt></p>
<p>3.约定:起名要做到”见名知意” </p>
<h5 id="常量"><a href="#常量" class="headerlink" title="常量"></a>常量</h5><p>1.字面常量:我们所能看到的真实的字面值 </p>
<ul>
<li>整型字面常量:10,123 </li>
<li>浮点型字面常量:3.14 </li>
<li>布尔型字面常量:true,false </li>
<li>字符型字面常量:’a’,’A’ </li>
<li>字符串型字面常量:”gansu” </li>
<li>Null型字面常量:值为null,代表什么都没有 </li>
</ul>
<p>2.在另一种语境下,常量的意思是值不可改变的变量,用final修饰,以后会遇到 </p>
<h5 id="变量"><a href="#变量" class="headerlink" title="变量"></a>变量</h5><p>1.概念:变量是程序中最基本的存储单元,实质是内存中的一小块区域,可以使用变量名来访问该一小块内存区域 </p>
<p>2.变量的定义和使用:变量先定义—>再赋值—>再使用 </p>
<figure class="highlight java hljs"><figcaption><span>[] []</span></figcaption><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">类型 变量名 [= 初始值]; </span><br><span class="line"><span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> a = <span class="hljs-number">30</span>; </span><br><span class="line"><span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> b = <span class="hljs-number">40</span>; </span><br><span class="line"><span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> c = a * b; </span><br><span class="line"><span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> d; </span><br><span class="line">d = <span class="hljs-number">50</span>; </span><br><span class="line"><span class="hljs-keyword">float</span> f = <span class="hljs-number">12.5f</span>; </span><br><span class="line">String s = <span class="hljs-string">"Hello"</span>; </span><br><span class="line"><span class="hljs-keyword">boolean</span> choice = <span class="hljs-keyword">true</span>; </span><br><span class="line">System.out.println(s); </span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>3.数据类型的概念:因为在变量中存储数据时会遇到各种各样的数据,所以有必要将不同的数据按照数据类型分开,方便分配内存空间和使用<br>4.变量的作用范围,在申明他的{}内有用,出了{},没有人认识它<br>5.变量的分类 </p>
<ul>
<li>按变量申明的位置划分<ul>
<li>局部变量:方法或语句块内部定义的变量 </li>
<li>成员变量:方法外部,类的内部定义的变量 </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>按数据类型划分 <ul>
<li>基本数据类型的变量 </li>
<li>引用数据类型的变量 </li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="基本数据类型"><a href="#基本数据类型" class="headerlink" title="基本数据类型"></a>基本数据类型</h5><p>1.java语言提供了8种基本数据类型 </p>
<p><img src="/images/base_data_type.png" alt></p>
<p>2.说明: </p>
<ul>
<li>byte型,占用1个字节,对字节操作时使用,如文件读写等 </li>
<li>short型,占用2个字节,保存较小的整数时使用 </li>
<li>int型,占用4个字节,保存一般的整数时使用 </li>
<li>long型,占用8个字节,保存较长的整数时使用 </li>
<li>float型,占用4个字节保存小数时使用 </li>
<li>double型,占用8个字节,保存精度较高的小数时使用 </li>
<li>char型,占用2个字节,保存单个字母或汉字时使用 </li>
<li>boolean型,占用1个字节,保存逻辑值,如性别,婚否等 </li>
<li>类型定义好之后,后续无法改变,所以定义变量时要根据实际情况选择好变量的数据类型 </li>
</ul>
<p>3.特殊字符的说明,char类型可以保存一个字符(字母或汉字),一些特殊字符在保存时可以采用转义字符”": </p>
<figure class="highlight java hljs"><figcaption><span>[] []</span></figcaption><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="hljs-keyword">char</span> a = <span class="hljs-string">'\n'</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">//换行 </span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="hljs-keyword">char</span> b = <span class="hljs-string">'\\'</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">//反斜杠 </span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Char c = <span class="hljs-string">'\''</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">//单引号 </span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>4.注意java会默认将整型的字面常量认作int类型,将浮点型的字面常量认作double类型,申明long类型时要在后面加L,申明float类型时要在后面加F </p>
<p>5.一个特殊的类型：String类型。 String并不是java的基础数据类型,不过是一个很常用的类型,用来存储字符串变量。</p>
<h5 id="运算符"><a href="#运算符" class="headerlink" title="运算符"></a>运算符</h5><p>如果说数据类型是编程语言的砖瓦,那么运算符和操作符则是编程语言的石灰和水泥了,它是将各种数据类型的值有机组合的糅,使得数据值不再只是一个孤立的值,而有了一种动态的灵性. </p>
<p>1.赋值运算符和常见算数运算符 </p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>运算符</th>
<th>说明</th>
<th>示例</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>=</td>
<td>赋值运算符,为变量赋值</td>
<td>int a = 3;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>+</td>
<td>加法运算符,求两个操作数的和</td>
<td>3+2,表达式的值为5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-</td>
<td>减法运算符,求两个操作数的差</td>
<td>6-1,表达式的值为5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>*</td>
<td>乘法运算符,求两个操作数的积</td>
<td>2*3,表达式的值为6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>/</td>
<td>除法运算符,求两个操作数的商</td>
<td>8/4,表达式的值为2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>%</td>
<td>求余运算符,求两个操作数相除后的余数</td>
<td>9%5,表达式的值是4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>++</td>
<td>自增运算符,对一个整数变量执行+1的操作</td>
<td>int a = 3;3++或++3的值都是4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>–</td>
<td>自减运算符,对一个整数变量执行-1的操作</td>
<td>int a = 3;3–或–3的值都是2</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>2.求余运算符要求两个操作数均为整数,但测试的结果好像浮点型的也可以,不重要. </p>
<p>3.注意整除和浮点除的区别:两个操作数全是int型,结果也是int型,会丢失小数部分,</p>
<p>4.注意++和–运算,a++表示先使用a的值,再给a加上1;++a表示先给a加上1,再使用a的值,–与此类似 </p>
<p>5.是时候扩展我们程序的功能了,看看Scanner类,注意Scanner对象的一些常用方法,如nextInt() </p>
<p>6.关系运算符</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>==</th>
<th>!=</th>
<th>></th>
<th>>=</th>
<th><</th>
<th><=</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>等于</td>
<td>不等于</td>
<td>大于</td>
<td>大于等于</td>
<td>小于</td>
<td>小于等于</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>7.逻辑运算符 </p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>运算符</th>
<th>操作数</th>
<th>运算规则</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>逻辑与&&</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>两个操作数均为true,则结果为true,否则结果为false</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>逻辑或||</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>两个操作数中只有一个为true则结果为true,否则结果为false</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>逻辑非!</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>操作数为true则结果为false,操作数为false则结果为true</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>8.在逻辑与&&运算中,当第一个操作数返回false,直接返回false,不再进行第二个操作数的运算;在进行逻辑或||运算时,当第一操作数返回true,直接返回true,不再进行第二个操作数的运算 </p>
<p>9.复合赋值运算符(假设a = 10) </p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>表达式</th>
<th>等价的java代码</th>
<th>运行的结果</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>a += 3;</td>
<td>a = a + 3;</td>
<td>13</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>a -= a /= 3;</td>
<td>a = a / 3;</td>
<td>3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>a %= 3;</td>
<td>a = a % 3;</td>
<td>3</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>10.运算符的优先级 <code>注意:千万不要去记这个,有个印象就行,实际写代码的时候请使用().</code></p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>优先级</th>
<th>运算符</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>1</td>
<td>() [] .</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td>! +(正) -(负) ~ ++ –</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td>* / %</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4</td>
<td>+(加) -(减)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5</td>
<td><< >> >>></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>6</td>
<td>< <= > >= instanceof</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>7</td>
<td>== !=</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>8</td>
<td>&(按位与)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>9</td>
<td>^</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10</td>
<td>|</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>11</td>
<td>&&</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>12</td>
<td>| |</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>13</td>
<td>?:(三元表达式)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>14</td>
<td>= += -= *= /= %= &=</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="数据类型转换"><a href="#数据类型转换" class="headerlink" title="数据类型转换"></a>数据类型转换</h5><p>1.自动数据类型转换 </p>
<ul>
<li>java基础变量按照分配内存空间从小到大的顺序排列,如图</li>
<li>在一个表达式中,如果含有不同数据类型的数据,自动按照从左向右,从下向上的顺序转换类型 </li>
<li>请注意表达式结果的数据类型 </li>
<li>boolean类型不参与数据类型转换 </li>
<li>低级别的数据类型可以轻松的转换为高级别的数据类型 </li>
</ul>
<p><img src="/images/data_type_conversion.png" alt></p>
<p>2.强制数据类型转换 </p>
<ul>
<li>同一级别,高级别向低级别的数据类型转换,需要强制 </li>
<li>转换过程中会丢失数据 </li>
<li>字符串String与其他数据类型用 +号连接时,都会将其他数据类型先转换为String,然后两个字符串拼接 </li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul class="post-copyright">
<li><strong>本文标题：</strong><a href="https://blog.visutech.cn/558044812.html">一起学java之变量,数据类型和运算符</a></li>
<li><strong>本文作者：</strong><a href="https://blog.visutech.cn">程振奇 | smallodd</a></li>
<li><strong>本文链接：</strong><a href="https://blog.visutech.cn/558044812.html">https://blog.visutech.cn/558044812.html</a></li>
<li><strong>发布时间：</strong>2013-07-09</li>
<li><strong>版权声明：</strong>本博客所有文章除特别声明外，均采用 <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.zh" rel="external nofollow" target="_blank">CC BY-NC-SA 4.0</a> 许可协议。转载请注明出处！
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