fishwatch.yaml

---
# Data from https://www.fishwatch.gov
fish:
- calories: 92
  physical_description: |
    -   Female shortfin squid range from 7 to 12 inches in mantle length,
        while males are 7 to 10.6 inches in mantle length.
    -   They can regulate their body color, but are primarily orange-colored
        with a brown stripe that extends along the top side of the mantle.
  human_health:
  texture: Firm and meaty.
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: Shortfin Squid
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/shortfin-squid
  habitat_impacts: |
    Fishing gears used to harvest shortfin squid have minimal impacts on
    habitat.
  location: |
    -   Shortfin squid inhabits the continental shelf and slope waters of
        the Northwest Atlantic Ocean, from Newfoundland to the central east
        coast of Florida.
    -   In the northwest Atlantic Ocean, shortfin squid are most often
        caught along the continental shelf break in depths between 150 to
        275 meters.
  color: |
    Raw squid is ivory colored with orange speckling and a brown stripe that
    runs down the mantle. Cooked squid is opaque white.
  species_aliases: |
    [Illex squid](/species-aliases/illex-squid), [Summer
    squid](/species-aliases/summer-squid)
  image_gallery:
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 44.8 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   Shortfin squid live in deep and shallow waters on the continental
        shelf, continental slope, and open ocean depending on the season.
    -   They are found in nearshore waters of the Gulf of Maine during
        summer and fall.
    -   During spring, shortfin squid migrate onto the continental shelf,
        and during late fall, they migrate off the continental shelf.
    -   Their egg masses float in mid-water.
    -   Spawning occurs in the waters off Rhode Island and New Jersey.
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Illex illecebrosus
  production:
  fat_total: 1.38 g
  bycatch: |
    Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch.
  availability: |
    Summer and fall.
  research:
  fishing_rate: |
    At recommended level.
  quote_background_color: |
    cc9966
  sugars_total: |
    0 g
  taste: |
    Mild, and subtly sweet.

     
  health_benefits: |
    Squid are an excellent source of selenium, riboflavin, and vitamin B12.
  harvest: |
    -   Commercial fishery
        -   In 2018, commercial landings of shortfin squid totaled
            approximately 53 million pounds, and were valued at
            approximately $23.6 million.
        -   Fisheries for shortfin squid reflect the species’ seasonal
            migrations.
        -   The majority of landings come from Rhode Island and New Jersey.
        -   Harvested for bait domestically, and exported for bait and food.
    -   Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
        -   The majority of shortfin squid is harvested June 1 through
            October 31 using small-mesh bottom trawls. The fishery is open
            year round, but the squid aren’t available in commercial
            quantities year round.
        -   Sandy or muddy habitat, where squid are fished, is less
            sensitive to the impacts of trawling.
        -   Small-mesh bottom trawls can incidentally catch marine mammals
            and large pelagic species, including pilot whales, common
            dolphin, swordfish, and a variety of sharks, ray, and tuna
            species. Finfish such as butterfish, hakes, longfin squid,
            summer flounder, herring, spiny dogfish, and Atlantic mackerel
            are also incidentally caught in this fishery.
        -   Measures to prevent or minimize bycatch include:
            -   Fishing must occur seaward of the 50-fathom depth line to
                reduce finfish and longfin inshore squid bycatch.
            -   Outreach to fishermen to educate them on actions to take in
                the event of a marine mammal interaction.
            -   Real-time communication to vessels regarding hotspots of
                marine mammal interactions.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/Squid\_Illex\_NB\_W.png
    title: |
      Shortfin Squid
    alt: |
      shortfin squid
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    0.358 g
  quote: |
    U.S. wild-caught shortfin squid is a smart seafood choice because it is
    sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.
  carbohydrate: |
    3.08 g
  serving_weight: |
    100 g
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild-caught from Maine to North Carolina.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    Greater Atlantic
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   According to the latest assessment, shortfin squid is not subject to
        overfishing. There is currently not enough information to determine
        the population size, so it is unknown.
  population: |
    The population level is unknown. The species has a lifespan of less than
    one year.
  protein: |
    15.58 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   [NOAA
        Fisheries](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/region/new-england-mid-atlantic)
        and the [Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management
        Council](http://www.mafmc.org/) manage the shortfin squid fishery.
    -   Managed under the [Atlantic Mackerel, Squid, and Butterfish Fishery
        Management
        Plan](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/management-plan/atlantic-mackerel-squid-and-butterfish-management-plan):
        -   Fishermen with a limited access permit can fish for unlimited
            amounts of shortfin squid while the fishery is open. All other
            fishermen must obtain an incidental catch permit, and have
            possession limits.
        -   An annual coastwide catch quota is set annually. Managers
            monitor annual quotas closely, as there can be large
            fluctuations in abundance from year to year.

     
  cholesterol: |
    233 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0 g
  sodium: |
    44 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Shortfin squid live for less than one year. They have a high natural
        mortality rate, and a long spawning season.
    -   Females can release multiple egg masses during a single spawning
        season, but die after they spawn. Spawning can occur year round with
        seasonal peaks from October to June.
    -   Shortfin squid have extremely variable birth, growth, and maturity
        rates. This makes them extremely sensitive to climate-driven
        changes. 
    -   They grow about one millimeter a day.
    -   Shortfin squid are visual predators that eat crustaceans, fish, and
        other squid, including their own species.
    -   They are food for many fish, including [bluefin
        tuna](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/western-atlantic-bluefin-tuna),
        [silver hake](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/silver-hake), [red
        hake](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/red-hake),
        [bluefish](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/bluefish),
        [goosefish](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/monkfish), fourspot
        flounder, [Atlantic
        cod](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/atlantic-cod), sea raven,
        [spiny
        dogfish](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/atlantic-spiny-dogfish),
        and
        [swordfish](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/north-atlantic-swordfish).
        Seabird predators include shearwaters, gannets, and fulmars.
    -   Shortfin squid undergo daily vertical migrations between cooler deep
        water and warmer surface water. They are nearest the seabed during
        the day, and higher in the water column during the night.
- calories: 90
  physical_description: |
    -   American lobster is a crustacean with a large shrimp-like body and
        10 legs, two of which are large, strong claws.

     

    -   One claw is a big-toothed crusher claw for pulverizing shells, and
        the other is a finer-edged ripper claw, resembling a steak knife,
        for tearing soft flesh.

     

    -   [Male and female
        lobsters](https://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/regs/infodocs/lobster_sex_id.pdf)
        can be distinguished by the first pair of swimmerets (pleopods) on
        the upper portion of the underside of the tail. The male swimmerets
        are larger and more rigid. The female swimmerets are softer,
        smaller, and have rounded edges.

     

    -   Live lobsters are not red like those you see in a restaurant or
        grocery store, after they have been cooked. Most are either
        olive-green or greenish-brown. Some have orange, reddish, dark
        green, or black speckles and bluish colors in the joints of their
        appendages.
  human_health:
  texture: The meat is firm and somewhat fibrous. The tail meat is firmer than the
    meat from the claws.
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: American Lobster
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/american-lobster
  habitat_impacts: |
    Fishing gears used to harvest American lobster have minimal impacts on
    habitat.
  location: |
    -   American lobsters are found in the northwest Atlantic Ocean from
        Labrador to Cape Hatteras. They’re most abundant in coastal waters
        from Maine through New Jersey, and are also common offshore to
        depths of 2,300 feet from Maine through North Carolina.
  color: |
    The meat is white with red tinges.
  species_aliases: |
    [Lobster](/species-aliases/lobster)
  image_gallery:
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/1.JPG
    title: |
      American Lobster
    alt: |
      American Lobster
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/2\_6.jpg
    title: |
      American Lobster
    alt: |
      American Lobster
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/3\_5.jpg
    title: |
      American Lobster
    alt: |
      American Lobster
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/4\_0.png
    title: |
      American Lobster
    alt: |
      American Lobster
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/5\_3.jpg
    title: |
      American Lobster
    alt: |
      American Lobster
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 41.4 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   American lobsters live on the ocean floor.

     

    -   They live alone and are very territorial.

     

    -   They can live in a variety of habitats as long as there is a burrow
        or crevice for cover.

     

    -   Coastal lobsters like rocky areas where they can readily find
        shelter, although they’re sometimes found in mud bottoms where they
        can burrow.

     

    -   Offshore populations are most abundant along the edge of the
        continental shelf near underwater canyons.

     

    -   Near the coast, small lobsters do not travel much, but larger ones
        may travel extensively. Offshore lobsters migrate during the spring
        anywhere from 50 to 190 miles.

     

    -   Scientists, managers, and fishermen are concerned about the habitat
        conditions for American lobster in inshore Southern New England
        waters, particularly in Long Island Sound. Scientists believe that a
        combination of warmer water temperatures, hypoxia (low dissolved
        oxygen levels), and other stress factors resulted in lobster
        die-offs in western Long Island Sound in late 1999 and in 2002. If
        these conditions continue, future die-offs are possible. Researchers
        also believe that increased water temperatures in Southern New
        England may be driving lobsters to cooler offshore waters and
        disrupting the settlement of larvae in traditional coastal areas.
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Homarus americanus
  production:
  fat_total: 0.9 g
  bycatch: |
    Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch.
  availability: |
    Year-round. In New England, where most lobsters are landed, the peak
    harvest season extends from May to November.
  research: |
    -   State scientists, in cooperation with the lobster industry, are
        conducting projects to assist with the effective management of the
        lobster resource. Many states have established [ventless trap
        survey](http://www.asmfc.org/fisheries-science/surveys)s to quantify
        the abundance of juvenile lobsters. By removing escape vents from
        the lobster traps and randomly placing those traps within certain
        depth categories and geographic areas, researchers can assess the
        abundance of juvenile lobsters and the potential for young lobsters
        to reach a size or life stage that can be caught by the fishing gear
        (recruitment) in the future. These surveys complement longstanding
        fishery-independent bottom trawl surveys conducted by NOAA Fisheries
        and the states. Because trawl gear cannot effectively sample rocky
        or shallow coastal bottom types, the ventless trap surveys attempt
        to fill this data gap by using fixed lobster gear without escape
        vents.
  fishing_rate: |
    At recommended levels.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#996633
  sugars_total: |
    0 g
  taste: |
    Mild and sweet.
  health_benefits: |
    Lobster is low in saturated fat and is a very good source of protein and
    selenium. The FDA
    [advises](https://www.fda.gov/downloads/food/guidanceregulation/ucm252395.pdf)
    consumers to not eat the tomalley, the light-green substance found in
    the lobster.
  harvest: |
    -   Commercial fishery:
        -   In 2017, commercial landings of American lobster totaled 136.7
            million pounds and were valued at more than $566.5 million.
        -   The two stocks of American lobster—Gulf of Maine and Georges
            Bank, and Southern New England—support both inshore and offshore
            fisheries. The Gulf of Maine and Southern New England areas are
            predominantly inshore fisheries, while the Georges Bank area is
            predominantly an offshore fishery. Most U.S. harvest is caught
            in inshore waters.
        -   There’s a reason we associate Maine with lobsters—the state has
            led American lobster landings for over 3 decades. Massachusetts
            is the second leading producer. Together, these two states
            produce 94 percent of the total U.S. American lobster harvest,
            and 94 percent of the coast-wide landings come from the Gulf of
            Maine lobster stock.

     

    -   Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
        -   Most fishermen use traps to harvest lobster. They bait
            rectangular, wire-mesh traps then lower them to the ocean floor
            in water 15 to 1,000 feet deep. A buoy that marks the trap’s
            location is attached to the trap line. Fishermen haul the traps
            back to the surface every few days to check their catch,
            although the frequency varies depending on the season and the
            location.
        -   The Northeast/Mid-Atlantic American lobster trap/pot fishery can
            incidentally entangle large whales. To reduce injuries and
            deaths of large whales due to fisheries interactions, the
            [Atlantic Large Whale Take Reduction
            Plan](https://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/Protected/whaletrp/)
            was implemented in 1997. Lobstermen must follow a number of
            regulations to protect large whales from fishing gear. For
            example, lobstermen must use sinking groundlines between traps
            to reduce the amount of line in the water column, which reduces
            the potential for whales and other protected species to become
            entangled. In addition, lobster permit holders are required to
            haul their active traps at least once every 30 days.
        -   Traps can incidentally catch finfish and invertebrates (such as
            crabs and conch). Regulations require traps to be configured
            with biodegradable escape panels or hinges on traps to prevent
            ghost fishing (lost gear that continues to capture lobster and
            other species and may pose a hazard to other marine species).
            Escape panels must be large enough to reduce bycatch of
            undersized lobsters.

     

    -   Recreational fishery:
        -   Recreational fishermen catch lobsters in coastal waters with
            pots and by hand while scuba diving. Recreational fishermen with
            a federal lobster permit may harvest lobster in federal waters,
            but the lobster cannot be sold.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/Lobster\_American\_NB\_Web.png
    title: |
      American Lobster
    alt: |
      American Lobster
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    0.18 g
  quote: |
    U.S. wild-caught American lobster is a smart seafood choice because it
    is sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.
  carbohydrate: |
    0.5 g
  serving_weight: |
    100 g (raw)
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild-caught from Maine to North Carolina.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    Greater Atlantic
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   According to the [2015 stock
        assessment](http://www.asmfc.org/uploads/file/55d61d73AmLobsterStockAssmt_PeerReviewReport_Aug2015_red2.pdf)
        conducted by the [Atlantic States Marine Fisheries
        Commission](http://www.asmfc.org/) (ASMFC), there is record high
        stock abundance and recruitment in the Gulf of Maine and Georges
        Bank, and record low abundance and recruitment failure in Southern
        New England. The Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank stock is not
        overfished. However, the ASMFC considers the Southern New England
        stock severely depleted due to environmental factors and fishing
        pressure. Neither stock is subject to overfishing.
    -   Since 2012, [Young of Year
        surveys](http://umaine.edu/wahlelab/american-lobster-settlement-index-alsi/american-lobster-settlement-index/)
        in the Gulf of Maine and George’s Bank stock have shown consistent
        declines, which could indicate future declines in recruitment and
        landings.
  population: |
    Above target population levels in the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank.
    Significantly below target levels in Southern New England.
  protein: |
    18.80 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   The states and [NOAA
        Fisheries](https://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/sustainable/species/lobster/)
        cooperatively manage the American lobster resource and fishery under
        the framework of the [Atlantic States Marine Fisheries
        Commission](http://www.asmfc.org/) (ASMFC).

     

    -   Each lobster harvesting state has three members on the ASMFC lobster
        management board, and NOAA Fisheries has one representative on the
        board. Each state, and NOAA Fisheries, has one vote when
        deliberating management measures for American lobster. The
        management board looks to industry advisors to provide
        recommendations for managing the fishery to meet management
        objectives.

     

    -   States have jurisdiction for implementing measures in state waters
        (within 3 miles of shore), while [NOAA
        Fisheries](https://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/sustainable/species/lobster/)
        implements complementary regulations for the American lobster
        fishery in offshore federal waters (3 to 200 miles from shore).

     

    -   The American lobster’s range is divided into [two stock areas and
        seven management
        areas](http://www.asmfc.org/uploads/file/58f8cd9aLobsterManagement_StockArea_Map_Nov2016.JPG).
        There are seven Lobster Conservation Management Teams, one for each
        management area. These teams, made up of industry representatives,
        recommend measures to address the specific needs in their respective
        management areas. Federal waters contain portions of six of the
        seven management areas. Only Area 6 is totally within state waters
        (Long Island Sound, which consists of New York and Connecticut state
        waters).

     

    -   Managed in state waters (within 3 miles of shore) under the
        [Interstate Fishery Management Plan for American
        Lobster](http://www.asmfc.org/species/american-lobster). Each
        management area has unique regulations that include:
        -   Limits on the minimum and maximum size of lobster than can be
            harvested.
        -   Trap limits control fishing effort. Each lobster vessel is
            limited to either a vessel-based trap allocation based on its
            historical fishing practices, or an area-wide trap cap (the
            maximum number of traps a vessel may fish in a specific area). 
        -   Measures to protect egg-bearing females—fishermen may not
            harvest them and, in most areas, if one is caught in their trap,
            they must notch its tail fin in a “v” shape before returning it
            to the water.
        -   Prohibition on possession of lobster meat and lobster parts
            (lobsters must be landed live and whole to ensure they are of
            legal size).
        -   Gear restrictions, trap configuration requirements, and
            prohibition on using spears to fish for lobsters.
        -   Restrictions on the amount of lobster that can be harvested with
            non-trap gear.
        -   Monitoring and reporting requirements.
        -   A series of annual trap reductions are underway in lobster
            management areas 2 and 3 to reduce both latent and active effort
            and scale the Southern New England lobster fishery to the size
            of the stock.
        -   A [trap transfer
            program](https://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/nr/2017/July/17lobttpgphl.pdf)
            was initiated in 2015 that allows Federal permit holders to
            mitigate the impacts of the annual trap reductions by purchasing
            partial trap allocation from other authorized permit holders. 
            Others may sell allocation to other Federal lobster permit
            holders to downsize their own fishing operations and allow other
            permit holders to gain access to the trap fishery in certain
            management areas.

     

    -   Managed in federal waters (3 to 200 miles offshore) under
        regulations implemented through the [Atlantic Coastal Fisheries
        Cooperative Management
        Act](http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/sfa/management/state_federal/documents/acfcma.pdf),
        including:
        -   Fishermen must have a permit to harvest lobster. A temporary
            moratorium on the issuance of federal lobster permits, which
            limits the amount of available permits to control the number of
            fishermen harvesting lobster, was extended indefinitely in 1999.
        -   Limits on the minimum and maximum size of lobsters that can be
            harvested, which varies by management area.
        -   Prohibition on possession of lobster meat and lobster parts
            (lobsters must be landed live and whole to ensure they are of
            legal size).
        -   Measures to protect egg-bearing females—fishermen may not
            harvest them and, in most areas, if one is caught in their trap,
            they must notch its tail fin in a “v” shape before returning it
            to the water.
        -   Gear restrictions (trap size, gear marking requirements, escape
            vents, and ghost panels).
        -   Trap limits, which vary among management areas.
        -   To improve data collection in the fishery, all federal lobster
            dealers must submit weekly electronic reports for all lobsters
            they purchase from fishermen with federal permits. Federal
            lobster permit holders are not required to report landings
            unless they have another Federal fishery permit, in addition to
            their Federal lobster permit, that  requires landings reports
            (e.g., Northeast multispecies permit).
        -   Area-specific measures have been approved to reduce fishing
            exploitation on the Southern New England stock, including
            biological and effort control management measures.
        -   Regulations require biodegradable escape panels or hinges on
            traps to prevent ghost fishing (when lost gear continues to
            capture lobster and other species). Escape panels must be large
            enough to reduce bycatch of undersized lobsters.​

     

    -   [Fisheries and Oceans
        Canada](http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/sustainable-durable/fisheries-peches/lobster-homard-eng.htm)
        manages the American lobster resource in Canadian territorial waters
        of the northwest Atlantic Ocean.
  cholesterol: |
    95 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0 g
  sodium: |
    296 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   American lobsters have a long life span. It’s difficult to determine
        their exact age because they shed their hard shell when they molt,
        leaving no evidence of age. But scientists believe some American
        lobsters may live to be 100 years old.

     

    -   They can weigh up to 44 pounds.

     

    -   Lobsters must periodically molt in order to grow, shedding their
        hard, external skeleton (shell) when they grow too large for it and
        forming a new one. They eat voraciously after they molt, often
        devouring their own recently vacated shells. Eating their shell
        replenishes lost calcium and helps harden their new shell.

     

    -   Lobsters molt about 20 to 25 times over a period of 5 to 8 years
        between the time they hatch and when they are able to reproduce and
        reach the minimum legal size to be harvested.

     

    -   Usually, lobsters mate after the females molt. Males deposit sperm
        in the soft-shelled females. The female stores the sperm internally
        for up to a year.

     

    -   Females can have 5,000 to more than 100,000 eggs, depending on their
        size. The eggs are fertilized as females release them on the
        underside of their tails, where they carry the eggs for 9 to 11
        months.

     

    -   Egg-bearing females move inshore to hatch their eggs during late
        spring or early summer.

     

    -   The pelagic (free-swimming) larvae molt four times before they
        resemble adults and settle to the bottom.

     

    -   Lobsters are opportunistic feeders, feeding on whatever prey is most
        available, so their diet varies regionally.

     

    -   Larvae and postlarvae are carnivorous and eat zooplankton (tiny
        floating animals) during their first year.

     

    -   Adults are omnivorous, feeding on crabs, mollusks, worms, sea
        urchins, sea stars, fish, and macroalgae.

     

    -   In general, a variety of bottom-dwelling species feed on lobster,
        including fish, sharks, rays, skates, octopuses, and crabs. Young
        lobsters are especially vulnerable to predators. Large, hard-shelled
        lobsters may be immune to predators (except humans).
- calories: 90
  physical_description: |
    -   Yellowtail rockfish are greyish brown on top and fade to white on
        the belly.
    -   Their body has trace yellow spotting.
    -   Yellowtail tail fins are yellowish green.
    -   Their other fins have a darker yellowish green coloration.
  human_health:
  texture: Very lean with medium to firm texture and medium sized flakes.
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: Yellowtail rockfish
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/yellowtail-rockfish
  habitat_impacts: |
    Most fishing gear used to harvest yellowtail rockfish rarely contacts
    the ocean floor and has minimal impacts on habitat. Area closures and
    gear restrictions protect sensitive rocky, cold-water coral and sponge
    habitats from bottom trawl gear.
  location: |
    -   Yellowtail rockfish are found along the Pacific coast of North
        America and range from Kodiak Island, Alaska to Baja California,
        Mexico.
  color: |
    Meat is glistening bright white with a pinkish sheen.
  species_aliases: |
    [Yellowtail rockfish](/species-aliases/yellowtail-rockfish),
    [Greenie](/species-aliases/greenie), [Yellow sea
    perch](/species-aliases/yellow-sea-perch), [Rock
    Cod](/species-aliases/rock-cod), [Pacific
    Snapper](/species-aliases/pacific-snapper)
  image_gallery:
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 63 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   Yellowtail rockfish inhabit depths ranging from 0 to 1800 feet, and
        are commonly found along the middle continental shelf, near the
        ocean floor.
    -   Larvae and juveniles live near the surface, while older juveniles
        migrate deeper to near the ocean floor.
    -   Adults are semi-pelagic or pelagic and spend time near steep slopes
        and above rocky reefs.
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Sebastes flavidus
  production:
  fat_total: 1.34 g
  bycatch: |
    Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch of overfished and protected
    species.
  availability: |
    Year-round.
  research: |
    -   NOAA’s [Northwest](https://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/) and [Alaska](Alaska)
        Fisheries Science Centers survey the abundance of yellowtail
        rockfish off the West Coast and Alaska.
    -   Yellowtail rockfish is not typically assessed as part of a
        single-species abundance survey. It is more commonly assessed along
        with other groundfish.
  fishing_rate: |
    At recommended levels.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#7a622d
  sugars_total: |
    0
  taste: |
    Very mild, slightly sweet flavor.
  health_benefits: |
    Rockfish are high in selenium.
  harvest: |
    -   Commercial fishery:
        -   In 2017, commercial landings of yellowtail rockfish totaled more
            than 6.3 million pounds and were valued at more than $1.8
            million. The majority of landings are in Oregon and Washington.
    -   Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
        -   Primarily harvested with midwater trawl gear, which has minimal
            impacts on ocean bottom habitats. To a lesser extent, harvested
            with bottom trawl gear.
        -   Midwater and bottom trawls may sometimes catch other species of
            fish, including overfished and protected species.
            -   Gear restrictions, closed areas, and catch share programs
                limit when, where, and how much trawl fishermen can harvest
                to reduce bycatch of other species.
            -   [Rockfish conservation
                areas](https://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/fisheries/management/groundfish_closures/rockfish_areas.html)
                eliminate fishing in areas on the West Coast where
                overfished rockfish species co-occur with target stocks,
                like [canary
                rockfish](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/canary-rockfish).
                These closed areas help prevent bycatch of overfished
                rockfish.
        -   Yellowtail rockfish are often caught incidentally in the
            [Pacific
            whiting](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/pacific-whiting)
            fishery.
            -   Managers are working to reduce incidental catch through the
                use of annual catch limits and catch shares.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/Rockfish\_Yellowtail\_NB\_W.png
    title: |
      Yellowtail rockfish
    alt: |
      Yellowtail rockfish
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    0.34 g
  quote: |
    U.S. wild-caught Yellowtail rockfish is a smart seafood choice because
    it is sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S.
    regulations.
  carbohydrate: |
    0
  serving_weight: |
    100 g (raw)
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild-caught from Kodiak Island Alaska to Baja California.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    West Coast, Alaska
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   According to the [2017 stock
        assessment](https://www.pcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/YTRK_2017_Final.pdf),
        the northern Pacific coast stock of yellowtail rockfish is not
        overfished and not subject to overfishing.
    -   The yellowtail rockfish stock on the West Coast is part of the
        southern Pacific coast minor shelf rockfish complex. The overfished
        status of this complex is unknown. The stock complex is not subject
        to overfishing based on [2016 catch
        data](https://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/research/divisions/fram/observation/pdf/Groundfish_Mortality_2016.pdf).
  population: |
    The northern Pacific coast stock is above its target population level.
    The southern Pacific coast stock is unknown.
  protein: |
    18.36 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   [NOAA Fisheries](http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/) and the
        [Pacific Fishery Management Council](http://www.pcouncil.org/)
        manage the yellowtail rockfish fishery on the West Coast.
    -   Yellowtail rockfish are managed as a single stock north of Cape
        Mendocino, California, and southward, as part of the southern
        Pacific coast minor shelf rockfish complex.
    -   Managed under the [Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Management
        Plan](http://www.pcouncil.org/groundfish/fishery-management-plan/):
        -   Permits and limited entry to the fishery.
        -   Limit on how much may be harvested in one fishing trip.
        -   Certain seasons and [areas are
            closed](http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/fisheries/management/groundfish_closures/groundfish_closed_areas.html)
            to fishing.
        -   Gear restrictions help reduce bycatch and impacts on habitat.
        -   A [trawl rationalization catch share
            program](http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/fisheries/groundfish_catch_shares/index.html)
            that includes:
        -   Catch limits based on the population status of each fish stock
            and divided into shares that are allocated to individual
            fishermen or groups.
        -   Provisions that allow fishermen to decide how and when to catch
            their share.
        -   Yellowtail rockfish have been underutilized. The recent harvest
            rule changes to the catch share program will allow increased
            catches of underutilized species, such as yellowtail and
            chilipepper rockfish,
            [lingcod](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/lingcod), and
            [Pacific cod](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/pacific-cod).
            These changes were possible because of improvements observed in
            other stocks that had previously constrained the harvest of fish
            like yellowtail rockfish due to low population levels.
    -   [NOAA Fisheries](https://alaskafisheries.noaa.gov/) and the [North
        Pacific Fishery Management Council](https://www.npfmc.org/) manage
        yellowtail rockfish as part of the Gulf of Alaska other rockfish
        complex.
    -   Managed under the [Fishery Management Plan for Groundfish of the
        Gulf of
        Alaska](https://www.npfmc.org/wp-content/PDFdocuments/fmp/GOA/GOAfmp.pdf):
        -   There is no directed fishing for this species in the Gulf of
            Alaska, and only minor amounts are landed incidentally in other
            fisheries.
  cholesterol: |
    50 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0
  sodium: |
    74 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Yellowtail rockfish mature between three and five years old.
    -   They can live up to 50 years.
    -   They grow more than two feet in length.
    -   Females can produce between 50,000 and 600,000 eggs, depending on
        the size of the female.
    -   Yellowtail rockfish have internal fertilization and the females give
        birth to live young.
    -   Adults feed on shellfish, such as shrimp, and small forage fish,
        such as anchovies.
    -   Yellowtail rockfish are unique in that they can rapidly release gas
        from their swim bladders.
    -   When caught at depth the yellowtail rockfish can avoid barotrauma
        that kills most other species.
- calories: 90
  physical_description: |
    -   Bocaccio can grow up to three feet long and weigh up to 21 pounds.
    -   They are identifiable based on their long jaw, which extends to or
        past the eye socket.
    -   Young bocaccio are light bronze with small brown spots along their
        sides. As they grow older, they lose their spots and darken.
    -   Adult bocaccio have backs that are olive, burnt-orange or brown as
        adults. They have pink and red stomachs.
  human_health:
  texture: Lean and medium-firm, with a fine flake.
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: Bocaccio
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/bocaccio
  habitat_impacts: |
    Area closures and gear restrictions protect sensitive rocky, cold-water
    coral and sponge habitats from bottom trawl gear.
  location: |
    -   Bocaccio are found between Punta Blanca, Baja California, and the
        Gulf of Alaska off Krozoff and Kodiak Islands. Within this range,
        bocaccio is most common between Oregon and northern Baja California.
    -   There are two partially isolated populations; one southern
        population centered in California, and one northern population
        centered in British Columbia. 
  color: |
    Whole fish should have shiny and bright skin. The raw flesh is white,
    but turns opaque white when cooked.
  species_aliases: |
    [Bocaccio](/species-aliases/bocaccio), [Rock
    Salmon](/species-aliases/rock-salmon), [Salmon
    Rockfish](/species-aliases/salmon-rockfish), [Pacific Red
    Snapper](/species-aliases/pacific-red-snapper), [Pacific
    Snapper](/species-aliases/pacific-snapper), [Oregon Red
    Snapper](/species-aliases/oregon-red-snapper), [Oregon
    Snapper](/species-aliases/oregon-snapper),
    [Longjaw](/species-aliases/longjaw), [Merou](/species-aliases/merou),
    [Jack](/species-aliases/jack), [Snapper](/species-aliases/snapper),
    [Rock Cod](/species-aliases/rock-cod),
    [Rockfish](/species-aliases/rockfish)
  image_gallery:
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 63 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   As bocaccio age, they switch from free-swimming pelagic habitat to
        bottom-oriented demersal habitat.
    -   Larvae and young-of-the-year bocaccio live in the upper layers of
        the ocean for several months.
    -   Juveniles settle nearshore in bottom habitats, such as rocky areas
        or kelp forests, and form schools.
    -   As juveniles mature, they move offshore to greater depths.
    -   Adult bocaccio primarily inhabit rocky habitats from 130 to 980 feet
        deep. They also live on coral and sponge reefs, and even artificial
        structures such as oil platforms.
    -   Several sources describe bocaccio as a midwater species during at
        least part of its adult phase.
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Sebastes paucispinis
  production:
  fat_total: 1.34 g
  bycatch: |
    Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch.
  availability: |
    Year-round.
  research: |
    -   [New Fishing Opportunities Emerge from Resurgence of West Coast
        Groundfish](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/new-fishing-opportunities-emerge-resurgence-west-coast-groundfish)
    -   [Rebuilding success continues for West Coast
        groundfish](https://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/stories/2017/19_06192017_.html)
    -   [Threatened Yelloweye and Endangered Bocaccio in Puget Sound/Georgia
        Basin](https://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/protected_species/rockfish/rockfish_in_puget_sound.html)
  fishing_rate: |
    At recommended level.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#8D371C
  sugars_total: |
    0
  taste: |
    Delicate, nutty, sweet flavor.
  health_benefits: |
    Low in saturated fat and very high in selenium, phosphorus, and
    potassium.
  harvest: |
    -   Commercial fishery
        -   In 2017, commercial landings of bocaccio totaled 258,001 pounds
            and were valued at $152,882.
    -   Gear types, habitat impacts and bycatch
        -   Bottom trawl gear is the predominant fishing gear used to catch
            bocaccio.
        -   Bottom trawls may sometimes catch other species of fish,
            including overfished and protected species.
        -   Gear restrictions, closed areas, and catch share programs limit
            when, where, and how much trawl fishermen can harvest to reduce
            bycatch of other species.
        -   [Rockfish conservation
            areas](https://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/fisheries/management/groundfish_closures/rockfish_areas.html)
            eliminate fishing in areas on the West Coast where overfished
            rockfish species co-occur with target stocks, like [canary
            rockfish](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/canary-rockfish).
            These closed areas help prevent bycatch of overfished rockfish.
    -   Recreational fishery
        -   Bocaccio is an important recreational fish in state waters.
        -   State agencies encourage anglers to avoid catching rockfish
            intentionally, to deep-water release all released rockfish, and
            to relocate if they unintentionally catch rockfish.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/Bocaccio\_NB\_W.png
    title: |
      Bocaccio rockfish.
    alt: |
      Illustration of a Bocaccio rockfish.
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    0.34 g
  quote: |
    U.S. wild-caught bocaccio is a smart seafood choice because it is
    sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.
  carbohydrate: |
    0
  serving_weight: |
    100 g (raw)
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild-caught from California to Alaska.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    West Coast, Alaska
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   According to the [2018 stock
        assessment](https://www.pcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/FINAL_2017_Bocaccio_Update_Assessment_February_2_2018.pdf),
        the bocaccio stock on the southern Pacific coast is not overfished,
        and is not subject to overfishing. The stock rebuilt in 2017, faster
        than estimated in the rebuilding plan, due in large part to several
        strong year classes and an improved understanding of the
        productivity of this stock.
    -   Along the northern Pacific coast, bocaccio is part of the northern
        Pacific coast minor shelf rockfish complex and the status of this
        complex is unknown.
    -   In the Gulf of Alaska, bocaccio is part of the other rockfish
        complex.
        -   According to the [2017 stock
            assessment](https://www.afsc.noaa.gov/REFM/Docs/2017/GOAorock.pdf),
            the status of this complex is unknown.
  population: |
    Above target population levels.
  protein: |
    18.36 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   [NOAA Fisheries](https://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/) and the
        [Pacific Fishery Management Council](https://www.pcouncil.org/)
        manage the bocaccio fishery on the West Coast.
        -   Along the southern Pacific coast, bocaccio are managed as a
            single stock. Along the northern Pacific coast, they are managed
            as part of the northern Pacific coast minor shelf rockfish
            complex.
    -   Managed under the [Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Management
        Plan](https://www.pcouncil.org/groundfish/fishery-management-plan/):
        -   Permits and limited entry to the fishery.
        -   Limit on how much may be harvested in one fishing trip.
        -   Certain seasons and [areas are
            closed](https://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/fisheries/management/groundfish_closures/groundfish_closed_areas.html)
            to fishing.
        -   Gear restrictions help reduce bycatch and impacts on habitat.
        -   A [trawl rationalization catch share
            program](https://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/fisheries/groundfish_catch_shares/index.html)
            that includes:
        -   Catch limits based on the population status of each fish stock
            and divided into shares that are allocated to individual
            fishermen or groups.
        -   Provisions that allow fishermen to decide how and when to catch
            their share.
    -   [NOAA Fisheries](https://alaskafisheries.noaa.gov/) and the [North
        Pacific Fishery Management Council](https://www.npfmc.org/) manage
        the bocaccio fishery in the Gulf of Alaska. Bocaccio are managed as
        part of the other rockfish complex.
    -   Managed under the [Fishery Management Plan for Groundfish of the
        Gulf of
        Alaska](https://www.npfmc.org/wp-content/PDFdocuments/fmp/GOA/GOAfmp.pdf):
        -   There is no directed fishing for this species in Alaska, and
            only minor amounts are landed incidentally in other fisheries.
        -   Permits are required.
        -   Bottom contact gear is prohibited in the Gulf of Alaska Coral
            and Alaska Seamount Habitat Protection Areas to protect
            sensitive habitat.
        -   Gear restrictions help reduce bycatch.
        -   Annual catch limits are in place to prevent overfishing.
    -   Managed under the [Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands Groundfish Fishery
        Management
        Plan](https://www.npfmc.org/wp-content/PDFdocuments/fmp/BSAI/BSAIfmp.pdf).
         Bocaccio are managed as part of the other rockfish complex, but
        they are not present in significant numbers.
  cholesterol: |
    50 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0
  sodium: |
    74 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Bocaccio is a species of rockfish. Rockfishes are unusual among the
        bony fishes in that fertilization and embryo development is internal
        and female rockfish give birth to live larval young.
    -   Like most other species of rockfish, bocaccio are long-lived.
        Bocaccio mature and begin to reproduce between ages 4 and 7 years
        old, and they can live to be 50 years old.
    -   Bocaccio larvae are opportunistic feeders. Early on, larvae mostly
        eat copepod nauplii and eat some invertebrate eggs. As they grow,
        larvae start eating copepodites, adult copepods, and euphausiids.
    -   Within the first year of their lives, bocaccio begin foraging on
        other young fishes.
    -   Adult bocaccio mostly eat fish. Their preferred meal is other
        rockfishes, but they will also eat
        [sablefish](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/sablefish),
        anchovies, lantern fish and squid.
    -   Female bocaccio may spawn one to three times per season. They are
        highly fecund for rockfish and have been recorded with anywhere from
        290 thousand up to 1.9 million eggs in the ovaries at one time.
    -   In the Southern California Bight, Bocaccio spawn from October to
        July, peaking in January. Off central and northern California,
        Bocaccio spawn from January to May and peak in February.
- calories: 110
  physical_description: |
    -   Atlantic halibut can be distinguished from other right-eyed
        flounders by their large size, concave caudal fin, large, gaping
        mouth, and arched lateral line.
    -   One of the largest fish found in the Gulf of Maine.
  human_health:
  texture: A lean fish with fine-grained, dense meat. When cooked, the meat is firm
    yet flaky and tender.
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: Atlantic Halibut
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/atlantic-halibut
  habitat_impacts: |
    Trawl gear used to harvest Atlantic halibut have minimal or temporary
    effects on habitat. Area closures and gear restrictions protect
    sensitive habitats from bottom trawl gear. Hook and line gear has little
    or no impact on habitat.
  location: |
    -   Atlantic halibut are found from Labrador and Greenland to Iceland,
        and from the Barents Sea south to the Bay of Biscay and Virginia.
    -   In U.S. waters, halibut is most common in the Gulf of Maine.
  color: |
    Uncooked, white and almost translucent. It should not look dull,
    yellowish or dried out. When cooked, the meat is white.
  species_aliases: |
    [Atlantic halibut](/species-aliases/atlantic-halibut),
    [Halibut](/species-aliases/halibut)
  image_gallery:
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/1%20-%20atl\_halibut\_noa.jpg
    title: |
      Atlantic halibut face and mouth. Photo credit: NOAA.
    alt: |
      Picture of an Atlantic halibut face and mouth.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/2%20-%20nefsc.jpg
    title: |
      Atlantic halibut. Photo credit: NOAA.
    alt: |
      Picture of Atlantic halibut.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/3%20-%20halibut2\_fullsize.jpg
    title: |
      Picture of Atlantic halibut. Photo credit: NOAA.
    alt: |
      Picture of Atlantic halibut.
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 36.5 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   Atlantic halibut are found in the temperate and arctic waters of the
        northern Atlantic.
    -   They live in coastal to upper slope areas.
    -   Atlantic halibut are demersal fish that live on or near sand, gravel
        or clay bottoms at depths of between 160 and 6,560 feet.
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Hippoglossus hippoglossus
  production:
  fat_total: 2.29 g
  bycatch: |
    Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch.
  availability: |
    Year-round.
  research: |
    -   Scientists at NOAA’s [Northeast Fisheries Science
        Center](https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/) conduct research bottom trawl
        surveys throughout the Northeast continental shelf every year during
        the fall and spring. These surveys collect data on the environment
        as well as biological samples from fish caught during research
        trawling. The data from these and other sources are used by
        scientists in stock assessments to estimate population size and
        fishing pressure.
  fishing_rate: |
    At recommended levels.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#7a622d
  sugars_total: |
    0
  taste: |
    Halibut has a very mild, sweet taste.
  health_benefits: |
    Halibut is low in saturated fat and sodium, and is a very good source of
    protein, niacin, phosphorus, and selenium.
  harvest: |
    -   Commercial fishery:
        -   In 2017, commercial landings of Atlantic halibut totaled 242,105
            pounds and were valued at more than $1.4 million.
        -   Regulations include a minimum fish size and a limit of one fish
            per vessel per trip in federal waters.
    -   Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
        -   Halibut are commonly harvested using trawl nets, bottom
            longlines, and rod and reel.
        -   Trawl gear used to harvest halibut can impact habitat, depending
            on where they are used. Trawl gear can incidentally catch other
            fish and marine mammals.
        -   Longlines, and rod and reel used to harvest halibut have little
            to no impact on habitat.
        -   Regulations close key areas to fishing year-round or seasonally
            to protect habitat and spawning aggregations.
        -   Restrictions on the size of gear that makes contact with the
            bottom in certain areas also help reduce habitat impacts.
        -   Fishermen follow a number of strict regulations and use modified
            fishing gear to reduce bycatch of other species.
    -   Recreational fishery:
        -   Halibut are sometimes targeted by recreational anglers, but are
            most often encountered when targeting other groundfish species
            like cod and haddock.
        -   [Regulations](https://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/sustainable/recfishing/regs/index.html)
            include a minimum fish size and a limit of one fish per vessel
            per trip in federal waters.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/atlantic-halibut-illustration.png
    title: |
      Illustration of Atlantic Halibut.
    alt: |
      Illustration of Atlantic Halibut.
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    0.325 g
  quote: |
    Although populations are well below target levels, U.S. wild-caught
    Atlantic halibut is still a smart seafood choice because it is
    sustainably managed under a rebuilding plan that allows limited harvest
    by U.S. fishermen.
  carbohydrate: |
    0
  serving_weight: |
    100 g (raw)
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    Wild-caught from Maine to Connecticut.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    Greater Atlantic
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   The Atlantic halibut stock is at a very low level. Fishing is still
        allowed, but at reduced levels.
    -   According to the [2012 stock
        assessment](https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/publications/crd/crd1206/),
        the Atlantic halibut stock is overfished, but is not subject to
        overfishing. The estimated biomass is only 3 percent of its target
        level. It will remain in a rebuilding plan for the foreseeable
        future.
  population: |
    Significantly below target population levels.
  protein: |
    20.81 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   [NOAA
        Fisheries](https://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/sustainable/species/multispecies/)
        and the [New England Fishery Management
        Council](https://www.nefmc.org/) manage Atlantic halibut.
    -   Atlantic halibut, along with other groundfish in New England waters,
        are managed under the Northeast Multispecies Fishery Management
        Plan, which includes:
        -   Permitting requirements for commercial vessels.
        -   Separate management measures for recreational vessels.
        -   Year-round and seasonal area closures to protect spawning fish
            and habitat.
        -   Minimum fish sizes to prevent harvest of juvenile fish.
        -   Annual catch limits, based on best available science.
        -   An optional sector ([catch
            share](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/laws-and-policies/catch-shares))
            program can be used for cod and other groundfish species. The
            sector program allows fishermen to form harvesting cooperatives
            and work together to decide when, where, and how they harvest
            fish.
  cholesterol: |
    32 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0
  sodium: |
    54 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Atlantic halibut is the largest species of flatfish in the world.
    -   Atlantic halibut can reach up to 15 feet in length
    -   The largest Atlantic halibut recorded was taken off Cape Ann,
        Massachusetts, and weighed 615 pounds (eviscerated with the head
        still attached). It likely weighed 700 pounds when it was alive.
    -   It is a long-lived, late-maturing species that can live up to 50
        years.
    -   Average age at maturity is about 10 years.
    -   Full grown females average 100 to 150 pounds, while males tend to be
        smaller.
    -   Females are batch spawners, producing several batches of eggs each
        year.
    -   In Canadian waters, Atlantic halibut spawn from late winter to early
        spring, while spawning can last through September for fish from
        Georges Bank to the Grand Banks.
    -   Halibut food preferences vary by fish size: smaller fish (up to 12
        inches in length) feed almost exclusively on invertebrates. The
        proportion of fish in the diet increases as the fish grow in size
        until they feed almost exclusively on fishes when they reach
        approximately 31 inches.
- calories: 90
  physical_description: |
    -   Shortspine thornyhead have elongated bodies and large heads.
    -   They have a strong spiny ridge and 16 dorsal spines.
    -   They are bright red or orange red in color, and often have white
        patches on their sides, backs, cheeks and spiny dorsal fin tips when
        seen underwater.
    -   Their fins can have black patches and there may be dark spots or
        speckles on their sides.
  human_health:
  texture: Firm, coarse flake.
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: Shortspine Thornyhead
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/shortspine-thornyhead
  habitat_impacts: |
    The trawl, longline, and pot gear used to harvest shortspine thornyhead
    have minimal or temporary effects on habitat. Area closures and gear
    restrictions protect sensitive rocky, cold-water coral, and sponge
    habitats from bottom trawl gear.
  location: |
    -   Shortspine thornyhead are found from the Bering Sea to Baja
        California, Mexico.
  color: |
    White.
  species_aliases: |
    [Thornyhead](/species-aliases/thornyhead), [Idiot
    fish](/species-aliases/idiot-fish), [Idiot
    cod](/species-aliases/idiot-cod), [Rockfish](/species-aliases/rockfish)
  image_gallery:
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/1%20photo-west-coast-region-photo-gallery.jpg
    title: |
      Close-up photo of a shortspine thornyhead. (Photo credit: NOAA)
    alt: |
      Close-up photo of a shortspine thornyhead. (Photo credit: NOAA)
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/2%20basket%20of%20shortspine%20thornyhead.jpg
    title: |
      Basket of shortspine thornyhead. (Photo credit: NOAA)
    alt: |
      Basket of shortspine thornyhead. (Photo credit: NOAA)
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/3%20graphic%20with%20morphology%20ID\_large.jpg
    title: |
      Shortspine thornyhead graphic identifying several physical
      characteristics, including head spines, pelvic and anal fins. (Photo
      credit: NOAA)
    alt: |
      Shortspine thornyhead graphic identifying several physical
      characteristics, including head spines, pelvic and anal fins. (Photo
      credit: NOAA)
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/4%20Head-on%20view%20of%20shortspine%20thornyhead.jpg
    title: |
      Head-on view of shortspine thornyhead. (Photo credit: NOAA)
    alt: |
      Head-on view of shortspine thornyhead. (Photo credit: NOAA)
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/5%20shortspine%20thornyhead%20amongst%20its%20habitat.jpg
    title: |
      Shortspine thornyhead rockfish snuggled amongst a sea star, smaller
      brittle stars, and sea cucumbers with white tentacles on a mixed rocky
      and mud-covered habitat. (Photo credit: NOAA/OER)
    alt: |
      Shortspine thornyhead rockfish snuggled amongst a sea star, smaller
      brittle stars, and sea cucumbers with white tentacles on a mixed rocky
      and mud-covered habitat. (Photo credit: NOAA/OER)
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 63 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   Shortspine thornyhead can live in depths up to 1500 meters, though
        they are more commonly found between 55 and 465 meters.
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Sebastolobus alascanus
  production:
  fat_total: 1.34 g
  bycatch: |
    Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch of overfished and protected
    species.
  availability: |
    Year-round.
  research: |
    [Tagging study of shortspine thornyhead in
    Alaska](http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201700202112)
    confirms that the management range is appropriate.
  fishing_rate: |
    At recommended levels.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#ab3539
  sugars_total: |
    0
  taste: |
    Sweet and mild.
  health_benefits: |
    Rockfish are high in selenium.
  harvest: |
    -   Commercial fishery:
        -   In 2017, commercial landings of shortspine thornyhead totaled
            more than 2.1 million pounds and were valued at approximately
            $4.2 million. The majority of landings are in California and
            Oregon.
    -   Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
        -   The trawl, longline, and pot gear used to harvest shortspine
            thornyhead have minimal or temporary effects on habitat. Area
            closures and gear restrictions protect sensitive rocky,
            cold-water coral and sponge habitats from bottom trawl gear.
        -   In the Gulf of Alaska, they are mainly caught with trawl and
            longline gear as bycatch in the rockfish and sablefish
            fisheries. On the Pacific Coast, they are targeted in the
            rockfish fishery with bottom trawl, longline, and pot gear.
    -   Recreational fishery:
        -   Thornyheads are occasionally caught in recreational fisheries
            but are not often targeted, due to the complications of deep-sea
            fishing.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/shortspine-thornyhead-illustration.png
    title: |
      Illustration of shortspine thornyhead.
    alt: |
      Illustration of shortspine thornyhead.
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    0.34 g
  quote: |
    U.S. wild-caught shortspine thornyhead is a smart seafood choice because
    it is sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S.
    regulations.
  carbohydrate: |
    0
  serving_weight: |
    100 g (raw)
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild-caught from the Bering Sea to Baja California, Mexico.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    West Coast
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   According to the [2013 stock
        assessment](https://www.pcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/Shortspine_2013_Assessment.pdf),
        shortspine thornyhead on the Pacific Coast are not overfished and
        are not subject to overfishing based on the [2016 catch
        data](https://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/research/divisions/fram/observation/pdf/Groundfish_Mortality_2016.pdf).
    -   In the Gulf of Alaska, shortspine thornyhead are part of the
        thornyhead rockfish complex, which also contains longspine and
        broadfin thornyhead.
        -   According to the [2018 stock
            assessment](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/data/2018-assessment-thornyhead-stock-complex-gulf-alaska),
            the status of this complex is unknown.
        -   According to the 2017 catch data, the complex was not subject to
            overfishing, and the fishery’s total allowable catch has not
            been attained since 1995.
    -   In the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands, shortspine thornyhead are
        part of the other rockfish complex.
        -   According to the [2018 stock
            assessment](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/data/2018-assessment-other-rockfish-stock-complex-bering-sea-and-aleutian-islands),
            the status of this complex is unknown.
        -   According to the 2017 catch data, the complex was not subject to
            overfishing.
  population: |
    Above target population levels on the Pacific Coast.
  protein: |
    18.36 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   [NOAA Fisheries](http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/) and the
        [Pacific Fishery Management Council](http://www.pcouncil.org/)
        manage the shortspine thornyhead fishery on the West Coast.
    -   Managed under the [Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Management
        Plan](http://www.pcouncil.org/groundfish/fishery-management-plan/):
        -   Permits and limited entry to the fishery.
        -   Limit on how much may be harvested in one fishing trip.
        -   Certain seasons and [areas are
            closed](http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/fisheries/management/groundfish_closures/groundfish_closed_areas.html)
            to fishing.
        -   Gear restrictions help reduce bycatch and impacts on habitat.
        -   A [trawl rationalization catch share
            program](http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/fisheries/groundfish_catch_shares/index.html)
            that includes:
            -   Catch limits based on the population status of each fish
                stock and divided into shares that are allocated to
                individual fishermen or groups.
            -   Provisions that allow fishermen to decide how and when to
                catch their share.
    -   [NOAA Fisheries](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/region/alaska) and
        the [North Pacific Fishery Management
        Council](https://www.npfmc.org/) manage shortspine thornyhead as
        part of the thornyhead complex in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) and the
        other rockfish complex in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands
        (BSAI).
    -   Managed under the Fishery Management Plans for Groundfish of the
        [Gulf of
        Alaska](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/management-plan/groundfish-gulf-alaska-management-plan) and
        [Bering Sea/Aleutian
        Islands](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/management-plan/groundfish-bering-sea-and-aleutian-islands-management-plan):
        -   Thornyheads are managed as a “bycatch only” fishery in the GOA
            because they are nearly always taken in fisheries directed at
            sablefish and other rockfish.
        -   Directed fishing on thornyhead exclusively is not permitted.
  cholesterol: |
    50 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0
  sodium: |
    74 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Shortspine thornyheads grow slowly and may reach lengths up to 80
        centimeters.
    -   They may live 80 to 100 years.
    -   Females grow larger than males, and reach maturity around 18
        centimeters, or 8 to 10 years of age.
    -   Shortspine thornyhead spawn pelagic, gelatinous masses.
    -   They spawn between December and May along the West Coast and between
        April and May in the Gulf of Alaska.
    -   Shortspine feed on shrimp, crabs, zooplankton, amphipods, and other
        benthic invertebrates.
- calories: 90
  physical_description: |
    -   Adult canary rockfish are bright yellow/orange mottling above and
        gray underneath, three orange stripes across the head, and orange
        fins.
    -   Animals less than 14 inches long have dark markings on the posterior
        part of the spiny dorsal fin.
    -   Adults have gray along the lateral line.
    -   The genus name Sebastes is Greek for "magnificent" and the species
        name pinniger is Latin for "large-finned."
  human_health:
  texture: Lean and medium-firm, with a fine flake.
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: Canary Rockfish
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/canary-rockfish
  habitat_impacts: |
    Most fishing gear used to harvest canary rockfish rarely contacts the
    ocean floor and has minimal impacts on habitat. Area closures and gear
    restrictions protect sensitive rocky, cold-water coral and sponge
    habitats from bottom trawl gear.
  location: |
    -   Canary rockfish are found between Punta Colnett, Baja California,
        and the Western Gulf of Alaska. Within this range, canary rockfish
        are most common off the coast of central Oregon.
  color: |
    Raw flesh varies from light pink or translucent, to pink, to red, and
    turns white when cooked.
  species_aliases: |
    [Canaries](/species-aliases/canaries), [Canary
    rockcod](/species-aliases/canary-rockcod),
    [Rockfish](/species-aliases/rockfish)
  image_gallery:
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/Canary%20rockfish%20captured%20on%20a%20research%20trawl%20Credit%20NOAA.jpg
    title: |
      Canary rockfish caught in a research trawl. (Photo credit: NOAA)
    alt: |
      Canary rockfish caught in a research trawl. (Photo credit: NOAA)
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/PHOTO%20-%20canary%20rockfish%20-%2004182016%20-%20NOAA%20-%202240x1068%20-%20LANDSCAPE.jpg
    title: |
      Canary rockfish. (Photo credit: NOAA)
    alt: |
      Canary rockfish. (Photo credit: NOAA)
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/pinniger.jpg
    title: |
      Canary rockfish graphic identifying several physical characteristics,
      including head spines, lateral line, pelvic and anal fins. (Photo
      credit: NOAA)
    alt: |
      Canary rockfish graphic identifying several physical characteristics,
      including head spines, lateral line, pelvic and anal fins. (Photo
      credit: NOAA)
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/UCM059680%20from%20FDA%20whole.jpg
    title: |
      Canary rockfish specimen of whole fish. (Photo credit: FDA)
    alt: |
      Canary rockfish specimen of whole fish. (Photo credit: FDA)
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/UCM059650%20from%20FDA%20filet.jpg
    title: |
      Canary rockfish specimen of fish filet. (Photo credit: FDA)
    alt: |
      Canary rockfish specimen of fish filet. (Photo credit: FDA)
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 63 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   Canary rockfish primarily inhabit waters 160 to 820 feet deep but
        may be found to 1400 feet.
    -   Larvae are found in surface waters and may be distributed over a
        wide area extending several hundred miles offshore.
    -   Larvae and small juvenile rockfish may remain in open waters for
        several months, being passively dispersed by ocean currents.
    -   Juveniles and subadults tend to be more common than adults in
        shallow water and are associated with rocky reefs, kelp canopies,
        and artificial structures, such as piers and oil platforms.
    -   Adults generally move into deeper water as they increase in size and
        age but usually exhibit strong site fidelity to rocky bottoms and
        outcrops where they hover in loose groups just above the bottom.
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Sebastes pinniger
  production:
  fat_total: 1.34 g
  bycatch: |
    Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch of overfished and protected
    species.
  availability: |
    Year-round.
  research: |
    -   Between 2014-2016, charter boat captains and volunteer anglers
        collected 100 rare rockfish in the Puget Sound region. Three species
        had been listed as threatened or endangered, and NOAA looked to
        local ecological knowledge for the scientific sampling required for
        recovery. Genetic analyses from these fishing trips provided new
        information, contributed to the [delisting of canary
        rockfish](http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/newsroom/2017/28_noaa_fisheries_delists_canary_rockfish_in_puget_sound_based_on_new_findings.html),
        and expanded protective boundaries for yelloweye rockfish.
  fishing_rate: |
    At recommended levels on the Pacific Coast.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#d99d57
  sugars_total: |
    0 g
  taste: |
    Delicate, nutty, sweet flavor.
  health_benefits: |
    Rockfish are high in selenium.
  harvest: |
    -   Commercial fishery:
        -   In 2016, commercial landings of canary rockfish totaled 54,737
            pounds and were valued at $ 27,144. The majority of landings are
            in Oregon and Washington.
    -   Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
        -   Primarily harvested with midwater trawl gear, which has minimal
            impacts on ocean bottom habitats. To a lesser extent, harvested
            with bottom trawl gear.
        -   Midwater and bottom trawls may sometimes catch other species of
            fish, including overfished and protected species.
            -   Gear restrictions, closed areas, and catch share programs
                limit when, where, and how much trawl fishermen can harvest
                to reduce bycatch of other species.
            -   [Rockfish conservation
                areas](http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/fisheries/management/groundfish_closures/rockfish_areas.html)
                eliminate fishing in areas on the West Coast where
                overfished rockfish species co-occur with target stocks,
                like canary rockfish. These closed areas help prevent
                bycatch of overfished rockfish.
        -   Canary rockfish are often caught incidentally in the Pacific
            whiting fishery.
            -   Managers are working to reduce incidental catch through the
                use of annual catch limits and catch shares.
    -   Recreational fishery:
        -   Recreational anglers fish for canary rockfish, but they comprise
            only a minor part of recreational groundfish fisheries.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/canary%20rockfish.png
    title: |
      Canary rockfish illustration.
    alt: |
      Canary rockfish illustration.
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    0.34 g
  quote: |
    U.S. wild-caught canary rockfish is a smart seafood choice because it is
    sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.
  carbohydrate: |
    0 g
  serving_weight: |
    100 g (raw)
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild-caught from California to Alaska.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    West Coast, Alaska
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   According to the [2017 stock
        assessment](https://www.pcouncil.org/groundfish/stock-assessments/by-species/canary-rockfish/),
        the canary rockfish stock on the West Coast is not overfished and is
        not subject to overfishing based on [2016 catch
        data](https://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/research/divisions/fram/observation/pdf/Groundfish_Mortality_2016.pdf).
        This stock had been overfished and was successfully rebuilt in 2015.
    -   The Puget Sound/Georgia Basin distinct population segment of canary
        rockfish was listed under the ESA in 2010 and delisted in 2017.
        There is more information about this in the Research section.
    -   In the Gulf of Alaska, canary rockfish are assessed as part of two
        stock complexes with other demersal shelf rockfish.
        -   According to the [2017 stock
            assessment](https://www.afsc.noaa.gov/REFM/Docs/2017/GOAdsr.pdf),
            the status of the demersal shelf rockfish complex is unknown.
        -   According to the [2017 stock
            assessment](https://www.afsc.noaa.gov/REFM/Docs/2017/GOAorock.pdf),
            the status of the other rockfish complex is unknown.
  population: |
    Above target population levels on the Pacific Coast.
  protein: |
    18.36 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   [NOAA Fisheries](http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/) and the
        [Pacific Fishery Management Council](http://www.pcouncil.org/)
        manage the canary rockfish fishery on the West Coast.
    -   Managed under the [Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Management
        Plan](http://www.pcouncil.org/groundfish/fishery-management-plan/):
        -   Permits and limited entry to the fishery.
        -   Limit on how much may be harvested in one fishing trip.
        -   Certain seasons and [areas are
            closed](http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/fisheries/management/groundfish_closures/groundfish_closed_areas.html)
            to fishing.
        -   Gear restrictions help reduce bycatch and impacts on habitat.
        -   A [trawl rationalization catch share
            program](http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/fisheries/groundfish_catch_shares/index.html)
            that includes:
        -   Catch limits based on the population status of each fish stock
            and divided into shares that are allocated to individual
            fishermen or groups.
        -   Provisions that allow fishermen to decide how and when to catch
            their share.
    -   Prior to the canary rockfish stock rebuilding, fishing for other
        species like Dover sole and black cod was limited by canary rockfish
        catch limits. Now that the canary rockfish stock has rebuilt,
        fishermen can catch and land more of all these species.
    -   [NOAA Fisheries](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/region/alaska) and
        the [North Pacific Fishery Management
        Council](https://www.npfmc.org/) manage canary rockfish as part of
        the Gulf of Alaska demersal shelf rockfish (DSR) complex.
    -   Managed under the [Fishery Management Plan for Groundfish of the
        Gulf of
        Alaska](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/management-plan/groundfish-gulf-alaska-management-plan):
        -   There is no directed fishing for this species in Alaska, and
            only minor amounts are landed incidentally in other fisheries.
        -   The State of Alaska manages the DSR complex in the [Southeast
            Outside district of the Gulf of
            Alaska](http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=commercialbyareasoutheast.rockfish_retention_map).
  cholesterol: |
    50 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0 g
  sodium: |
    74 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Canary rockfish are large rockfish that reach up to 2.5 feet in
        length and 10 pounds.
    -   They can live up to 75 years.
    -   Approximately 50 percent of adult canary rockfish are mature at 14
        inches total length (about 5 to 6 years of age).
    -   Rockfishes are unusual among the bony fishes in that fertilization
        and embryo development is internal and female rockfish give birth to
        live larval young.
    -   Female can have 260,000 to 1.9 million eggs, considerably more than
        many other rockfish species.
    -   Larval rockfish feed on diatoms, dinoflagellates, tintinnids, and
        cladocerans.
    -   Juveniles consume copepods and euphausiids of all life stages.
    -   Adults eat demersal invertebrates and small fishes, including other
        species of rockfish.
- calories: 92
  physical_description: |
    -   Black grouper have an olive or gray body, with black blotches and
        brassy spots.
    -   Their cheeks are gently rounded.
  human_health:
  texture: Firm.
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: Black Grouper
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/black-grouper
  habitat_impacts: |
    Fishing gears used to harvest black grouper have minimal impacts on
    habitat.
  location: |
    -   Black grouper are found in the western Atlantic from Massachusetts
        to Brazil.
    -   They are particularly associated with the southern Gulf of Mexico,
        Florida Keys, Cuba, the Bahamas, and throughout the Caribbean.
    -   The US stock primarily occurs in the Florida Keys.
  color:
  species_aliases: |
    [Grouper](/species-aliases/grouper), [Blackfin
    grouper](/species-aliases/blackfin-grouper), [Marbled
    rockfish](/species-aliases/marbled-rockfish)
  image_gallery:
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/black\_grouper\_whsa\_sd.jpg
    title: |
      Black grouper on display at the Woods Hole Science Aquarium.
    alt: |
      Black grouper on display at the Woods Hole Science Aquarium.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/black%20grouper%20by%20Anik%20Clemens.jpg
    title: |
      Black grouper. (Photo credit: Anik Clemens)
    alt: |
      Black grouper. (Photo credit: Anik Clemens)
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/black%20grouper%20by%20Nick%20Farmer.jpg
    title: |
      Black Grouper. (Photo credit: Nick Farmer)
    alt: |
      Black Grouper. (Photo credit: Nick Farmer)
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 36.5 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   Juvenile black grouper can occur in seagrass and oyster rubble
        habitat in the Carolinas, and along reefs in the Florida Keys and in
        Brazil.
    -   Adults prefer rocky bottoms, drop-off walls and ledges, caves,
        crevices, and coral and artificial reefs.
    -   Black grouper are relatively sedentary and can remain in one
        particular site for some time.
    -   They move to progressively deeper waters as they age.
    -   They are found inshore up to depths of 656 feet (200 meters).
    -   Adults are solitary, but in some instances form small groups.
    -   Adults make seasonal migrations to spawning sites where they form
        large spawning aggregations.
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Mycteroperca bonaci
  production:
  fat_total: 1.02 g
  bycatch: |
    Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch.
  availability: |
    Year-round in the Gulf of Mexico. There are seasonal closures from
    January through April in the South Atlantic and from February through
    April in the U.S Caribbean.
  research: |
    -   [First U.S. black grouper spawning site
        identified](https://mote.org/news/article/mote-scientist-identifies-first-u.s.-black-grouper-spawning-site).
    -   [A passive acoustic survey of fish sound production at Riley’s Hump
        within Tortugas South Ecological Reserve: implications regarding
        spawning and habitat
        use](https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/spo/FishBull/1141/locascio.pdf).
  fishing_rate: |
    At recommended levels.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#8c7f63
  sugars_total: |
    0 g
  taste: |
    Grouper has a mild but distinct flavor, somewhere between bass and
    halibut. Gag is sometimes mistakenly referred to as black grouper in the
    market. The two species are very similar in taste and texture.
  health_benefits: |
    Grouper is low in saturated fat. It is a good source of vitamins B6 and
    B12, phosphorus, potassium, protein and selenium. More information on
    [health and seafood](https://www.fishwatch.gov/eating-seafood/health).
  harvest: |
    -   Commercial fishery:
        -   In 2016, commercial landings of black grouper totaled 123,526
            pounds and were valued at $530,408. Landings are primarily from
            the South Atlantic. There are limited landings in the U.S.
            Caribbean.
    -   Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
        -   Commercial fishermen mainly use hook-and-line gear, including
            longlines and handlines, to harvest black grouper.
        -   Trawl gear, fish traps, and bottom longlines are prohibited in
            some areas to reduce bycatch. Several areas are closed to all
            fishing to protect snappers and groupers, including black
            grouper.
        -   Sea turtles and other reef fishes, such as snappers and
            groupers, can be incidentally caught while fishing for black
            grouper.
        -   In certain areas, fishermen are required to use circle hooks to
            improve the chance of survival of any unintentionally caught
            fish and to reduce turtle hookings.
        -   Commercial and charterboat/headboat reef fish fishermen must use
            appropriate release gear and follow handling protocols to
            increase the chance of survival for any incidentally caught [sea
            turtles](http://sero.nmfs.noaa.gov/sustainable_fisheries/gulf_sa/turtle_sawfish_release/index.html).
        -   Fishermen are encouraged to use [venting
            tools](https://www.flseagrant.org/fisheries/venting/) or [fish
            descenders](http://catchandrelease.org/descending-and-venting.html)
            when fish are caught showing signs of barotrauma. Barotrauma
            occurs when reef fish are quickly brought to the surface by
            hook-and-line and the gas in their swim bladders expands.
            [Venting tools](https://www.flseagrant.org/fisheries/venting/)
            help deflate the expanded abdominal cavity, potentially reduce
            injury to the fish, and make it easier to return to deep water.
    -   Recreational fishery:
        -   Black grouper is a popular fish among recreational fishermen in
            the South Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean.
        -   In the South Atlantic:
            -   Annual catch limits and accountability measures.
            -   Bag and size limits.
            -   The fishery is closed during the spawning season (from
                January through April).
        -   In the Gulf of Mexico:
            -   Annual catch limits and accountability measures.
            -   Bag and size limits.
            -   The fishery is closed during the spawning season (from
                February 1 through March 31) in deep water (greater than 120
                feet) to protect spawning aggregations.
        -   In the U.S. Caribbean:
            -   Annual catch limits
            -   Seasonal closure for black, red, tiger, yellowfin, and
                yellowedge groupers from February 1 through April 30.
            -   Bag and vessel limits.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/black-grouper-illustration.png
    title: |
      black grouper illustration
    alt: |
      black grouper illustration
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    0.233 g
  quote: |
    U.S. wild-caught black grouper is a smart seafood choice because it is
    sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.
  carbohydrate: |
    0 g
  serving_weight: |
    100 g (raw)
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild-caught from South Carolina to Florida, and in the Caribbean.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    Southeast
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   According to the [2010 stock assessment
        (SEDAR 19)](http://sedarweb.org/sedar-19), Gulf of Mexico and South
        Atlantic black grouper are not overfished and are not subject to
        overfishing.
    -   Caribbean black grouper are not subject to overfishing. The
        overfished status is unknown.
  population: |
    Above target population levels in the Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic.
  protein: |
    19.38 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   [NOAA Fisheries](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/region/southeast)
        and the [South Atlantic](http://www.safmc.net/), [Gulf of
        Mexico](http://www.gulfcouncil.org/), and
        [Caribbean](https://www.caribbeanfmc.com/index.php) Fishery
        Management Councils manage the black grouper fishery:
    -   In the South Atlantic, managed under the [Snapper-Grouper Fishery
        Management
        Plan](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/management-plan/south-atlantic-snapper-grouper-fishery-management-plan):
        -   Commercial fishermen must have a permit to fish, land, or sell
            black grouper. Managers limit the number of available permits to
            control the number of fishermen harvesting black grouper.
        -   Annual catch limits are used for black grouper in the commercial
            and recreational fisheries. These fisheries are closed when
            their annual catch limit is projected to be met.
        -   Both the commercial and recreational fisheries have size limits
            to reduce harvest of immature black grouper.
        -   The commercial and recreational fishing seasons are closed from
            January through April to protect black grouper during their peak
            spawning period.
        -   Gear restrictions are used to reduce bycatch and protect
            habitat.
        -   There are eight deep-water marine protected areas and several
            spawning special management zones to protect habitats. The
            [Oculina Experimental Closed
            Area](http://www.safmc.net/managed-areas/oculina-bank) is closed
            to fishing for and possession of all snappers and groupers to
            protect deepwater coral habitat and the reef fish it supports.
    -   In the Gulf of Mexico, managed under the [Reef Fish Fishery
        Management
        Plan](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/management-plan/gulf-mexico-reef-fish-fishery-management-plan):
        -   Commercial vessels must have a reef fish permit and individual
            fishing quota (IFQ) allocation to harvest black grouper.
        -   Black grouper is part of the Other Shallow-Water Grouper catch
            share category in the IFQ program.
        -   The annual catch limit is allocated between the commercial (76
            percent) and recreational (24 percent) fisheries.
        -   The IFQ program ([catch
            shares](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/laws-and-policies/catch-shares))
            allocates the commercial catch limit among shareholders with
            measures to prevent fishermen from harvesting more than their
            individual allocation.
        -   To reduce bycatch, there are restrictions on the type of gear
            fishermen may use and where they can fish.
        -   Minimum size limits protect immature black grouper.
        -   Year-round and/or seasonal area closures for commercial and
            recreational sectors to protect spawning groupers.
        -   Commercial data reporting requirements.
    -   In the U.S. Caribbean, managed under the [Reef Fish Fishery
        Management
        Plan](https://www.caribbeanfmc.com/fishery-management/fishery-management-plans):
        -   Annual catch limits. All groupers are managed as a single block
            throughout the U.S. Caribbean. Groupers are managed separately
            by commercial and recreational sector in Puerto Rico.
        -   Seasonal closure for black, red, tiger, yellowfin, and
            yellowedge groupers from February 1 through April 30.
  cholesterol: |
    37 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0 g
  sodium: |
    53 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Black grouper grow up to five feet long and can weigh up to 180
        pounds.
    -   They can live up to 30 years old.
    -   They begin life as a female and some change into males as they grow
        – usually between two and four feet in length or 11 and 14 years
        old.
    -   The overall sex ratio is generally one male for every four females.
    -   Black grouper are solitary fish until spawning season, May through
        August, where they aggregate and spawn in huge numbers.
    -   Eggs are fertilized externally, and float with the currents.
    -   Young black grouper feed on crustaceans, mostly shrimp.
    -   Adults feed on other fish and squid.
    -   Black grouper have large, powerful jaws that they use to ambush
        their prey.
    -   They do not have teeth, and instead use their mouth and gills to
        suck up their prey.
    -   They also have teeth plates inside their throat that prevent prey
        from escaping after being swallowed.
    -   Black grouper take advantage of other species’ reproductive
        aggregations for feeding.
    -   Sharks prey upon large black grouper, while other grouper and moray
        eels prey upon smaller ones.
- calories: 120
  physical_description: |
    -   Striped marlin are large, oceanic fish with long, round bills, small
        teeth, and a tall dorsal fin.
    -   Their bodies are dark blue-black on the top and fade to a silvery
        white on the bottom.
    -   They have rows of blue colored stripes made up of smaller round dots
        or narrow bands.
  human_health:
  texture: Firm.
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: Striped Marlin
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/striped-marlin
  habitat_impacts: |
    Gear used to harvest striped marlin rarely contacts the ocean floor, so
    habitat impacts are minimal.
  location: |
    Striped marlin live throughout tropical and sub-tropical waters of the
    Pacific and Indian Oceans.
  color: |
    Varies from light pink to orange-red. Orange-red meat is desired by the
    sashimi market.
  species_aliases: |
    [Nairagi](/species-aliases/nairagi), [A‘u](/species-aliases/%E2%80%98u),
    [Makijki](/species-aliases/makijki), [Barred
    marlin](/species-aliases/barred-marlin),
    [Spikefish](/species-aliases/spikefish), [Striped
    swordfish](/species-aliases/striped-swordfish)
  image_gallery:
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/marlin%20david%20itano\_from%20SWFSC%20research%20page.PNG
    title: |
      Striped marlin near buoy mooring. Photo credit David Itano.
    alt: |
      Striped marlin near buoy mooring. Photo credit David Itano.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/obs\_striped\_marlin1\_from%20PIRO%20observer%20page.jpg
    title: |
      Striped marlin encountered in the Hawaii and/or American Samoa Longline
      Observer Programs.
    alt: |
      Striped marlin encountered in the Hawaii and/or American Samoa Longline
      Observer Programs.
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 110 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   Striped marlin prefer water temperatures of 20-25˚ C.
    -   Acoustic telemetry studies indicate that they spend 86 percent of
        their time in the surface layer above the thermocline (a layer above
        and below which the water is at different temperatures).
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Kajikia audax
  production:
  fat_total: 2.5 g
  bycatch: |
    Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch. Striped marlin are caught
    incidentally in some fisheries that target tunas and swordfish.
  availability: |
    Striped marlin is caught year-round, but the majority is caught between
    November and June.
  research: |
    -   Researchers at Stanford University and the International Game Fish
        Association are investigating the movements of marlin through the
        [Great Marlin Race](http://igmr.igfa.org/Conserve/IGMR.aspx).
    -   The [Global Tagging of Pelagic Predators](http://www.gtopp.org/)
        program is an international collaborative effort that tracks the
        location of predators (such as marlin and sharks) in the ocean to
        better understand how to protect these pelagic animals.
    -   [University of Massachusetts Amherst’s Large Pelagics Research
        Center](https://www.umass.edu/newsoffice/article/pacific-wide-study-reveals-striped-marlins)
        collaborated with the University of Southern California and the
        Conservation Science Institute of Waikoloa, Hawaii, to investigate
        the vertical habitat of striped marlin.
  fishing_rate: |
    At recommended level in the eastern Pacific. Reduced to end overfishing
    in the western and central North Pacific.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#204ab7
  sugars_total: |
    0
  taste: |
    Distinctive flavor similar to but more pronounced than swordfish. It is
    considered the finest eating of all marlin species.
  health_benefits: |
    Striped marlin is an excellent source of extra-lean protein. It is low
    in saturated fat and sodium. It is rich in niacin, vitamins B6 and B12,
    phosphorus, selenium, and omega-3 fatty acids.
  harvest: |
    -   Commercial fishery:
        -   In 2017, commercial landings of Pacific striped marlin totaled
            more than 1 million pounds and were valued at more than
            $1.6 million.
        -   The [Billfish Conservation
            Act](https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr2706/text),
            along with existing billfish regulations, prohibits the sale and
            commercial possession of billfish and billfish products.
            However, those that are caught in Hawaii and the Pacific Insular
            Areas (which includes American Samoa, Guam, and the Northern
            Mariana Islands) are exempt and can be sold.
        -   Prohibitions on the sale of striped marlin on the U.S. West
            Coast provide a strong disincentive for commercial fishermen to
            catch striped marlin.
    -   Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
        -   Marlin are primarily caught incidentally in pelagic longline
            commercial fisheries for tuna and swordfish.
        -   U.S. pelagic longline fishermen, who target tuna and swordfish
            and may incidentally catch striped marlin, are required to use
            specific tools and handling techniques to mitigate bycatch of
            sea turtles, seabirds, and marine mammals. The Hawaii longline
            regulation summary can be found
            [here](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/document/hawaii-pelagic-longline-regulation-summary).
        -   If too many interactions with sea turtles occur, NOAA Fisheries
            closes the fishery for the remainder of the year.
        -   To prevent seabird interactions, deep and shallow-set longline
            vessels must either deploy longline gear from the side of the
            vessel (as opposed to the back of the vessel) or use blue-dyed
            bait (which is less visible to seabirds).
        -   In the deep-set longline sector, vessels must use circle hooks
            and certain gear setups to allow whales to bend the hooks and
            escape an incidental hooking.
        -   Time-area closures also limit and prevent interactions between
            pelagic longline gear and non-target species.
    -   Recreational fishery:
        -   Striped marlin are a favorite target for recreational fishermen
            and one of the most sought-after billfish in the region because
            the fish are acrobatic and tend to put up an incredible fight
            when hooked.
        -   Hawaii hosts one of the largest billfish tournaments in the
            United States. Most fish caught in recreational tournaments are
            tagged and released. Tournament proceeds, tackle, and
            trip-related expenditures contribute significantly to local
            economies.
        -   There is little bycatch associated with the recreational
            fishery.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/striped-marlin-illustration.png
    title: |
      Striped Marlin
    alt: |
      Striped Marlin
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    1
  quote: |
    U.S. wild-caught striped marlin is a smart seafood choice because it is
    sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.
  carbohydrate: |
    0
  serving_weight: |
    113 g
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild-caught from waters around Hawaii, other U.S. Pacific Islands,
    and the high seas.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    West Coast, Pacific Islands
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   According to the [2010 stock
        assessment](http://www.iattc.org/StockAssessmentReportsENG.htm), the
        Eastern Pacific stock is not overfished and not subject to
        overfishing. The [Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission
        (IATTC)](https://www.iattc.org/HomeENG.htm) conducted this
        assessment.
    -   According to the [2015 stock
        assessment](http://isc.fra.go.jp/pdf/ISC15/Annex11_WCNPO_STM_ASSESSMENT_REPORT_2015.pdf),
        the Western and Central North Pacific stock is overfished and
        subject to overfishing. The overfished status of this stock of
        striped marlin is due to international fishing pressure. Because of
        this, the stock is not being managed under a rebuilding plan as
        would be required for purely domestic fish stocks.
    -   The Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC), of
        which the United States is a member, has agreed to international
        conservation and management measures for this species. While these
        current measures may not be sufficient in ending overfishing or
        rebuilding the stock, NOAA Fisheries continues to work with the
        Western Pacific and Pacific Fishery Management Councils and the U.S.
        Department of State to recommend or propose effective management
        measures to be adopted by the WCPFC.
    -   Population assessments for the Western and Central North Pacific
        striped marlin stock are conducted by the [Billfish Working
        Group](http://isc.fra.go.jp/working_groups/billfish.html) of the
        [International Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-Like Species
        in the North Pacific Ocean (ISC)](http://isc.fra.go.jp/). NOAA
        Fisheries scientists participate in the ISC assessments and
        contribute relevant U.S. fishery data.
  population: |
    Above target population level in the eastern Pacific. Significantly
    below target population level in the western and central Pacific due to
    international fishing. Measures to rebuild the stock are in place in
    U.S. and international waters.
  protein: |
    24 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   [NOAA
        Fisheries](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/region/pacific-islands)
        and the [Western Pacific Fishery Management
        Council](http://www.wpcouncil.org/) manage the Pacific striped
        marlin fishery domestically.
    -   Managed under the [Fishery Ecosystem Plan for Pacific Pelagic
        Fisheries of the Western Pacific
        Region](http://www.wpcouncil.org/fep/WPRFMC%20Pelagic%20FEP%20%282009-09-21%29.pdf):
        -   Entry to this fishery is limited to a maximum of 164 vessels.
        -   Permits and logbooks are required.
        -   Observers are required on all Hawaii-based vessels using
            longlines.
        -   [NOAA Fisheries vessel monitoring system
            program](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/topic/enforcement/vessel-monitoring) requires
            longline boats to be equipped with a satellite transponder that
            provides real-time vessel position updates and tracks vessel
            movements.
        -   Longlines are prohibited in certain areas to protect endangered
            Hawaiian monk seals and reduce the potential for gear conflicts
            and localized stock depletion.
        -   Vessels operating under longline general permits must carry
            special gear to release incidentally hooked or entangled sea
            turtles, marine mammals, and seabirds, and fishermen must attend
            protected species workshops.
        -   Fishing gear requirements apply to all Hawaii longline limited
            access permitted vessels. The requirements may change depending
            on type of fishing trip, location of fishing, and how the gear
            is set. Regulation summaries can be found
            [here](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/pacific-islands/resources-fishing/regulation-summaries-and-compliance-guides-pacific-island-fisheries).
    -   [NOAA Fisheries](https://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/) and the
        [Pacific Fishery Management Council](https://www.pcouncil.org/)
        manage the Pacific striped marlin fishery on the West Coast, in
        federal waters (3 to 200 miles offshore).
    -   Managed under the [Fishery Management Plan for U.S. West Coast
        Fisheries for Highly Migratory
        Species](https://www.pcouncil.org/highly-migratory-species/fishery-management-plan-and-amendments/):
        -   Striped marlin is included in the plan because of its importance
            to the recreational (sport) fishery in California.
        -   There is no commercial fishery for striped marlin. Sale of
            striped marlin by vessels under PFMC jurisdiction is prohibited.
    -   Management of highly migratory species, like Pacific striped marlin,
        is complicated because the species migrates thousands of miles
        across international boundaries and are fished by many nations.
    -   Effective conservation and management of this resource requires
        international cooperation as well as strong domestic management.
    -   Two organizations, the [Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission
        (IATTC)](http://www.iattc.org/HomeENG.htm) and the [Western and
        Central Pacific Fisheries Commission
        (WCPFC)](https://www.wcpfc.int/) manage this fishery
        internationally.
        -   These Commissions rely on the scientific advice of their staff
            and the analyses of the [International Scientific Committee for
            Tuna and Tuna-like Species in the North Pacific
            (ISC)](http://isc.fra.go.jp/) to develop and adopt international
            resolutions for conservation and management measures.
        -   Working with the U.S. Department of State, NOAA Fisheries
            domestically implements conservation and management measures
            adopted by WCPFC and IATTC.
  cholesterol: |
    40 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0
  sodium: |
    45 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Striped marlin are smaller than other marlin species, but can reach
        a length of 12 feet and weigh more than 450 pounds.
    -   Spawning occurs in the central Pacific and off central Mexico.
    -   Juvenile fish move east toward the coast of Mexico, where they are
        found in high abundance around the tip of the Baja Peninsula.
    -   Striped marlin are opportunistic feeders of fish including mackerel,
        sardine, and anchovy. They will also eat invertebrates, including
        squid.
    -   Off the coast of southern California, they often feed at the surface
        on small coastal fish and squid.
    -   Large pelagic sharks or toothed whales prey on adult marlin.
- calories: 96
  physical_description: |
    -   Blueline tilefish get their name from a narrow gold stripe
        underlined in blue that runs from their snout to the tip of their
        eye.
    -   They have a long snout and are a dull olive-gray on the top of their
        body and white on the bottom.
    -   They have long, continuous dorsal and anal fins that are more than
        half the length of their body.
    -   Unlike [golden
        tilefish](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/tilefish), they do not
        have a large adipose flap (crest) on their head.
  human_health:
  texture: Firm but tender.
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: Blueline Tilefish
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/blueline-tilefish
  habitat_impacts: |
    Fishing gears used to harvest blueline tilefish have minimal impacts on
    habitat.
  location: |
    -   Blueline tilefish are commonly found in the western Atlantic from
        Campeche, Mexico, to Hudson Canyon, off the coast of Maryland,
        including the eastern Gulf of Mexico.
    -   There are reports of catches as far north as Maine and as far west
        as Texas.
  color: |
    White.
  species_aliases: |
    [Gray tilefish](/species-aliases/gray-tilefish)
  image_gallery:
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/1\_8.jpg
    title: |
      Blueline tilefish (Caulolatilus microps). Photo credit: NOAA Northeast
      Fisheries Science Center.
    alt: |
      Blueline tilefish (Caulolatilus microps). Photo credit: NOAA Northeast
      Fisheries Science Center.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/2\_5.jpg
    title: |
      Blueline tilefish (Caulolatilus microps). Photo credit: NOAA Northeast
      Fisheries Science Center.
    alt: |
      Blueline tilefish (Caulolatilus microps). Photo credit: NOAA Northeast
      Fisheries Science Center.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/3\_4.jpg
    title: |
      Blueline tilefish (Caulolatilus microps) caught during 2004 NEFSC
      Cooperative Research cruise. Photo credit: Anne Richards, NOAA Northeast
      Fisheries Science Center.
    alt: |
      Blueline tilefish (Caulolatilus microps) caught during 2004 NEFSC
      Cooperative Research cruise. Photo credit: Anne Richards, NOAA Northeast
      Fisheries Science Center.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/4\_7.jpg
    title: |
      Blueline tilefish (Caulolatilus microps) caught during 2004 NEFSC
      Cooperative Research cruise. Photo credit: Anne Richards, NOAA Northeast
      Fisheries Science Center.
    alt: |
      Blueline tilefish (Caulolatilus microps) caught during 2004 NEFSC
      Cooperative Research cruise. Photo credit: Anne Richards, NOAA Northeast
      Fisheries Science Center.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/5\_2.jpg
    title: |
      Blueline tilefish (Caulolatilus microps). Photo credit: NOAA Northeast
      Fisheries Science Center.
    alt: |
      Blueline tilefish (Caulolatilus microps). Photo credit: NOAA Northeast
      Fisheries Science Center.
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 36.5 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   Blueline tilefish typically live along the outer continental shelf,
        shelf break, and upper slope.
    -   They live on irregular bottom with ledges or crevices, and around
        boulders or rubble piles at depths of 98 to 774 feet where
        temperatures range from 59 to 73.4 ° F.
    -   They have been found to burrow head first into cone-shaped piles of
        sand and may also occupy existing holes and crevices.
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Caulolatilus microps
  production:
  fat_total: 2.31 g
  bycatch: |
    Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch.
  availability: |
    Year-round in the Gulf of Mexico. Can be year-round or seasonal in the
    South Atlantic and Mid-Atlantic.
  research: |
    -   Blueline tilefish are monitored and assessed by scientists from
        NOAA’s [Southeast Fisheries Science
        Center](https://www.sefsc.noaa.gov/) through the [Southeast Data,
        Assessment, and Review (SEDAR) process](http://sedarweb.org/).
  fishing_rate: |
    In the Mid-Atlantic, the status is unknown. In the South Atlantic, not
    subject to overfishing based on 2018 catch data. In the Gulf of Mexico,
    the tilefish complex is not subject to overfishing based on 2016 catch
    data.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#79b5dc
  sugars_total: |
    0 g
  taste: |
    Blueline tilefish has a mild sweet flavor, similar to lobster or crab.
    It is similar in taste to [golden
    tilefish](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/tilefish). Almost all
    tilefish is sold fresh.
  health_benefits: |
    Blueline tilefish is low in sodium. It is a good source of niacin,
    phosphorus, protein, vitamin B12, and selenium. More information on
    [health and seafood](https://www.fishwatch.gov/eating-seafood/health).
  harvest: |
    -   Commercial fishery:
        -   In response to the stock assessment in 2013, more restrictive
            regulations were implemented in the South Atlantic’s
            Snapper-Grouper FMP and commercial landings declined by half.
        -   In the Mid-Atlantic, NOAA implemented temporary management
            measures in 2015. In 2017, these were replaced by management
            measures developed by the Mid-Atlantic Council.
        -   In 2017, commercial landings of blueline tilefish totaled
            169,431 pounds and were valued at $408,753.
        -   2017 landings occurred in Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey,
            Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, and
            Louisiana. The highest landings were in North Carolina (46,431
            pounds), and Florida (89,631 pounds).
    -   Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
        -   Commercial fishermen mainly use longline and vertical
            hook-and-line gear to harvest blueline tilefish.
        -   Sea turtles, marine mammals, smalltooth sawfish, and reef fishes
            can be incidentally caught while fishing for blueline tilefish.
        -   Commercial reef fish fishermen in the South Atlantic and Gulf of
            Mexico must use “release gear” and follow safe-handling
            protocols to increase the chance of survival for incidentally
            caught protected species, like [sea turtles and smalltooth
            sawfish](http://sero.nmfs.noaa.gov/sustainable_fisheries/gulf_sa/turtle_sawfish_release/index.html).
        -   To further reduce bycatch, the use of trawl gear, fish traps,
            and bottom longlines are prohibited in certain areas of the
            South Atlantic, and several areas are also closed to all fishing
            to protect snapper and grouper species.
        -   To protect reef fish, sea turtles, and bottom habitat in the
            Gulf of Mexico, there are restrictions on the areas and depths
            where longlines can be used.
        -   In the Gulf of Mexico and certain areas of the South Atlantic,
            fishermen are required to use [circle
            hooks](https://teacheratsea.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/screen-shot-2013-04-18-at-7-15-32-am.jpg)
            to reduce injury to any unintentional catch.
    -   Recreational fishery:
        -   Charterboat/headboat reef fish fishermen in the South Atlantic
            and Gulf of Mexico must use de-hooking devices and follow
            safe-handling protocols to increase the chance of survival for
            incidentally caught protected species, like [sea turtles and
            smalltooth
            sawfish](http://sero.nmfs.noaa.gov/sustainable_fisheries/gulf_sa/turtle_sawfish_release/index.html).
        -   In the Mid-Atlantic, for-hire vessels are required to have a
            permit and report catch, and recreational anglers can keep a
            limited number of blueline tilefish per fishing trip.
        -   In the South Atlantic, blueline tilefish are included in the
            daily aggregate grouper bag limit for recreational fishermen.
        -   In the Gulf of Mexico, there is a limit on the number of reef
            fish, including blueline tilefish, that recreational fishermen
            can keep per day.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/blueline-tilefish-illustration\_0.png
    title: |
      Illustration of Blueline Tilefish
    alt: |
      Illustration of Blueline Tilefish
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    0.441 g
  quote: |
    U.S. wild-caught blueline tilefish is a smart seafood choice because it
    is sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.
  carbohydrate: |
    0 g
  serving_weight: |
    100 g
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild-caught from Rhode Island to the west coast of Florida.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    Greater Atlantic, Southeast
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   According to the [2017 stock
        assessment](http://sedarweb.org/sedar-50), the population status of
        blueline tilefish in the Mid-Atlantic is unknown.
    -   According to the [2017 stock
        assessment](http://sedarweb.org/sedar-50), the South Atlantic stock
        is not overfished, and is not subject to overfishing based on
        2018 catch data.
    -   In the Gulf of Mexico, blueline tilefish are managed as part of the
        tilefish complex. This complex is not subject to overfishing based
        on 2016 catch data. According to the [2011 stock
        assessment](http://sedarweb.org/sedar-22), the population status of
        blueline tilefish in the Gulf of Mexico is unknown.
  population: |
    In the Mid-Atlantic, the status is unknown. In the South Atlantic, the
    status is above target levels. In the Gulf of Mexico, blueline tilefish
    are managed as part of the tilefish complex and the status of this
    complex is unknown.
  protein: |
    17.5 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   The [Mid-Atlantic](http://www.mafmc.org/actions/blueline-tilefish),
        [South
        Atlantic](http://safmc.net/regulations/regulations-by-species/blueline-tilefish/),
        and [Gulf of
        Mexico](http://www.gulfcouncil.org/fishery_management_plans/reef_fish_management.php)
        Fishery Management Councils develop management measures for the
        blueline tilefish fisheries in their respective jurisdictions. [NOAA
        Fisheries](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov) is responsible for
        implementing and enforcing these measures.
    -   The Mid-Atlantic [Tilefish Fishery Management
        Plan](http://www.mafmc.org/tilefish/) measures for blueline tilefish
        include:
        -   Permit requirements for commercial and for-hire vessels.
        -   Annual catch limits for the commercial and recreational
            fisheries.
        -   Limits on commercial possession. The fishery is closed if the
            landing limit is harvested.
        -   Closed season and bag limit for recreational anglers.
        -   For more information on current management, see the [NOAA
            Fisheries Greater Atlantic Regional Fisheries Office’s Tilefish
            page](https://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/sustainable/species/tilefish/index.html).
    -   The South Atlantic [Snapper Grouper Fishery Management
        Plan](http://safmc.net/useful-info/snapper-grouper/) measures for
        blueline tilefish include:
        -   Permit requirements.
        -   Annual catch limits.
        -   Limits on the number or pounds of blueline tilefish commercial
            and recreational fishermen may harvest during a fishing trip.
        -   Prohibition of longline gear in certain areas to protect
            snapper-grouper species and live-bottom habitat.
        -   For more information on current management, see the [NOAA
            Fisheries Southeast Regional Office’s South Atlantic
            Snapper-Grouper](http://sero.nmfs.noaa.gov/sustainable_fisheries/s_atl/sg/index.html)
            page.
    -   The Gulf of Mexico [Reef Fish Fishery Management
        Plan](http://gulfcouncil.org/fishery-management/implemented-plans/reef-fish/)
        blueline tilefish measures include:
        -   Annual catch limits for both the commercial and recreational
            fisheries.
        -   An [Individual Fishing Quota
            program](https://portal.southeast.fisheries.noaa.gov/cs/main.html)
            for the commercial fishery.
        -   Restrictions on the seasons, areas, and depths where longlines
            can be used, to protect reef fish, sea turtles, and bottom
            habitat.
        -   For more information on current management, see the [NOAA
            Fisheries Southeast Regional Office’s Gulf of Mexico Reef
            Fish](http://sero.nmfs.noaa.gov/sustainable_fisheries/gulf_fisheries/reef_fish/index.html)
            page.
  cholesterol: |
    50 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0 g
  sodium: |
    53 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Blueline tilefish can grow to be 35 inches long and live up to 26
        years.
    -   Males can grow larger than females.
    -   Female blueline tilefish mature when they are about 3 years old.
    -   They can spawn year-round, but peak spawning is in May. Spawning
        primarily occurs at night.
    -   Females can lay more than 4 million free-floating eggs.
    -   Blueline tilefish feed primarily on invertebrates that live near the
        sea floor, such as crabs, shrimp, snails, worms, sea urchins, and
        small fish.
    -   Recent genetic studies suggest that the U.S. Atlantic population of
        blueline tilefish is continuous from the northeastern Gulf of
        Mexico, around the Florida Keys, and up through the Mid-Atlantic
        region.
- calories: 90
  physical_description: |
    -   Red hake vary in color depending on their environment. Most tend to
        be a reddish brown to olive-brown color with pale tan spots on their
        sides and shades of white on their undersides.
    -   They are a member of the cod family and have a barbel (whisker) on
        their chin.
    -   Their dorsal fin is triangular, but their second dorsal and anal
        fins are long, continuous, and do not attach to the tail fin, much
        like an eel.
    -   They have a small head, but a large mouth with many small teeth.
  human_health:
  texture: Hakes have softer flesh and are less flaky than other whitefish such as
    cod, haddock, and pollock.
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: Red Hake
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/red-hake
  habitat_impacts: |
    Fishing gears used to harvest red hake have minimal impacts on habitat.
  location: |
    -   Red hake are found in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean and range
        primarily from Newfoundland to North Carolina.
    -   They are most abundant from the western Gulf of Maine through
        Southern New England waters.
  color: |
    Raw and cooked hake is white to off-white.
  species_aliases: |
    [Ling](/species-aliases/ling), [Squirrel
    hake](/species-aliases/squirrel-hake)
  image_gallery:
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/red\_hake\_juvenile\_noaa-formatted.jpg
    title: |
      Juvenile red hake.
    alt: |
      Juvenile red hake.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/red\_hake\_minnow\_noaa%20teacher%20at%20sea-formatted\_0.jpg
    title: |
      Red hake minnow.
    alt: |
      Red hake minnow.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/red\_hake\_noaa%20teacher%20at%20sea-formatted.jpg
    title: |
      Red hake with distinctive chin barbel.
    alt: |
      Red hake with distinctive chin barbel.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/silver\_hake\_top\_and\_red\_hake\_bottom\_noaa%20teacher%20at%20sea-formatted.jpg
    title: |
      Comparing a silver hake (top) and a red hake (bottom).
    alt: |
      Comparing a silver hake (top) and a red hake (bottom).
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/red-hake1\_largest-formatted.jpg
    title: |
      Red hake.
    alt: |
      Red hake.
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 32.1 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   The northern stock of red hake inhabits the waters of the Gulf of
        Maine and Northern Georges Bank, and the southern stock inhabits the
        waters of Southern Georges Bank and the Mid-Atlantic Bight.
    -   As nocturnal, semi-pelagic predators, red hake move up in the water
        column to feed at night, primarily between dusk and midnight. They
        return to rest on the ocean floor during the day, preferring sandy,
        muddy, or pebbly ocean bottoms.
    -   Red hake migrate in response to seasonal changes in water
        temperatures, moving toward shallow, warmer waters in the spring.
    -   They spawn in these shallow waters during late spring and early
        summer and then return to deeper waters in the autumn.
    -   Juveniles seek shelter from predators in scallop beds and commonly
        hide underneath [sea
        scallops](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/atlantic-sea-scallop).
    -   Older, larger red hake prefer deeper waters.
    -   During the summer, portions of both stocks can be found on Georges
        Bank.
    -   During the winter, fish in the northern stock move to deep basins in
        the Gulf of Maine, while fish in the southern stock move to outer
        continental shelf and slope waters.
    -   Red hake are widely distributed, and have been observed at
        temperature ranges of 2 to 17° C (36 to 63° F) and depth ranges of
        11 to 500 meters (36 to 1,640 feet). However, they are most commonly
        found in temperatures between 7 and 10° C (45 to 50° F).
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Urophycis chuss
  production:
  fat_total: 1.31 g
  bycatch: |
    Raised-footrope trawls are required in designated areas when targeting
    hake to minimize bycatch of other species.
  availability: |
    Year-round.
  research: |
    -   [Northeast Fisheries Science Center Field Science: Rare birds and
        good
        weather](https://nefsc.wordpress.com/2012/08/21/rare-birds-and-grood-weather/)
    -   [Red Hake and Atlantic Sea Scallop: A commensal
        relationship](https://teacheratsea.wordpress.com/2016/06/21/donna-knutson-the-atlantic-sea-scallop-more-than-meets-the-eye-june-21-2016/)
  fishing_rate: |
    At recommended levels for the northern red hake stock. At levels to
    reduce overfishing for the southern red hake stock.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#95765f
  sugars_total: |
    0 g
  taste: |
    Mild and slightly sweet. Hake can be substituted in many dishes calling
    for pollock or cod.
  health_benefits: |
    Red hake is a good source of selenium, vitamin B, magnesium, and
    protein.
  harvest: |
    -   Commercial fishery:
        -   The 2016 landings of red hake totaled more than 1 million pounds
            and were valued at $453,300. The southern stock accounts for
            more than 67 percent of the landings and 74 percent of the total
            catch.
        -   Red hake is part of the small-mesh multispecies management unit,
            along with [silver
            hake](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/silver-hake) and
            offshore hake. This three-species complex is sometimes marketed
            together as whiting.
        -   Red hake are usually a bycatch species in the small-mesh
            fisheries that target whiting ([silver
            hake](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/silver-hake)) and
            squid.
        -   Low value and limited domestic market for red hake result in
            high percentages of discard which account for about 60% of the
            annual catch.
        -   Red hake are frequently used as bait in the lobster and tuna
            fisheries. Some are also sold as fillets.
    -   Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
        -   Fishermen using small-mesh trawl gear to catch red hake must
            comply with a number of specific requirements to reduce bycatch
            of larger groundfish species.
        -   In designated areas, fishermen are required to use
            raised-footrope trawls, which are designed to keep the net off
            the bottom to reduce the bycatch of flatfish and other species.
    -   Recreational fishery:
        -   Recreational fishermen do not target red hake but sometimes
            catch them incidentally while fishing for other groundfish.
        -   There are currently no restrictions on possession, size, or
            gear-type for red hake caught recreationally in federal waters.
        -   There are no specific areas for the recreational fishery.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/red-hake-illustration-formatted.png
    title: |
      Red Hake
    alt: |
      Red Hake
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    0.247 g
  quote: |
    U.S. wild-caught red hake is a smart seafood choice because it is
    sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.
  carbohydrate: |
    0 g
  serving_weight: |
    100 g (raw)
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild-caught from Maine to North Carolina.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    Greater Atlantic
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   According to the 2017 [stock
        assessment](https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/publications/crd/crd1802/),
        the Gulf of Maine and Northern Georges Bank (northern) stock of red
        hake is not overfished and is not subject to overfishing. 
    -   According to the 2017 [stock
        assessment](https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/publications/crd/crd1802/),
        the Southern Georges Bank and Mid Atlantic (southern) stock of red
        hake is overfished and subject to overfishing.
  population: |
    The northern stock is above its target population level. The southern
    stock is below its target level and fishing rate promotes population
    growth. A rebuilding plan is being developed for the southern stock.
  protein: |
    18.31 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   [NOAA Fisheries](https://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/)
        and the [New England Fishery Management
        Council](https://www.nefmc.org/index.html) manage the red hake
        fishery.
    -   Managed under the [Northeast Multispecies Fishery Management Plan
        for Small Mesh
        Multispecies](https://www.nefmc.org/management-plans/small-mesh-multispecies):
        -   Permitting requirements.
        -   A cap on the amount of groundfish bycatch that fishing vessels
            can take.
        -   Seasonal and spatial limitations on fishing with small mesh nets
            throughout the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank.
        -   Trip limits by mesh size and area.
        -   In-season trip limit reductions and catch monitoring help
            prevent excessive catches.
    -   The small-mesh multispecies fishery is managed primarily through a
        series of
        [exemptions](https://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/regs/infodocs/small_mesh_exemption.pdf)
        from the Northeast Multispecies Fishery Management Plan. Exempted
        fisheries allow vessels to fish for specific species, such as red
        hake, in designated areas using mesh sizes smaller than the minimum
        mesh size allowed under the Regulated Mesh Area regulations.
  cholesterol: |
    67 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0 g
  sodium: |
    72 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Red hake are a member of the cod family.
    -   They do not grow as large as white hake and normally reach a maximum
        size of 50 centimeters (20 inches) and 2 kilograms (4.4 pounds).
    -   Females are generally larger than males of the same age, and reach a
        maximum length of 63 centimeters (25 inches) and a weight of 3.6
        kilograms (7.9 pounds).
    -   Although they generally do not live longer than 8 years, red hake
        have been recorded up to 14 years old.
    -   Red hake feed primarily on crustaceans such as decapods and rock
        crabs as well as fish such as
        [haddock](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/haddock), [silver
        hake](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/silver-hake), sea robins,
        sand lance,
        [mackerel](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/atlantic-mackerel),
        and small red hake.
    -   Primary predators of red hake include [spiny
        dogfish](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/atlantic-spiny-dogfish),
        [cod](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/atlantic-cod),
        [goosefish](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/monkfish), and
        [silver hake](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/silver-hake).
- calories: 130
  physical_description: |
    -   Atlantic sharpnose sharks are small for sharks and have a
        streamlined body.
    -   They get their name from their long, pointy snout.
    -   They are several different shades of gray and have a white
        underside.
    -   Adults have white spots on their sides and white along the edges of
        their pectoral fins.
    -   Young sharks have black on their dorsal (back) and caudal (tail) fin
        edges.
    -   The lower and upper jaws of an Atlantic sharpnose shark have 24 or
        25 rows of triangular teeth.
  human_health:
  texture:
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: Atlantic Sharpnose Shark
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/atlantic-sharpnose-shark
  habitat_impacts: |
    Fishing gears used to harvest Atlantic sharpnose shark have minimal
    impacts on habitat.
  location: |
    -   Atlantic sharpnose sharks are commonly found in the western Atlantic
        from New Brunswick, Canada, through the Gulf of Mexico, and are
        commonly caught in U.S. waters from Virginia to Texas.
  color:
  species_aliases: |
    [Newfoundland shark](/species-aliases/newfoundland-shark), [Sharp-nosed
    shark](/species-aliases/sharp-nosed-shark), [White
    shark](/species-aliases/white-shark)
  image_gallery:
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/1\_6.jpg
    title: |
      Sharpnose shark caught in the Atlantic for research purposes. Photo
      credit: NOAA Fisheries.
    alt: |
      Sharpnose shark caught in the Atlantic for research purposes. Photo
      credit: NOAA Fisheries.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/2\_reformatted.jpg
    title: |
      Sharpnose shark caught in the Atlantic for research purposes. Photo
      credit: NOAA Fisheries.
    alt: |
      Sharpnose shark caught in the Atlantic for research purposes. Photo
      credit: NOAA Fisheries.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/3\_3.jpg
    title: |
      Sharpnose shark caught in the Gulf of Mexico for research purposes.
      Photo credit: NOAA Fisheries.
    alt: |
      Sharpnose shark caught in the Gulf of Mexico for research purposes.
      Photo credit: NOAA Fisheries.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/4\_6.jpg
    title: |
      Teacher-at-sea examining a sharpnose shark caught during a research
      cruise. Photo credit: NOAA Fisheries.
    alt: |
      Teacher-at-sea examining a sharpnose shark caught during a research
      cruise. Photo credit: NOAA Fisheries.
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 36.5 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   Atlantic sharpnose sharks live in both warm-temperate and tropical
        waters, from the Bay of Fundy to the Yucatan.
    -   They can be found as deep as 920 feet, but mostly remain in waters
        less than 32 feet deep.
    -   They are commonly found in bays, estuaries, harbors, and the surf
        zone (area where waves break, commonly at 16 to 32 feet deep),
        mostly over mud and sand bottoms.
    -   Atlantic sharpnose sharks seasonally migrate between inshore and
        offshore waters, moving to deeper offshore waters in winter and
        returning to inshore waters in spring to mate and give birth.
    -   During migrations, they form large schools separated by sex.
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Rhizoprionodon terraenovae
  production:
  fat_total: 4.5 g
  bycatch: |
    Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch.
  availability: |
    Fresh year-round.
  research: |
    -   [NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science
        Center](https://www.sefsc.noaa.gov/) staff assesses the status of
        Atlantic sharpnose sharks through the [Southeast Data, Assessment,
        and Review](http://sedarweb.org) (SEDAR) process.
    -   Ongoing research priorities for Atlantic sharpnose sharks include
        enhancing life history information, identifying additional bycatch
        minimization strategies, and improving the identification of
        essential fish habitat. Scientists have made great strides
        collecting data on Atlantic sharpnose shark catch in other
        fisheries. For instance, records for sharks caught in shrimp trawls
        are now more detailed and include species-level information, which
        helps managers effectively understand and minimize bycatch of
        sharpnose sharks in the trawl fisheries.
  fishing_rate: |
    At recommended levels.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#8d7170
  sugars_total: |
    0
  taste: |
    Reported to be quite tasty.
  health_benefits: |
    Shark is a low-fat source of protein that is high in selenium and
    vitamins B6 and B12. More information on [health and
    seafood](https://www.fishwatch.gov/eating-seafood/health).
  harvest: |
    -   Commercial fishery:
        -   In 2017, commercial landings of Atlantic sharpnose shark in the
            Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico totaled 462,000 pounds, and were
            valued at $305,000. 
        -   To commercially harvest Atlantic sharks, vessel owners must
            obtain a valid Atlantic shark directed or incidental limited
            access permit or a smoothhound shark open access permit.  More
            information regarding limited access permits can be found in the
            [Atlantic HMS commercial compliance
            guide](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/atlantic-highly-migratory-species/atlantic-highly-migratory-species-fishery-compliance-guides#commercial-fishing-compliance-guide).
        -   Atlantic sharpnose shark belong to the small coastal shark (SCS)
            complex. For SCS sharks, there is no retention limit per vessel
            per trip for commercial fishermen with a directed permit.
        -   They are harvested primarily off the east coast of Florida and
            North Carolina.
        -   Their meat is sold as seafood and also used by fishermen as bait
            for other larger species of shark.
    -   Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
        -   Commercial fishermen primarily use gillnet and bottom longline
            gear, which have minimal impacts on habitat due to how and where
            they are deployed.
        -   These gear types sometimes interact with sea turtles, marine
            mammals, and the endangered smalltooth sawfish.
        -   Several measures are in place to protect species that may be
            caught unintentionally in Atlantic sharpnose shark fisheries.
        -   Fishermen using bottom longline or gillnet gear must complete a
            protected species safe handling, release, and
            identification [workshop](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/atlantic-highly-migratory-species/atlantic-protected-species-safe-handling-release-and),
            and all bottom longline vessels must carry [sea turtle handling
            and release
            gear](http://sero.nmfs.noaa.gov/sustainable_fisheries/gulf_sa/turtle_sawfish_release/index.html)
            on board.
        -   To reduce bycatch of finfish, including Atlantic sharpnose
            shark, shrimp trawlers are required to use [bycatch reduction
            devices](https://www.sefsc.noaa.gov/labs/mississippi/brd/),
            which are designed to retain shrimp but allow fish to exit the
            net.
    -   Recreational fishery:
        -   In 2017, approximately 110,000 Atlantic sharpnose sharks were
            caught recreationally in the United States.
        -   Recreational fishermen primarily use rod and reel gear, which
            have minimal impacts on habitat and bycatch.
        -   Recreational fishermen must have an Atlantic [HMS
            permit](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/atlantic-highly-migratory-species/atlantic-highly-migratory-species-permits-and-reporting-forms)
            to harvest Atlantic sharpnose sharks in federal waters. As of
            January 1, 2018, all HMS recreational permit holders will need a
            “shark endorsement” to fish for, retain, possess, or land
            sharks.
        -   Fishermen fishing recreationally for sharks will be required to
            use circle hook in most places.  For more information regarding
            these requirements, please refer to HMS regulations and the
            [Amendment 5b compliance
            guide](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/webdam/download/64522080).
        -   There is no minimum size for Atlantic sharpnose sharks.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/Atlantic\_Sharpnosed\_Shark\_NB\_W\_smaller\_0.png
    title: |
      Atlantic Sharpnose Shark
    alt: |
      Atlantic Sharpnose Shark
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    0.9 g
  quote: |
    U.S. wild-caught Atlantic sharpnose shark is a smart seafood choice
    because it is sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S.
    regulations.
  carbohydrate: |
    0
  serving_weight: |
    100 g
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild-caught from Virginia to Texas.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    Greater Atlantic, Southeast
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   According to the [2013 stock
        assessment](http://sedarweb.org/sedar-34), the Atlantic and Gulf of
        Mexico stocks of Atlantic sharpnose shark are not overfished and not
        subject to overfishing.
  population: |
    Above target population levels.
  protein: |
    21 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   [NOAA Fisheries](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov) and the [Atlantic
        Highly Migratory Species
        Division](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/topic/atlantic-highly-migratory-species)
        manage the Atlantic sharpnose shark fishery.
    -   Managed under the [Consolidated Highly Migratory Species Fishery
        Management
        Plan](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/management-plan/consolidated-atlantic-highly-migratory-species-management-plan):
        -   Permits are required, and only a limited number of permits are
            available.
        -   Commercial quotas and limits on how many sharks can be landed
            per fishing trip.
        -   Gear restrictions and requirements.
        -   Fishing season is generally year-round, but the sharpnose shark
            fishery, managed as part of the non-blacknose small coastal
            shark management group, may close when the landings are
            projected to reach 80 percent of the quota.
        -   Shark dealers are required to attend [Atlantic shark
            identification
            workshops](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/atlantic-highly-migratory-species/atlantic-shark-identification-workshops)
            to help them better identify shark species.
        -   There are more than 20 species of sharks that cannot be landed
            (e.g., white, dusky, basking, longfin mako, night) and some of
            these species look similar to the species that can be landed.
            The [recreational shark
            identification](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/outreach-and-education/shark-identification-placard)
            and the [prohibited shark identification
            placards](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/outreach-and-education/prohibited-shark-identification-placard) can
            help with identification.
        -   The [Shark Conservation
            Act](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/laws-and-policies/shark-conservation-act)
            requires that Atlantic sharpnose sharks be brought to shore with
            their fins naturally attached.
        -   [Compliance
            guides](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/atlantic-highly-migratory-species/atlantic-highly-migratory-species-fishery-compliance-guides)
            are available for all commercial and recreational regulations
            across Atlantic highly migratory species fisheries.
    -   There are no international management measures for Atlantic
        sharpnose sharks.
  cholesterol: |
    51 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0
  sodium: |
    79 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Atlantic sharpnose sharks can grow to up to 32 inches in length.
    -   They grow and mature at different rates in the Atlantic and Gulf of
        Mexico.
    -   Females mature at around 2 years old in the Atlantic when they reach
        approximately 24 inches in length, and at around 1.3 years old in
        the Gulf of Mexico when they are approximately 25 inches in length.
    -   Atlantic sharpnose sharks have been observed to live up to 18 years.
    -   In both the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic sharpnose sharks
        mate annually between mid-May and mid-July in inshore waters.
    -   After mating they migrate offshore to deeper waters.
    -   The mother feeds the pups through a placental sac and after a
        gestation period of 10 to 11 months the females return to nearshore
        areas to give birth in June.
    -   Litters average approximately four pups in both the Gulf of Mexico
        and Atlantic.
    -   Atlantic sharpnose sharks eat small fish, including menhaden, eels,
        silversides, wrasses, jacks, toadfish, and filefish. They also eat
        worms, shrimp, crabs, and mollusks.
    -   Large carnivorous fish, including large sharks, eat Atlantic
        sharpnose sharks.
- calories: 217
  physical_description: |
    -   Pacific sardines are small.
    -   They are blue-green on the back and have white flanks with one to
        three sets of dark spots along the middle.
  human_health:
  texture: Firm when canned; soft when fresh.
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: Pacific Sardine
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/pacific-sardine
  habitat_impacts: |
    The gear used to catch Pacific sardines is used at the surface and has
    little impact on habitat.
  location: |
    -   Southeastern Alaska to Baja California, Mexico.
  color: |
    Pale red to off-white.
  species_aliases: |
    [Pilchard](/species-aliases/pilchard), [California
    sardine](/species-aliases/california-sardine), [California
    pilchard](/species-aliases/california-pilchard),
    [Sardina](/species-aliases/sardina), [Sardine](/species-aliases/sardine)
  image_gallery:
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/01\_57.jpg
    title: |
      Pacific sardine.
    alt: |
      Pacific sardine.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/02\_42.jpg
    title: |
      Historic photo of the sardine fishery in California. In the 1940s and
      1950s, about 200 vessels participated in the Pacific sardine fishery.
      Some of these boats are still fishing today.
    alt: |
      Historic photo of the sardine fishery in California. In the 1940s and
      1950s, about 200 vessels participated in the Pacific sardine fishery.
      Some of these boats are still fishing today.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/03\_47.jpg
    title: |
      Sardine schools (dark patches) around a commercial fishing vessel.
    alt: |
      Sardine schools (dark patches) around a commercial fishing vessel.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/04\_39.jpg
    title: |
      Adult Pacific sardines caught during NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science
      Center’s 2006 survey. These sardines were measured and weighed.
      Scientists also determined their reproductive status and collected
      otoliths (ear bones) for ageing studies.
    alt: |
      Adult Pacific sardines caught during NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science
      Center’s 2006 survey. These sardines were measured and weighed.
      Scientists also determined their reproductive status and collected
      otoliths (ear bones) for ageing studies.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/05\_31.jpg
    title: ''
    alt: |
      Sardine seafood dish.
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 52.6 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   Pacific sardines live in the water column in nearshore and offshore
        areas along the coast.
    -   They are sometimes found in estuaries.
    -   They form large, dense schools near the ocean surface.
    -   Pacific sardines move seasonally along the coast.
        -   Older adults may move from spawning grounds in southern
            California and northern Baja California to feeding/spawning
            grounds off the Pacific Northwest and Canada.
        -   Younger adults appear to migrate to feeding grounds primarily in
            central and northern California.
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Sardinops sagax caerulea
  production:
  fat_total: 12.37 g
  bycatch: |
    Bycatch is low because gear used is selective.
  availability: |
    Usually year-round, but currently unavailable because the fishery is
    closed
  research: |
    -   Scientists from [NOAA’s Southwest Fisheries Science
        Center](https://swfsc.noaa.gov/textblock.aspx?Division=FRD&ParentMenuId=187&id=1120)
        assess the abundance of the Pacific sardine resource every year.
        Managers use these abundance estimates to set catch limits for the
        following year.
  fishing_rate: |
    The fishery is closed because the population is estimated to be below a
    precautionary level set by managers.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#8ea38b
  sugars_total: |
    0 g
  taste: |
    When fresh, small sardines have a delicate flavor. Larger sardines have
    a fuller, oilier flavor, similar to anchovies but milder. If buying
    fresh, look for sardines with bright eyes, shiny skin, and a mildly
    fishy aroma. Plan to cook them within a day of purchase.
  health_benefits: |
    Sardines are a very good source of selenium and vitamin B12 and a good
    source of calcium, niacin, phosphorus, and omega-3 fatty acids.
  harvest: |
    -   The fishery was closed in 2015, and has not reopened.
    -   In 2014, more than 23,000 metric tons were harvested and were valued
        at $8.85 million.
    -   Round haul nets are used to catch Pacific sardines.
    -   Habitat and bycatch impacts are minimal because the gear is used at
        the surface around dense schools of fish, which usually contain only
        one species.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/pacific\_sardine.png
    title: ''
    alt: |
      Pacific sardine illustration.
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    2.791 g
  quote: |
    Commercial fishing for Pacific sardines is prohibited because the
    population is estimated to be below a precautionary level set by
    managers.
  carbohydrate: |
    0 g
  serving_weight: |
    100 g
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild-caught from Washington to California.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    West Coast
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   According to the [2019 stock
        assessment](https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/20275),
        Pacific sardine are overfished, and are not subject to overfishing.
    -   The population size varies naturally, which can lead to large
        fluctuations (boom-bust cycles) in abundance and catch.
    -   A precautionary measure is built into sardine management to stop
        directed fishing when the population falls below 150,000 metric
        tons. The latest population estimate is below that level, and
        managers have closed the fishery.
  population: |
    Significantly below target population levels.
  protein: |
    24.58 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   [NOAA Fisheries](https://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/) and the
        [Pacific Fishery Management Council](https://www.pcouncil.org/)
        manage the Pacific sardine fishery.
    -   Managed under the [Coastal Pelagic Species Fishery Management
        Plan](https://www.pcouncil.org/coastal-pelagic-species/fishery-management-plan-and-amendments/):
        -   Catch limits are in place to prevent overfishing.
        -   Catch limit is allocated among three fishing seasons throughout
            the year.
        -   Permits are needed to harvest Pacific sardines.
        -   Gear restrictions are in place to reduce bycatch.
        -   Catch is monitored through logbooks and observers.
  cholesterol: |
    82 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0 g
  sodium: |
    918 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Pacific sardines are fast growing and can grow to more than 12
        inches long.
    -   They can live up to 13 years, but usually not past 5.
    -   They reproduce at age 1 or 2, depending on conditions.
    -   Pacific sardines spawn multiple times per season.
    -   Females release eggs that are fertilized externally and hatch in
        about 3 days.
    -   Pacific sardines feed on plankton (tiny floating plants and
        animals).
    -   They are prey for many fish, marine mammals, and seabirds.
- calories: 146
  physical_description: |
    -   Butterfish are dull blue on the top, with pale sides and a silvery
        belly. Numerous irregular dark spots fade after they are harvested.
    -   Very thin and deep-bodied, like a flounder set upright, and somewhat
        circular or rounded.
    -   Small mouths with weak teeth and blunt noses.
    -   6 to 9 inches in length, though some individuals can reach 12
        inches.
    -   Up to 1.25 pounds in weight.
  human_health:
  texture:
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: Butterfish
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/butterfish
  habitat_impacts: |
    Fishing gears used to harvest butterfish have minimal impacts on
    habitat.
  location: |
    -   Butterfish are found from Florida to Newfoundland, but they are
        primarily found from Cape Hatteras to the Gulf of Maine.
  color:
  species_aliases: |
    [American butterfish](/species-aliases/american-butterfish), [Atlantic
    butterfish](/species-aliases/atlantic-butterfish),
    [Dollarfish](/species-aliases/dollarfish),
    [Shiner](/species-aliases/shiner),
    [Skipjack](/species-aliases/skipjack),
    [Sheepshead](/species-aliases/sheepshead),
    [Harvestfish](/species-aliases/harvestfish)
  image_gallery:
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/1\_5.jpg
    title: |
      Butterfish. Credit: NOAA Fisheries/NEFSC.
    alt: |
      Butterfish.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/2\_2.jpg
    title: |
      Butterfish. Credit: NOAA Fisheries.
    alt: |
      Butterfish.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/3\_2.jpg
    title: |
      Juvenile butterfish (30 mm long) caught in a bongo net sample from the
      Gulf of Maine. Credit: Jerry Prezioso, NOAA Fisheries/NEFSC.
    alt: |
      Juvenile butterfish caught in a bongo net sample from the Gulf of Maine.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/4\_4.jpg
    title: |
      Caption: Butterfish. Credit: NOAA Fisheries.
    alt: |
      A pile of caught butterfish.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/butterfish\_on\_karen\_elizabeth\_Manderson\_0.jpg
    title: |
      The fishing vessel Karen Elizabeth, owned by Chris Roebuck, Point Judith
      Rhode Island, with a fish box full of butterfish. Credit: John
      Manderson, NOAA Fisheries/NEFSC.
    alt: |
      The fishing vessel Karen Elizabeth, owned by Chris Roebuck, Point Judith
      Rhode Island, with a fish box full of butterfish. Credit: John
      Manderson, NOAA Fisheries/NEFSC.
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 36.5 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   Butterfish shift their distribution in response to changing bottom
        water temperatures.
    -   During summer, they move northward and inshore to feed and spawn.
    -   During winter, they move southward and offshore to avoid cold
        waters.
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Peprilus triacanthus
  production:
  fat_total: 8 g
  bycatch: |
    Regulations limit possession of bycatch species and require modified
    fishing gear to reduce bycatch.
  availability: |
    Year-round.
  research: |
    -   [Butterfish – Little Fish Big
        Science](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/butterfish-little-fish-big-science)
    -   [IOOS® Modeling Advancing Fisheries Management and Improving
        Butterfish Population
        Assessments](http://www.savingseafood.org/science/ioos-modeling-advancing-fisheries-management-and-improving-butterfish-population-assessments/)
  fishing_rate: |
    At recommended levels.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#7d8ca0
  sugars_total: |
    0 g
  taste: |
    Fatty, oily, and delicious.
  health_benefits: |
    Butterfish is a good source of niacin, vitamin B6, phosphorus, protein,
    vitamin B12, and selenium.
  harvest: |
    -   In 2016, commercial landings of butterfish totaled more than 2.5
        million pounds and were valued at more than $1.7 million.
    -   Butterfish are primarily landed in Point Judith and North Kingstown,
        Rhode Island; Montauk, New York; and New Bedford, Massachusetts.
        They are generally exported to Japan, where they are a popular menu
        item.
    -   Otter trawls are used to catch butterfish.
    -   Otter trawls can incidentally catch other fish and marine mammals as
        bycatch, and can impact habitat, depending on where they are used.
    -   Gear restrictions (minimum mesh size) when fishing with otter trawls
        are used to reduce bycatch.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/butterfish.png
    title: |
      Butterfish
    alt: |
      Illustration of a Butterfish
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    3.4 g
  quote: |
    U.S. wild-caught butterfish is a smart seafood choice because it is
    sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.
  carbohydrate: |
    0 g
  serving_weight: |
    100 g (raw)
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild-caught from Maine to South Carolina.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    Greater Atlantic, Southeast
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   According to the [2018 stock
        assessment](https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/17246),
        butterfish are not overfished and not subject to overfishing.
    -   The assessment indicated that butterfish are estimated to be at 141
        percent of the target population level. However, scientists are
        concerned that recruitment (the number of smaller fish entering the
        fishery) has been declining in recent years.
    -   Scientists at [NOAA’s Northeast Fisheries Science
        Center](https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/) survey the abundance of
        butterfish off the East Coast.
    -   They added temperature and habitat information into the stock
        assessment model, which helps them more accurately estimate fish
        abundance. Using this approach, the model indicated that the
        population was more abundant than previously estimated.
    -   Incorporating this type of environmental information into stock
        assessments will become increasingly important as the climate
        changes and the oceans warm.
  population: |
    Above target population level.
  protein: |
    17 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   [NOAA
        Fisheries](http://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/sustainable/species/msb/)
        and the [Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management
        Council](http://www.mafmc.org/) manage the butterfish fishery.
    -   Managed under the [Atlantic Mackerel, Squid, and Butterfish Fishery
        Management Plan](http://www.mafmc.org/msb/):
        -   Fishermen must have a permit to harvest butterfish. Managers
            limit the amount of available permits to control harvests.
        -   Annual catch limits are in place to prevent overfishing.
        -   Managers monitor commercial catch weekly.
        -   Vessel trip limits are based on gear mesh sizes, and are
            adjusted based on landings.
  cholesterol: |
    65 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0 g
  sodium: |
    89 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Butterfish are short-lived and grow rapidly.
    -   Few live to more than 3 years of age, and most are sexually mature
        at age 1.
    -   Spawning occurs during June and July.
    -   They are semi-pelagic, and form loose schools that feed upon small
        invertebrates.
    -   They have a high natural mortality rate and are preyed upon by many
        species of fish, marine mammals, and seabirds.
- calories: 90
  physical_description: |
    -   Skates are a relative of sharks and rays and have a kite-like shape.
    -   Winter skates are light brown and covered with small dark spots.
    -   Small spines cover most of their back. 
  human_health:
  texture: Firm and stringy.
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: Winter Skate
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/winter-skate
  habitat_impacts: |
    Area closures and gear restrictions protect habitat that are affected by
    some kinds of trawl gear.
  location: |
    -   Winter skates range from the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in Canada to
        Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.
  color: |
    The meat is off-white, sometimes pinkish, when raw and is off-white when
    cooked.
  species_aliases: |
    [Skate](/species-aliases/skate), [Big
    skate](/species-aliases/big-skate), [Spotted
    skate](/species-aliases/spotted-skate), [Eyed
    skate](/species-aliases/eyed-skate)
  image_gallery:
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/01\_55.jpg
    title: ''
    alt: |
      A close-up photograph of a Winter Skate
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/03\_45.jpg
    title: |
      Historic promotional material for skates and rays from the U.S. Bureau
      of Commercial Fisheries.
    alt: |
      Historic promotional material for skates and rays from the U.S. Bureau
      of Commercial Fisheries.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/04\_38.jpg
    title: |
      Catch from a bottom trawl including some skates.
    alt: |
      Fishermen looking through catch from a bottom trawl that includes some
      skates.
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium:
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   Winter skate live on sand and gravel bottoms in the northwest
        Atlantic, most commonly in southern New England and on Georges Bank.
        They are occasionally found in the Gulf of Maine, on the Scotian
        Shelf, in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, and in the Mid-Atlantic.
    -   Skates are not known to migrate far, but they do move with the
        seasons as water temperature changes. They are generally offshore
        during the summer and early autumn and inshore during winter and
        spring.
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Leucoraja ocellata
  production:
  fat_total: 1 g
  bycatch: |
    Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch.
  availability: |
    Year-round.
  research: |
    -   Scientists and managers have limited information about the skate
        species. They have identified a number of research needs for the
        species including additional studies on life history (age, growth,
        and reproduction), the survival rates of discarded skates (i.e.,
        caught but thrown back), species identification, habitat
        preferences, and the structure of the stock.
  fishing_rate: |
    At recommended level.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#734623
  sugars_total: |
    0 g
  taste: |
    Mild flavor that is similar to scallops.
  health_benefits:
  harvest: |
    -   Commercial fishery:
        -   In 2015, commercial landings totaled 10,900 metric tons, and
            were valued at $5.3 million.
        -   More than half of skate landings come from Massachusetts and
            Rhode Island.
        -   Skates are harvested in two different fisheries, one for wings
            for human consumption and one for lobster bait.
            -   In the bait fishery, vessels from southern New England
                target mostly little skates (more than 90 percent) and, to a
                much lesser extent, juvenile winter skates (less than 10
                percent). Juvenile winter skates are difficult to
                differentiate from little skates because they look nearly
                identical.
            -   The wing fishery is labor-intensive because the wings need
                to be cut into fillets, but participation has grown recently
                due to increasing restrictions on other, more profitable
                groundfish species.
            -   In the wing fishery, mainly trawlers and gillnetters harvest
                winter skates when targeting other species such as
                groundfish, monkfish, and scallops. Fishermen keep the
                skates if the price is profitable.

     

    -   Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
        -   Most skates are caught incidentally in otter trawl fisheries
            targeting other more valuable species, such as groundfish,
            monkfish, and scallops. Otter trawls can impact habitat
            depending on where they are used. They can also interact with
            marine mammals (e.g., whales, harbor porpoises, and seals) and
            sea turtles. Management measures including closed areas,
            restrictions on gear and fishing effort, and modifying fishing
            gear to reduce contact with habitat help reduce these impacts
            and interactions.
        -   Skates are also caught in bottom gillnet fisheries, which have
            less of an impact on habitat.
        -   Skates are caught and discarded as bycatch in numerous
            fisheries, but the rate of discards has decreased in recent
            years as the value of skate products has increased.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/winter\_skate.png
    title: |
      Winter Skate
    alt: |
      Illustration of a Winter Skate
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    0 g
  quote: |
    U.S. wild-caught winter skate is a smart seafood choice because it is
    sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.
  carbohydrate: |
    0 g
  serving_weight: |
    100 g (3½ oz) raw
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild-caught from Maine to North Carolina (mainly Massachusetts and
    Rhode Island).
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    Greater Atlantic
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   According to the [2017 stock
        assessment](http://s3.amazonaws.com/nefmc.org/4_NEFSC_SkateMemo_July_2017_170922_085135.pdf),
        winter skate are not overfished and are not subject to overfishing.
        Scientists use a simple index method to detect significant changes
        in the annual fisheries survey. Winter skates are not subject to
        overfishing based on this method.
    -   Seven skate species, including winter skate, are assessed and
        managed as one northeast skate complex. There is a lack of data for
        this complex. New requirements to report skate landings by species
        should improve the data-poor nature of this complex.
    -   Estimates of winter skate abundance, or biomass, peaked in the
        mid-1980s, declined through the early 1990s, and increased again in
        recent years to moderately high levels. 
  population: |
    Near target level and fishing rate promotes population growth.
  protein: |
    20 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   [NOAA
        Fisheries](http://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/sustainable/species/skate/)
        and the [New England Fishery Management
        Council](http://www.nefmc.org/) manage the winter skate fishery.
    -   Managed under the [Northeast Skate Complex Fishery Management
        Plan](http://www.nefmc.org/management-plans/skates):
        -   Valid open access permit is required to catch, possess,
            transport, or sell skate.
        -   Annual catch limits for winter, little, clearnose, and rosette
            skates, as well as response measures if the catch limits are
            exceeded. Winter skates are the only species targeted for human
            consumption. Little skate is used as bait for lobster fisheries
            and clearnose and rosette skates are usually discarded.
        -   Fishermen are prohibited from retaining smooth (Gulf of Maine
            only), barndoor, and thorny skates.
        -   Trip limits.
        -   Fishermen and dealers must report their catch by species.
        -   Management measures in other fisheries also indirectly aid in
            the recovery of the overfished skate species and conserve the
            resource.
  cholesterol: |
    0 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0 g
  sodium: |
    0 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Winter skates have large bodies and can grow up to 5 feet in length.
    -   They can live for about 20 years.
    -   They reproduce at a late age, when they’re approximately 11 years
        old and 2.5 feet long.
    -   Skates lay eggs year-round but have few offspring. Their eggs are
        enclosed in a hard leathery case called a “mermaid’s purse.” The
        eggs incubate for 6 to 12 months, and young skates have the adult
        form when they hatch.
    -   Skates feed on a variety of organisms such as crustaceans, mollusks,
        worms, squids, and fish.
- calories: 116
  physical_description: |
    -   Pink salmon are the smallest of the Pacific salmon found in North
        America, weighing between 3.5 and 5 pounds, with an average length
        of 20 to 25 inches.
    -   Pink salmon can be distinguished from other Pacific salmon by the
        large dark oval spots on their back and entire tail fin as well as
        their general coloring and form.
    -   In the sea, pink salmon are steel blue to blue-green on the back,
        silver on the sides, and white on the belly.
    -   Breeding males become dark on the back and red with brownish green
        blotches on the sides.
    -   Males also develop a hump on their back, which is why they are often
        called “humpback” salmon.
    -   Breeding females are similar but lack a dorsal hump and are less
        distinctly colored.
  human_health:
  texture: Softer meat than most salmon with a small flake.
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: Pink Salmon
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/pink-salmon
  habitat_impacts: |
    Fishing gear used to catch pink salmon rarely contacts the ocean floor
    and has little impact on habitat.
  location: |
    -   Pink salmon are found on both sides of the North Pacific, from
        Alaska to Puget Sound in Washington State and from Russia to North
        Korea.
    -   In North America, they’re found from the Arctic coast in Alaska and
        territories in Canada to central California, although they do not
        reproduce in significant numbers south of Puget Sound.
  color: |
    Pink salmon’s meat is pale pink and lacks the orange tint of other
    salmon species.
  species_aliases: |
    [Humpback salmon](/species-aliases/humpback-salmon),
    [Humpy](/species-aliases/humpy), [Gorbusch](/species-aliases/gorbusch),
    [Haddo](/species-aliases/haddo), [Holia](/species-aliases/holia)
  image_gallery:
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/01\_54.jpg
    title: |
      Pink salmon in Washington's Elwha River.
    alt: |
      Pink salmon in Washington's Elwha River.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/02\_40.jpg
    title: |
      Pink salmon. Photo credit: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
    alt: |
      Pink salmon breaking the surface of the water.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/03\_44.jpg
    title: |
      Whole pink salmon. Photo credit: U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
    alt: |
      A whole pink salmon.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/04\_37.jpg
    title: |
      Pink salmon fillet and steak. Photo credit: U.S. Food and Drug
      Administration
    alt: |
      Pink salmon fillet and steak.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/05\_30.jpg
    title: ''
    alt: |
      A plate of baked pink salmon.
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 44.6 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   Freshwater streams, estuaries, and associated wetlands provide vital
        nursery grounds for pink salmon.
    -   Adult salmon leave the ocean, enter fresh water, and migrate
        upstream to spawn, usually in the stream of their birth.
    -   Pink salmon spawn in rivers closer to tidewater than most other
        Pacific salmon species, generally within 30 miles of a river mouth.
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Oncorhynchus gorbuscha
  production:
  fat_total: 3.45 g
  bycatch: |
    Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch.
  availability: |
    Fresh from late summer to fall, and frozen and canned year-round.
  research: |
    -   [NOAA's Alaska Fisheries Science Center Salmon
        Research](https://www.afsc.noaa.gov/ABL/SOE/soe_default.php)
    -   [NOAA’s Northwest Fisheries Science Center Salmon
        Research](https://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/research/themes/species/index.cfm#salmon)
    -   [NOAA’s Southwest Fisheries Science Center Salmon
        Research](https://swfsc.noaa.gov/textblock.aspx?id=1040&ParentMenuId=110)
  fishing_rate: |
    At recommended levels.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#ddb4b4
  sugars_total: |
    0 g
  taste: |
    Pink salmon has a low oil content so it’s generally lean and
    mild-flavored.
  health_benefits: |
    Pink salmon is low in sodium and is a good source of omega-3 fatty
    acids, protein, niacin, vitamin B12, and selenium.
  harvest: |
    -   Commercial fishery:
        -   In 2016, commercial harvest of pink salmon totaled more than
            130 million pounds, valued at approximately $30 million.
        -   Almost all the pink salmon harvested in the United States comes
            from Alaska fisheries.
        -   Small numbers of pink salmon are also harvested off the West
            Coast, mainly Washington, especially in odd-numbered years (see
            the Science section for more about pink salmon’s unique two-year
            life cycle).
    -   Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
        -   Purse seines, gillnets, and reef nets are used to catch pink
            salmon.
        -   Purse seiners catch salmon by encircling them with a long net
            and drawing the bottom closed to capture the fish.
        -   Gillnetters catch salmon by setting curtain-like nets
            perpendicular to the pink salmon trajectory as they migrate
            along the coast toward fresh water.
        -   Fishing gear used to catch pink salmon rarely contacts the ocean
            floor and has little impact on habitat.
        -   Bycatch is low and usually consists of other salmon species.
    -   Recreational fishery:
        -   Salmon are a favorite catch of recreational fishermen.
        -   Recreational fishermen use a variety of fishing gear to harvest
            pink salmon.
        -   While their relatively small size makes them less popular with
            sport anglers than other salmon species, pink salmon are
            excellent fish to catch because they’re aggressive and make a
            nice, mild-tasting meal.
        -   To ensure recreational fisheries are sustainable, West Coast
            anglers are only allowed to keep a certain number of salmon per
            fishing trip.
        -   In Alaska, regulations vary by area and individual fisheries.
        -   Recreational fisheries in high-use areas (Cook Inlet, Southeast
            Alaska, Copper River) are regulated through management plans
            that allocate fish between competing commercial and recreational
            fishermen.
    -   Subsistence fishery:
        -   Salmon is an important source of spiritual and physical
            sustenance for Western Indian tribes and Alaska natives, and
            salmon are culturally important to many other residents of these
            areas.
        -   Subsistence fishermen use a variety of fishing gear to harvest
            pink salmon.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/pink\_salmon.png
    title: |
      Pink Salmon
    alt: |
      Illustration of a Pink Salmon
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    0.558 g
  quote: |
    U.S. wild-caught pink salmon is a smart seafood choice because it is
    sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.
  carbohydrate: |
    0 g
  serving_weight: |
    100 g (raw)
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild caught from Alaska, Washington, and Oregon.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    West Coast, Alaska
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   Alaska:
        -   Pink salmon are the most abundant Pacific salmon.
        -   Pink salmon populations in Alaska were not overfished in 2017.
    -   West Coast:
        -   Puget Sound pink salmon ([last assessed in
            2017](https://www.pcouncil.org/salmon/stock-assessment-anassessment-and-fishery-evaluation-safe-documents/review-of-2017-ocean-salmon-fisheries/))
            may not be at record levels, but they’re also not overfished.
        -   Due to their unique two-year life cycle, returns of pink salmon
            are much larger in odd-numbered years.
    -   Populations are affected by:
        -   Changes in ocean and climatic conditions.
        -   Habitat loss from dam construction and urban development.
        -   Degraded water quality from agricultural and logging practices.
    -   Population conservation efforts include:
        -   Captive-rearing in hatcheries.
        -   Removal and modification of dams that obstruct salmon migration.
        -   Restoration of degraded habitat.
        -   Acquisition of key habitat.
        -   Improvements to water quality and instream flow.
    -   The [Pacific Coastal Salmon Recovery
        Fund](https://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/protected_species/salmon_steelhead/recovery_planning_and_implementation/pacific_coastal_salmon_recovery_fund.html)
        supports the restoration of salmon species.
  population: |
    Above target population levels.
  protein: |
    19.94 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   [NOAA Fisheries](https://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/) and the
        [Pacific Fishery Management Council](https://www.pcouncil.org/)
        manage pink salmon on the West Coast.
    -   Managed under the [Pacific Coast Salmon
        Plan](https://www.pcouncil.org/salmon/fishery-management-plan/adoptedapproved-amendments/):
        -   Every year, the council reviews reports of the previous fishing
            season and current estimates of salmon abundance. Using this
            information, they make recommendations for management of the
            upcoming fishing season.
        -   Their general goal is to allow fishermen to harvest the maximum
            amount of salmon that will support the fishery while preventing
            overharvest of the resource and ensuring that salmon populations
            with low abundance can rebuild.
        -   Specific management measures vary year to year depending on
            current salmon abundance, and include size limits, season
            length, quotas, and gear restrictions.
        -   The council usually increases harvest limits for pink salmon in
            odd years when more adults are returning to spawn.
        -   Management of pink salmon must also comply with laws such as the
            [Endangered Species
            Act](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/topic/laws-policies#endangered-species-act).
        -   Final recommendations are implemented by NOAA Fisheries. [Check
            here](https://www.pcouncil.org/salmon/current-season-management/)
            for the current season’s management. State and tribal managers
            use council management recommendations to shape their policies
            for inland fisheries, to ensure that conservation objectives are
            met.
    -   [NOAA Fisheries](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/region/alaska) and
        the [North Pacific Fishery Management
        Council](https://www.npfmc.org/) manage pink salmon in Alaska.
    -   Managed under the [Fishery Management Plan for Salmon Fisheries in
        the EEZ off the Coast of
        Alaska](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/management-plan/alaska-salmon-fisheries-management-plan):
        -   All management of the salmon fisheries in federal waters is
            delegated to the [State of
            Alaska](http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=CommercialByFisherySalmon.main),
            which is also responsible for managing the commercial,
            recreational, and subsistence fisheries for salmon in state
            waters. This ensures that management is consistent throughout
            salmon’s range.
            -   Managers regulate the fishery based on [escapement
                goals](http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=sonar.escapementgoals) to
                ensure harvests are sustainable. They want enough salmon to
                be able to escape the fishery and return to fresh water to
                spawn and replenish the population.
            -   Salmon fishery management largely relies on in-season
                assessment of how many salmon return to fresh water to
                spawn.
            -   Managers set harvest levels based on these returns. When
                abundance is high and the number of fish returning is much
                higher than that needed to meet escapement goals, harvest
                levels are set higher.
            -   In years of low abundance, harvest levels are lowered.
        -   During the fishing season, scientists monitor catch and
            escapement, comparing current returns with those from previous
            years, to keep an eye on abundance and actively manage the
            fishery.
    -   Off the West Coast and in Alaska, the [Pacific Salmon
        Treaty](https://www.psc.org/about_treaty.htm) and the [Pacific
        Salmon Commission](https://www.psc.org/index.htm) help coordinate
        management, research, and enhancement of shared U.S. and
        international salmon stocks, including pink salmon.
  cholesterol: |
    52 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0 g
  sodium: |
    67 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Pink salmon are anadromous – they hatch in freshwater streams and
        rivers then migrate out to the saltwater environment of the ocean to
        feed and grow.
    -   Unlike [coho](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/coho-salmon),
        [Chinook](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/chinook-salmon), or
        [sockeye](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/sockeye-salmon) salmon,
        pink salmon do not reside in fresh water for an extended period.
    -   Young pink salmon (fry) typically migrate directly to estuarine and
        marine waters soon after they are born.
    -   Once they reach the ocean, they feed voraciously and grow rapidly.
        In fact, they’re among the fastest growing of the Pacific salmon
        species.
    -   After about 1½ years of feeding and growing in the ocean, maturing
        pink salmon return to fresh water to spawn, usually from August to
        October.
    -   Females construct nests (redds) in the riverbed by turning on their
        sides and vigorously flexing their bodies and tails, digging a
        shallow hole.
    -   Females deposit between 1,200 and 1,900 eggs in the redds, which the
        males then fertilize.
    -   The female stays and defends her redd from other females until she
        dies, usually within two weeks.
    -   All pink salmon die after they spawn.
    -   They typically spawn at the age of 2.
    -   Because the pink salmon life cycle is so regular, independent
        populations spawn in even and odd years. For example, in the
        southern part of their range, they usually spawn in odd years in
        most river systems. However, pink salmon do spawn in even years in
        some Puget Sound rivers.
    -   Throughout most of Alaska, there is no dominant year, except in the
        northwestern part of Alaska where even-year runs predominate.
    -   Pink salmon feed on small crustaceans, zooplankton (tiny floating
        animals), squid, and small fish.
    -   In fresh water, aquatic invertebrates, other fishes, birds, and
        small mammals prey on pink salmon eggs, alevins, and fry.
    -   In the ocean, other fishes (including other Pacific salmon) and
        coastal seabirds prey on pink salmon fry and juveniles.
    -   Marine mammals, sharks, other fishes (such as [Pacific
        halibut](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/pacific-halibut)), and
        humpback whales feed on adult pink salmon.
    -   In freshwater spawning habitats, bears are predators of adult pink
        salmon. Wolves, river otters, and bald eagles will also occasionally
        eat pre-spawning adult pinks.
    -   After salmon spawn and die, [salmon
        carcasses](http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=97&issue_id=21)
        are a valuable source of energy and nutrients to the river
        ecosystem. Carcasses have been shown to improve newly hatched salmon
        growth and survival by contributing nitrogen and phosphorous
        compounds to streams.
- calories: 106
  physical_description: |
    -   Northern shrimp are crustaceans, like lobsters and crabs.
    -   They are much smaller than warm-water shrimp, averaging 2 to 4
        inches in length.
    -   When alive, the tails and bodies of northern shrimp are more red
        than pink, and the shells are translucent.
    -   They have appendages called
        [pleopods](https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/femad/pbb/fwdp/training/img35.jpg)
        on their tail that act like paddles and enable them to move with
        remarkable agility over considerable distances.
  human_health:
  texture: Firm and moist.
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: Atlantic Northern Shrimp
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/atlantic-northern-shrimp
  habitat_impacts: |
    Bottom trawl gear used to harvest northern shrimp has minimal impact on
    habitat.
  location: |
    -   Northern shrimp are found in the western North Atlantic from Maine
        to Massachusetts, but the bulk of the harvest comes from Maine. They
        are also found and harvested on the West Coast and in Alaska, as
        well as in Canada, Greenland, Iceland, and Norway.
  color: |
    When alive, their tails and bodies are more red than pink and their
    shells are translucent. When cooked, the shells are pink and the meat is
    white tinged with pink. 
  species_aliases: |
    [Pink shrimp](/species-aliases/pink-shrimp), [Salad
    shrimp](/species-aliases/salad-shrimp), [Coldwater
    shrimp](/species-aliases/coldwater-shrimp), [Deep water
    prawn](/species-aliases/deep-water-prawn)
  image_gallery:
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/01\_52.jpg
    title: |
      Northern shrimp are often referred to as salad shrimp because they are
      small, reaching only 2 to 4 inches in length.
    alt: |
      A picture of an Northern Shrimp being measured.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/03\_41.jpg
    title: |
      Northern shrimp are hauled aboard a shrimp boat.
    alt: |
      A picture of northern shrimp being hauled aboard a shrimp boat.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/04\_35.jpg
    title: |
      A plate of Atlantic Northern Shrimp.
    alt: |
      A plate of Atlantic Northern Shrimp.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/2.JPG
    title: |
      Measuring a northern shrimp.
    alt: |
      Measuring a northern shrimp.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/5%20Distribution%20of%20adult%20female%20northern%20shrimp.jpg
    title: |
      Map showing the distribution of adult female northern shrimp.
    alt: |
      Map showing the distribution of adult female northern shrimp.
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 38 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   Northern shrimp are found in the cold waters of the North Atlantic,
        North Pacific, and Arctic Oceans. On the U.S. Atlantic coast,
        northern shrimp are mainly found in waters off of Maine, New
        Hampshire, and Massachusetts.
    -   They live on soft mud bottoms in waters approximately 30 to 1,000
        feet deep.
    -   Northern shrimp appear to travel with seasonal changes in water
        temperature. They’re only common in nearshore waters during late
        winter and spring when these waters are coldest.
    -   Egg-bearing females move inshore in late fall and winter when
        nearshore waters have cooled. After their eggs hatch (February to
        April), females return to offshore waters in the western Gulf of
        Maine.
    -   Larvae and young juveniles remain in nearshore waters for up to 20
        months as they develop. After 1 year, juveniles begin to migrate
        offshore to deeper waters. 
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Pandalus borealis
  production:
  fat_total: 1.73 g
  bycatch: |
    Regulations are in place to minimize non-shrimp bycatch and minimize the
    catch of small (male) shrimp with low market value.
  availability: |
    Usually available fresh from winter to spring and frozen year-round, but
    currently unavailable because the fishery is closed.
  research: |
    -   Northern shrimp are sensitive to temperature. [Thermal habitat is
        key](https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/press_release/pr2017/features/gulf-of-maine-shrimp-habitat/).
    -   [A Contemporary Assessment of the Bycatch of Regulated Species and
        the Nordmore Grate in the Northern Shrimp
        Fishery](http://northeastconsortium.org/pdfs/awards_2007/Eayrs%2007/Eayrs%2007%20Final%20Report.pdf)
  fishing_rate: |
    Fishing for northern shrimp is prohibited.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#de563a
  sugars_total: |
    0 g
  taste: |
    Sweet and more flavorful than warm-water shrimp.
  health_benefits: |
    Northern shrimp are low in saturated fat and high in iron, phosphorus,
    and zinc.
  harvest: |
    -   Commercial fishery:
        -   The fishery has been closed by moratorium since 2014 because the
            stock has collapsed. Due to continued low population levels the
            moratorium has been extended each year.
        -   Following high landings in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the
            fishery was closed in 1978 due to a stock collapse. It was
            reopened the following year, and landings increased throughout
            the 1980s and 1990s before dropping again. For several seasons
            prior to the 2014 fishing moratorium, the commercial season was
            closed early due to landings exceeding the catch limit.
        -   The fishery is seasonal in nature, peaking in late winter when
            egg-bearing females move into inshore waters where the eggs
            hatch.
    -   Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
        -   Fishermen mainly use otter trawls to harvest northern shrimp,
            although some Maine fishermen use traps.
        -   Northern shrimp are harvested over soft mud bottoms, which are
            more resilient to the impacts of trawling compared to structured
            habitats such as corals. Also, the small mesh in the shrimp
            otter trawls creates more drag than a groundfish net and can’t
            be towed as fast for the same size net, reducing the potential
            impact on shrimp habitat.
        -   Minimum mesh size in trawls to prevent bycatch of small male
            shrimp.
        -   Finfish excluder devices and size-sorting grates in the gear to
            prevent bycatch of groundfish and small male shrimp.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/northern\_shrimp.png
    title: |
      Atlantic Northern Shrimp
    alt: |
      An illustration of an Atlantic Northern Shrimp
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    0.328 g
  quote: |
    Commercial fishing for northern shrimp is prohibited due to its
    extremely depleted state.
  carbohydrate: |
    0.91 g
  serving_weight: |
    100 g (raw)
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild-caught from Maine to Massachusetts.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    Greater Atlantic
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   According to the [2018 stock
        assessment](http://www.asmfc.org/uploads/file/5c000eb2NShrimpAssessmentUpdateReport_2018.pdf)
        conducted by the [Atlantic States Marine Fisheries
        Commission](http://www.asmfc.org/species/northern-shrimp), the
        northern shrimp stock has collapsed and stock size has remained at
        unprecedented lows for several years. Since there has been a fishing
        moratorium in place since 2014, there is no directed fishing, and
        the stock is not subject to overfishing.
    -   Abundance of northern shrimp is primarily monitored by the joint
        State-Federal summer [shrimp
        survey](http://www.asmfc.org/fisheries-science/surveys). The
        Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission’s Northern Shrimp
        Technical Committee provides annual stock assessments and related
        information to fishery managers.
    -   Recruitment of northern shrimp is dependent on several factors
        including ocean temperatures and spawning biomass. Ocean
        temperatures in the western Gulf of Maine have increased in recent
        years and are predicted to continue rising. This suggests an
        increasingly inhospitable environment for northern shrimp and the
        need for strong conservation efforts to help sustain the stock.
    -   An increase in northern shrimp predators ([spiny
        dogfish](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/atlantic-spiny-dogfish),
        [redfish](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/acadian-redfish), and
        [silver hake](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/silver-hake)) may
        also be contributing to a decline in the stock.
  population: |
    Significantly below target population level. Fishing is prohibited in
    the United States.
  protein: |
    20.31 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   The states of Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts cooperatively
        manage the northern shrimp resource under the framework of the
        [Atlantic States Marine Fisheries
        Commission's](http://www.asmfc.org/) [Interstate Fishery Management
        Plan for Northern
        Shrimp](http://www.asmfc.org/species/northern-shrimp).
        -   Fishery closed since 2014 due to depleted stock conditions.
        -   Annual catch limits with seasonal closures when a percentage of
            the catch limit is projected to be caught.
        -   Limits on the amount of northern shrimp that can be harvested
            per fishing trip.
        -   Limits on the number of traps fishermen can set during a season.
        -   Days out of the fishery – certain days during the fishing season
            are closed to fishing to slow catch rates and prolong the
            fishing season, or to make shrimp available when demand is
            greatest.
        -   Minimum mesh size in trawl nets to prevent bycatch of undersized
            shrimp.
        -   Requirement to use [finfish excluder
            devices](http://images.slideplayer.com/24/6987356/slides/slide_20.jpg)
            to reduce bycatch in the fishery.
        -   Due to the variability in population size from year to year,
            managers annually adjust management measures (e.g., fishing
            season length, harvest limits, etc.), based on the results of
            annual stock assessments and stakeholder input.
        -   Amendment 3 to the Interstate Fisheries Management Plan for
            Northern Shrimp outlines measures to improve management in the
            event that the fishery re-opens. These measures include:
            -   State-specific allocations of the total allowable catch.
            -   Required use of a double-[Nordmore
                grate](http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/peches-fisheries/ifmp-gmp/shrimp-crevette/images/shrimp-crevette-2003-fig2b-eng.jpg)
                or compound grate system to minimize catch of small male
                shrimp.
            -   Strengthened reporting requirements for catch and landings.
  cholesterol: |
    152 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0 g
  sodium: |
    148 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Northern shrimp are protandrous hermaphrodites – they begin life as
        males and sexually mature at roughly 2½ years old. They transform to
        females at about 3½ years old.
    -   They start spawning in late July in offshore waters, mainly in deep
        mud basins in the southwestern Gulf of Maine. By early fall, most
        adult females have pushed their eggs out onto their abdomen.
    -   In late fall through winter, egg-bearing females move inshore where
        the eggs hatch. Juveniles remain in coastal waters for a year or
        more before migrating to deeper offshore waters, where they mature
        as males.
    -   Their reproductive success, growth, and development can be affected
        by temperature. They can grow up to 3 or 4 inches long, and most do
        not live past age 5.
    -   They prey on plankton (tiny floating plants and animals) and
        bottom-dwelling invertebrates.
    -   They are eaten by many important fish species such as cod, redfish,
        and silver and white hake.
    -   Northern shrimp are an important part of the marine food chain, and
        maintaining a healthy population is important to supporting a
        balanced Gulf of Maine ecosystem.
- calories: 121
  physical_description: |
    -   Swordfish have a long, flattened bill that looks like a sword, as
        their name implies.
    -   They have a stout, rounded body and large eyes.
    -   Their first dorsal fin is tall and crescent-shaped. The second is
        much smaller.
    -   Their anal fins are similar in shape to the dorsal fins but smaller.
    -   They have a broad, crescent-shaped tail.
    -   Their color is darkest on top, generally black or brown.
    -   Adult swordfish have no teeth or scales.
  human_health:
  texture: Firm, with a moderately high oil content.
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: North Pacific Swordfish
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/north-pacific-swordfish
  habitat_impacts: |
    Fishing gear used to catch Pacific swordfish rarely contacts the
    seafloor so habitat impacts are minimal.
  location: |
    -   Swordfish are found around the world in tropical, temperate, and
        sometimes cold waters of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans,
        including the waters around the U.S. Pacific Islands and off the
        U.S. West Coast.  
  color: |
    When raw, the flesh varies from white and ivory to pink and orange. When
    cooked, swordfish meat turns beige.
  species_aliases: |
    [Broadbill swordfish](/species-aliases/broadbill-swordfish),
    [Espada](/species-aliases/espada),
    [Emperado](/species-aliases/emperado), [A\`u](/species-aliases/au),
    [Mekajiki](/species-aliases/mekajiki),
    [Shutome](/species-aliases/shutome)
  image_gallery:
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/01\_49.jpg
    title: |
      Swordfish’s species name, gladius, is derived from the word for the
      sword carried by Roman legionaires.
    alt: |
      Swordfish’s species name, gladius, is derived from the word for the
      sword carried by Roman legionaires.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/02\_39.jpg
    title: |
      Because of their size and the risk of serious injury to the tagging
      crew, satellite tags are harpooned into large swordfish rather than
      bringing them aboard.
    alt: |
      Because of their size and the risk of serious injury to the tagging
      crew, satellite tags are harpooned into large swordfish rather than
      bringing them aboard.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/03\_40.jpg
    title: |
      Swordfish harpoon boat, Dana Point, California.
    alt: |
      Swordfish harpoon boat, Dana Point, California.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/04\_34.jpg
    title: |
      Swordfish steaks. Photo credit: U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
    alt: |
      Swordfish steaks. Photo credit: U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/05\_29.jpg
    title: ''
    alt: |
      Swordfish seafood dish.
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 48.1 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   Swordfish live in surface water to mid-water but feed throughout the
        water column.
    -   Scientists know little about the migration of Pacific swordfish, but
        tagging data suggest swordfish move eastward from the central
        Pacific, north of Hawaii, toward the U.S. West Coast.
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Xiphias gladius
  production:
  fat_total: 4.01 g
  bycatch: |
    Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch.
  availability: |
    Year-round.  
  research: |
    -   NOAA’s [Pacific Islands Fisheries Science
        Center](https://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/) maintains
        [TurtleWatch](https://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/eod/turtlewatch.php)—a map
        providing up-to-date information about the thermal habitat of
        loggerhead sea turtles in the Pacific Ocean north of the Hawaiian
        Islands. These maps are used by swordfish fishermen to avoid fishing
        in waters preferred by loggerhead sea turtles.
    -   NOAA’s [Pacific Islands](https://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/) and [Southwest
        Fisheries Science
        Centers](https://swfsc.noaa.gov/textblock.aspx?Division=FRD&ParentMenuId=141&id=1127)
        conduct additional research on swordfish to inform management of the
        species.
    -   [Testing of deep-set buoy
        gear](http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/stories/2017/06_02062017_swordfish_efp_tagging.html)
        as a means to selectively target swordfish off of the U.S. West
        Coast.
  fishing_rate: |
    At recommended level in the Western and Central North Pacific. Reduced
    to end overfishing in the Eastern Pacific.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#2d2e2a
  sugars_total: |
    0 g
  taste: |
    Moist, flavorful, and slightly sweet.
  health_benefits: |
    Swordfish is an excellent source of selenium, niacin, vitamin B12, and
    zinc. More information on [health and
    seafood](https://www.fishwatch.gov/eating-seafood/health).
  harvest: |
    -   Commercial fishery:
        -   In 2017, commercial landings of swordfish in Hawaii totaled more
            than 3.5 million pounds and were valued at approximately
            $6 million.
        -   In 2017, commercial landings of swordfish in California totaled
            more than 1.5 million pounds and were valued at more than
            $3.8 million.
        -   The majority of North Pacific swordfish landed in California is
            landed by Hawaii-based vessels.
        -   Hawaii-based longliners accounted for approximately 85 percent
            of U.S. catch of North Pacific swordfish and 16 percent of all
            North Pacific-wide swordfish catch in 2017.
        -   Total U.S. catch in 2017 was more than 4.1 million pounds,
            approximately 19 percent of the North Pacific–wide swordfish
            catch.
    -   Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
        -   Commercial fishermen use longline gear to harvest swordfish in
            federal waters off of Hawaii and on the high seas.
        -   On the West Coast, commercial fishermen harvest swordfish using
            drift gillnets and harpoons.
        -   Fishing gear used to catch swordfish rarely contacts the
            seafloor so habitat impacts are minimal.
        -   Longlines and gillnets can incidentally catch sea turtles,
            marine mammals, seabirds, sharks, and other finfish species.
            Gear restrictions and operational requirements are in place to
            minimize bycatch.
        -   U.S. longline and drift gillnet vessels operate under
            regulations to minimize impacts on other species.
    -   Recreational fishery:
        -   Off the U.S. West Coast, recreational fishermen fish for
            swordfish with rod-and-reel gear. They are prohibited from
            selling their catch.
        -   Fishermen must have a fishing license to catch and land
            swordfish and are allowed to keep two swordfish per day.
        -   Commercial passenger fishing vessels must have a permit and keep
            a monthly log of their fishing activity.
        -   There are no federal regulations for recreational fishing off
            Hawaii and U.S. Pacific Island territories, but local rules may
            apply.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/north\_atlantic\_swordfish\_0.png
    title: ''
    alt: |
      North pacific swordfish
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    1.097 g
  quote: |
    U.S. wild-caught North Pacific swordfish is a smart seafood choice
    because it is sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S.
    regulations.
  carbohydrate: |
    0 g
  serving_weight: |
    100 g
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild-caught from Hawaii, California, U.S. Pacific Island
    territories, and the high seas.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    West Coast, Pacific Islands
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   North Pacific swordfish are split into two stocks, an Eastern
        Pacific Ocean stock and a Western and Central North Pacific Ocean
        stock.
    -   According to the [2014 stock
        assessment](http://isc.fra.go.jp/reports/bill/bill_2014_1.html), the
        Eastern Pacific Ocean stock is not overfished but is subject to
        overfishing.
    -   According to the [2018 stock
        assessment](http://isc.fra.go.jp/pdf/ISC18/ISC_18_ANNEX_16_Stock_Assessment_of_WCNPO_Swordfish_through_2016_FINAL.pdf),
        the Western and Central North Pacific Ocean stock is not overfished
        and is not subject to overfishing.
  population: |
    Above target population levels.
  protein: |
    19.8 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   [NOAA Fisheries](http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/) and the
        [Pacific Fishery Management Council](https://www.pcouncil.org/)
        manage the North Pacific swordfish fishery on the West Coast.
    -   Managed under the [Fishery Management Plan for U.S. West Coast
        Fisheries for Highly Migratory
        Species](https://www.pcouncil.org/highly-migratory-species/fishery-management-plan-and-amendments/):
        -   Fishermen are required to have permits and to record catch in
            logbooks.
        -   Gear restrictions and operational requirements are in place to
            minimize bycatch.
        -   Longline and drift gillnet fishing boats are required to carry
            observers when requested.
        -   Longline fishing is prohibited within 200 miles of the U.S. West
            Coast.
        -   Longline fishing regulations vary by gear type (shallow-set,
            deep-set, etc.) and fishing area (eastern Pacific, high seas,
            etc.).
        -   Drift gillnets are allowed in federal waters but not in state
            waters.
        -   Time and areas closures are in place to protect leatherback and
            loggerhead sea turtles.
        -   Training in safe handling and release techniques for protected
            species is required and all longline vessels must carry and use
            specific equipment for handling and releasing these animals.
    -   [NOAA
        Fisheries](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/region/pacific-islands)
        and [Western Pacific Fishery Management
        Council](http://wpcouncil.org/) manage the North Pacific swordfish
        fishery in the Pacific Islands.
    -   Managed under the [Fishery Ecosystem Plan for the Pelagic Fisheries
        of the Western
        Pacific](http://www.wpcouncil.org/fishery-plans-policies-reports/pelagics_fe/):
        -   Fishermen are required to have permits and to record catch in
            logbooks.
        -   A limit on the number of permits for Hawaii and American Samoa
            longline fisheries controls participation in the fishery.
        -   Gear restrictions and operational requirements to minimize
            bycatch:
            -   Circle hooks and finfish bait reduce the number of sea
                turtles caught and cause less injury to sea turtles that are
                hooked.
            -   Sea turtle handling and release protocols that minimize
                further injury and increase the chance of survival.
            -   Annual limits on the number of leatherback and loggerhead
                sea turtles that can be caught in the Hawaii longline
                fishery. If either limit is reached, the fishery is closed
                for the rest of the year.
            -   Gear restrictions to minimize seabird interactions and
                injury to seabirds.
        -   Longline fishing is prohibited in some areas to protect
            endangered Hawaiian monk seals and to reduce conflicts between
            fishermen.
        -   These areas are enforced through the NOAA Fisheries [vessel
            monitoring system
            program](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/topic/enforcement/vessel-monitoring)
            (longline boats must be equipped with a satellite transponder
            that provides real-time position updates and tracks vessel
            movements).
        -   Hawaii-based longline vessels must carry onboard observers when
            requested by NOAA Fisheries, in part to record interactions with
            sea turtles, seabirds, and marine mammals.
        -   Annual training in safe handling and release techniques for
            protected species is required, and all vessels must carry and
            use specific equipment for handling and releasing these animals.
    -   Management of highly migratory species, like Pacific swordfish, is
        complicated because the species migrate thousands of miles across
        international boundaries and are fished by many nations.
    -   Effective conservation and management of this resource requires
        international cooperation as well as strong domestic management.
    -   Two organizations, the [Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission
        (IATTC)](http://www.iattc.org/HomeENG.htm) and the [Western and
        Central Pacific Fisheries Commission
        (WCPFC)](https://www.wcpfc.int/), manage this fishery
        internationally. Historically, the [International Scientific
        Committee for Tuna and Tuna-like Species in the North Pacific Ocean
        (ISC)](http://isc.fra.go.jp/) conducted stock assessments to
        determine the status of both the Western and Central North Pacific
        Ocean stock and the Eastern Pacific Ocean stock
        of swordfish. However, the IATTC is expected to conduct the next
        assessment of the Eastern Pacific Ocean stock. Working with the U.S.
        Department of State, NOAA Fisheries domestically implements the
        IATTC and WCPFC conservation and management measures.
  cholesterol: |
    39 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0 g
  sodium: |
    90 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Swordfish are one of the fastest and largest predators in the ocean.
        Their streamlined body allows them to swim at high speeds, up to 50
        mph.
    -   They grow rapidly, reaching a maximum length of 14 feet and almost
        1,200 pounds (although the average size caught in the fishery is
        50–200 pounds).
    -   They are able to reproduce when they reach 5 to 6 years old.
    -   Swordfish spawn numerous times throughout the year near the surface
        of warm tropical and sub-tropical waters.
    -   In cooler waters, they spawn several times during the spring and
        summer.
    -   Swordfish are productive, and their eggs are fertilized externally
        and float at the sea surface where they incubate for about 2 1/2
        days. Swordfish live for about 9 years.
    -   Swordfish feed on a variety of fish and invertebrates such as squid.
    -   They capture their prey by slashing their bills back and forth,
        stunning or injuring the prey in the process.
    -   They have developed unique characteristics, such as special eye
        muscles and a heat exchange system that allow them to swim in deep
        cold water in search of prey.
    -   Swordfish feed at the top of the food chain and are rarely preyed
        upon by other animals, but juvenile swordfish are sometimes eaten by
        sharks and larger predatory fish.
- calories: 205
  physical_description: |
    -   Atlantic mackerel are iridescent blue green on the back with a
        silvery white underbelly.
    -   They have 20 to 30 wavy black bars that run across the top half of
        their body, and a narrow dark streak that runs below these bars
        along each side.
    -   Their body is spindle-shaped, tapering at both ends.
    -   Their two large dorsal fins are gray or dusky. The pectoral fins are
        black or dusky at the base, and the tail fin is gray or dusky.
    -   Their distinctive coloring fades quickly after they die.
  human_health:
  texture: Soft, flaky, and moist.
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: Atlantic Mackerel
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/atlantic-mackerel
  habitat_impacts: |
    Fishing gears used to harvest Atlantic mackerel have minimal impacts on
    habitat.
  location: |
    -   Atlantic mackerel are found on both sides of the North Atlantic
        Ocean, including in the Baltic Sea. In the western Atlantic, they’re
        found from Labrador to North Carolina.
  color: |
    Raw meat looks grayish and oily. When cooked it is off-white to beige.
  species_aliases: |
    [Mackerel](/species-aliases/mackerel), [Common
    mackerel](/species-aliases/common-mackerel), [Boston
    mackerel](/species-aliases/boston-mackerel),
    [Caballa](/species-aliases/caballa)
  image_gallery:
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/01\_48.jpg
    title: |
      Atlantic mackerel.
    alt: |
      Atlantic mackerel.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/02\_38.jpg
    title: |
      Atlantic mackerel collected by researchers during a bottom trawl survey.
      NOAA’s Northeast Fisheries Science Center conducts these surveys to
      provide information on the abundance, biology, and distribution of the
      marine resources in the Northwest Atlantic.
    alt: |
      Atlantic mackerel collected by researchers during a bottom trawl survey.
      NOAA’s Northeast Fisheries Science Center conducts these surveys to
      provide information on the abundance, biology, and distribution of the
      marine resources in the Northwest Atlantic.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/03\_39.jpg
    title: |
      Historic photograph of fishermen dressing and salting mackerel onboard a
      vessel in Gloucester Harbor, Massachusetts.
    alt: |
      Historic photograph of fishermen dressing and salting mackerel onboard a
      vessel in Gloucester Harbor, Massachusetts.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/04\_33.jpg
    title: ''
    alt: |
      Atlantic mackerel seafood dish.
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 44.1 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   Atlantic mackerel are common in cold and temperate waters over the
        continental shelf. They swim in schools near the surface, and travel
        to and from spawning and summering grounds.
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Scomber scombrus
  production:
  fat_total: 13.89 g
  bycatch: |
    Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch.
  availability: |
    Year-round. Some is sold fresh in domestic markets, but most is frozen
    and exported to markets around the world.
  research: |
    -   Scientists at NOAA’s [Northeast Fisheries Science
        Center](https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/) collect information on Atlantic
        mackerel through their bottom trawl surveys. They research the
        abundance, biology, and distribution of Atlantic mackerel and other
        marine resources in the Northwest Atlantic. They use this
        information to assess the status of the Atlantic mackerel stock and
        provide recommendations to managers.
    -   Atlantic mackerel are sensitive to changes in water temperature and
        migrate long distances on a seasonal basis to feed and spawn. NOAA
        Fisheries scientists have found that changing environmental factors
        have altered the distribution of Atlantic mackerel, shifting the
        stock northeastward and into shallower waters. These
        [findings](https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/press_release/2011/SciSpot/SS1104/)
        could have significant implications for U.S. commercial and
        recreational mackerel fisheries, which mostly occur during late
        winter and early spring.
  fishing_rate: |
    Reduced to end overfishing.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#c3c792
  sugars_total: |
    0 g
  taste: |
    Mackerel has a rich, pronounced flavor. For a milder flavor, cut out the
    outer bands of dark meat along the midline.
  health_benefits: |
    Mackerel is high in omega-3 fatty acids and is an excellent source of
    selenium, niacin, and vitamins B6 and B12.
  harvest: |
    -   Commercial fishery:
        -   In 2016, commercial landings of Atlantic mackerel totaled 11.7
            million pounds and were valued at more than $3 million.
            Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Jersey harvested the
            majority.
        -   Commercial landings from 2004 to 2016 ranged from a high of 125
            million pounds in 2006 to a low of 1.1 million pounds in 2011.
        -   The U.S. commercial fishery for Atlantic mackerel operates
            primarily between January and May in southern New England and
            Mid-Atlantic coastal waters and between May and December in the
            Gulf of Maine.
    -   Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
        -   Fishermen harvest mackerel in large volumes using mid-water
            trawls.
        -   Although mid-water trawls have minimal impact on habitat, they
            can incidentally catch marine mammals such as short- and
            long-finned pilot whales, Atlantic white-sided dolphins, and
            common dolphins.
        -   The [Atlantic Trawl Gear Take Reduction
            Strategy](https://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/prot_res/atgtrp/meeting/ATGTRT%20Draft%20Take%20Reduction%20Strategy%20FINAL.pdf)
            provides measures to reduce potential impacts of bycatch. These
            include outreach to educate fishermen about actions to take in
            the event of a marine mammal interaction and efforts to
            communicate interaction hotspots to fishermen in real time. It
            also contains voluntary measures concerning fishing practices,
            such as reducing tow times and limiting turns while fishing.
        -   The mackerel fishery has some incidental catch of river herring
            and shad. A cap was established in 2014 to limit river herring
            and shad catch in the mackerel fishery.
    -   Recreational fishery:
        -   Mackerel are important to recreational fisheries in the
            Mid-Atlantic and New England regions, with the highest landings
            occurring from Massachusetts to Maine.
        -   In 2016, recreational harvest of Atlantic mackerel totaled 3
            million pounds, most of which was caught in Massachusetts, New
            Hampshire, and Maine. 
        -   The recreational mackerel fishery is open all year, with a catch
            limit set annually at the same time as commercial limits.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/atlantic\_mackerel.png
    title: ''
    alt: |
      Atlantic mackerel
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    3.257 g
  quote: |
    U.S. wild-caught Atlantic mackerel is a smart seafood choice because it
    is sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.
  carbohydrate: |
    0 g
  serving_weight: |
    100 g (raw)
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild-caught from Maine to North Carolina.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    Greater Atlantic
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   According to the [2018 stock
        assessment](https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/publications/crd/crd1803/),
        Atlantic mackerel are overfished, and are subject to overfishing.
    -   Atlantic mackerel previously had an unknown status, but the 2018
        stock assessment indicated the stock has been overfished for nearly
        a decade.
  population: |
    Significantly below target population levels. Rebuilding plan is under
    development.
  protein: |
    18.6 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   [NOAA
        Fisheries](https://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/sustainable/species/msb/)
        and the [Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management
        Council](http://www.mafmc.org/) manage the Atlantic mackerel
        fishery.
    -   Managed under the [Atlantic Mackerel, Squid, and Butterfish Fishery
        Management Plan](http://www.mafmc.org/msb/):
        -   Mackerel are managed in federal waters. There are no state
            management measures for mackerel.
        -   Managed using annual catch limits allocated between the
            commercial and recreational fisheries.
        -   Managers monitor commercial catch on a weekly basis and will
            close the fisheries if the limits are reached before the fishing
            season is over.
        -   Fishermen must have a permit to harvest Atlantic mackerel.
        -   Managers limit the amount of available permits to control
            harvests.
        -   Under a [limited access
            program](https://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/nero/hotnews/AtlMackLAP/),
            permits are issued to qualifying fishermen, dividing fishermen
            into three tiers based on their past participation in the
            fishery. This program is designed to reduce the fishing capacity
            of the mackerel fleet while allowing qualified vessels to
            continue fishing for mackerel at their historical or recent
            level of participation.
  cholesterol: |
    70 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0 g
  sodium: |
    90 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Atlantic mackerel grow fast, up to 16 ½ inches and 2.2 pounds.
    -   They can live up to 20 years and are able to reproduce by the time
        they reach age 2 to 3.
    -   There are two major spawning groups of Atlantic mackerel in the
        western Atlantic:
        -   The southern group spawns primarily in the Mid-Atlantic Bight
            from April to May.
        -   The northern group spawns in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in June
            and July.
        -   Both groups typically spawn 10 to 30 miles off shore.
    -   Depending on their size, females can have between 285,000 and almost
        2 million eggs. They release their eggs in batches, between five and
        seven times throughout the spawning season.
    -   Eggs generally float in the surface water and hatch in 4 to 7 ½
        days, depending on water temperature.
    -   Atlantic mackerel feed heavily on crustaceans such as copepods,
        krill, and shrimp. They also eat squid, as well as some fish and
        ascidians (sac-like marine invertebrate filter feeders).
    -   Several species of fish and marine mammals eat Atlantic mackerel.
- calories: 130
  physical_description: |
    -   Bigeye tuna are dark metallic blue on the back and upper sides and
        white on the lower sides and belly.
    -   The first fin on their back is deep yellow, the second dorsal and
        anal fins are pale yellow, and the finlets are bright yellow with
        black edges.
    -   Bigeye and
        [yellowfin](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/atlantic-yellowfin-tuna)
        tuna look fairly similar. In fact, it’s hard to distinguish the two
        species without experience.
    -   Among other characteristics, the bigeye’s eyes are larger than the
        yellowfin’s and their finlets have black edges.
  human_health:
  texture: Firm and moist with large flakes.
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: Atlantic Bigeye Tuna
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/atlantic-bigeye-tuna
  habitat_impacts: |
    Fishing gear used to catch bigeye tuna rarely contacts the seafloor so
    habitat impacts are minimal.
  location: |
    -   Bigeye tuna live in the tropical and warm temperate waters of the
        Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.
    -   In the western Atlantic, they can be found from Southern Nova Scotia
        to Brazil.
  color: |
    Bigeye tuna meat has a reddish-pink color.
  species_aliases: |
    [Tuna](/species-aliases/tuna), [Big eye](/species-aliases/big-eye),
    [Ahi-b](/species-aliases/ahi-b)
  image_gallery:
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/01\_47.jpg
    title: |
      Measuring a bigeye tuna.
    alt: |
      Measuring a bigeye tuna.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/02\_37.jpg
    title: |
      Bigeye tuna catch.
    alt: |
      Bigeye tuna catch.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/03\_38.jpg
    title: |
      A fishery observer measuring a bigeye tuna.
    alt: |
      A fishery observer measuring a bigeye tuna.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/04\_32.jpg
    title: |
      Bigeye tuna on ice.
    alt: |
      Bigeye tuna on ice.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/05\_28.jpg
    title: ''
    alt: |
      Bigeye tuna sushi.
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 160% daily value
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   Bigeye tuna are a highly migratory species, swimming long distances
        throughout the ocean.
    -   They often swim in schools and live at or near the surface but dive
        into deeper waters (to about 800 feet, deeper than other tropical
        tunas) during the day.
    -   Larvae are found in tropical waters, and as juvenile fish grow
        larger they tend to move into temperate waters.
    -   As juveniles they often school with
        [yellowfin](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/atlantic-yellowfin-tuna)
        and
        [skipjack](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/atlantic-skipjack-tuna)
        tunas at the surface, especially in warm waters.
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Thunnus obesus
  production:
  fat_total: 2 g
  bycatch: |
    Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch.
  availability: |
    Year-round.
  research: |
    -   Skipjack often school around floating objects, including [fish
        aggregating
        devices](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/bycatch/fishing-gear-fish-aggregating-devices)
        (FADs) intentionally placed in the water to attract fish. Foreign
        purse seiners and baitboats have used FADs extensively in the
        Atlantic since the early 1990s to catch skipjack, primarily off the
        coast of West Africa. Researchers have found that the increasing use
        of FADs has changed the species composition of tuna catches,
        resulting in a higher capture rate of juvenile
        [yellowfin](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/atlantic-yellowfin-tuna)
        and bigeye tuna for vessels targeting
        [skipjack](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/atlantic-skipjack-tuna).
        The higher capture rate of juvenile bigeye tuna in purse seine
        fisheries associated with FADs has been demonstrated by ICCAT to
        reduce the overall maximum sustainable yield of the stock. The
        increased presence of FADs may also have an impact on the biology
        and ecology of skipjack, bigeye, and yellowfin tuna. Also, sea
        turtles and marine mammals can become entangled in nets, ropes, and
        lines that are used in the FADs. This research influenced ICAAT’s
        requirements related to the use of FADs in the bigeye tuna fishery
        (see management section).
  fishing_rate: |
    The United States is working with other nations to reduce harvest rates
    and end overfishing.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#102b50
  sugars_total: |
    0 g
  taste: |
    Bigeye tuna has a mild, meaty flavor, with a higher fat content than
    [yellowfin tuna](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/atlantic-yellowfin-tuna).
    Sashimi lovers prefer it.
  health_benefits: |
    Bigeye tuna is low in saturated fat and sodium and is rich in niacin,
    vitamins B6 and B12, selenium, and phosphorous.
  harvest: |
    -   Commercial fishery:
        -   U.S. harvest of Atlantic bigeye tuna is usually only a small
            fraction (1 percent or less) of the global Atlantic bigeye
            harvest.
        -   In 2017, U.S. commercial landings of Atlantic bigeye tuna
            totaled 788 metric tons dressed weight, and were valued at more
            than $5.4 million..
    -   Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
        -   U.S. commercial fishermen mainly harvest bigeye tuna using
            pelagic longlines. They sometimes use rod-and-reel gear.
        -   Fishing gear used to catch bigeye tuna rarely contacts the
            seafloor so habitat impacts are minimal.
        -   Commercial fishing gear can catch protected species such as
            marine mammals and sea turtles.
        -   NOAA Fisheries has taken the following additional measures to
            reduce bycatch, bycatch mortality, and sustainably manage the
            pelagic longline fishery. Fishermen are:
            -   Required to use large circle hooks and certain types of bait
                that limit gear interactions with sea turtles. Circle hooks
                are specifically designed to minimize the damage caused by
                hooking, giving animals that are captured and released a
                better chance at survival.
            -   Trained to use special techniques to safely dehook and
                release any incidentally caught turtles.
            -   Required to stop fishing and move 1 nautical mile if they
                encounter a protected species.
            -   Required to protect pilot whales and Risso's dolphins when
                fishing in the Mid-Atlantic Bight by limiting the length of
                their lines to 20 nautical miles and posting [marine mammal
                handling/release
                guidelines](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/atlantic-highly-migratory-species/safe-handling-release-and-identification-workshops)
                on their vessels. In addition, if fishing in the Cape
                Hatteras Special Research Area, pelagic longliners must
                contact NOAA Fisheries at least 48 hours prior to a trip and
                carry observers if requested.
            -   Required to use weak hooks in the Gulf of Mexico to reduce
                incidental catch of bluefin tuna and prohibited from using
                live bait to reduce bycatch of billfish.
            -   Restricted from certain areas of the Gulf of Mexico to
                reduce bycatch of multiple species.
            -   Required to carry [vessel monitoring
                systems](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/topic/enforcement/vessel-monitoring)
                onboard their boats to ensure compliance with these
                closures.
            -   Required to carry at-sea fisheries observers upon request.
                NOAA Fisheries reviews observer data to monitor protected
                species interactions and takes appropriate action as
                necessary.
            -   Required to install electronic monitoring (cameras) and
                submit camera hard drives to NOAA Fisheries to monitor
                bluefin tuna catch and discards.
    -   Recreational fishery:
        -   Recreational fishermen must have a permit to fish for bigeye
            tuna.
        -   Minimum size limit.
        -   Recreational fishing for highly migratory species such as bigeye
            tuna provides significant economic benefits to coastal
            communities through individual angler expenditures, recreational
            charters, tournaments, and the shoreside businesses that support
            those activities.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/atlantic\_bigeye\_tuna\_0.png
    title: ''
    alt: |
      Atlantic bigeye tuna
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    0.5 g
  quote: |
    U.S. wild-caught Atlantic bigeye tuna—while only a small percent (about
    1%) of the total Atlantic-wide harvest—is a smart seafood choice because
    it is sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S.
    regulations.
  carbohydrate: |
    0 g
  serving_weight: |
    113 g
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild-caught from Massachusetts to Florida.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    Greater Atlantic, Southeast
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   According to the [2018 stock
        assessment](https://www.iccat.int/en/assess.html), Atlantic bigeye
        tuna are overfished and are subject to overfishing.
    -   The [International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic
        Tunas](https://www.iccat.int/en/) (ICCAT) assesses the abundance of
        Atlantic bigeye tuna and evaluates the sustainability of current and
        proposed harvest practices. They use the scientific information from
        these assessments to make management recommendations.
  population: |
    Significantly below target population level. The United States is
    working with other nations to develop an international rebuilding plan.
  protein: |
    27 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   [NOAA Fisheries](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov) and the [Atlantic
        Highly Migratory Species
        Division](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/topic/atlantic-highly-migratory-species)
        manage the Atlantic bigeye tuna fishery in the United States.
    -   Managed under the [Consolidated Atlantic Highly Migratory Species
        Fishery Management
        Plan](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/management-plan/consolidated-atlantic-highly-migratory-species-management-plan):
        -   Commercial fishermen must have a permit to harvest bigeye tuna.
        -   Gear restrictions.
        -   Time/area closures.
        -   Minimum size limit.
        -   Federal management for Atlantic tunas applies to state waters as
            well, except in Maine, Connecticut, and Mississippi. NOAA
            Fisheries periodically reviews these states’ regulations to make
            sure they’re consistent with federal regulations.
    -   Highly migratory species, such as bigeye tuna, have complicated
        management that requires international cooperation.
    -   The United States participates in regional fisheries management
        organizations, such as the [International Commission for the
        Conservation of Atlantic Tunas](https://www.iccat.int/en/) (ICCAT),
        to enhance tuna management worldwide and promote the rigorous
        stewardship standards followed by our own U.S. fishermen.
    -   NOAA Fisheries sets regulations for the U.S. western Atlantic bigeye
        tuna fishery based on our science as well as conservation and
        management measures adopted by ICCAT. ICCAT conservation and
        management recommendations include:
        -   An annual total allowable catch of 65,000 metric tons allocated
            among major harvesters, sharing arrangements for member
            countries, minimum size limits, effort controls, time/area
            closures, trade tracking requirements, compliance measures, and
            monitoring and inspection programs.
        -   ICCAT remains concerned about unreported catches and is actively
            working to improve statistics by working with tuna canneries in
            West Africa.
        -   Since 2011, ICCAT has also instituted numerous requirements
            related to catch reporting and measures to manage the use of
            fishy aggregating devices.
        -   The United States has strongly advocated for management measures
            at ICCAT to end overfishing and rebuild the stock within 10
            years.  NOAA Fisheries will continue to work with ICCAT to
            develop effective measures to end overfishing and to implement
            an international rebuilding program.
    -   In 2000, the United States established the [Dolphin-Safe Tuna
        Tracking and Verification
        Program](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-mammal-protection/dolphin-safe)
        to monitor the domestic production and importation of all frozen and
        processed tuna products nationwide and to authenticate any
        associated dolphin-safe claim.
  cholesterol: |
    45 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0 g
  sodium: |
    70 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Bigeye tuna grow fast and can reach about 5.5 feet in length.
    -   They can live up to 9 years and are able to reproduce when they are
        3.5 years old.
    -   Bigeye tuna spawn throughout the year but most often in the summer.
    -   They usually spawn two or more times a year.
    -   Females release between 3 million and 6 million eggs each time they
        spawn.
    -   Bigeye tuna feed near the top of the food chain, preying on fish,
        crustaceans, and squid.
    -   They are prey for many top predators, including sharks, billfish,
        larger tunas, and toothed whales.
- calories: 150
  physical_description: |
    -   Albacore tuna are metallic, dark blue on the back with dusky to
        silvery white coloration along the sides of the belly.
    -   They have exceptionally long pectoral fins, which are nearly half
        the length of their bodies.
    -   The edge of the tail fin is white.
  human_health:
  texture: Firm texture and large, moist flakes. Albacore meat is not as dense or
    firm as bluefin tuna, so it’s not as well-suited for sashimi.
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: North Atlantic Albacore Tuna
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/north-atlantic-albacore-tuna
  habitat_impacts: |
    Fishing gear used to harvest North Atlantic albacore tuna has no impact
    on habitat because it does not contact the ocean floor.
  location: |
    -   Albacore tuna live in tropical and warm temperate waters in the
        Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. In the Atlantic, they’re found
        from Nova Scotia to northern Argentina, and from Ireland to South
        Africa.
  color: |
    Lightest-colored meat of all the tunas – it can range from light beige
    to almost brown when raw, but becomes off-white when cooked. When
    canned, it’s the only tuna meat allowed to be labeled “white meat.”
  species_aliases: |
    [Northern albacore](/species-aliases/northern-albacore), [Longfin
    tuna](/species-aliases/longfin-tuna), [Germon](/species-aliases/germon)
  image_gallery:
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/01\_46.jpg
    title: |
      Albacore on the line.
    alt: |
      Albacore on the line.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/02\_36.jpg
    title: |
      Measuring an albacore tuna.
    alt: |
      Measuring an albacore tuna.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/03\_37.jpg
    title: |
      A recreational fisherman with his catch of albacore.
    alt: |
      A recreational fisherman with his catch of albacore.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/04\_31.jpg
    title: |
      A fisherman displays his catch of albacore.
    alt: |
      A fisherman displays his catch of albacore.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/05\_27.jpg
    title: ''
    alt: |
      Atlantic albacore sushi dish.
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 36.5 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   Albacore tuna are a highly migratory species – they are found around
        the world and can travel long distances.
    -   They are a temperate (cooler water) species but spawn in warmer
        tropical waters.
    -   Juveniles prefer warmer surface waters, and adults like cooler,
        deeper waters. 
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Thunnus alalunga
  production:
  fat_total: 2 g
  bycatch: |
    Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch.
  availability: |
    Fresh year-round, with peaks in the fall, and frozen year-round.
  research: |
    -   NOAA Fisheries scientists continue to research improvements in how
        they model changes in the Atlantic albacore tuna population and the
        impact of fishing on the resource.
  fishing_rate: |
    At recommended level.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#79b5dc
  sugars_total: |
    0 g
  taste: |
    Mild, rich taste.
  health_benefits: |
    Low in fat and cholesterol with the most omega-3 fatty acids of any of
    the tuna species. More information on [health and
    seafood](https://www.fishwatch.gov/eating-seafood/health).
  harvest: |
    -   Commercial fishery:
        -   U.S. fishermen catch approximately 1 percent of the total
            international catch of North Atlantic albacore.
        -   In 2016, U.S. commercial landings of North Atlantic albacore
            totaled 170 metric tons dressed weight and were valued at
            $563,784.
    -   Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
        -   Albacore in the North Atlantic are most often harvested
            incidentally in the commercial pelagic longline fishery for
            swordfish and other tunas. U.S. commercial fishermen also use
            rod-and-reel gear to catch albacore tuna.
        -   Fishing gear used to catch albacore has no impact on habitat
            because it’s used in the water column and doesn’t come into
            contact with the ocean floor.
        -   Rod-and-reel gear is very selective and bycatch is minimal. U.S.
            commercial fishermen fishing with pelagic longline gear follow a
            number of strict regulations to prevent incidentally catching
            marine mammals, sea turtles, and birds.
        -   NOAA Fisheries has taken the following additional measures to
            prevent bycatch and sustainably manage this fishery. Fishermen
            are:
            -   Required to use large circle hooks and certain types of bait
                that limit gear interactions with sea turtles. Circle hooks
                are specifically designed to minimize the damage caused by
                hooking, giving animals that are captured and released a
                better chance at survival.
            -   Trained to use special techniques to safely dehook and
                release any incidentally caught turtles.
            -   Required to stop fishing and move 1 nautical mile if they
                encounter a protected species.
            -   Required to protect pilot whales and Risso's dolphins when
                fishing in the Mid-Atlantic Bight by limiting the length of
                their lines to 20 nautical miles and posting [marine mammal
                handling/release
                guidelines](http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/interactions/handling_release.pdf)
                on their vessels. In addition, if fishing in the Cape
                Hatteras Special Research Area, pelagic longliners must
                contact NOAA Fisheries at least 48 hours prior to a trip and
                carry observers if requested.
            -   Required to use [weak
                hooks](http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2011/20110401_weakhook.html)
                in the Gulf of Mexico to reduce incidental catch of bluefin
                tuna and prohibited from using live bait to reduce bycatch
                of billfish.
            -   Restricted from areas of the Gulf of Mexico to reduce
                bycatch of all species.
            -   Required to carry [vessel monitoring
                systems](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/topic/enforcement/vessel-monitoring)
                onboard their boats to ensure compliance with these
                closures.
            -   Required to carry at-sea fisheries observers upon request.
                NOAA Fisheries reviews observer data to monitor protected
                species interactions and takes appropriate action as
                necessary.
    -   Recreational fishery:
        -   Recreational fishing for highly migratory species such as
            albacore tuna provides significant economic benefits to coastal
            communities through individual angler expenditures, recreational
            charters, tournaments, and the shoreside businesses that support
            those activities. Federal permits are required.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/atlantic\_albacore\_tuna\_0.png
    title: ''
    alt: |
      Atlantic albacore tuna
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    1 g
  quote: |
    U.S. wild-caught North Atlantic albacore tuna is a smart seafood choice
    because it is sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S.
    regulations.
  carbohydrate: |
    0 g
  serving_weight: |
    113 g / 4 oz (fresh)
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild-caught from Massachusetts to Louisiana.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    Greater Atlantic, Southeast
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   According to the [2016 stock
        assessment](https://www.iccat.int/Documents/Meetings/Docs/2016_ALB_REPORT_ENG.pdf),
        North Atlantic albacore tuna are not overfished, have rebuilt to
        target population levels, and are not subject to overfishing
    -   The [International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic
        Tunas](http://www.iccat.int/en/) (ICCAT) assesses the abundance of
        North Atlantic albacore tuna and evaluates the sustainability of
        current and proposed harvest practices. They use the scientific
        information from these assessments to make management
        recommendations.
    -   An international rebuilding plan was put in place in 2010. The stock
        was declared rebuilt in 2016, and since then has been managed under
        a conservation and management program.
    -   In 2017, ICCAT adopted an interim Harvest Control Rule (HCR) for
        northern albacore for 2018-2020, consistent with scientific advice,
        with the goal of adopting a long-term HCR following further
        Management Strategy Evaluation testing over the next few years.
  population: |
    Above target level and fishing rate promotes population growth.
  protein: |
    31 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   [NOAA Fisheries](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov), through the
        [Atlantic Highly Migratory Species
        Division](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/topic/atlantic-highly-migratory-species),
        manage the North Atlantic albacore tuna fishery in the United
        States.
    -   Managed under the 2006 [Consolidated Atlantic Highly Migratory
        Species Fishery Management
        Plan](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/management-plan/consolidated-atlantic-highly-migratory-species-management-plan) and
        amendments:
        -   Commercial and recreational fishermen must have a permit to
            harvest North Atlantic albacore tuna.
        -   Annual quota.
        -   Gear restrictions.
        -   Time/area closures.
        -   Federal management for Atlantic tunas applies to state waters as
            well, except in Maine, Connecticut, and Mississippi. NOAA
            Fisheries periodically reviews these states’ regulations to make
            sure they’re consistent with federal regulations.
    -   Highly migratory species, such as North Atlantic albacore tuna, have
        complicated management that requires international cooperation.
    -   The United States participates in regional fisheries management
        organizations, such as the [International Commission for the
        Conservation of Atlantic Tunas](http://www.iccat.int/en/) (ICCAT),
        to enhance tuna management worldwide. NOAA Fisheries sets
        regulations for the U.S. North Atlantic albacore tuna fishery based
        on our science and conservation and management measures adopted by
        ICCAT.
    -   In 2000, the United States established the [Dolphin-Safe Tuna
        Tracking and Verification
        Program](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-mammal-protection/dolphin-safe)
        to monitor the domestic production and importation of all frozen and
        processed tuna products nationwide and to authenticate any
        associated dolphin-safe claim.
  cholesterol: |
    45 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0 g
  sodium: |
    80 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Albacore grow relatively fast, up to more than 4 feet and 88 pounds.
    -   In the Atlantic, they live up to 13 years and are able to reproduce
        by age 5.
    -   In the spring and summer, albacore spawn in subtropical waters of
        the Atlantic and throughout the Mediterranean Sea. Depending on
        their size, females have between 2 million and 3 million eggs per
        spawning season.
    -   Similarly sized albacore travel together in schools that can be up
        to 19 miles wide. Schools of albacore also sometimes include other
        tuna species such as skipjack, yellowfin, and bluefin.
    -   Albacore constantly swim with their mouths open in order to breathe
        because they lack the structures needed to pump oxygen-rich water
        over their gills.
    -   They have unique biological characteristics that enable them to swim
        at speeds over 50 miles per hour and cover vast areas during annual
        migrations:
        -   Torpedo-shaped bodies, smooth skin, and streamlined fins.
        -   Highly evolved circulatory system that regulates body
            temperature and increases muscle efficiency.
        -   High metabolism.
        -   High blood pressure, volume, and hemoglobin, all of which
            increase oxygen absorption.
    -   Albacore tuna feed near the top of the food chain, preying upon a
        variety of fish, crustaceans, and squid.
    -   They are prey for many top predators, including sharks, rays, larger
        tunas, and billfishes. 
- calories: 79
  physical_description: |
    -   Acadian redfish are orange to flame red, with paler underbellies.
    -   They have a flattened body that is longer than it is deep.
    -   They have large eyes and a large mouth lined with many small teeth.
    -   They have one continuous dorsal fin that runs from the nape of their
        neck to their caudal peduncle (where the body meets the tail) and a
        small tail fin.
    -   Young redfish are marked with patches of black and green pigment.
        They don’t develop their red pigment until after they move to the
        ocean bottom.
  human_health:
  texture: Medium firm, moist, and flaky.
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: Acadian Redfish
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/acadian-redfish
  habitat_impacts: |
    Area closures and gear restrictions protect habitat that are affected by
    some kinds of trawl gear.
  location: |
    -   Acadian redfish are found in the Atlantic Ocean from the coast of
        Norway to Georges Bank.
  color: |
    White.
  species_aliases: |
    [Redfish](/species-aliases/redfish), [Ocean
    perch](/species-aliases/ocean-perch), [Labrador
    redfish](/species-aliases/labrador-redfish)
  image_gallery:
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/1\_4.jpg
    title: |
      Baskets of redfish for sampling during a trawl survey.
    alt: |
      Baskets of redfish for sampling during a trawl survey.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/2\_1.jpg
    title: |
      Acadian redfish are found in deep boulder reefs and among anemone
      forests in the muddy basins of Stellwagen Bank National Marine
      Sanctuary. (Photo credit: National Undersea Research Center, University
      of Connecticut)
    alt: |
      Acadian redfish are found in deep boulder reefs and among anemone
      forests in the muddy basins of Stellwagen Bank National Marine
      Sanctuary. (Photo credit: National Undersea Research Center, University
      of Connecticut)
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/3\_1.jpg
    title: |
      Measuring an Acadian redfish. Redfish can grow up to 20 inches long.
    alt: |
      Measuring an Acadian redfish. Redfish can grow up to 20 inches long.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/4\_3.jpg
    title: |
      Acadian redfish using the deep-sea coral Primnoa as shelter.
    alt: |
      Acadian redfish using the deep-sea coral Primnoa as shelter.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/5.jpg
    title: |
      Catch of Acadian redfish.
    alt: |
      Catch of Acadian redfish.
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 36.5 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   Acadian redfish are found over rocky, mud, or clay ocean bottoms.
    -   Off New England they are most common in the deep waters of the Gulf
        of Maine (to depths of 975 feet).
    -   They tend to move off the bottom at night to feed and move closer to
        shore in the winter.
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Sebastes fasciatus
  production:
  fat_total: 1.5 g
  bycatch: |
    Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch.
  availability: |
    Year-round.
  research: |
    -   Scientists at NOAA’s [Northeast Fisheries Science
        Center](http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/) conduct bottom trawl surveys
        every year during the fall and spring in inshore and offshore areas
        off the northeast coast to assess and monitor the abundance of
        redfish and other species. Managers use these data along with
        information from Canadian, state agency, and university-run surveys
        to determine the status of the redfish stock.
    -   [2017 Northeast Groundfish Operational Assessments
        website](https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/groundfish/operational-assessments-2017/)
    -   Funded by the Northeast Fisheries Science Center's Cooperative
        Research Program, researchers, regulators, and industry members are
        conducting a project called “[REDNET: A Network to Redevelop a
        Sustainable Redfish (*Sebastes fasciatus*) Trawl Fishery in the Gulf
        of
        Maine](http://www.nefmc.org/research/cte_mtg_docs/120625/Rednet%20Report/FInalComponent2.pdf).”
        The primary objective of this project is to devise strategies and
        means to efficiently harvest the redfish resource in the Gulf of
        Maine while avoiding non-target catch.
  fishing_rate: |
    At recommended level.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#c43b22
  sugars_total: |
    0 g
  taste: |
    Mild and slightly sweet. Redfish can be used as a substitute for haddock
    and similar fish.
  health_benefits: |
    Redfish is low in saturated fat. It’s a good source of niacin, vitamins
    B6 and B12, calcium, protein, phosphorus, and selenium.
  harvest: |
    -   Commercial fishery:
        -   In 2016, commercial landings of Acadian redfish totaled 8.9
            million pounds and were valued at $5.3 million.
        -   Commercial fishermen harvested 43 percent of their annual catch
            limit in 2016.
        -   NOAA Fisheries has been working with fishermen to increase
            opportunities to harvest redfish.
    -   Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
        -   Redfish are most commonly harvested using trawl nets, although
            they are sometimes also caught using gillnets, bottom longline,
            and rod and reel.
        -   Area closures and gear restrictions reduce habitat impacts from
            trawl nets.
        -   Fishermen follow management measures to designed to reduce
            interactions with marine mammals, including gear modifications,
            seasonal closures, and use of marine mammal deterrents.
    -   Recreational fishery:
        -   Acadian redfish are not a common target of anglers but may be
            encountered when targeting other groundfish species like cod and
            haddock.
        -   [Regulations](https://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/sustainable/recfishing/regs/index.html)
            are limited to a minimum fish size in federal waters.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/acadian\_redfish.png
    title: ''
    alt: |
      Acadian redfish
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    0 g
  quote: |
    U.S. wild-caught Acadian redfish is a smart seafood choice because it is
    sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.
  carbohydrate: |
    0 g
  serving_weight: |
    100 g (raw)
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild-caught from Maine to New York.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    Greater Atlantic
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   According to the [2017 stock
        assessment](https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/publications/crd/crd1717/),
        Acadian redfish are not overfished and are not subject to
        overfishing.
  population: |
    Above target population level.
  protein: |
    15.3 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   We manage a single stock of Acadian redfish in U.S. waters.
    -   [NOAA
        Fisheries](http://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/sustainable/species/multispecies/)
        and the [New England Fishery Management
        Council](https://www.nefmc.org/) manage the fishery.
    -   Redfish, along with other groundfish in New England waters, are
        managed under the [Northeast Multispecies Fishery Management
        Plan](https://www.nefmc.org/management-plans/northeast-multispecies),
        which includes:
        -   Permitting requirements for commercial vessels.
        -   Separate management measures for recreational vessels.
        -   Time/Area Closures to protect spawning fish and habitat.
        -   Minimum fish sizes to prevent harvest of juvenile fish.
        -   Annual catch limits, based on best available science.
        -   An optional sector ([catch
            share](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/laws-and-policies/catch-shares))
            program can be used for cod and other groundfish species. The
            sector program allows fishermen to form harvesting cooperatives
            and work together to decide when, where, and how they harvest
            fish.
  cholesterol: |
    52 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0 g
  sodium: |
    287 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Acadian redfish are slow-growing, long-lived fish.
    -   Redfish can grow up to 18 to 20 inches long and live 50 years or
        more.
    -   They mature at a late age (5 to 6 years) and have low reproductive
        rates.
    -   They mate in late autumn and early winter.
    -   Redfish give birth to live young (an unusual feature for fish), and
        fertilization, incubation, and hatching of eggs all occur within the
        female’s body.
    -   Eggs are not fertilized until spring and then incubate for 45 to 60
        days. Females release their hatched larvae from late spring through
        July and August.
    -   Females generally produce between 15,000 and 20,000 larvae per
        spawning cycle.
    -   Newly hatched redfish can swim well at birth and are soon able to
        forage for plankton (tiny floating plants and animals).
    -   Their survival rate is relatively high compared with that of
        egg-laying fish.
    -   Young redfish stay in the upper waters feeding on small crustaceans
        until they are about 2 inches long.
    -   In the fall, the young settle to the ocean bottom.
    -   Older redfish feed on larger invertebrates and small fish.
- calories: 103
  physical_description: |
    -   Skipjack tuna do not have scales except on the corselet (a band of
        large, thick scales behind the head) and the faint lateral line
        running lengthwise down each side of the fish.
    -   Their back is dark purplish blue, and their lower sides and belly
        are silvery with four to six conspicuous longitudinal dark bands,
        which may look like continuous lines of dark blotches.
  human_health:
  texture: Firm and moist with large flakes.
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: Atlantic Skipjack Tuna
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/atlantic-skipjack-tuna
  habitat_impacts: |
    Fishing gear used to harvest skipjack tuna has no impact on habitat
    because it does not contact the ocean floor.
  location: |
    -   Skipjack tuna are found in tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate
        waters of all oceans. In the western Atlantic, skipjack is found
        from Massachusetts to Brazil, including in the Gulf of Mexico and
        the Caribbean.
  color: |
    When raw, good-quality skipjack tuna meat is deep red. Smaller fish are
    lighter red. Cooked skipjack becomes light gray.
  species_aliases: |
    [Tuna](/species-aliases/tuna), [Ocean
    bonito](/species-aliases/ocean-bonito), [Lesser
    tuna](/species-aliases/lesser-tuna), [Aku](/species-aliases/aku)
  image_gallery:
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/01\_45.jpg
    title: |
      School of skipjack tuna.
    alt: |
      A black and white photo of a school of skipjack tuna.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/02\_35.jpg
    title: |
      Measuring a skipjack tuna.
    alt: |
      Measuring a skipjack tuna.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/04\_30.jpg
    title: |
      Whole skipjack tuna. Photo credit: U.S. Food and Drug Administration
    alt: |
      Whole skipjack tuna.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/05\_26.jpg
    title: |
      Skipjack tuna fillets. Photo credit: U.S. Food and Drug Administration
    alt: |
      Skipjack tuna fillets.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/06\_12.jpg
    title: ''
    alt: |
      A grilled Atlantic Skipjack Tuna steak served with tomatoes and olives.
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 36.5 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   Skipjack tuna are a pelagic species. They mostly live in the open
        ocean, but they may spend part of their life in nearshore waters.
    -   They can be found in surface waters and to depths of 850 feet during
        the day and generally stay near the surface at night.
    -   Skipjack tuna is a highly migratory species, swimming long distances
        to feed and reproduce.
    -   They swim in schools, especially around floating objects or
        hydrographic features such as convergence zones and boundaries
        between cold and warm water masses. They also school around
        upwelling areas, where dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich
        water is pushed toward the ocean surface, replacing the warmer,
        usually nutrient-depleted surface water.
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Katsuwonus pelamis
  production:
  fat_total: 1.01 g
  bycatch: |
    Bycatch is minimal because rod-and-reel gear and handlines are very
    selective.
  availability: |
    Fresh in late summer through early fall, and frozen and canned
    year-round. 
  research: |
    -   Skipjack often school around floating objects, including [fish
        aggregating
        devices](http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/interactions/gear/fads.htm)
        (FADs) intentionally placed in the water to attract fish. Foreign
        purse seiners and baitboats have used FADs extensively in the
        Atlantic since the early 1990s to catch skipjack, primarily off the
        coast of West Africa. Researchers have found that the increasing use
        of FADs has changed the species composition of tuna catches,
        resulting in a higher capture rate of juvenile
        [yellowfin](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/atlantic-yellowfin-tuna)
        and
        [bigeye](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/atlantic-bigeye-tuna) tuna
        for vessels targeting skipjack. The increased presence of FADs may
        also have an impact on the biology and ecology of skipjack, bigeye,
        and yellowfin tuna. Also, sea turtles and marine mammals can become
        entangled in nets, ropes, and lines that are used in the FADs.
    -   [NOAA, Partners Study: Growing Hypoxic Zones Reduce Habitat for
        Billfish and
        Tuna](http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2010/20101222_billfish.html)
  fishing_rate: |
    At recommended level.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#414551
  sugars_total: |
    0 g
  taste: |
    Skipjack tuna has the most pronounced taste of all of the tropical
    tunas.
  health_benefits: |
    Skipjack is an excellent source of low-fat protein.
  harvest: |
    -   Commercial fishery:
        -   Skipjack tuna are caught by U.S. vessels in the western North
            Atlantic, but are only a minor component of total U.S. tuna
            landings and a very small percentage of the total international
            landings of western Atlantic skipjack tuna.
        -   In 2015, the United States contributed about 0.4 percent of the
            total western Atlantic skipjack landings and 0.03 percent of
            total Atlantic skipjack landings.
        -   In 2015, commercial landings of Atlantic skipjack totaled 1.5
            metric tons dressed weight and were valued at $2,269.
        -   Almost all of the U.S. commercial harvest of skipjack tuna comes
            from the
            [Pacific](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/pacific-skipjack-tuna).
            Much of it is exported to foreign markets.
    -   Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
        -   In the Atlantic, U.S. commercial fishermen mainly use handgear
            to harvest skipjack tuna.
        -   Handgear includes rod-and-reel and handline gear, which consists
            of a mainline that is retrieved by hand with no more than two
            hooks attached.
        -   Handgear is highly selective and does not contact the ocean
            floor.
    -   Recreational fishery:
        -   U.S. recreational fishermen account for more of the total catch
            of skipjack tuna in the western Atlantic than commercial
            fishermen.
        -   Recreational fishermen must have a permit to fish for skipjack
            tuna.
        -   Recreational fishing for highly migratory species such as
            skipjack tuna provides significant economic benefits to coastal
            communities through individual angler expenditures, recreational
            charters, tournaments, and the shoreside businesses that support
            those activities.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/atlantic\_skipjack\_tuna\_0.png
    title: |
      Atlantic Skipjack Tuna
    alt: |
      Illustration of an Atlantic Skipjack Tuna
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    0.328 g
  quote: |
    U.S. wild-caught Atlantic skipjack tuna is a smart seafood choice
    because it is sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S.
    regulations.
  carbohydrate: |
    0 g
  serving_weight: |
    100 g (raw)
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild-caught from New York to Florida.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    Greater Atlantic, Southeast
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   According to the 2014 [stock
        assessment](http://www.iccat.int/Documents/Meetings/Docs/2014_SKJ_ASSESS_ENG.pdf),
        Atlantic skipjack tuna are not overfished and are not subject to
        overfishing.
    -   The [International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic
        Tunas](http://www.iccat.int/en/) (ICCAT) assesses the abundance of
        Atlantic skipjack tuna and evaluates the sustainability of current
        and proposed harvest practices. They use the scientific information
        from these assessments to make management recommendations.
    -   It’s difficult to assess the abundance of skipjack tuna due to its
        unique biological and fishery characteristics. Various assessment
        methods are used for skipjack tuna to overcome these difficulties,
        and several fishery indicators are analyzed for evidence of changes
        in the state of the stock over time.
  population: |
    Above target population level.
  protein: |
    22.00 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   [NOAA Fisheries](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov) and the [Atlantic
        Highly Migratory Species
        Division](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/topic/atlantic-highly-migratory-species)
        manage the Atlantic skipjack tuna fishery in the United States.
    -   Managed under the [Consolidated Atlantic Highly Migratory Species
        Fishery Management
        Plan](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/management-plan/consolidated-atlantic-highly-migratory-species-management-plan):
        -   Commercial fishermen must have a permit to harvest skipjack.
        -   Gear restrictions.
        -   Federal management for Atlantic tunas applies to state waters as
            well, except in Maine, Connecticut, and Mississippi. NOAA
            Fisheries periodically reviews these states’ regulations to make
            sure they’re consistent with federal regulations.
    -   Highly migratory species, such as skipjack tuna have complicated
        management that requires international cooperation.
    -   The United States participates in regional fisheries management
        organizations, such as the [International Commission for the
        Conservation of Atlantic Tunas](http://www.iccat.int/en/) (ICCAT),
        to enhance tuna management worldwide. NOAA Fisheries sets
        regulations for the U.S. western Atlantic skipjack tuna fishery
        based on our science as well as conservation and management measures
        adopted by ICCAT.
        -   No specific ICCAT management measures currently apply to
            skipjack tuna.
        -   In 2013, ICCAT adopted a measure to expand reporting
            requirements for tropical tuna fisheries using [fish aggregating
            devices](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/bycatch/fishing-gear-fish-aggregating-devices)
            (FADs). The measure will improve data collection and allow ICCAT
            scientists to better characterize the fishing effort associated
            with FAD fishing.
    -   In 2000, the United States established the [Dolphin-Safe Tuna
        Tracking and Verification
        Program](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-mammal-protection/dolphin-safe)
        to monitor the domestic production and importation of all frozen and
        processed tuna products nationwide and to authenticate any
        associated dolphin-safe claim.
  cholesterol: |
    47 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0 g
  sodium: |
    37 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Like other tropical tunas, skipjack tuna grow fast, up to over 3
        feet and 40 pounds, and have a relatively short life span, around 7
        years.
    -   In the eastern Atlantic, skipjack are able to reproduce when they’re
        1 year old. They spawn throughout the year in tropical waters and
        seasonally (spring to early fall) in subtropical areas.
    -   Depending on their size, females can produce between 100,000 and 2
        million eggs per year.
    -   Skipjack spawn more than once a season, as often as once per day.
    -   Once fertilized, the eggs hatch in about 1 day (depending on the
        temperature).
    -   Skipjack tuna are opportunistic feeders, preying on a variety of
        fish (e.g., herrings), crustaceans, cephalopods, mollusks, and
        sometimes other skipjack tunas.
    -   Large pelagic fishes such as billfish, sharks, and other large tunas
        prey on skipjack tuna.
- calories: 88
  physical_description: |
    -   <https://habcam.whoi.edu/>Scallops are bivalves (having two shells),
        like clams and oysters.
    -   The shells are held together by the adductor muscle (the part of the
        scallop Americans typically eat).
    -   Sea scallops have a saucer-shaped shell with scalloped or fluted
        edges.
    -   The upper shell is usually reddish-pink or brown in color. The lower
        shell is white or cream.
    -   A small percentage (5-10 percent) of sea scallops are albinos, with
        white upper and lower shells.
    -   Sea scallop shells are smooth and lack the prominent ribbing that is
        characteristic of most other scallop shells. It is thought that the
        sea scallop’s smooth shell is an adaptation to allow it to propel
        itself faster and farther.
  human_health:
  texture: Firm and lean.
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: Atlantic Sea Scallop
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/atlantic-sea-scallop
  habitat_impacts: |
    Area closures and gear restrictions protect habitat that are affected by
    some kinds of trawl and dredge gear.
  location: |
    -   Atlantic sea scallops are found in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean,
        from Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.
  color: |
    Raw scallops are shiny and creamy white, sometimes with an orange or
    pinkish tint (a natural variation that does not affect taste or
    quality). High-quality scallops have an ivory translucence and should
    keep their shape.
  species_aliases: |
    [Scallop](/species-aliases/scallop), [Sea
    scallop](/species-aliases/sea-scallop), [Giant
    scallop](/species-aliases/giant-scallop)
  image_gallery:
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/01\_44.jpg
    title: |
      You can tell how old a scallop is by counting the number of annuli
      (rings) on their shells (kind of like counting tree rings on a stump).
    alt: |
      A close-up of a scallop under water.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/14.jpg
    title: ''
    alt: |
      A close-up of an Atlantic Sea Scallop.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/11.jpg
    title: ''
    alt: |
      A man holding two different sized scallops.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/09\_1.jpg
    title: |
      Sorting the catch from the northern edge, Closed Area II survey in 2008
      aboard the research vessel Hugh Sharp.
    alt: |
      Men sort their catch of Atlantic Sea Scallops.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/17\_0.jpg
    title: ''
    alt: |
      Grilled Atlantic Sea Scallops served with salad greens.
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 22.2 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   Adult scallops live close together in groups called “beds,” on sandy
        or gravelly parts of the ocean floor.
    -   They are generally found at depths of about 100 to 300 feet on
        Georges Bank and in the Mid-Atlantic.
    -   Sea scallops can be found in shallower waters in Maine and Canada.
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Placopecten magellanicus
  production:
  fat_total: 0.76 g
  bycatch: |
    Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch.
  availability: |
    Year-round.
  research: |
    -   Scientists from NOAA’s [Northeast Fisheries Science
        Center](https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/) have surveyed the Atlantic sea
        scallop population off the northeastern U.S. coast between North
        Carolina and Massachusetts every year since 1979. They divide the
        survey area into zones of various depths and habitat, then tow a
        dredge and camera to randomly sample and document the marine life
        and other conditions in these zones. After each tow, they sort,
        count, and measure their catch. Dredge catches provide relative
        indices of the average density of animals, along with some
        information about bottom type and habitat.
    -   Scientists have recently started using a new undersea camera called
        the “[HabCam](http://habcam.whoi.edu/)” in scallop surveys to
        supplement the dredge data. The HabCam (short for Habitat Mapping
        Camera System) was developed by scientists at Woods Hole
        Oceanographic Institution working with Cape Cod scallop fishermen.
        Images from the HabCam supply absolute densities of scallops and
        other species, are less labor intensive in terms of crew, and
        provide much more information about the bottom habitat, all in
        near-real time. Using both the annual dredge surveys and the HabCam
        provides a more complete picture of the scallop population and its
        habitat.
    -   Scientists use information from these surveys along with data from
        other surveys and the commercial fishery to estimate abundance
        (biomass) and assess the health of the population and the
        sustainability of the fishery.
    -   Under the [Scallop Research Set-Aside
        Program](https://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/sustainable/research/index.html),
        1.25 million pounds (567 metric tons) of the allowed scallop harvest
        is set aside each year to fund scallop and habitat research and
        surveys to provide better information for future management
        decisions. This is not a federally-funded program. Participating
        scallop vessels fund research through the sale of the scallops they
        harvest. Past projects have focused on gear research to minimize
        bycatch of finfish, sea turtles, and small scallops; surveys of
        rotational access areas and other areas; studies of scallop
        biology; and development of survey technologies.
  fishing_rate: |
    At recommended level.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#a06840
  sugars_total: |
    0 g
  taste: |
    Sea scallops have a sweet, rich taste that can be mild or briny.
  health_benefits: |
    Scallops are a good low-fat source of protein and are high in selenium
    and B vitamins.
  harvest: |
    -   Commercial fishery:
        -   In 2017, commercial landings of Atlantic sea scallop totaled
            more than 51.4 million pounds of sea scallop meats and were
            valued at more than $506 million.
        -   Scallop vessels from Massachusetts, Virginia, and New Jersey are
            responsible for the majority of the U.S. harvest.
        -   The principal U.S. commercial fisheries for sea scallop are in
            the Mid-Atlantic (from Virginia to Long Island, New York) and on
            Georges Bank and neighboring areas, such as the Great South
            Channel and Nantucket Shoals. There is also a small, primarily
            inshore fishery for sea scallops in the Gulf of Maine.
        -   The U.S. sea scallop fishery is extremely important to the U.S.
            economy and is the largest wild scallop fishery in the world.
    -   Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
        -   U.S. commercial fishermen harvest sea scallops year-round,
            primarily using turtle deflector–style scallop dredges that
            catch scallops much like rakes collect leaves.
        -   A small number of fishermen use otter trawls, mostly in the
            Mid-Atlantic.
        -   Divers and Digby dredges are sometimes used in near-shore areas
            in the Gulf of Maine.
        -   The bottom fishing gears used to harvest scallops, such as
            dredges and trawls, can remove some bottom habitat–forming
            organisms, including tubeworms and sponges.
        -   Managers have implemented a variety of measures to protect
            habitat from potential impacts of [fishing
            gear](https://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/sustainable/species/scallop/):
            -   Several areas are closed year-round to harvesting scallops
                to protect sensitive habitat.
            -   Managers have implemented a rotational access area program,
                which restricts where and when scallop vessels can fish,
                benefitting both habitat and scallop populations.
            -   Fishermen use 4-inch rings in their scallop dredges that
                increase the dredges’ efficiency, catching larger scallops
                and allowing smaller scallops and other small marine life to
                return to the sea floor by passing through the dredge rings.
                The 4-inch rings reduce the amount of time dredges contact
                the bottom.
        -   Sea turtles, finfish (such as yellowtail flounder, skates, and
            monkfish), and undersized scallops can be incidentally caught in
            the scallop fishery.
        -   Managers seasonally prohibit fishing in areas where finfish
            species congregate, reducing catch of these untargeted species.
        -   Scallop fishermen receive annual allocations of windowpane and
            yellowtail flounder that they can catch. If the catches are
            exceeded, managers will implement measures to minimize catch of
            these species in a future fishing year (e.g., gear restrictions
            and seasonal closures).
        -   Scallop vessels in the Mid-Atlantic must use a [turtle deflector
            dredge](https://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/nero/nr/nrdoc/12/12ScalFW23PHL.pdf) and
            chain mat when and where sea turtles occur on scallop grounds.
            The turtle deflector dredge excludes sea turtles from being
            caught in the dredge and prevents serious injuries to the
            turtles.
        -   Scallop dredges using “twine-tops” must adhere to gear
            modifications designed to allow fish to escape.
        -   Research and experimentation with different techniques and
            gears, as well as education efforts, have helped reduce bycatch.
        -   Managers and the fishing industry continue to collaborate to
            redesign scallop dredges to reduce flounder bycatch and to
            minimize injuries to and capture of sea turtles.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/atlantic\_sea\_scallop.png
    title: |
      Atlantic Sea Scallop
    alt: |
      Illustration of an Atlantic Sea Scallop
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    0.079 g
  quote: |
    U.S. wild-caught Atlantic sea scallop is a smart seafood choice because
    it is sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S.
    regulations.
  carbohydrate: |
    2.36 g
  serving_weight: |
    100 g
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild-caught from Maine to North Carolina.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    Greater Atlantic
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   According to the [2018 stock
        assessment](https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/publications/crd/crd1808/),
        Atlantic sea scallops are not overfished and are not subject to
        overfishing.
  population: |
    Above target population level.
  protein: |
    16.7 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   [NOAA
        Fisheries](https://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/sustainable/species/scallop/)
        and the [New England](https://www.nefmc.org/) Fishery Management
        Council manage the Atlantic sea scallop fishery.
    -   Managed under the [Atlantic Sea Scallop Fishery Management
        Plan](https://www.nefmc.org/management-plans/scallops):
        -   Managers determine a total allowable catch for the scallop
            fishery based on estimates of the scallop population. They
            allocate this catch amount to different groups of the fishery,
            depending on their permit type and historical catch, through
            days-at-sea and number of trips to special access areas.
        -   Other management measures include:
            -   Limits on crew size.
            -   Areas closed to scallop dredging to allow young scallops to
                grow large and reproduce, and to reduce bycatch of
                non-targeted species.
            -   Vessels harvesting scallops must use [vessel monitoring
                systems](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/topic/enforcement/vessel-monitoring)
                (a satellite communications system used to monitor fishing
                activities).
            -   Individual Fishing Quotas (IFQs), a type of [catch
                share](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/laws-and-policies/catch-shares)
                program, for Limited Access General Category permit holders.
        -   There is a sea scallop fishery in the Gulf of Maine that
            operates in both federal and state waters. This fishery
            primarily occurs in Maine state waters and is managed by the
            state through gear and seasonal restrictions and rotational
            closures. The federal component of the fishery is managed
            through daily catch limits and gear restrictions.
  cholesterol: |
    33 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0 g
  sodium: |
    161 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Sea scallops can live up to 20 years. They grow quickly for the
        first few years of their life.
    -   The largest scallop ever reported was about 9 inches in shell
        height, but they typically don’t grow larger than 6 inches.
    -   Sea scallops can reproduce by age 2, but don’t produce many eggs or
        sperm until they are about 4 years old.
    -   They are very fertile—a female sea scallop can produce hundreds of
        millions of eggs per year. For this reason, scallops may respond
        more rapidly to management actions than species that reproduce
        slowly and in small numbers.
    -   Sea scallops usually spawn in late summer or early fall. They also
        may spawn in the spring, especially in the Mid-Atlantic Bight.
    -   After hatching, scallop larvae remain in the water column for 4 to 6
        weeks before settling on the ocean floor.
    -   Sea scallops feed by filtering phytoplankton or other small
        organisms out of the water column, which can actually help to
        improve water quality by removing suspended materials.
    -   Many kinds of pelagic fish and invertebrates eat scallop larvae.
    -   Cod, wolffish, eel pout, flounder, crabs, lobster, sea turtles, and
        sea stars feed on juvenile and adult scallops.
    -   Using its adductor muscle to snap its top and bottom shells open and
        shut, a sea scallop can propel itself through the water. This helps
        them escape predators, such as sea stars, that other bivalves like
        mussels, clams, and oysters can’t avoid.
- calories: 142
  physical_description: |
    -   Atlantic salmon have a spindle-like body shape – rounded, broad in
        the middle, and tapered at each end. The shape is somewhat flattened
        toward the sides, which is typical of salmon species.
    -   The head is relatively small, about one-fifth of the body length.
        The underside paired fins are prominent, especially on juveniles.
    -   Spawning adults darken to a bronze color after entering freshwater
        and darken further after they spawn. When spawning has been
        completed, they are often referred to as kelts or black salmon. 
        Their silver color returns after they re-enter the sea.
  human_health:
  texture:
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: Atlantic Salmon
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/atlantic-salmon
  habitat_impacts: |
    Not applicable – there is no commercial or recreational fishery for
    Atlantic salmon in the United States.
  location: |
    -   Atlantic salmon are the only salmon native to the Atlantic Ocean.
    -   There are three groups of wild Atlantic salmon: North American,
        European, and Baltic. The North American group, including the
        Canadian and U.S. populations, was historically found from northern
        Quebec southeast to Newfoundland and southwest to Long Island Sound.
    -   In the United States, Atlantic salmon were once native to almost
        every river north of the Hudson River. Due to the effects of
        industrial and agricultural development (including habitat
        destruction, dams, and historic overfishing), most populations
        native to New England were eradicated. Now, the only native
        populations of Atlantic salmon in the United States are found in
        Maine.

    ![A map showing the geographic range of Altantic
    Salmon.](https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/atlantic_salmon_migration_route_large.jpg)
  color:
  species_aliases: |
    [Sea run salmon](/species-aliases/sea-run-salmon),
    [Kelts](/species-aliases/kelts), [Black
    salmon](/species-aliases/black-salmon)
  image_gallery:
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/01\_43.jpg
    title: |
      Atlantic salmon.
    alt: |
      A man displays his catch of Atlantic salmon.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/02\_34.jpg
    title: |
      Atlantic salmon life cycle.
    alt: |
      A schematic of the Atlantic salmon life cycle.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/03\_36.jpg
    title: |
      Wild Atlantic salmon spawning on a Connecticut River tributary. Photo
      credit: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
    alt: |
      Wild Atlantic salmon spawning on a Connecticut River tributary.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/04\_29.jpg
    title: |
      Atlantic salmon parr emerging from streambed. Photo credit: U.S. Fish
      and Wildlife Service.
    alt: |
      Atlantic salmon parr emerging from streambed.
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 36.5 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   Atlantic salmon are anadromous – they leave the ocean to return to
        freshwater streams and rivers to breed.
    -   After hatching, young Atlantic salmon (called parr) remain in rivers
        or streams for the first 1 to 2 years of life, preferring shallow,
        cool, fast-flowing water with shade.
    -   After this period, the salmon migrate to open ocean waters where
        they spend about 2 to 3 years feeding, then return to their natal
        streams or rivers to spawn during the fall.
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Salmo salar
  production:
  fat_total: 6.34 g
  bycatch: |
    Not applicable – there is no commercial fishery for Atlantic salmon in
    the United States.
  availability: |
    Wild-caught is not available.
    [Farm-raised](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/atlantic-salmon-farmed)
    is available year-round.
  research: |
    -   For salmon in Maine, most current research focuses on two priorities
        – the impact of dams on populations and survival of salmon in the
        ocean. See [NOAA Fisheries Northeast Salmon
        Team](https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/salmon/).
    -   Atlantic salmon may be facing new challenges in the Gulf of Maine
        due to changing environmental conditions. Increasing numbers of
        hatchery-raised Atlantic salmon smolts are entering the ocean via
        the Gulf of Maine, but fewer are returning to spawn, raising
        questions as to what is happening to these fish at sea. A [2011
        study](https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/press_release/2011/SciSpot/SS1107/)
        co-authored by a NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center researcher
        suggests that changing spring wind patterns, warming sea surface
        temperatures, and new predators along altered migration routes are
        affecting the survival of Atlantic salmon.
    -   [Learning about Atlantic Salmon in Greenland via Satellite
        Tags](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/learning-about-atlantic-salmon-greenland-satellite-tags)
  fishing_rate: |
    Commercial and recreational fishing for Atlantic salmon is prohibited.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#807e92
  sugars_total: |
    0 g
  taste:
  health_benefits:
  harvest: |
    -   Commercial fishery:
        -   There is no commercial catch of wild Atlantic salmon in the
            United States.
        -   Atlantic salmon were a highly prized game and food fish.
        -   They were caught by Native Americans before the first settlers
            arrived, and commercial fisheries for Atlantic salmon started in
            Maine during the 1600s.
        -   Around the time of the American Revolution, weirs (an enclosure
            of stakes set in a stream as a trap for fish) became the gear of
            choice in U.S. Atlantic salmon commercial fisheries and were
            modified as more effective materials and designs became
            available.
        -   Catches in Maine exceeded 90 metric tons in the late 1800s and
            45 metric tons in some years during the early 1900s.
    -   Recreational fishery:
        -   Recreational fishermen have reportedly been angling for Atlantic
            salmon since 1832, when the first Atlantic salmon caught on
            rod-and-reel gear was captured in the Dennys River in Maine.
        -   Recreational fisheries are closed in the United States, with the
            exception of some landlocked fisheries for Atlantic salmon in
            New Hampshire, where fish retired from hatchery broodstock are
            released for angling.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/atlantic\_salmon.png
    title: |
      Atlantic Salmon
    alt: |
      Illustration of an Atlantic Salmon.
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    0.981 g
  quote: |
    Commercial and recreational fishing for Atlantic salmon in the United
    States is prohibited. Atlantic salmon found in the market is
    farm-raised.
  carbohydrate: |
    0 g
  serving_weight: |
    100 g (raw)
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    Commercial and recreational fishing for Atlantic salmon in the United
    States is prohibited. Atlantic salmon found in the market is
    farm-raised.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    Greater Atlantic
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   The U.S. Atlantic Salmon Assessment Committee, a team of state and
        federal biologists, collects data on Atlantic salmon throughout New
        England and assesses the species’ population status. Their [2019
        annual
        report](https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/USASAC/Reports/USASAC2019-Report-31-2018-Activities.pdf)
        indicates that returns remain at historically low levels.
    -   Scientists determine the population status by counting the number of
        adults that return to spawn, either directly at traps and weirs or
        indirectly using nest surveys and modeling.
    -   Atlantic salmon stocks began to decline in the mid-1800s due to a
        number of factors including habitat destruction and historic
        overfishing.
  population: |
    Significantly below target population levels. Rebuilding plan is in
    place.
  protein: |
    19.84 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   [NOAA
        Fisheries](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/atlantic-salmon-protected),
        the [U.S. Fish and Wildlife
        Service](https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp0/profile/speciesProfile?sId=2097),
        the [New England Fishery Management
        Council](https://www.nefmc.org/), and the [State of
        Maine](http://www.maine.gov/portal/index.html) manage Atlantic
        salmon.
    -   Managed under the [Fishery Management Plan for Atlantic
        Salmon](https://www.nefmc.org/management-plans/atlantic-salmon):
        -   Prohibits possession of wild Atlantic salmon and any directed or
            incidental Atlantic salmon catch in federal waters.
        -   All Atlantic salmon caught incidentally in other fisheries must
            be released in a manner that ensures maximum probability of
            survival. This protects Atlantic salmon in U.S. marine waters
            and complements management in state-managed riverine and coastal
            waters.
    -   In 2000, NOAA Fisheries and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
        listed the Gulf of Maine distinct population segment of Atlantic
        salmon as endangered under the Endangered Species Act. The two
        agencies are jointly responsible for the recovery of this endangered
        population of Atlantic salmon.
    -   In December 2005, the agencies, in coordination with the State of
        Maine, finalized the Recovery Plan for the Gulf of Maine distinct
        population segment. This plan identifies recovery actions needed to
        halt the decline of the species and lays out a process to minimize
        threats.
    -   In June 2009, they extended Endangered Species Act protection to
        more Atlantic salmon, adding fish in the Penobscot, Kennebec, and
        Androscoggin rivers and their tributaries to the endangered Gulf of
        Maine distinct population segment. Protection also applies wherever
        these fish are found, including these rivers’ estuaries and marine
        environment.
    -   A new recovery plan is being developed to reflect the expanded range
        of endangered salmon and the designation of their critical habitat
        (the area needed to support the fish population’s survival and
        recovery).
    -   In 2015, NOAA Fisheries announced a new program to focus and
        redouble our efforts to protect eight species that are currently
        among the most at risk of extinction in the near future. This 5-year
        action plan focuses on priority actions for Atlantic salmon.
        [Species in the
        Spotlight](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/atlantic-salmon-protected/spotlight)
    -   International management:
        -   Because Atlantic salmon migrate all along the North American
            coast, the United States joined with other North Atlantic
            nations in 1984 to form the [North Atlantic Salmon Conservation
            Organization](http://www.nasco.int/) (NASCO) to cooperatively
            manage Atlantic salmon stocks through conservation, restoration,
            and enhancement programs.
        -   The United States’ participation in NASCO supports the long-term
            commitment by the states and federal government to rehabilitate
            and restore U.S. Atlantic salmon stocks.
        -   The [International Council for the Exploration of the
            Sea](http://www.ices.dk/Pages/default.aspx) (ICES) is the
            official research arm of NASCO. ICES provides scientific advice
            to NASCO members to inform science-based management
            recommendations for the conservation of North Atlantic salmon
            stocks.
    -   Substantial efforts are ongoing to restore wild Atlantic salmon and
        their habitat. These include improving fish passage by removing or
        modifying dams so salmon can reach freshwater spawning and rearing
        areas critical to their survival, understanding and improving
        historically low salmon survival in the ocean, and supplementing
        wild populations with hatchery-raised Atlantic salmon.
    -   Atlantic salmon have been raised in hatcheries since 1864 to enhance
        wild populations. Today, these hatcheries help to prevent further
        decline of Atlantic salmon and subsequently prevent their
        extinction.
    -   In the late 1970s, commercial aquaculture ventures started rearing
        Atlantic salmon in Maine. See [Atlantic Salmon –
        Farmed](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/atlantic-salmon-farmed) for
        more information.
  cholesterol: |
    55 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0 g
  sodium: |
    44 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Atlantic salmon are anadromous – they leave the ocean to return to
        freshwater streams and rivers to breed.
    -   Females lay an average of 7,500 eggs in gravel nests, called redds.
    -   Eggs incubate slowly due to cold winter water temperatures. About 9
        to 20 percent of the eggs survive to the fry stage.
    -   Fry remain buried in the gravel for about 6 weeks and emerge in
        mid-May.
    -   They quickly disperse from the redds and develop camouflaging
        stripes along their sides, entering the parr stage.
    -   Parr eventually undergo a physiological transformation called
        smoltification that prepares them for life in a marine habitat.
        During smoltification, fish imprint on the chemical nature of the
        stream or river to enable them to find their way back to where they
        were born. After smoltfication is complete in the spring, smolts
        migrate to the ocean to grow, feed, and mature.
    -   Atlantic salmon growth rates are variable and depend on several
        factors including season, habitat quality, age, sex, and population
        density.
    -   They grow much faster in saltwater than in freshwater. After 2 years
        at sea, adult salmon can grow to an average length of 28 to 30
        inches and weight of 8 to 12 pounds.
    -   Unlike the Pacific salmon species, Atlantic salmon do not die after
        spawning, and adults can repeat the breeding cycle. They live for 4
        to 6 years.
    -   Juvenile Atlantic salmon mostly prey on invertebrates and
        terrestrial insects while in freshwater and on amphipods (small,
        shrimp-like crustaceans), krill, and fishes while at sea.
    -   Larger adult Atlantic salmon mainly prey on fish such as Atlantic
        herring, alewife, rainbow smelt, capelin, mummichogs, sand lances,
        flatfish, and small Atlantic mackerel.
    -   Birds, marine mammals, and fish prey on Atlantic salmon.
- calories: 92
  physical_description: |
    -   Atlantic pollock are brownish-green on the back and slightly pale on
        the belly.
    -   They have a small chin barbel, like the whiskers on a catfish.
    -   They are a member of the cod family but can be distinguished by
        their greenish hue and darker flesh.
  human_health:
  texture: Firm.
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: Atlantic Pollock
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/atlantic-pollock
  habitat_impacts: |
    Area closures and gear restrictions protect habitat that are affected by
    some kinds of trawl gear.
  location: |
    -   Atlantic pollock are found in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean and are
        most common on the western Scotian Shelf and in the Gulf of Maine.
  color: |
    White.
  species_aliases: |
    [Saithe](/species-aliases/saithe),
    [Coalfish](/species-aliases/coalfish), [Coley](/species-aliases/coley),
    [Green cod](/species-aliases/green-cod), [Boston
    bluefish](/species-aliases/boston-bluefish)
  image_gallery:
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/01\_42.jpg
    title: |
      Atlantic pollock.
    alt: |
      Atlantic pollock swimming.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/02\_33.jpg
    title: |
      Atlantic pollock catch.
    alt: |
      A fisherman displays his catch of Atlantic Pollock.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/04\_28.jpg
    title: |
      Whole Atlantic pollock. Photo credit: U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
    alt: |
      A photo of a whole Atlantic pollock.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/05\_25.jpg
    title: |
      Atlantic pollock fillets. Photo credit: U.S. Food and Drug
      Administration.
    alt: |
      A photo of Atlantic pollock fillets.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/06\_11.jpg
    title: ''
    alt: |
      A photo of a plate of Atlantic Pollock with green beans.
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 36.5 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   Pollock eggs and larvae are found in the water column.
    -   Juveniles are found inshore and move offshore as they grow older.
        When in inshore waters, juvenile pollock school in the open water at
        low tide, then scatter at high tide and hide in intertidal seaweed
        beds.
    -   Adults live offshore near the ocean floor over a wide variety of
        ocean bottom habitats including sand, mud, rocks, and vegetation.
    -   Atlantic pollock swim in schools and are believed to travel
        extensively between the Scotian Shelf and Georges Bank and, to a
        lesser extent, between the Scotian Shelf and the Gulf of Maine.
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Pollachius virens
  production:
  fat_total: 0.98 g
  bycatch: |
    Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch.
  availability: |
    Year-round. Peak landings are from November through January.
  research: |
    -   Scientists at NOAA’s [Northeast Fisheries Science
        Center](https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/) conduct bottom trawl surveys
        every year during the fall and spring in inshore and offshore areas
        off the northeast coast to monitor the abundance of pollock and
        other species. They use these data, along with data from surveys
        conducted by the state fisheries management agencies and fishery
        statistics, to determine the status of the pollock stocks.
    -   [2017 Northeast Groundfish Operational Assessments
        website](https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/groundfish/operational-assessments-2017/)
  fishing_rate: |
    At recommended level.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#4b5657
  sugars_total: |
    0 g
  taste: |
    Sweet and delicate.
  health_benefits: |
    Atlantic pollock is very low in saturated fat and is a very good source
    of protein, vitamin B12, phosphorus, and selenium.
  harvest: |
    -   Commercial fishery:
        -   The 2016 commercial landings of Atlantic pollock totaled more
            than 5.7 million pounds and were valued at $6.5 million.
        -   Commercial fishermen harvested 17% of their annual catch limit
            in 2016.
    -   Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
        -   Pollock are commonly harvested using trawl nets, gillnets,
            bottom longlines, and rod and reel.
        -   Gillnets, longlines, and rod and reel used to harvest pollock
            have little to no impact on habitat.
        -   Areas closures and gear restrictions reduce habitat impacts from
            trawl nets.
        -   Fishermen follow management measures to designed to reduce
            interactions with marine mammals, including gear modifications,
            seasonal closures, and use of marine mammal deterrents.
    -   Recreational fishery:
        -   Pollock is growing in popularity with anglers that have
            traditionally targeted other groundfish like cod and haddock.
            Anglers target pollock from boats and shore using both lures and
            bait. Successful anglers find that the fish puts up a spirited
            fight. Fishing occurs year-round.
        -   [Regulations](https://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/sustainable/recfishing/regs/index.html)
            are limited to a minimum fish size in federal waters.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/atlantic\_pollack.png
    title: |
      Atlantic Pollock
    alt: |
      Illustration of an Atlantic Pollock
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    0.135 g
  quote: |
    U.S. wild-caught Atlantic pollock is a smart seafood choice because it
    is sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.
  carbohydrate: |
    0 g
  serving_weight: |
    100 g (raw)
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild-caught from Maine to Virginia.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    Greater Atlantic
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   According to the [2017 stock
        assessment](https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/publications/crd/crd1717/),
        Atlantic pollock are not overfished and are not subject to
        overfishing.
  population: |
    Above target population level.
  protein: |
    19.44 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   [NOAA
        Fisheries](https://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/sustainable/species/multispecies/)
        and the [New England Fishery Management
        Council](https://www.nefmc.org/) manage the fishery.
    -   Pollock, along with other groundfish in New England waters, are
        managed under the  [Northeast Multispecies Fishery Management
        Plan](https://www.nefmc.org/management-plans/northeast-multispecies),
        which includes:
        -   Permitting requirements for commercial vessels.
        -   Separate management measures for recreational vessels.
        -   Time/Area Closures to protect spawning fish and habitat.
        -   Minimum fish sizes to prevent harvest of juvenile fish.
        -   Annual catch limits, based on best available science.
        -   An optional sector ([catch
            share](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/laws-and-policies/catch-shares))
            program can be used for cod and other groundfish species. The
            sector program allows fishermen to form harvesting cooperatives
            and work together to decide when, where, and how they harvest
            fish.
  cholesterol: |
    71 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0 g
  sodium: |
    86 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Atlantic pollock grow fast at first until they sexually mature
        between the ages of 3 and 6.
    -   They grow to more than 3 ½ feet long and 35 pounds and can live a
        long time, up to 23 years.
    -   Atlantic pollock spawn from November through February over hard,
        stony, or rocky ocean bottoms in areas throughout the Gulf of Maine
        and Georges Bank.
    -   They spawn multiple times per season.
    -   Pollock eggs rise into the water column after they are released and
        fertilized.
    -   Smaller pollock in inshore waters feed on small crustaceans and
        small fish. Larger pollock mainly prey on fish.
    -   A variety of fish eat juvenile pollock. Spiny dogfish, monkfish, and
        other pollock prey on adults.
- calories: 109
  physical_description: |
    -   Yellowfin tuna are torpedo-shaped.
    -   They are metallic dark blue on the back and upper sides, and change
        from yellow to silver on the belly.
    -   True to their name, their dorsal and anal fins and finlets are
        bright yellow.
    -   Yellowfin tuna can be distinguished from other tunas by their long,
        bright yellow dorsal fin and a yellow strip down the side. They are
        also more slender than bluefin tuna.
  human_health:
  texture: The meat is firm and moist with large flakes.
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: Atlantic Yellowfin Tuna
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/atlantic-yellowfin-tuna
  habitat_impacts: |
    Fishing gears used to harvest yellowfin tuna have almost no impact on
    habitat because they’re used in the water column and don’t come into
    contact with the ocean floor.
  location: |
    -   Yellowfin tuna are found near the surface of tropical and
        subtropical oceans around the world.
  color: |
    Meat is bright red when raw and turns brown to grayish-tan when cooked.
  species_aliases: |
    [Tuna](/species-aliases/tuna), [Ahi](/species-aliases/ahi)
  image_gallery:
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/atlantic-yellowfin-tuna\_01.jpg
    title: ''
    alt: |
      Atlantic Yellowfin Tuna image
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/atlantic-yellowfin-tuna\_02.jpg
    title: |
      Measuring a yellowfin tuna.
    alt: |
      Measuring a yellowfin tuna image
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/atlantic-yellowfin-tuna\_03.jpg
    title: |
      A recreational fisherman fillets his catch of yellowfin tuna.
    alt: |
      A recreational fisherman fillets his catch of yellowfin tuna image
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/atlantic-yellowfin-tuna\_04.jpg
    title: |
      Yellowfin tuna caught off Nags Head, North Carolina.
    alt: |
      Yellowfin tuna caught off Nags Head, North Carolina image
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/atlantic-yellowfin-tuna\_05.jpg
    title: |
      A school of yellowfin tuna.
    alt: |
      A school of yellowfin tuna image
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 36.5 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   Yellowfin tuna are highly migratory and can swim across an entire
        ocean.
    -   Juvenile yellowfin tuna travel in schools with
        [skipjack](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/atlantic-skipjack-tuna)
        and juvenile
        [bigeye](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/atlantic-bigeye-tuna)
        tuna.  
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Thunnus albacares
  production:
  fat_total: 0.49 g
  bycatch: |
    Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch.
  availability: |
    Year-round.
  research: |
    -   NOAA Fisheries scientists continue to research ways to improve the
        methods used to assess the yellowfin population.
    -   They will work with ICCAT in its large-scale tagging project to
        learn more about the lifecycle and migration patterns of Atlantic
        yellowfin and other Atlantic tropical tunas.
    -   Scientists from Texas A&M University continue to analyze yellowfin
        tuna samples to help determine nursery areas within the Gulf of
        Mexico.
  fishing_rate: |
    At recommended level.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#dfbd29
  sugars_total: |
    0 g
  taste: |
    Yellowfin tuna has a mild, meaty flavor. It’s more flavorful than
    albacore, but leaner than [bluefin
    tuna](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/western-atlantic-bluefin-tuna).
  health_benefits: |
    Yellowfin tuna is low in saturated fat and sodium and is a very good
    source of protein, thiamin, selenium, vitamin B6, and omega-3s.
  harvest: |
    -   Commercial fishery:
        -   U.S. landings of Atlantic yellowfin tuna represent a small
            percentage of the total international landings of Atlantic
            yellowfin tuna. In 2015, the United States contributed about
            2 percent of the total Atlantic yellowfin tuna landings.
        -   In 2015, commercial landings of Atlantic yellowfin tuna totaled
            891 metric tons dressed weight and were valued at $8.5 million.
        -   Yellowfin tuna is the principal species of tropical tuna landed
            by U.S. fisheries in the western North Atlantic.
        -   The majority of U.S. commercial landings come from the longline
            fleet operating in the northwest Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and
            Caribbean.
    -   Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
        -   U.S. commercial fishermen primarily use longline, rod-and-reel,
            and handline gear to harvest Atlantic yellowfin tuna.
        -   Pelagic longline gear and handgear (handline and rod-and-reel)
            used to catch yellowfin tuna have no impact on habitat because
            they’re used in the water column and don’t come into contact
            with the ocean floor.
        -   Handgear is very selective so bycatch is minimal, but pelagic
            longlines can incidentally catch other fish and protected
            species such as marine mammals and sea turtles.
        -   NOAA Fisheries has taken the following additional measures to
            prevent bycatch and sustainably manage this fishery. Fishermen
            are:
            -   Required to use large circle hooks and certain types of bait
                that limit gear interactions with sea turtles. Circle hooks
                are specifically designed to minimize the damage caused by
                hooking, giving animals that are captured and released a
                better chance at survival.
            -   Trained to use special techniques to safely dehook and
                release any incidentally caught turtles.
            -   Required to stop fishing and move 1 nautical mile if they
                encounter a protected species.
            -   Required to protect pilot whales and Risso's dolphins when
                fishing in the Mid-Atlantic Bight by limiting the length of
                their lines to 20 nautical miles and posting [marine mammal
                handling/release
                guidelines](http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/interactions/handling_release.pdf)
                on their vessels. In addition, if fishing in the Cape
                Hatteras Special Research Area, pelagic longliners must
                contact NOAA Fisheries at least 48 hours prior to a trip and
                carry observers if requested.
            -   Required to use weak hooks in the Gulf of Mexico to reduce
                incidental catch of bluefin tuna and prohibited from using
                live bait to reduce bycatch of billfish.
            -   Restricted from areas of the Gulf of Mexico to reduce
                bycatch of all species.
            -   Required to carry [vessel monitoring
                systems](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/topic/enforcement/vessel-monitoring)
                onboard their boats to ensure compliance with these
                closures.
            -   Required to carry at-sea fisheries observers upon request.
                NOAA Fisheries reviews observer data to monitor protected
                species interactions and takes appropriate action as
                necessary.
    -   Recreational fishery:
        -   A high proportion of landings are rod-and-reel catches by
            recreational anglers.
        -   In 2015, recreational fishermen caught 936 metric tons of
            yellowfin tuna.
        -   Recreational fishermen enjoy catching yellowfin tuna because
            they’re large (up to 400 pounds) and they fight hard.
        -   Recreational fishermen must have a permit to catch yellowfin
            tuna.
        -   They have daily bag limits. However, catch, tag, and release is
            allowed.
        -   Recreational fishing for highly migratory species such as
            yellowfin tuna provides significant economic benefits to coastal
            communities through individual angler expenditures, recreational
            charters, tournaments, and the shoreside businesses that support
            those activities.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/atlantic\_yellowfin\_tuna\_0.png
    title: ''
    alt: |
      Atlantic Yellowfin Tuna illustration
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    0.172 g
  quote: |
    U.S. wild-caught Atlantic yellowfin tuna is a smart seafood choice
    because it is sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S.
    regulations.
  carbohydrate: |
    0 g
  serving_weight: |
    100 g (raw)
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild-caught from Massachusetts to Texas.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    Greater Atlantic, Southeast
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   According to the 2016 [stock
        assessment](http://www.iccat.int/en/assess.htm), Atlantic yellowfin
        tuna are not overfished and are not subject to overfishing.
    -   The [International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic
        Tunas](http://www.iccat.int/en/) (ICCAT) assesses the abundance of
        Atlantic yellowfin tuna and evaluates the sustainability of current
        and proposed harvest practices. They use the scientific information
        from these assessments to make management recommendations.
    -   Scientists estimate the stock is approximately 5 percent below the
        target level. The stock is considered overfished based on the ICCAT
        definition because ICCAT does not set different levels for the
        target population level and the overfished level. This means that
        stocks that are not at the target population level are also regarded
        as overfished by ICCAT. NOAA Fisheries sets the overfished level at
        50 percent of the population level, so according to their
        definition, the stock is not overfished.
  population: |
    Near target population level and fishing rate promotes population
    growth.
  protein: |
    24.4 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   [NOAA Fisheries](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov) and the [Atlantic
        Highly Migratory Species
        Division](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/topic/atlantic-highly-migratory-species) manage
        the Atlantic yellowfin tuna fishery in the United States.
    -   Managed under the [2006 Consolidated Atlantic Highly Migratory
        Species Fishery Management
        Plan](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/management-plan/consolidated-atlantic-highly-migratory-species-management-plan) and
        amendments:
        -   Commercial fishermen must have a permit to harvest yellowfin
            tuna.
        -   Gear restrictions.
        -   Time/area closures.
        -   Minimum size limit.
        -   Federal management for Atlantic tunas applies to state waters as
            well, except in Maine, Connecticut, and Mississippi. NOAA
            Fisheries periodically reviews these states’ regulations to make
            sure they’re consistent with federal regulations.
    -   Highly migratory species, such as yellowfin tuna, have complicated
        management that requires international cooperation.
    -   The United States participates in regional fisheries management
        organizations, such as the [International Commission for the
        Conservation of Atlantic Tunas](http://www.iccat.int/en/) (ICCAT),
        to enhance tuna management worldwide. NOAA Fisheries sets
        regulations for the U.S. western Atlantic yellowfin tuna fishery
        based on our science as well as conservation and management measures
        adopted by ICCAT.
    -   In 2011, ICCAT adopted new yellowfin tuna management standards that
        reduced the catch of small yellowfin off West Africa and brought
        other fishing nations closer to U.S. standards.
    -   In 2013, ICCAT adopted a measure to expand reporting requirements
        for tropical tuna fisheries using [fish aggregating
        devices](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/bycatch/fishing-gear-fish-aggregating-devices)
        (FADs). The measure will improve data collection and allow ICCAT
        scientists to better characterize the fishing effort associated with
        FAD fishing.
    -   In 2000, the United States established the [Dolphin-Safe Tuna
        Tracking and Verification
        Program](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-mammal-protection/dolphin-safe)
        to monitor the domestic production and importation of all frozen and
        processed tuna products nationwide and to authenticate any
        associated dolphin-safe claim.
  cholesterol: |
    39 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0 g
  sodium: |
    45 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Yellowfin tuna grow fairly fast, up to 400 pounds, and have a
        somewhat short life span of about 7 years.
    -   Most yellowfin tuna are able to reproduce when they reach age 2
        or 3.
    -   In the western Atlantic, they spawn from May to August in the Gulf
        of Mexico and from July to November in the southeastern Caribbean.
        In the eastern Atlantic, they spawn from October to March in the
        Gulf of Guinea and from April to June off Senegal.
    -   Females spawn about once every 3 days during the spawning season.
        They produce an average of 1 million to 4 million eggs each time
        they spawn.
    -   Yellowfin tuna feed near the top of the food chain on fish, squid,
        and crustaceans.
    -   They are prey for top predators such as sharks and large fish.
- calories: 92
  physical_description: |
    -   Longfin squid have an internal shell called a “pen.”
    -   Their fins are long, at least half the length of the mantle (large
        part of the squid in front of the head).
    -   The head has large eyes that are covered by a cornea.
    -   They are pink or orange and mottled with brown or purple.
    -   They are likely color blind, but are able to use special pigment
        cells in their skin (called chromatophores) to change their color
        and patterns to escape predators or disguise themselves from prey.  
  human_health:
  texture: Firm.
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: Longfin Inshore Squid
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/longfin-squid
  habitat_impacts: |
    Fishing gears used to harvest longfin squid have minimal impacts on
    habitat.
  location: |
    -   Longfin squid are found from Newfoundland to the Gulf of Venezuela.
    -   In the northwest Atlantic Ocean, longfin squid are most abundant
        between Georges Bank and Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.
  color: |
    Raw squid is ivory colored with a speckled membrane. Cooked squid is
    opaque white.
  species_aliases: |
    [Longfin inshore squid](/species-aliases/longfin-inshore-squid),
    [Loligo](/species-aliases/loligo), [Winter
    squid](/species-aliases/winter-squid), [Boston
    squid](/species-aliases/boston-squid)
  image_gallery:
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/longfin-squid\_01.jpg
    title: ''
    alt: |
      Picture of fried squid on a plate
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/longfin-squid\_02.jpg
    title: |
      Longfin squid.
    alt: |
      Picture of Longfin Squid on a counter top.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/longfin-squid\_03.jpg
    title: |
      Longfin squid. Photo credit: National Undersea Research Center –
      University of Connecticut.
    alt: |
      Picture of a Longfin Squid in the ocean.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/longfin-squid\_05.jpg
    title: |
      Offloading squid from the fishing vessel Atlantic Traveler at Co-op
      Seafood Market dock in New Jersey.
    alt: |
      Picture of offloading squid from the fishing vessel Atlantic Traveler at
      Co-op Seafood Market dock in New Jersey image
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/8\_3.jpg
    title: |
      Longfin squid research survey.
    alt: |
      Picture of Longfin Squid being measured for length during a research
      survey.
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 44.8 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   Adults live over mud or sand/mud substrates of the continental shelf
        and upper continental slope in waters as deep as 1,300 feet.
    -   Adults and juveniles migrate vertically in the water column,
        remaining near the seabed during the day and moving toward the
        surface at night. 
    -   North of Cape Hatteras, squid migrate seasonally—offshore during
        late autumn to spend the winter in warmer waters along the shelf
        edge and slope, and back inshore during the spring where they remain
        until late autumn.
    -   Squid egg masses are attached to rocks and small boulders or aquatic
        vegetation and on sandy bottoms.
    -   Paralarvae are found in surface waters. Juveniles also live in the
        upper water column in water 165 to 1,650 feet deep.
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Doryteuthis (Amerigo) pealeii
  production:
  fat_total: 1.38 g
  bycatch: |
    Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch.
  availability: |
    Year-round.
  research: |
    -   [NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science
        Center](https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/) bottom trawl surveys assess the
        abundance of longfin squid and other species.
    -   A [research set-aside
        program](https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/coopresearch/rsa_program.html)
        encourages cooperative research between commercial fishing vessels
        and researchers.
    -   [Squid Get Violent After Touching Eggs, Study
        Says](https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/02/110211-squid-pheromones-fighting-mating-woods-hole-animals-science/)
  fishing_rate: |
    Harvest quotas are trimester-based to ensure that it is fished at the
    recommended level.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#6c1e16
  sugars_total: |
    0 g
  taste: |
    Mild and slightly sweet.
  health_benefits: |
    Squid are an excellent source of selenium, riboflavin, and vitamin B12.
  harvest: |
    -   In 2017, commercial landings totaled approximately 18 million
        pounds, and were valued at more than $25 million.
    -   Fisheries for longfin squid reflect the species’ seasonal
        migrations.
    -   The majority of landings come from Rhode Island, New York, New
        Jersey, and Massachusetts.
    -   Harvested for bait since the late 1800s, longfin squid have been
        harvested since the mid-1960’s for their mild, sweet meat.
    -   Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
        -   The majority of longfin squid is harvested year-round using
            small-mesh bottom trawls. There are now only a few fishermen
            that use pound nets and fish traps during the spring and early
            summer when squid migrate inshore.
        -   Sandy or muddy habitat, where squid are fished, is less
            sensitive to the impacts of trawling.
        -   Small-mesh bottom trawls can incidentally catch marine mammals
            and large pelagic species, including pilot whales, common
            dolphin, swordfish, and a variety of shark, ray, and tuna
            species. Finfish such as butterfish, hakes, Illex squid, fluke,
            herring, spiny dogfish, and Atlantic mackerel are also
            incidentally caught in this fishery.
        -   Measures to prevent or minimize bycatch include:
            -   Bycatch cap for
                [butterfish](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/butterfish)
                caught in the longfin fishery.
            -   Minimum mesh size requirements for bottom trawl nets, but
                bycatch escapement is very limited because the codend mesh
                sizes are very small (1 7/8 in. during Trimester 2 and 2 1/8
                in. during Trimesters 1 and 3) and are covered by an
                additional layer of mesh called a strengthener.
            -   Outreach to fishermen to educate them on actions to take in
                the event of a marine mammal interaction.
            -   Real-time communication to vessels regarding hotspots of
                marine mammal interactions.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/longfin\_squid.png
    title: ''
    alt: |
      Longfin Squid illustration
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    0.358 g
  quote: |
    U.S. wild-caught longfin squid is a smart seafood choice because it is
    sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.
  carbohydrate: |
    3.08 g
  serving_weight: |
    100 g
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild-caught from Southern Massachusetts to North Carolina.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    Greater Atlantic
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   The species has a lifespan of less than one year. According to the
        [2017 stock
        assessment](http://www.mafmc.org/s/Doryteuthis_update_April_2017.pdf),
        longfin squid are not overfished. There is currently not enough
        information to determine whether the stock is subject to
        overfishing.
  population: |
    Above target population levels.
  protein: |
    15.58 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   [NOAA
        Fisheries](https://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/sustainable/species/msb/index.html)
        and the [Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management
        Council](http://www.mafmc.org/) manage the longfin squid fishery.
    -   Managed under the [Atlantic Mackerel, Squid, and Butterfish Fishery
        Management Plan](http://www.mafmc.org/fisheries/fmp/msb):
        -   Fishermen with a limited access permit can fish for unlimited
            amounts of longfin squid while the fishery is open. All other
            fishermen must obtain an incidental catch permit, and have
            possession limits.
        -   An annual coastwide catch quota is divided into
            trimester allocations. Managers monitor annual quotas closely,
            as there can be large fluctuations in abundance from year to
            year.
        -   Managers set a cap on the amount of
            [butterfish](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/butterfish) that
            can be incidentally caught in the longfin squid fishery to help
            prevent overfishing on the butterfish stock.
  cholesterol: |
    233 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0 g
  sodium: |
    44 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Longfin squid grow fast, up to 1.6 feet mantle length (large part of
        the squid in front of the head), but usually less than 1 foot.
    -   They have a short life span, reproducing right before they die at
        around six to eight months old.
    -   Their growth and development is highly sensitive to environmental
        conditions. Squid hatched in the summer grow faster than those
        hatched in the winter. 
    -   They spawn year-round, with peak production in winter and summer.
        The male cements bundles of spermatophores into the mantle cavity of
        the female and/or deposits them in a pouch located near her mouth.
        The spermatophores penetrate the ova, or sperm is stored for later
        use. 
    -   The female lays fertilized egg capsules that contain about 150 to
        200 eggs each in clusters attached to the ocean bottom, with a
        typical female laying a total of 3,000 to 6,000 eggs. Eggs hatch
        between 11 and 26 days later, depending on water temperature.
    -   Small immature longfin squid feed on plankton, and larger squid feed
        on crustaceans and small fish.
    -   They are aggressive hunters, can consume fish larger than
        themselves, and do eat their own species.
    -   They are a key prey species for a variety of marine mammals, diving
        birds, and finfish species. 
- calories: 105
  physical_description: |
    -   Scup are deep-bodied (deeper from back to belly than they are wide).
    -   They are dusky brown with bright silvery reflections below and spiny
        fins.
    -   Adult fins are mottled with dark brown, and young scup fins may be
        faintly barred.
    -   Scup’s front teeth are very narrow, almost conical, and they have
        two rows of molars in the upper jaw.
    -   Longspine porgy look similar to scup, but can be easily identified
        by the elongated spines on their backs.
  human_health:
  texture: Scup have lean and flaky flesh, but also contain many bones, which makes
    them difficult to fillet. As a result, scup are generally sold and
    cooked whole, after they’ve been scaled and dressed.
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: Scup
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/scup
  habitat_impacts: |
    Otter trawls can impact bottom habitat. Scup are mainly harvested over
    sand and mud habitats, which appear to be more resilient to the effects
    of trawling than more structured habitats, such as coral.
  location: |
    -   Scup are found in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean, primarily between
        Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.
  color: |
    White.
  species_aliases: |
    [Porgy](/species-aliases/porgy), [Maiden](/species-aliases/maiden),
    [Fair maid](/species-aliases/fair-maid),
    [Ironsides](/species-aliases/ironsides), [Northern
    porgy](/species-aliases/northern-porgy)
  image_gallery:
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/scup\_01.jpg
    title: |
      Flash fried whole scup with garnish.
    alt: |
      Flash fried whole scup with garnish image
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/scup\_02.jpg
    title: |
      Measuring scup.
    alt: |
      Measuring scup image
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/scup\_03.jpg
    title: |
      Preparing and scaling whole scup to be cooked.
    alt: |
      Preparing and scaling whole scup to be cooked image
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/scup\_04.jpg
    title: |
      Scup and black sea bass hovering around a reef ledge.
    alt: |
      Scup and black sea bass hovering around a reef ledge image
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/scup\_05.jpg
    title: |
      Prepared whole scup, ready for the pan.
    alt: |
      Prepared whole scup, ready for the pan image
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 36.5 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   Scup eggs and larvae are found in the water column in coastal waters
        during warmer months.
    -   As larvae mature, they settle to the seafloor and develop into
        juveniles.
    -   Juveniles live in a variety of habitats including rocky ledges,
        artificial reefs, mussel beds, sand, silty sand, shell, mud bottoms,
        and eelgrass.
    -   During the summer and early fall, juveniles and adults are common in
        large estuaries, open sandy bottoms, and structured habitats such as
        mussel beds, reefs, or rock rubble.
    -   Scup migrate north and inshore to spawn in the spring, then migrate
        south and offshore in autumn as the water cools, arriving by
        December in offshore areas where they spend the winter.
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Stenotomus chrysops
  production:
  fat_total: 2.73 g
  bycatch: |
    Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch.
  availability: |
    Year-round.
  research: |
    -   Scientists from NOAA’s [Northeast Fisheries Science
        Center](https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/) conduct annual spring and fall
        bottom trawl surveys in waters from just south of Cape Hatteras to
        Canadian waters. These survey results, along with data from surveys
        run by states and universities and catch data from the commercial
        and recreational fisheries, help scientists estimate the abundance
        of scup and other species in the Mid-Atlantic and New England.
    -   The Northeast Fisheries Science Center’s [Fishery Observer
        Program](https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/fsb/program.html) has collected
        information on landings and discards in the commercial scup fishery
        for more than 20 years.
    -   [NOAA Fisheries Northeast Fisheries Science Center Scup Tagging
        Cooperative Research
        Program](https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/read/popdy/TagReporting/recapture_form.pl?species=scup)
  fishing_rate: |
    At recommended level.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#81a2a5
  sugars_total: |
    0 g
  taste: |
    Mild.
  health_benefits: |
    Scup is a low-sodium, low-fat source of protein. It is high in niacin,
    phosphorus, vitamins B6 and B12, and selenium.
  harvest: |
    -   Commercial fishery:
        -   In 2016, commercial landings of scup totaled approximately 15.76
            million pounds and were valued at $10.7 million.
        -   The top five states for commercial scup landings are Rhode
            Island, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Connecticut.
        -   The commercial fishery accounts for about 80 percent of the
            total catch of scup.
    -   Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
        -   About 75 percent of commercial scup landings are caught with
            otter trawls.
        -   Otter trawls can impact bottom habitat. Scup are mainly
            harvested over sand and mud habitats, which appear to be more
            resilient to the effects of trawling than more structured
            habitats, such as gravel or coral.
        -   Otter trawls can incidentally catch undersized scup. Minimum
            mesh size regulations and time and area restrictions for trawl
            nets help to reduce incidental catch of undersized scup.
        -   The rest of the commercial harvest is mainly caught with
            floating traps and hand lines.
        -   Floating traps are anchored to the bottom in inshore waters in
            the migratory path of scup. Fishermen check on the traps daily
            to sort their catch.
        -   Paired trawl nets, pound nets, and pots catch a small percentage
            of the commercial harvest.
    -   Recreational fishery:
        -   In 2016, recreational anglers landed approximately 2.8 million
            pounds of scup.
        -   The top three states for recreational scup landings are New
            York, Massachusetts, and Connecticut.
        -   In the Mid-Atlantic and southern New England, the recreational
            scup fishery is managed under separate regulations for federal
            and state waters.
        -   Managers set regulations for the recreational fishery annually.
            They include a combination of an annual catch quota, minimum
            size limits, bag limits, and fishing seasons.
        -   For-hire recreational vessels must have a permit to fish in
            federal waters.
        -   In the South Atlantic, there is a limit on the amount of scup
            recreational fishermen can keep and restrictions on the type of
            gear they can use.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/porgy\_scup.png
    title: ''
    alt: |
      Scup illustration
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    0.64 g
  quote: |
    U.S. wild-caught scup is a smart seafood choice because it is
    sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.
  carbohydrate: |
    0 g
  serving_weight: |
    100 g (raw)
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild-caught from Massachusetts to North Carolina.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    Greater Atlantic, Southeast
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   According to the 2017 [stock
        assessment](http://www.mafmc.org/s/5Scup_2017_Assesssment_Update.pdf) for
        scup in the Mid-Atlantic and New England, scup are not overfished
        and are not subject to overfishing. The population status for scup
        has not been assessed in the South Atlantic region.
    -   With greatly improved reproduction and survival rates and low
        fishing rates since 1998, Mid-Atlantic spawning stock biomass (a
        measure of the amount of scup able to reproduce) has steadily
        increased since the mid-1990s, up to about 190,000 metric tons in
        2012, then down slightly to 183,000 metric tons in 2014.
  population: |
    Above target population level in the Mid-Atlantic and New England. The
    population level is unknown in the South Atlantic.
  protein: |
    18.88 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   [NOAA
        Fisheries](https://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/index.html),
        the [Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management
        Council](http://www.mafmc.org/), and the [Atlantic States Marine
        Fisheries Commission](http://www.asmfc.org/species/scup)
        cooperatively manage the scup fishery north of Cape Hatteras, North
        Carolina.
    -   Individual states may set different regulations for the commercial
        scup fishery. Where state measures differ from federal regulations,
        federally permitted fishery participants must adhere to the more
        restrictive measures.
    -   Managed under the [Summer Flounder, Scup, and Black Sea Bass Fishery
        Management Plan](http://www.mafmc.org/sf-s-bsb/):
        -   Annual commercial quota is divided into three harvest periods:
            Winter I (January–April), Summer (May–October), and Winter II
            (November–December).
        -   The Commission manages the summer quota with individual state
            quotas.
        -   NOAA Fisheries monitors commercial harvests and closes the
            federal scup fishery when the quotas are reached.
        -   Minimum size limits to prevent the harvest of young fish that
            likely haven’t yet reproduced.
        -   Minimum mesh size requirements for trawl nets to reduce bycatch
            of undersized scup.
        -   Scup pots and traps must have degradable hinges and escape vents
            to reduce bycatch and to prevent “ghost fishing” (when a lost
            trap continues to catch fish or lobster).
        -   A moratorium on entry into the fishery.
        -   Recreational anglers are subject to an annual harvest limit,
            minimum fish sizes, possession limits, and open harvest periods.
    -   [NOAA Fisheries](http://sero.nmfs.noaa.gov/index.html) and the
        [South Atlantic Fishery Management Council](http://safmc.net/)
        manage the black sea bass fishery south of Cape Hatteras, North
        Carolina.
    -   Managed under the [South Atlantic Snapper Grouper Fishery Management
        Plan](https://safmc.net/fishery-management-plans-amendments/snapper-grouper-fishery-management-plan/).
        -   A small amount of scup is harvested in the South Atlantic. Scup
            are managed as part of a complex with several other porgy
            species.
        -   The Snapper Grouper FMP requires fishermen to have a permit and
            to comply with gear restrictions. The complex is regulated
            through commercial and recreational annual catch limits and
            accountability measures to ensure overfishing does not occur.
  cholesterol: |
    52 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0 g
  sodium: |
    42 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Scup grow slowly, up to about 20 inches long and 4 pounds.
    -   They can live a relatively long time, up to about 20 years.
    -   Scup are able to reproduce when they reach age 2, when they’re about
        8 inches long.
    -   They spawn over weedy or sandy areas in southern New England from
        Massachusetts Bay south to the New York Bight from May through
        August, with peak activity in June.
    -   Individual scup spawn once a year.
    -   Most fish spawn at night, but scientists believe scup spawn in the
        morning.
    -   Females release an average of 7,000 eggs, which are fertilized
        externally.
    -   Scup are browsers – they nibble on invertebrates that live on the
        ocean bottom.
    -   They are able to grasp food with their incisors and crush
        hard-shelled animals with their strong molars.
    -   A variety of plankton-eaters—such as medusae, crustaceans, and
        fish—prey on scup larvae.
    -   A number of fish and shorebirds prey on juvenile and adult scup.
- calories: 106
  physical_description: |
    -   Pink shrimp are crustaceans with 10 slender, relatively long walking
        legs and five pairs of swimming legs, located on the front surface
        of the abdomen.
    -   They typically have a dark-colored spot on each side between their
        third and fourth abdominal segments. Their tail usually has a dark
        blue band (rather than the purplish band found on brown shrimp).
    -   Their carapace is grooved.
    -   Part of their shell is a well-developed, toothed rostrum that
        extends to or beyond the outer edge of the eyes.
  human_health:
  texture: Tender.
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: Pink Shrimp
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/pink-shrimp
  habitat_impacts: |
    Gear restrictions, such as a weak-link in the tickler chain, are in
    place to protect bottom habitat from trawl gear.
  location: |
    -   Pink shrimp are found from southern Chesapeake Bay to the Florida
        Keys and around the coast of the Gulf of Mexico to the Yucatan south
        of Cabo Catoche, Mexico. They’re most abundant off southwestern
        Florida and the southeastern Gulf of Campeche. 
  color: |
    Raw shrimp meat is translucent pink to gray. When cooked, their shells
    are pinkish-red and their meat is pearly white with pink and red
    shadings.
  species_aliases: |
    [Spotted shrimp](/species-aliases/spotted-shrimp),
    [Hopper](/species-aliases/hopper), [Pink spotted
    shrimp](/species-aliases/pink-spotted-shrimp), [Brown spotted
    shrimp](/species-aliases/brown-spotted-shrimp), [Grooved
    shrimp](/species-aliases/grooved-shrimp), [Green
    shrimp](/species-aliases/green-shrimp), [Pink night
    shrimp](/species-aliases/pink-night-shrimp), [Red
    shrimp](/species-aliases/red-shrimp),
    [Skipper](/species-aliases/skipper), [Pushed
    shrimp](/species-aliases/pushed-shrimp)
  image_gallery:
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/01\_41.jpg
    title: |
      Pink shrimp typically have a dark colored spot on each side between
      their third and fourth abdominal segments. Photo credit: South Carolina
      Department of Natural Resources.
    alt: |
      Pink shrimp typically have a dark colored spot on each side between
      their third and fourth abdominal segments. Photo credit: South Carolina
      Department of Natural Resources.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/02\_32.jpg
    title: |
      Shrimp trawler operating in the Gulf of Mexico.
    alt: |
      Shrimp trawler operating in the Gulf of Mexico.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/03\_35.jpg
    title: |
      Sea turtle escaping a shrimp net through a Turtle Excluder Device.
    alt: |
      Sea turtle escaping a shrimp net through a Turtle Excluder Device.
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 38 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   Pink shrimp are commonly found on sand, sand-shell, or coral-mud
        bottoms.
    -   Young shrimp live and grow in nursery areas with marsh grasses in
        the South Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. These grassy areas offer
        abundant food and shelter.
    -   As pink shrimp grow, they migrate seaward to deeper, saltier water.
        They travel primarily at night, especially around dusk, and bury
        themselves in the bottom substrate during the day.
    -   Smaller pink shrimp remain in estuaries during winter and bury
        themselves deep in the sand or mud to protect themselves from the
        cold temperatures.
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Farfantepenaeus duorarum
  production:
  fat_total: 1.73 g
  bycatch: |
    Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch.
  availability: |
    Year-round, with peaks in the winter.
  research: |
    -   [Pink shrimp may indicate whether or not the Everglades are
        healthy](http://news.wgcu.org/post/pink-shrimp-may-indicate-whether-or-not-everglades-are-healthy)
    -   [NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center Shrimp
        Research](https://www.sefsc.noaa.gov/species/shrimp/)
  fishing_rate: |
    At recommended levels.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#ebada3
  sugars_total: |
    0 g
  taste: |
    Flavorful and sweet.
  health_benefits: |
    Pink shrimp is low in saturated fat and is a very good source of
    protein, selenium, and vitamin B12.
  harvest: |
    -   Commercial fishery:
        -   In 2017, landings of pink shrimp totaled more than 18.6 million
            pounds and were valued at more than $42.4 million.  
        -   The three species of penaeid shrimp
            ([white](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/white-shrimp), pink,
            and [brown](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/brown-shrimp))
            make up the vast majority of the shrimp harvested in the
            southeast. This fishery is one of the most valuable fisheries in
            the southeastern United States.
        -   Approximately 80 percent of the pink shrimp harvested in the
            United States comes from the west coast of Florida.
        -   Annual harvests of pink shrimp vary considerably from year to
            year, primarily due to environmental conditions. Harvests are
            much lower in years following severe winter weather.
    -   Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
        -   Commercial fishermen harvest shrimp with trawls towed near the
            ocean floor. The nets are wide in the front and taper toward the
            back.
        -   Shrimpers using otter trawl gear in the South Atlantic and Gulf
            of Mexico are required to use sea [turtle excluder devices
            (TEDs)](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/bycatch/fishing-gear-turtle-excluder-devices).
        -   Some shrimp trawlers must also install [bycatch reduction
            devices](https://www.sefsc.noaa.gov/labs/mississippi/brd/) behind
            the TED, to reduce finfish bycatch.
        -   Area closures if fishing effort exceeds certain thresholds.
        -   Trawlers in the Gulf of Mexico must have a weak-link in the
            tickler chain, which hangs in front of the net and drags along
            the ocean floor to stir up shrimp from the bottom into the net.
            This weak-link allows the tickler chain to drop away if it gets
            hung up on natural bottom structures.
        -   Fishermen do not trawl in areas with coral reefs and other known
            areas of high-relief to avoid damage to their nets.
    -   Recreational fishery:
        -   Under federal management, there is no recognized recreational
            fishery. Fishing in federal waters requires a permit.
        -   Recreational fishermen catch pink shrimp seasonally and almost
            always in state waters. State regulations vary from state to
            state.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/pink\_shrimp.png
    title: ''
    alt: |
      Pink shrimp
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    0.328 g
  quote: |
    U.S. wild-caught pink shrimp is a smart seafood choice because it is
    sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.
  carbohydrate: |
    0.91 g
  serving_weight: |
    100 g (raw)
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild-caught from North Carolina to Texas, but mainly from Florida. 
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    Southeast
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   According to the 2018 stock assessment, the pink shrimp stock in the
        South Atlantic is not overfished and is not subject to overfishing.
    -   According to the 2018 stock assessment, the pink shrimp stock in the
        Gulf of Mexico is not overfished and is not subject to overfishing.
  population: |
    Above target population levels.
  protein: |
    20.31 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   [NOAA Fisheries](http://sero.nmfs.noaa.gov/index.html) and the
        [South Atlantic](http://www.safmc.net/) and [Gulf of
        Mexico](http://gulfcouncil.org/index.php) Fishery Management
        Councils manage the pink shrimp fishery, and state resource
        management agencies are responsible for inshore state waters. 
    -   In the South Atlantic, managed under the [Shrimp Fishery Management
        Plan for the South Atlantic
        Region](http://safmc.net/fishery-management-plans-amendments/shrimp-2/):
        -   Permits are needed to harvest shrimp in federal waters.
        -   Fishing trip reports must be submitted for each fishing trip.
        -   Observers must be carried aboard vessels if selected, to collect
            data on catch, bycatch, fishing effort, and fishing gear.
        -   Managers set catch levels based on historic harvest amounts and
            fishing rates, rather than abundance because pink shrimp are
            short-lived and heavily influenced by environmental factors.
    -   In the Gulf of Mexico, managed under the [Gulf of Mexico Shrimp
        Fishery Management
        Plan](http://gulfcouncil.org/fishery-management/implemented-plans/shrimp/):
        -   Permits are needed to harvest shrimp in federal waters.
            Currently no new permits are being issued to prevent an increase
            in the number of boats participating in the fishery.
        -   Electronic logbooks must be installed and selected fishermen
            must submit trip reports for each fishing trip.
        -   Observers must be carried aboard vessels if selected, to collect
            data on catch, bycatch, fishing effort, and fishing gear.
        -   Each year all shrimping in federal waters off Texas is closed
            from approximately mid-May to mid-July to protect brown shrimp
            populations.
  cholesterol: |
    152 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0 g
  sodium: |
    148 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Pink shrimp grow fairly fast, depending on factors such as water
        temperature and salinity, and can reach over 8 inches in length. 
    -   They have a short life span, usually less than 2 years, and are
        often referred to as an “annual crop.”
    -   Pink shrimp are able to reproduce when they reach about 3.3 inches
        long.
    -   Off North Carolina, they spawn in May through July. In Florida they
        spawn multiple times, peaking from April through July when the water
        is warmest.
    -   Males mate with females and anchor their sperm to the females.
        Females release about 500,000 to 1 million eggs near the ocean
        floor, and the eggs are fertilized as they are released.
    -   Newly hatched shrimp travel to their estuarine nursery habitats in
        late spring and early summer, propelled by shoreward currents.
    -   Shrimp that survive the winter grow rapidly in late winter and early
        spring before returning to the ocean.
    -   Pink shrimp larvae feed on plankton (tiny floating plants and
        animals). Juvenile and adult shrimp are omnivorous, feeding on
        copepods, small mollusks, diatoms, algae, plant detritus, bacterial
        films, slime molds, and yeast.
    -   Sheepshead minnows, water boatmen, and insect larvae eat postlarval
        shrimp, and grass shrimp, killifishes, and blue crabs prey on young
        shrimp.
    -   A wide variety of finfish feed heavily on juvenile and adult shrimp.
- calories: 106
  physical_description: |
    -   White shrimp are crustaceans with 10 slender, relatively long
        walking legs and five pairs of swimming legs located on the front
        surface of the abdomen.
    -   Their bodies are light gray, with green coloration on the tail and a
        yellow band on part of the abdomen.
    -   Their carapace is not grooved.
    -   Part of their shell is a well-developed, toothed rostrum that
        extends to or beyond the outer edge of the eyes.
    -   They have longer antennae than other shrimp (2.5 to 3 times longer
        than their body length).
  human_health:
  texture: Slightly more tender than other shrimp, and their shells are somewhat
    softer and easier to peel.
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: White Shrimp
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/white-shrimp
  habitat_impacts: |
    Gear restrictions, such as a weak-link in the tickler chain, are in
    place to protect bottom habitat from trawl gear.
  location: |
    -   White shrimp are found from Fire Island, New York, to St. Lucie
        Inlet on the Atlantic Coast of Florida. In the Gulf of Mexico, they
        are found from the Ochlochonee River, Florida, to Campeche, Mexico. 
  color: |
    Raw shrimp meat is translucent pink to gray. When cooked, their shells
    are pinkish-red and their meat is pearly white with pink and red
    shadings.
  species_aliases: |
    [Northern white shrimp](/species-aliases/northern-white-shrimp), [Gray
    shrimp](/species-aliases/gray-shrimp), [Lake
    shrimp](/species-aliases/lake-shrimp), [Green
    shrimp](/species-aliases/green-shrimp), [Common
    shrimp](/species-aliases/common-shrimp), [Daytona
    shrimp](/species-aliases/daytona-shrimp), [Southern
    shrimp](/species-aliases/southern-shrimp)
  image_gallery:
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/01\_40.jpg
    title: |
      White shrimp.
    alt: |
      White shrimp.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/02\_31.jpg
    title: |
      Shrimp trawler off Georgia.
    alt: |
      Shrimp trawler off Georgia.
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/03\_34.jpg
    title: |
      Shrimp boats at a Louisiana boatyard.
    alt: |
      Shrimp boats at a Louisiana boatyard.
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 38 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   White shrimp commonly inhabit estuaries and coastal areas out to
        about 100 feet offshore.
    -   Young shrimp live and grow in nursery areas with muddy ocean bottoms
        and low to moderate salinity.
    -   White shrimp are often found in association with other shrimp
        species, specifically
        [brown](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/brown-shrimp) shrimp.
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Litopenaeus setiferus
  production:
  fat_total: 1.73 g
  bycatch: |
    Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch.
  availability: |
    Year-round, with peaks in the fall.
  research: |
    -   [NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center Shrimp
        Research](https://www.sefsc.noaa.gov/species/shrimp/)
  fishing_rate: |
    At recommended levels.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#e5ca9c
  sugars_total: |
    0 g
  taste: |
    Flavorful and sweet. Large white shrimp don’t develop the slight iodine
    taste of other large shrimp.
  health_benefits: |
    Shrimp is low in saturated fat and is a very good source of protein,
    selenium, and vitamin B12.
  harvest: |
    -   Commercial fishery:
        -   In 2017, landings of white shrimp totaled more than 126 million
            pounds and were valued at approximately $260.9 million.
        -   The three species of penaeid shrimp (white,
            [pink](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/pink-shrimp), and
            [brown](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/brown-shrimp)) make
            up the vast majority of the shrimp harvested in the southeast.
            This fishery is one of the most valuable fisheries in the
            southeastern United States.
        -   Almost all of the white shrimp harvested in the United States
            comes from the Gulf of Mexico, mainly from Louisiana and Texas.
            Landings in the South Atlantic are generally spread evenly among
            the states.
        -   Annual harvests of white shrimp vary considerably from year to
            year, primarily due to environmental conditions. Harvests are
            much lower in years following severe winter weather.
        -   White shrimp were the first commercially important shrimp
            species in the United States, dating back to 1709.
    -   Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
        -   Commercial fishermen harvest shrimp with trawls towed near the
            ocean floor. The nets are wide in the front and taper toward the
            back.
        -   Shrimpers using otter trawl gear in the South Atlantic and Gulf
            of Mexico are required to use sea [turtle excluder devices
            (TEDs)](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/bycatch/fishing-gear-turtle-excluder-devices).
        -   Some shrimp trawlers must also install [bycatch reduction
            devices](http://www.sefsc.noaa.gov/labs/mississippi/brd/)[ ](https://www.sefsc.noaa.gov/labs/mississippi/brd/)behind
            the TED, to reduce finfish bycatch.
        -   Area closures if fishing effort exceeds certain thresholds.
        -   Trawlers in the Gulf of Mexico must have a weak-link in the
            tickler chain, which hangs in front of the net and drags along
            the ocean floor to stir up shrimp from the bottom into the net.
            This weak-link allows the tickler chain to drop away if it gets
            hung up on natural bottom structures.
        -   Fishermen do not trawl in areas with coral reefs and other known
            areas of high relief to avoid damage to their nets.
    -   Recreational fishery:
        -   Under federal management, there is no recognized recreational
            fishery. Fishing in federal waters requires a permit.
        -   Recreational fishermen catch white shrimp seasonally and almost
            always in state waters. State regulations vary from state to
            state.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/white\_shrimp.png
    title: ''
    alt: |
      White shrimp
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    0.328 g
  quote: |
    U.S. wild-caught white shrimp is a smart seafood choice because it is
    sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.
  carbohydrate: |
    0.91 g
  serving_weight: |
    100 g (raw)
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild-caught from North Carolina to Texas.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    Southeast
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   According to the 2018 stock assessment, the white shrimp stock in
        the South Atlantic is not overfished and is not subject to
        overfishing.
    -   According to the 2018 stock assessment, the white shrimp stock in
        the Gulf of Mexico is not overfished and is not subject to
        overfishing.
  population: |
    Above target population levels.
  protein: |
    20.31 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   [NOAA Fisheries](http://sero.nmfs.noaa.gov/index.html) and the
        [South Atlantic](http://www.safmc.net/) and [Gulf of
        Mexico](http://gulfcouncil.org/index.php) Fishery Management
        Councils manage the white shrimp fishery.
    -   In the South Atlantic, managed under the [Shrimp Fishery Management
        Plan for the South Atlantic
        Region](http://safmc.net/fishery-management-plans-amendments/shrimp-2/):
        -   Permits are needed to harvest shrimp in federal waters.
        -   Fishing trip reports must be submitted for each fishing trip.
        -   Observers must be carried aboard vessels if selected, to collect
            data on catch, bycatch, fishing effort, and fishing gear.
        -   Managers set catch levels based on historic harvest amounts and
            fishing rates, rather than abundance because white shrimp are
            short-lived and heavily influenced by environmental factors.
        -   The white shrimp population can be periodically decimated by
            severe winter cold in the South Atlantic, especially offshore of
            Georgia and South Carolina. Fishery closures may be implemented
            to help protect the remaining adult population so they can
            spawn.
        -   Federal waters close if cold weather reduces the shrimp
            population by 80 percent or more, or if water temperatures fall
            below a critical level.
    -   In the Gulf of Mexico, managed under the [Gulf of Mexico Shrimp
        Fishery Management
        Plan](http://gulfcouncil.org/fishery-management/implemented-plans/shrimp/):
        -   Permits are needed to harvest shrimp in federal waters.
            Currently no new permits are being issued to prevent an increase
            in the number of boats participating in the fishery.
        -   Electronic logbooks must be installed and selected fishermen
            must submit trip reports for each fishing trip.
        -   Observers must be carried aboard vessels if selected, to collect
            data on catch, bycatch, fishing effort, and fishing gear.
        -   Each year all shrimping in federal waters off Texas is closed
            from approximately mid-May to mid-July to protect [brown
            shrimp](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/brown-shrimp)
            populations.
  cholesterol: |
    152 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0 g
  sodium: |
    148 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   White shrimp grow fairly fast, depending on factors such as water
        temperature and salinity, and can reach up to 7 or 8 inches in
        length.
    -   They have a short life span, usually less than 2 years, and are
        often referred to as an “annual crop.”
    -   They are able to reproduce when they reach about 5 ½ inches long.
    -   White shrimp spawn when offshore ocean bottom water temperatures
        increase, generally from May through September in the Carolinas, and
        from March through September in the Gulf of Mexico.
    -   Males mate with females and anchor their sperm to the females.
        Females release about 500,000 to 1 million eggs near the ocean
        floor, and the eggs are fertilized as they are released.
    -   Newly hatched shrimp travel to their estuarine nursery habitats in
        April and early May.
    -   Shrimp that survive the winter grow rapidly in late winter and early
        spring before returning to the ocean.
    -   White shrimp larvae feed on plankton (tiny floating plants and
        animals).
    -   Juvenile and adult shrimp are omnivorous and feed on the bottom on
        detritus, plants, microorganisms, macroinvertebrates, and small
        fish. Cannibalism is also common among adult white shrimp.
    -   Sheepshead minnows, water boatmen, and insect larvae eat postlarval
        shrimp, and grass shrimp, killifishes, and blue crabs prey on young
        shrimp.
    -   A wide variety of finfish feed heavily on juvenile and adult shrimp.
- calories: 90
  physical_description: |
    -   Silver hake are silvery in color, brownish on the back and whitish
        on the belly, with black speckles on the back and black inside the
        mouth.
    -   They have large heads for their size and sharp teeth.
    -   They have long pectoral fins and are fast swimmers.
  human_health:
  texture: Hakes have softer flesh and are less flaky than other whitefish such as
    cod, haddock, and pollock.
  environmental_considerations:
  species_name: Silver Hake
  diseases_in_salmon:
  path: |
    /profiles/silver-hake
  habitat_impacts: |
    Fishing gears used to harvest silver hake have minimal impacts on
    habitat.
  location: |
    -   Silver hake are found in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean and range
        primarily from Newfoundland to South Carolina.
  color: |
    Raw and cooked hake is white to off-white.
  species_aliases: |
    [Whiting](/species-aliases/whiting), [Atlantic
    hake](/species-aliases/atlantic-hake), [New England
    hake](/species-aliases/new-england-hake)
  image_gallery:
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/silver-hake\_01\_0.jpg
    title: |
      Silver hake (Merluccius blinearis). Credit: NOAA Teacher at Sea
    alt: |
      Silver hake image
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/silver-hake\_02.jpg
    title: |
      Silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis). Credit: Don Flescher, National
      Marine Fisheries Service Systematics Laboratory
    alt: |
      Silver hake image
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/silver-hake\_03.jpg
    title: |
      Silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis). Credit: NEFSC/NOAA
    alt: |
      Silver hake image
  - src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/silver-hake\_04.jpg
    title: |
      Two juvenile hake on a fingertip. Credit: Jerry Prezioso, NEFSC/NOAA
    alt: |
      Two juvenile hake on a fingertip image
  harvest_type: Wild
  selenium: 32.1 mcg
  management:
  habitat: |
    -   In U.S. waters, two stocks have been identified. The northern stock
        of silver hake inhabits the waters of the Gulf of Maine and Northern
        Georges Bank, and the southern stock inhabits the waters of Southern
        Georges Bank and the Mid-Atlantic Bight.
    -   As nocturnal, semi-pelagic predators, silver hake move up in the
        water column to feed at night, primarily between dusk and midnight.
        They return to rest on the ocean bottom during the day, preferring
        sandy, muddy, or pebbly ocean bottoms.
    -   Silver hake migrate in response to seasonal changes in water
        temperatures, moving toward shallow, warmer waters in the spring.
    -   They spawn in these shallow waters during late spring and early
        summer and then return to deeper waters in the autumn.
    -   Older, larger silver hake prefer deeper waters.
    -   During the summer, portions of both stocks can be found on Georges
        Bank.
    -   During the winter, fish in the northern stock move to deep basins in
        the Gulf of Maine, while fish in the southern stock move to outer
        continental shelf and slope waters.
    -   Silver hake are widely distributed, and have been observed at
        temperature ranges of 2 to 17° C (36 to 63° F) and depth ranges of
        11 to 500 meters (36 to 1,640 feet). However, they are most commonly
        found in temperatures between 7 and 10° C (45 to 50° F).
  farming_methods:
  scientific_name: Merluccius bilinearis
  production:
  fat_total: 1.31 g
  bycatch: |
    Raised-footrope trawls are required in designated areas when targeting
    hake to minimize bycatch of other species.
  availability: |
    Year-round.
  research: |
    -   [Silver hake track changes in Northwest Atlantic
        circulation](http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v2/n8/full/ncomms1420.html).
  fishing_rate: |
    At recommended levels.
  quote_background_color: |
    \#8195a5
  sugars_total: |
    0 g
  taste: |
    Mild and slightly sweet.
  health_benefits: |
    Silver hake is a good source of selenium, vitamin B, magnesium, and
    protein.
  harvest: |
    -   Commercial fishery:
        -   The 2016 landings of silver hake totaled more than 16 million
            pounds, primarily coming from the Mid-Atlantic and Southern
            Georges Bank, and were valued at more than $11 million.
        -   Commercial landings of both stocks are only about 15% of
            allowable levels.
        -   Silver hake is part of the small-mesh multispecies management
            unit, along with [red
            hake](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/red-hake) and offshore
            hake, which are collectively referred to as “whiting."
        -   The small-mesh multispecies fishery in the United States
            operates from Maine to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.
    -   Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
        -   Fishermen using small-mesh trawl gear to catch silver hake must
            comply with a number of specific requirements to reduce bycatch
            of larger groundfish species.
        -   In designated areas, fishermen are required to use
            raised-footrope trawls, which are designed to keep the net off
            the bottom to reduce bycatch of flatfish and other species.
        -   Discard rates for silver hake are relatively low (10% of the
            northern silver hake landings and 21% of the southern whiting
            and offshore hake landings).
        -   Approximately 60% of the [red
            hake](https://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/red-hake) caught as
            bycatch in the whiting fishery are discarded.
    -   Recreational fishery:
        -   Recreational fishermen do not target silver hake but sometimes
            catch them incidentally while fishing for other groundfish.
        -   There are currently no restrictions on recreational possession,
            size, or gear type for silver hake caught recreationally in
            federal waters.
        -   There are no specific areas for the recreational fishery.
  disease_treatment_and_prevention:
  species_illustration_photo:
    src: |
      https://www.fishwatch.gov/sites/default/files/silver\_hake.png
    title: |
      Silver Hake
    alt: |
      Silver Hake illustration
  saturated_fatty_acids_total: |
    0.247 g
  quote: |
    U.S. wild-caught silver hake is a smart seafood choice because it is
    sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.
  carbohydrate: |
    0 g
  serving_weight: |
    100 g (raw)
  ecosystem_services:
  source: |
    U.S. wild-caught from Maine to South Carolina.
  noaa_fisheries_region: |
    Greater Atlantic
  animal_health:
  population_status: |
    -   According to the [2017 stock
        assessment](https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/publications/crd/crd1802/),
        Gulf of Maine and Northern Georges Bank (northern stock) and
        Southern Georges Bank and Mid-Atlantic (southern stock) silver hake
        are not overfished and are not subject to overfishing.
  population: |
    Above target population levels for the northern stock. Below target
    levels and fishing rate promotes population growth for the southern
    stock.
  protein: |
    18.31 g
  environmental_effects:
  fishery_management: |
    -   [NOAA Fisheries](https://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/)
        and the [New England Fishery Management
        Council](http://www.nefmc.org/index.html) manage the silver hake
        fishery.
    -   Silver hake are managed and assessed as two stocks: The Gulf of
        Maine and Northern Georges Bank (northern stock) and the Southern
        Georges Bank and Mid-Atlantic (southern stock). The southern stock
        includes southern silver hake and offshore hake.
    -   Managed under the [Northeast Multispecies Fishery Management Plan
        for Small Mesh
        Multispecies](http://www.nefmc.org/management-plans/small-mesh-multispecies):
        -   Permitting requirements.
        -   A cap on the amount of groundfish bycatch that fishing vessels
            can take.
        -   Seasonal and spatial limitations throughout the Gulf of Maine
            and Georges Bank on fishing with small mesh.
        -   Trip limits by mesh size and area.
        -   In-season trip limit reductions and catch monitoring help
            prevent excessive catches.
    -   The small-mesh multispecies fishery is managed primarily through a
        series of
        [exemptions](https://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/regs/infodocs/small_mesh_exemption.pdf)
        from the Northeast Multispecies Fishery Management Plan. Exempted
        fisheries allow vessels to fish for specific species, such as silver
        hake, in designated areas using mesh sizes smaller than the minimum
        mesh size allowed under the Regulated Mesh Area regulations.
  cholesterol: |
    67 mg
  displayed_seafood_profile_illustration:
  fiber_total_dietary: |
    0 g
  sodium: |
    72 mg
  feeds:
  servings: |
    1
  biology: |
    -   Female silver hake are serial spawners, producing and releasing up
        to three batches of eggs in a single spawning season.
    -   Spawning areas include the coastal region of the Gulf of Maine from
        Cape Cod to Grand Manan Island, southern and southeastern Georges
        Bank, and the southern New England area south of Martha’s Vineyard.
    -   Their peak spawning occurs earlier in the south (May to June) than
        in the north (July to August).
    -   More than half of 2-year-old silver hake and virtually all
        3-year-olds are sexually mature.
    -   Silver hake can live as long as 14 years, although few fish older
        than age 6 have been observed in U.S. waters in recent years.
    -   They can grow to be more than 28 inches long and up to 5 pounds.
    -   Silver hake are important to the northwest Atlantic ecosystem both
        as prey and predators.
    -   They are voracious predators and feed on fish, crustaceans, and
        squid.
...