diff --git a/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/arith.rs b/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/arith.rs
index 1d0d2146a..0b0a287e6 100644
--- a/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/arith.rs
+++ b/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/arith.rs
@@ -171,8 +171,6 @@ impl<E: ExtensionField, I: RIVInstruction> Instruction<E> for ArithInstruction<E
 mod test {
     use ceno_emul::{Change, StepRecord, encode_rv32};
     use goldilocks::GoldilocksExt2;
-    use itertools::Itertools;
-    use multilinear_extensions::mle::IntoMLEs;
 
     use super::*;
     use crate::{
@@ -222,18 +220,7 @@ mod test {
             .require_equal(|| "assert_rd_written", &mut cb, &expected_rd_written)
             .unwrap();
 
-        MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-            &cb,
-            &raw_witin
-                .de_interleaving()
-                .into_mles()
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|v| v.into())
-                .collect_vec(),
-            &[insn_code],
-            None,
-            Some(lkm),
-        );
+        MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&cb, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -277,18 +264,7 @@ mod test {
             .require_equal(|| "assert_rd_written", &mut cb, &expected_rd_written)
             .unwrap();
 
-        MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-            &cb,
-            &raw_witin
-                .de_interleaving()
-                .into_mles()
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|v| v.into())
-                .collect_vec(),
-            &[insn_code],
-            None,
-            Some(lkm),
-        );
+        MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&cb, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -332,18 +308,7 @@ mod test {
             .require_equal(|| "assert_rd_written", &mut cb, &expected_rd_written)
             .unwrap();
 
-        MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-            &cb,
-            &raw_witin
-                .de_interleaving()
-                .into_mles()
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|v| v.into())
-                .collect_vec(),
-            &[insn_code],
-            None,
-            Some(lkm),
-        );
+        MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&cb, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -387,18 +352,7 @@ mod test {
             .require_equal(|| "assert_rd_written", &mut cb, &expected_rd_written)
             .unwrap();
 
-        MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-            &cb,
-            &raw_witin
-                .de_interleaving()
-                .into_mles()
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|v| v.into())
-                .collect_vec(),
-            &[insn_code],
-            None,
-            None,
-        );
+        MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&cb, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, None);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -434,18 +388,7 @@ mod test {
             .require_equal(|| "assert_rd_written", &mut cb, &expected_rd_written)
             .unwrap();
 
-        MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-            &cb,
-            &raw_witin
-                .de_interleaving()
-                .into_mles()
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|v| v.into())
-                .collect_vec(),
-            &[insn_code],
-            None,
-            Some(lkm),
-        );
+        MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&cb, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -480,18 +423,7 @@ mod test {
             .require_equal(|| "assert_rd_written", &mut cb, &expected_rd_written)
             .unwrap();
 
-        MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-            &cb,
-            &raw_witin
-                .de_interleaving()
-                .into_mles()
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|v| v.into())
-                .collect_vec(),
-            &[insn_code],
-            None,
-            Some(lkm),
-        );
+        MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&cb, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -534,17 +466,6 @@ mod test {
             .require_equal(|| "assert_rd_written", &mut cb, &expected_rd_written)
             .unwrap();
 
-        MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-            &cb,
-            &raw_witin
-                .de_interleaving()
-                .into_mles()
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|v| v.into())
-                .collect_vec(),
-            &[insn_code],
-            None,
-            Some(lkm),
-        );
+        MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&cb, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
     }
 }
diff --git a/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/arith_imm.rs b/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/arith_imm.rs
index 74e19acb2..c8e464719 100644
--- a/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/arith_imm.rs
+++ b/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/arith_imm.rs
@@ -83,8 +83,6 @@ impl<E: ExtensionField> Instruction<E> for AddiInstruction<E> {
 mod test {
     use ceno_emul::{Change, InsnKind, PC_STEP_SIZE, StepRecord, encode_rv32};
     use goldilocks::GoldilocksExt2;
-    use itertools::Itertools;
-    use multilinear_extensions::mle::IntoMLEs;
 
     use crate::{
         circuit_builder::{CircuitBuilder, ConstraintSystem},
@@ -124,18 +122,7 @@ mod test {
         )
         .unwrap();
 
-        MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-            &cb,
-            &raw_witin
-                .de_interleaving()
-                .into_mles()
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|v| v.into())
-                .collect_vec(),
-            &[insn_code],
-            None,
-            Some(lkm),
-        );
+        MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&cb, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -168,17 +155,6 @@ mod test {
         )
         .unwrap();
 
-        MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-            &cb,
-            &raw_witin
-                .de_interleaving()
-                .into_mles()
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|v| v.into())
-                .collect_vec(),
-            &[insn_code],
-            None,
-            Some(lkm),
-        );
+        MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&cb, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
     }
 }
diff --git a/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/branch/test.rs b/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/branch/test.rs
index 36746fff3..9847c66d5 100644
--- a/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/branch/test.rs
+++ b/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/branch/test.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 use ceno_emul::{ByteAddr, Change, PC_STEP_SIZE, StepRecord, Word, encode_rv32};
 use goldilocks::GoldilocksExt2;
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use multilinear_extensions::mle::IntoMLEs;
 
 use super::*;
 use crate::{
@@ -49,18 +47,7 @@ fn impl_opcode_beq(equal: bool) {
         ])
         .unwrap();
 
-    MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-        &cb,
-        &raw_witin
-            .de_interleaving()
-            .into_mles()
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|v| v.into())
-            .collect_vec(),
-        &[insn_code],
-        None,
-        Some(lkm),
-    );
+    MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&cb, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -98,18 +85,7 @@ fn impl_opcode_bne(equal: bool) {
         ])
         .unwrap();
 
-    MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-        &cb,
-        &raw_witin
-            .de_interleaving()
-            .into_mles()
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|v| v.into())
-            .collect_vec(),
-        &[insn_code],
-        None,
-        Some(lkm),
-    );
+    MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&cb, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -150,18 +126,7 @@ fn impl_bltu_circuit(taken: bool, a: u32, b: u32) -> Result<(), ZKVMError> {
         ])
         .unwrap();
 
-    MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-        &circuit_builder,
-        &raw_witin
-            .de_interleaving()
-            .into_mles()
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|v| v.into())
-            .collect_vec(),
-        &[insn_code],
-        None,
-        Some(lkm),
-    );
+    MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&circuit_builder, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
     Ok(())
 }
 
@@ -202,18 +167,7 @@ fn impl_bgeu_circuit(taken: bool, a: u32, b: u32) -> Result<(), ZKVMError> {
         ])
         .unwrap();
 
-    MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-        &circuit_builder,
-        &raw_witin
-            .de_interleaving()
-            .into_mles()
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|v| v.into())
-            .collect_vec(),
-        &[insn_code],
-        None,
-        Some(lkm),
-    );
+    MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&circuit_builder, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
     Ok(())
 }
 
@@ -255,18 +209,7 @@ fn impl_blt_circuit(taken: bool, a: i32, b: i32) -> Result<(), ZKVMError> {
         ])
         .unwrap();
 
-    MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-        &circuit_builder,
-        &raw_witin
-            .de_interleaving()
-            .into_mles()
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|v| v.into())
-            .collect_vec(),
-        &[insn_code],
-        None,
-        Some(lkm),
-    );
+    MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&circuit_builder, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
     Ok(())
 }
 
@@ -308,17 +251,6 @@ fn impl_bge_circuit(taken: bool, a: i32, b: i32) -> Result<(), ZKVMError> {
         ])
         .unwrap();
 
-    MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-        &circuit_builder,
-        &raw_witin
-            .de_interleaving()
-            .into_mles()
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|v| v.into())
-            .collect_vec(),
-        &[insn_code],
-        None,
-        Some(lkm),
-    );
+    MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&circuit_builder, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
     Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/jump/test.rs b/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/jump/test.rs
index a1b17e911..887db8da3 100644
--- a/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/jump/test.rs
+++ b/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/jump/test.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 use ceno_emul::{ByteAddr, Change, InsnKind, PC_STEP_SIZE, StepRecord, Word, encode_rv32};
 use goldilocks::GoldilocksExt2;
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use multilinear_extensions::mle::IntoMLEs;
 
 use crate::{
     circuit_builder::{CircuitBuilder, ConstraintSystem},
@@ -45,18 +43,7 @@ fn test_opcode_jal() {
     )
     .unwrap();
 
-    MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-        &cb,
-        &raw_witin
-            .de_interleaving()
-            .into_mles()
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|v| v.into())
-            .collect_vec(),
-        &[insn_code],
-        None,
-        Some(lkm),
-    );
+    MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&cb, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -93,18 +80,7 @@ fn test_opcode_jalr() {
     )
     .unwrap();
 
-    MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-        &cb,
-        &raw_witin
-            .de_interleaving()
-            .into_mles()
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|v| v.into())
-            .collect_vec(),
-        &[insn_code],
-        None,
-        Some(lkm),
-    );
+    MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&cb, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -137,18 +113,7 @@ fn test_opcode_lui() {
     )
     .unwrap();
 
-    MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-        &cb,
-        &raw_witin
-            .de_interleaving()
-            .into_mles()
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|v| v.into())
-            .collect_vec(),
-        &[insn_code],
-        None,
-        Some(lkm),
-    );
+    MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&cb, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -181,16 +146,5 @@ fn test_opcode_auipc() {
     )
     .unwrap();
 
-    MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-        &cb,
-        &raw_witin
-            .de_interleaving()
-            .into_mles()
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|v| v.into())
-            .collect_vec(),
-        &[insn_code],
-        None,
-        Some(lkm),
-    );
+    MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&cb, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
 }
diff --git a/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/logic/test.rs b/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/logic/test.rs
index 50d73751e..b35c12bcb 100644
--- a/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/logic/test.rs
+++ b/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/logic/test.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 use ceno_emul::{Change, StepRecord, Word, encode_rv32};
 use goldilocks::GoldilocksExt2;
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use multilinear_extensions::mle::IntoMLEs;
 
 use crate::{
     circuit_builder::{CircuitBuilder, ConstraintSystem},
@@ -52,18 +50,7 @@ fn test_opcode_and() {
         .require_equal(|| "assert_rd_written", &mut cb, &expected_rd_written)
         .unwrap();
 
-    MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-        &cb,
-        &raw_witin
-            .de_interleaving()
-            .into_mles()
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|v| v.into())
-            .collect_vec(),
-        &[insn_code],
-        None,
-        Some(lkm),
-    );
+    MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&cb, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -103,18 +90,7 @@ fn test_opcode_or() {
         .require_equal(|| "assert_rd_written", &mut cb, &expected_rd_written)
         .unwrap();
 
-    MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-        &cb,
-        &raw_witin
-            .de_interleaving()
-            .into_mles()
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|v| v.into())
-            .collect_vec(),
-        &[insn_code],
-        None,
-        Some(lkm),
-    );
+    MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&cb, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -154,16 +130,5 @@ fn test_opcode_xor() {
         .require_equal(|| "assert_rd_written", &mut cb, &expected_rd_written)
         .unwrap();
 
-    MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-        &cb,
-        &raw_witin
-            .de_interleaving()
-            .into_mles()
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|v| v.into())
-            .collect_vec(),
-        &[insn_code],
-        None,
-        Some(lkm),
-    );
+    MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&cb, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
 }
diff --git a/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/logic_imm/logic_imm_circuit.rs b/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/logic_imm/logic_imm_circuit.rs
index 8972766f5..7fb061b5c 100644
--- a/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/logic_imm/logic_imm_circuit.rs
+++ b/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/logic_imm/logic_imm_circuit.rs
@@ -126,8 +126,6 @@ impl<E: ExtensionField> LogicConfig<E> {
 mod test {
     use ceno_emul::{Change, InsnKind, PC_STEP_SIZE, StepRecord, encode_rv32};
     use goldilocks::GoldilocksExt2;
-    use itertools::Itertools;
-    use multilinear_extensions::mle::IntoMLEs;
 
     use crate::{
         chip_handler::test::DebugIndex,
@@ -205,17 +203,6 @@ mod test {
         cb.require_equal(|| "assert_rd_written", rd_written_expr, expected.value())
             .unwrap();
 
-        MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-            &cb,
-            &raw_witin
-                .de_interleaving()
-                .into_mles()
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|v| v.into())
-                .collect_vec(),
-            &[insn_code],
-            None,
-            Some(lkm),
-        );
+        MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&cb, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
     }
 }
diff --git a/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/memory/test.rs b/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/memory/test.rs
index ad4ee4b3e..6243f197b 100644
--- a/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/memory/test.rs
+++ b/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/memory/test.rs
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@ use crate::{
 use ceno_emul::{ByteAddr, Change, InsnKind, ReadOp, StepRecord, Word, WriteOp, encode_rv32};
 use ff_ext::ExtensionField;
 use goldilocks::GoldilocksExt2;
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use multilinear_extensions::mle::IntoMLEs;
 use std::hash::Hash;
 
 fn sb(prev: Word, rs2: Word, shift: u32) -> Word {
@@ -121,18 +119,7 @@ fn impl_opcode_store<E: ExtensionField + Hash, I: RIVInstruction, Inst: Instruct
     ])
     .unwrap();
 
-    MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-        &cb,
-        &raw_witin
-            .de_interleaving()
-            .into_mles()
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|v| v.into())
-            .collect_vec(),
-        &[insn_code],
-        None,
-        Some(lkm),
-    );
+    MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&cb, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
 }
 
 fn impl_opcode_load<E: ExtensionField + Hash, I: RIVInstruction, Inst: Instruction<E>>(imm: u32) {
@@ -176,18 +163,7 @@ fn impl_opcode_load<E: ExtensionField + Hash, I: RIVInstruction, Inst: Instructi
     ])
     .unwrap();
 
-    MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-        &cb,
-        &raw_witin
-            .de_interleaving()
-            .into_mles()
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|v| v.into())
-            .collect_vec(),
-        &[insn_code],
-        None,
-        Some(lkm),
-    );
+    MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&cb, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
 }
 
 fn impl_opcode_sb(imm: u32) {
diff --git a/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/mulh.rs b/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/mulh.rs
index b852d9e2f..aa9704bdc 100644
--- a/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/mulh.rs
+++ b/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/mulh.rs
@@ -119,8 +119,6 @@ impl<E: ExtensionField, I: RIVInstruction> Instruction<E> for MulhInstruction<E,
 mod test {
     use ceno_emul::{Change, StepRecord, encode_rv32};
     use goldilocks::GoldilocksExt2;
-    use itertools::Itertools;
-    use multilinear_extensions::mle::IntoMLEs;
 
     use super::*;
     use crate::{
@@ -175,17 +173,6 @@ mod test {
         )
         .unwrap();
 
-        MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-            &cb,
-            &raw_witin
-                .de_interleaving()
-                .into_mles()
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|v| v.into())
-                .collect_vec(),
-            &[insn_code],
-            None,
-            Some(lkm),
-        );
+        MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&cb, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
     }
 }
diff --git a/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/shift.rs b/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/shift.rs
index 189811dd2..fc5d62e73 100644
--- a/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/shift.rs
+++ b/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/shift.rs
@@ -193,8 +193,6 @@ impl<E: ExtensionField, I: RIVInstruction> Instruction<E> for ShiftLogicalInstru
 mod tests {
     use ceno_emul::{Change, InsnKind, StepRecord, encode_rv32};
     use goldilocks::GoldilocksExt2;
-    use itertools::Itertools;
-    use multilinear_extensions::mle::IntoMLEs;
 
     use crate::{
         Value,
@@ -294,17 +292,6 @@ mod tests {
         )
         .unwrap();
 
-        MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-            &cb,
-            &raw_witin
-                .de_interleaving()
-                .into_mles()
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|v| v.into())
-                .collect_vec(),
-            &[insn_code],
-            None,
-            Some(lkm),
-        );
+        MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&cb, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
     }
 }
diff --git a/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/shift_imm.rs b/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/shift_imm.rs
index d1af0871b..81688089e 100644
--- a/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/shift_imm.rs
+++ b/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/shift_imm.rs
@@ -179,8 +179,6 @@ impl<E: ExtensionField, I: RIVInstruction> Instruction<E> for ShiftImmInstructio
 mod test {
     use ceno_emul::{Change, InsnKind, PC_STEP_SIZE, StepRecord, encode_rv32};
     use goldilocks::GoldilocksExt2;
-    use itertools::Itertools;
-    use multilinear_extensions::mle::IntoMLEs;
 
     use super::{ShiftImmInstruction, SlliOp, SraiOp, SrliOp};
     use crate::{
@@ -300,17 +298,6 @@ mod test {
         )
         .unwrap();
 
-        MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-            &cb,
-            &raw_witin
-                .de_interleaving()
-                .into_mles()
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|v| v.into())
-                .collect_vec(),
-            &[insn_code],
-            None,
-            Some(lkm),
-        );
+        MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&cb, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
     }
 }
diff --git a/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/slt.rs b/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/slt.rs
index fb138f2aa..4576736f7 100644
--- a/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/slt.rs
+++ b/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/slt.rs
@@ -90,8 +90,6 @@ mod test {
     use ceno_emul::{Change, StepRecord, Word, encode_rv32};
     use goldilocks::GoldilocksExt2;
 
-    use itertools::Itertools;
-    use multilinear_extensions::mle::IntoMLEs;
     use rand::Rng;
 
     use super::*;
@@ -137,18 +135,7 @@ mod test {
             .require_equal(|| "assert_rd_written", &mut cb, &expected_rd_written)
             .unwrap();
 
-        MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-            &cb,
-            &raw_witin
-                .de_interleaving()
-                .into_mles()
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|v| v.into())
-                .collect_vec(),
-            &[insn_code],
-            None,
-            Some(lkm),
-        );
+        MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&cb, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/slti.rs b/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/slti.rs
index a0db3fbc0..4ba2ced3a 100644
--- a/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/slti.rs
+++ b/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/slti.rs
@@ -122,8 +122,6 @@ mod test {
     use ceno_emul::{Change, PC_STEP_SIZE, StepRecord, Word, encode_rv32};
     use goldilocks::GoldilocksExt2;
 
-    use itertools::Itertools;
-    use multilinear_extensions::mle::IntoMLEs;
     use rand::Rng;
 
     use super::*;
@@ -168,18 +166,7 @@ mod test {
             .require_equal(|| "assert_rd_written", &mut cb, &expected_rd_written)
             .unwrap();
 
-        MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-            &cb,
-            &raw_witin
-                .de_interleaving()
-                .into_mles()
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|v| v.into())
-                .collect_vec(),
-            &[insn_code],
-            None,
-            Some(lkm),
-        );
+        MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&cb, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/sltu.rs b/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/sltu.rs
index 71ffd9f09..3fe8e8ed1 100644
--- a/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/sltu.rs
+++ b/ceno_zkvm/src/instructions/riscv/sltu.rs
@@ -107,8 +107,6 @@ impl<E: ExtensionField, I: RIVInstruction> Instruction<E> for ArithInstruction<E
 mod test {
     use ceno_emul::{Change, StepRecord, Word, encode_rv32};
     use goldilocks::GoldilocksExt2;
-    use itertools::Itertools;
-    use multilinear_extensions::mle::IntoMLEs;
     use rand::Rng;
 
     use super::*;
@@ -155,18 +153,7 @@ mod test {
             .require_equal(|| "assert_rd_written", &mut cb, &expected_rd_written)
             .unwrap();
 
-        MockProver::assert_satisfied(
-            &cb,
-            &raw_witin
-                .de_interleaving()
-                .into_mles()
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|v| v.into())
-                .collect_vec(),
-            &[insn_code],
-            None,
-            Some(lkm),
-        );
+        MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(&cb, raw_witin, &[insn_code], None, Some(lkm));
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/ceno_zkvm/src/scheme/mock_prover.rs b/ceno_zkvm/src/scheme/mock_prover.rs
index 6c325573a..36a061be4 100644
--- a/ceno_zkvm/src/scheme/mock_prover.rs
+++ b/ceno_zkvm/src/scheme/mock_prover.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::{
         AndTable, LtuTable, OpsTable, OrTable, PowTable, ProgramTableCircuit, RangeTable,
         TableCircuit, U5Table, U8Table, U14Table, U16Table, XorTable,
     },
-    witness::LkMultiplicity,
+    witness::{LkMultiplicity, RowMajorMatrix},
 };
 use ark_std::test_rng;
 use base64::{Engine, engine::general_purpose::STANDARD_NO_PAD};
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use ff_ext::ExtensionField;
 use generic_static::StaticTypeMap;
 use goldilocks::SmallField;
 use itertools::{Itertools, izip};
-use multilinear_extensions::virtual_poly_v2::ArcMultilinearExtension;
+use multilinear_extensions::{mle::IntoMLEs, virtual_poly_v2::ArcMultilinearExtension};
 use std::{
     collections::HashSet,
     fs::File,
@@ -672,6 +672,21 @@ Hints:
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn assert_satisfied_raw(
+        cb: &CircuitBuilder<E>,
+        raw_witin: RowMajorMatrix<E::BaseField>,
+        programs: &[u32],
+        challenge: Option<[E; 2]>,
+        lkm: Option<LkMultiplicity>,
+    ) {
+        let wits_in = raw_witin
+            .de_interleaving()
+            .into_mles()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|v| v.into())
+            .collect_vec();
+        Self::assert_satisfied(cb, &wits_in, programs, challenge, lkm);
+    }
     pub fn assert_satisfied(
         cb: &CircuitBuilder<E>,
         wits_in: &[ArcMultilinearExtension<'a, E>],
@@ -698,7 +713,7 @@ mod tests {
     };
     use ff::Field;
     use goldilocks::{Goldilocks, GoldilocksExt2};
-    use multilinear_extensions::mle::{IntoMLE, IntoMLEs};
+    use multilinear_extensions::mle::IntoMLE;
 
     #[derive(Debug)]
     #[allow(dead_code)]
@@ -905,14 +920,9 @@ mod tests {
             )
             .unwrap();
 
-        MockProver::assert_satisfied(
+        MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(
             &builder,
-            &raw_witin
-                .de_interleaving()
-                .into_mles()
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|v| v.into())
-                .collect_vec(),
+            raw_witin,
             &[],
             Some([1.into(), 1000.into()]),
             None,
@@ -943,14 +953,9 @@ mod tests {
             )
             .unwrap();
 
-        MockProver::assert_satisfied(
+        MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(
             &builder,
-            &raw_witin
-                .de_interleaving()
-                .into_mles()
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|v| v.into())
-                .collect_vec(),
+            raw_witin,
             &[],
             Some([1.into(), 1000.into()]),
             None,
@@ -1029,14 +1034,9 @@ mod tests {
             )
             .unwrap();
 
-        MockProver::assert_satisfied(
+        MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(
             &builder,
-            &raw_witin
-                .de_interleaving()
-                .into_mles()
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|v| v.into())
-                .collect_vec(),
+            raw_witin,
             &[],
             Some([1.into(), 1000.into()]),
             None,
@@ -1068,14 +1068,9 @@ mod tests {
             )
             .unwrap();
 
-        MockProver::assert_satisfied(
+        MockProver::assert_satisfied_raw(
             &builder,
-            &raw_witin
-                .de_interleaving()
-                .into_mles()
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|v| v.into())
-                .collect_vec(),
+            raw_witin,
             &[],
             Some([1.into(), 1000.into()]),
             None,