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phonemes.html
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phonemes.html
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---
layout: default
title: Phonemes
---
<p>All phonemes of the <em>abǧad</em> are present, which might be attributable to the formal nature of text VII. Transcription, where it is used, follows what was heard as closely as possible and is otherwise done by rules of the <em>DMG</em>. OA has some variation in short vowel sounds that can make it difficult to understand what vowel exactly has been said—in writing Latin letters, informants mostly used the proper MSA vowels (<em>a</em>, <em>i</em> and <em>u</em>) if for some reason required to do so. For more detailed information on phonetics of OA than given here, the reader is referred to . As for the present corpus, a list of phonemes with remarks on deviations from CA/MSA found within is presented in .</p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">أ/إ/آ/ا</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>ʾ</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>Hamza</em> (an obstruent glottal stop) is mostly used in formal parts of speech (<em>nuʾmin</em>: speaker Q). Has otherwise disappeared from the inventory (i.e. <em>ʿalšān</em>: speaker S) except in word- or sentence-initial contexts (one-word sentences such as <em>ʾənta!</em>.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">ا</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>ā</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Mostly as CA/MSA.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">ب</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>b</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Soft plosive.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">ت</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>t</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Hard plosive.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">ث</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>ṯ</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Fricative.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">ج</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>g, ̣ǧ, y</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Dependent on speaker and register. In most cases a soft plosive (/<em>g</em>/, <em>magālisina</em>: speaker Q); affricate (/<em>ǧ</em>/, only higher registers: speakers N, Q); or glide (/<em>y</em>/, <em>ʿayib</em>: speaker N). All are reflexes of < CA /ʤ/ <span class="citation" data-cites="ea:oa">(Edzard 2009)</span>.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">ح</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>ḥ</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Affricate.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">خ</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>ḫ</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Strident.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">د</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>d</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Soft plosive.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">ذ</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>ḏ</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Voiced strident.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">ر</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>r</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Vibrant, probably tap.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">ز</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>z</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Sibilant.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">س</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>s</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Sibilant.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">ش</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>š</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Sibilant.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">ص</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>ṣ</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Emphatic sibilant.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">ض</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>ḍ</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Dependent on speaker and register. A soft plosive (/<em>ḍ</em>/, <em>ḍarb</em>: speaker N); can also approach /b/ (<em>taḥaḍḍur</em>: speaker Q). An emphatic strident (like CA /ẓ/) which says to be the default for OA could not be found in the corpus.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">ط</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>ṭ</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Hard, emphatic plosive.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">ظ</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>ẓ</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Emphatic strident preserved from CA <span class="citation" data-cites="ea:oa">(Edzard 2009)</span>.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">ع</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>ʿ</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Strident.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">غ</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>ġ</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Voiced, uvular fricative.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">ف</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>f</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Fricative.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">ق</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>q</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Voiceless, uvular plosive or soft plosive /g/ (<em>gāl</em>: speaker N). Can approach /<em>ġ</em>/ (speaker L: <em>rāġid</em>).</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">ك</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>k</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Voiceless, velar plosive. Never a voiceless postalveolar affricate in the corpus.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">ل</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>l</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Usually a voiced alveolar lateral approximant, but sometimes realised as /r/ (<em>rayta</em> instead of <em>layta</em>).</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">م</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>m</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Bilabial nasal.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">ن</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>n</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Alveolar nasal.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">ه</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>h</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Fricative.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">و</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>w, ū</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">May either be a consonantal glide /<em>w</em>/ or two (/<em>ū</em>, <em>ō</em>/) of the five long vowels in OA <span class="citation" data-cites="ea:oa">(Edzard 2009)</span>. Only /<em>ū</em>/ is found in the corpus.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">ي</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>y, ī/ē</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">May either be a consonantal glide /<em>y</em>/ the long vowel /<em>ī</em>/ or, when occuring as a diphtong, /<em>ē</em>/ (<em>bēt</em>, speaker Ḥ).</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">–</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>a (e), i, u (ü)</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Any occurence where a short vowel is heard clearly and unambigously. Only when a short <em>a</em> and long <em>ī</em> join to form a diphtong, <em>ey</em> is used.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;"><span class="upright">–</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><em>ə</em></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Vowels “in between”, as in <em>fahamət</em> (<em>I understood</em>, speaker Ṭ) where the exact colouring of the vowel is unclear and may vary from speaker to speaker and depending on register, emotionality, speed or other factors.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div id="refs" class="references">
<div id="ref-ea:oa">
<p>Edzard, Lutz. 2009. “Omani Arabic.” In <em>Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics</em>, edited by Kees Versteegh, 3:478–91. Leiden: Brill.</p>
</div>
</div>