diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 4d16784..f3a556b 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -79,21 +79,27 @@ mod winit_app;
 fn main() {
     let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
 
-    let mut app = winit_app::WinitAppBuilder::with_init(|elwt| {
-        let window = {
-            let window = elwt.create_window(Window::default_attributes());
-            Rc::new(window.unwrap())
-        };
-        let context = softbuffer::Context::new(window.clone()).unwrap();
-        let surface = softbuffer::Surface::new(&context, window.clone()).unwrap();
-
-        (window, surface)
-    }).with_event_handler(|state, event, elwt| {
-        let (window, surface) = state;
+    let mut app = winit_app::WinitAppBuilder::with_init(
+        |elwt| {
+            let window = {
+                let window = elwt.create_window(Window::default_attributes());
+                Rc::new(window.unwrap())
+            };
+            let context = softbuffer::Context::new(window.clone()).unwrap();
+
+            (window, context)
+        },
+        |_elwt, (window, context)| softbuffer::Surface::new(context, window.clone()).unwrap(),
+    )
+    .with_event_handler(|(window, _context), surface, event, elwt| {
         elwt.set_control_flow(ControlFlow::Wait);
 
         match event {
             Event::WindowEvent { window_id, event: WindowEvent::RedrawRequested } if window_id == window.id() => {
+                let Some(surface) = surface else {
+                    eprintln!("RedrawRequested fired before Resumed or after Suspended");
+                    return;
+                };
                 let (width, height) = {
                     let size = window.inner_size();
                     (size.width, size.height)
diff --git a/examples/animation.rs b/examples/animation.rs
index 6df2265..c075923 100644
--- a/examples/animation.rs
+++ b/examples/animation.rs
@@ -14,19 +14,23 @@ fn main() {
     let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
     let start = Instant::now();
 
-    let app = winit_app::WinitAppBuilder::with_init(|event_loop| {
-        let window = winit_app::make_window(event_loop, |w| w);
+    let app = winit_app::WinitAppBuilder::with_init(
+        |event_loop| {
+            let window = winit_app::make_window(event_loop, |w| w);
 
-        let context = softbuffer::Context::new(window.clone()).unwrap();
-        let surface = softbuffer::Surface::new(&context, window.clone()).unwrap();
+            let context = softbuffer::Context::new(window.clone()).unwrap();
 
-        let old_size = (0, 0);
-        let frames = pre_render_frames(0, 0);
+            let old_size = (0, 0);
+            let frames = pre_render_frames(0, 0);
 
-        (window, surface, old_size, frames)
-    })
-    .with_event_handler(move |state, event, elwt| {
-        let (window, surface, old_size, frames) = state;
+            (window, context, old_size, frames)
+        },
+        |_elwft, (window, context, _old_size, _frames)| {
+            softbuffer::Surface::new(context, window.clone()).unwrap()
+        },
+    )
+    .with_event_handler(move |state, surface, event, elwt| {
+        let (window, _context, old_size, frames) = state;
 
         elwt.set_control_flow(ControlFlow::Poll);
 
@@ -35,6 +39,11 @@ fn main() {
                 window_id,
                 event: WindowEvent::Resized(size),
             } if window_id == window.id() => {
+                let Some(surface) = surface else {
+                    eprintln!("Resized fired before Resumed or after Suspended");
+                    return;
+                };
+
                 if let (Some(width), Some(height)) =
                     (NonZeroU32::new(size.width), NonZeroU32::new(size.height))
                 {
@@ -45,6 +54,11 @@ fn main() {
                 window_id,
                 event: WindowEvent::RedrawRequested,
             } if window_id == window.id() => {
+                let Some(surface) = surface else {
+                    eprintln!("RedrawRequested fired before Resumed or after Suspended");
+                    return;
+                };
+
                 let size = window.inner_size();
                 if let (Some(width), Some(height)) =
                     (NonZeroU32::new(size.width), NonZeroU32::new(size.height))
diff --git a/examples/fruit.rs b/examples/fruit.rs
index cecd4af..0402e8a 100644
--- a/examples/fruit.rs
+++ b/examples/fruit.rs
@@ -14,28 +14,32 @@ fn main() {
 
     let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
 
-    let app = winit_app::WinitAppBuilder::with_init(move |elwt| {
-        let window = winit_app::make_window(elwt, |w| {
-            w.with_inner_size(winit::dpi::PhysicalSize::new(width, height))
-        });
+    let app = winit_app::WinitAppBuilder::with_init(
+        move |elwt| {
+            let window = winit_app::make_window(elwt, |w| {
+                w.with_inner_size(winit::dpi::PhysicalSize::new(width, height))
+            });
 
-        let context = softbuffer::Context::new(window.clone()).unwrap();
-        let mut surface = softbuffer::Surface::new(&context, window.clone()).unwrap();
+            let context = softbuffer::Context::new(window.clone()).unwrap();
 
-        // Intentionally only set the size of the surface once, at creation.
-        // This is needed if the window chooses to ignore the size we passed in above, and for the
-        // platforms softbuffer supports that don't yet extract the size from the window.
-        surface
-            .resize(
-                NonZeroU32::new(width).unwrap(),
-                NonZeroU32::new(height).unwrap(),
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-
-        (window, surface)
-    })
-    .with_event_handler(move |state, event, elwt| {
-        let (window, surface) = state;
+            (window, context)
+        },
+        move |_elwt, (window, context)| {
+            let mut surface = softbuffer::Surface::new(context, window.clone()).unwrap();
+            // Intentionally only set the size of the surface once, at creation.
+            // This is needed if the window chooses to ignore the size we passed in above, and for the
+            // platforms softbuffer supports that don't yet extract the size from the window.
+            surface
+                .resize(
+                    NonZeroU32::new(width).unwrap(),
+                    NonZeroU32::new(height).unwrap(),
+                )
+                .unwrap();
+            surface
+        },
+    )
+    .with_event_handler(move |state, surface, event, elwt| {
+        let (window, _context) = state;
         elwt.set_control_flow(ControlFlow::Wait);
 
         match event {
@@ -43,6 +47,11 @@ fn main() {
                 window_id,
                 event: WindowEvent::RedrawRequested,
             } if window_id == window.id() => {
+                let Some(surface) = surface else {
+                    eprintln!("RedrawRequested fired before Resumed or after Suspended");
+                    return;
+                };
+
                 let mut buffer = surface.buffer_mut().unwrap();
                 let width = fruit.width() as usize;
                 for (x, y, pixel) in fruit.pixels() {
diff --git a/examples/rectangle.rs b/examples/rectangle.rs
index 41f8be4..b92f30b 100644
--- a/examples/rectangle.rs
+++ b/examples/rectangle.rs
@@ -25,20 +25,24 @@ fn redraw(buffer: &mut [u32], width: usize, height: usize, flag: bool) {
 fn main() {
     let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
 
-    let app = winit_app::WinitAppBuilder::with_init(|elwt| {
-        let window = winit_app::make_window(elwt, |w| {
-            w.with_title("Press space to show/hide a rectangle")
-        });
+    let app = winit_app::WinitAppBuilder::with_init(
+        |elwt| {
+            let window = winit_app::make_window(elwt, |w| {
+                w.with_title("Press space to show/hide a rectangle")
+            });
 
-        let context = softbuffer::Context::new(window.clone()).unwrap();
-        let surface = softbuffer::Surface::new(&context, window.clone()).unwrap();
+            let context = softbuffer::Context::new(window.clone()).unwrap();
 
-        let flag = false;
+            let flag = false;
 
-        (window, surface, flag)
-    })
-    .with_event_handler(|state, event, elwt| {
-        let (window, surface, flag) = state;
+            (window, context, flag)
+        },
+        |_elwt, (window, context, _flag)| {
+            softbuffer::Surface::new(context, window.clone()).unwrap()
+        },
+    )
+    .with_event_handler(|state, surface, event, elwt| {
+        let (window, _context, flag) = state;
 
         elwt.set_control_flow(ControlFlow::Wait);
 
@@ -47,6 +51,11 @@ fn main() {
                 window_id,
                 event: WindowEvent::Resized(size),
             } if window_id == window.id() => {
+                let Some(surface) = surface else {
+                    eprintln!("Resized fired before Resumed or after Suspended");
+                    return;
+                };
+
                 if let (Some(width), Some(height)) =
                     (NonZeroU32::new(size.width), NonZeroU32::new(size.height))
                 {
@@ -58,6 +67,10 @@ fn main() {
                 window_id,
                 event: WindowEvent::RedrawRequested,
             } if window_id == window.id() => {
+                let Some(surface) = surface else {
+                    eprintln!("RedrawRequested fired before Resumed or after Suspended");
+                    return;
+                };
                 // Grab the window's client area dimensions, and ensure they're valid
                 let size = window.inner_size();
                 if let (Some(width), Some(height)) =
diff --git a/examples/utils/winit_app.rs b/examples/utils/winit_app.rs
index f427894..3b4cb4d 100644
--- a/examples/utils/winit_app.rs
+++ b/examples/utils/winit_app.rs
@@ -31,76 +31,94 @@ pub(crate) fn make_window(
 }
 
 /// Easily constructable winit application.
-pub(crate) struct WinitApp<T, Init, Handler> {
-    /// Closure to initialize state.
+pub(crate) struct WinitApp<T, S, Init, InitSurface, Handler> {
+    /// Closure to initialize `state`.
     init: Init,
 
+    /// Closure to initialize `surface_state`.
+    init_surface: InitSurface,
+
     /// Closure to run on window events.
     event: Handler,
 
     /// Contained state.
     state: Option<T>,
+
+    /// Contained surface state.
+    surface_state: Option<S>,
 }
 
 /// Builder that makes it so we don't have to name `T`.
-pub(crate) struct WinitAppBuilder<T, Init> {
-    /// Closure to initialize state.
+pub(crate) struct WinitAppBuilder<T, S, Init, InitSurface> {
+    /// Closure to initialize `state`.
     init: Init,
 
+    /// Closure to initialize `surface_state`.
+    init_surface: InitSurface,
+
     /// Eat the type parameter.
-    _marker: PhantomData<Option<T>>,
+    _marker: PhantomData<(Option<T>, Option<S>)>,
 }
 
-impl<T, Init> WinitAppBuilder<T, Init>
+impl<T, S, Init, InitSurface> WinitAppBuilder<T, S, Init, InitSurface>
 where
     Init: FnMut(&ActiveEventLoop) -> T,
+    InitSurface: FnMut(&ActiveEventLoop, &mut T) -> S,
 {
     /// Create with an "init" closure.
-    pub(crate) fn with_init(init: Init) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn with_init(init: Init, init_surface: InitSurface) -> Self {
         Self {
             init,
+            init_surface,
             _marker: PhantomData,
         }
     }
 
     /// Build a new application.
-    pub(crate) fn with_event_handler<F>(self, handler: F) -> WinitApp<T, Init, F>
+    pub(crate) fn with_event_handler<F>(self, handler: F) -> WinitApp<T, S, Init, InitSurface, F>
     where
-        F: FnMut(&mut T, Event<()>, &ActiveEventLoop),
+        F: FnMut(&mut T, Option<&mut S>, Event<()>, &ActiveEventLoop),
     {
-        WinitApp::new(self.init, handler)
+        WinitApp::new(self.init, self.init_surface, handler)
     }
 }
 
-impl<T, Init, Handler> WinitApp<T, Init, Handler>
+impl<T, S, Init, InitSurface, Handler> WinitApp<T, S, Init, InitSurface, Handler>
 where
     Init: FnMut(&ActiveEventLoop) -> T,
-    Handler: FnMut(&mut T, Event<()>, &ActiveEventLoop),
+    InitSurface: FnMut(&ActiveEventLoop, &mut T) -> S,
+    Handler: FnMut(&mut T, Option<&mut S>, Event<()>, &ActiveEventLoop),
 {
     /// Create a new application.
-    pub(crate) fn new(init: Init, event: Handler) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(init: Init, init_surface: InitSurface, event: Handler) -> Self {
         Self {
             init,
+            init_surface,
             event,
             state: None,
+            surface_state: None,
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl<T, Init, Handler> ApplicationHandler for WinitApp<T, Init, Handler>
+impl<T, S, Init, InitSurface, Handler> ApplicationHandler
+    for WinitApp<T, S, Init, InitSurface, Handler>
 where
     Init: FnMut(&ActiveEventLoop) -> T,
-    Handler: FnMut(&mut T, Event<()>, &ActiveEventLoop),
+    InitSurface: FnMut(&ActiveEventLoop, &mut T) -> S,
+    Handler: FnMut(&mut T, Option<&mut S>, Event<()>, &ActiveEventLoop),
 {
     fn resumed(&mut self, el: &ActiveEventLoop) {
         debug_assert!(self.state.is_none());
-        self.state = Some((self.init)(el));
+        let mut state = (self.init)(el);
+        self.surface_state = Some((self.init_surface)(el, &mut state));
+        self.state = Some(state);
     }
 
     fn suspended(&mut self, _event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
-        let state = self.state.take();
-        debug_assert!(state.is_some());
-        drop(state);
+        let surface_state = self.surface_state.take();
+        debug_assert!(surface_state.is_some());
+        drop(surface_state);
     }
 
     fn window_event(
@@ -110,12 +128,23 @@ where
         event: WindowEvent,
     ) {
         let state = self.state.as_mut().unwrap();
-        (self.event)(state, Event::WindowEvent { window_id, event }, event_loop);
+        let surface_state = self.surface_state.as_mut();
+        (self.event)(
+            state,
+            surface_state,
+            Event::WindowEvent { window_id, event },
+            event_loop,
+        );
     }
 
     fn about_to_wait(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
         if let Some(state) = self.state.as_mut() {
-            (self.event)(state, Event::AboutToWait, event_loop);
+            (self.event)(
+                state,
+                self.surface_state.as_mut(),
+                Event::AboutToWait,
+                event_loop,
+            );
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/examples/winit.rs b/examples/winit.rs
index 3d3f261..09c6c10 100644
--- a/examples/winit.rs
+++ b/examples/winit.rs
@@ -9,16 +9,17 @@ mod winit_app;
 fn main() {
     let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
 
-    let app = winit_app::WinitAppBuilder::with_init(|elwt| {
-        let window = winit_app::make_window(elwt, |w| w);
+    let app = winit_app::WinitAppBuilder::with_init(
+        |elwt| {
+            let window = winit_app::make_window(elwt, |w| w);
 
-        let context = softbuffer::Context::new(window.clone()).unwrap();
-        let surface = softbuffer::Surface::new(&context, window.clone()).unwrap();
+            let context = softbuffer::Context::new(window.clone()).unwrap();
 
-        (window, surface)
-    })
-    .with_event_handler(|state, event, elwt| {
-        let (window, surface) = state;
+            (window, context)
+        },
+        |_elwt, (window, context)| softbuffer::Surface::new(context, window.clone()).unwrap(),
+    )
+    .with_event_handler(|(window, _context), surface, event, elwt| {
         elwt.set_control_flow(ControlFlow::Wait);
 
         match event {
@@ -26,6 +27,11 @@ fn main() {
                 window_id,
                 event: WindowEvent::Resized(size),
             } if window_id == window.id() => {
+                let Some(surface) = surface else {
+                    eprintln!("Resized fired before Resumed or after Suspended");
+                    return;
+                };
+
                 if let (Some(width), Some(height)) =
                     (NonZeroU32::new(size.width), NonZeroU32::new(size.height))
                 {
@@ -36,6 +42,10 @@ fn main() {
                 window_id,
                 event: WindowEvent::RedrawRequested,
             } if window_id == window.id() => {
+                let Some(surface) = surface else {
+                    eprintln!("RedrawRequested fired before Resumed or after Suspended");
+                    return;
+                };
                 let size = window.inner_size();
                 if let (Some(width), Some(height)) =
                     (NonZeroU32::new(size.width), NonZeroU32::new(size.height))
diff --git a/examples/winit_multithread.rs b/examples/winit_multithread.rs
index 4c2be4d..6323592 100644
--- a/examples/winit_multithread.rs
+++ b/examples/winit_multithread.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ mod ex {
         loop {
             println!("waiting for render...");
             if do_render.recv().is_err() {
-                // Main thread is dead.
+                println!("surface state destroyed");
                 break;
             }
 
@@ -63,34 +63,43 @@ mod ex {
     pub(super) fn entry() {
         let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
 
-        let app = winit_app::WinitAppBuilder::with_init(|elwt| {
-            let attributes = Window::default_attributes();
-            #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
-            let attributes =
-                winit::platform::web::WindowAttributesExtWebSys::with_append(attributes, true);
-            let window = Arc::new(elwt.create_window(attributes).unwrap());
-
-            let context = softbuffer::Context::new(window.clone()).unwrap();
-            let surface = {
-                println!("making surface...");
-                let surface = softbuffer::Surface::new(&context, window.clone()).unwrap();
-                Arc::new(Mutex::new(surface))
-            };
-
-            // Spawn a thread to handle rendering.
-            let (start_render, do_render) = mpsc::channel();
-            let (render_done, finish_render) = mpsc::channel();
-            println!("starting thread...");
-            std::thread::spawn({
-                let window = window.clone();
-                let surface = surface.clone();
-                move || render_thread(window, surface, do_render, render_done)
-            });
-
-            (window, surface, start_render, finish_render)
-        })
-        .with_event_handler(|state, event, elwt| {
-            let (window, _surface, start_render, finish_render) = state;
+        let app = winit_app::WinitAppBuilder::with_init(
+            |elwt| {
+                let attributes = Window::default_attributes();
+                #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+                let attributes =
+                    winit::platform::web::WindowAttributesExtWebSys::with_append(attributes, true);
+                let window = Arc::new(elwt.create_window(attributes).unwrap());
+
+                let context = softbuffer::Context::new(window.clone()).unwrap();
+
+                (window, context)
+            },
+            |_elwt, (window, context)| {
+                let surface = {
+                    println!("making surface...");
+                    let surface = softbuffer::Surface::new(context, window.clone()).unwrap();
+                    Arc::new(Mutex::new(surface))
+                };
+
+                // Spawn a thread to handle rendering for this specific surface. The channels will
+                // be closed and the thread will be stopped whenever this surface (the returned
+                // context below) is dropped, so that it can all be recreated again (on Android)
+                // when a new surface is created.
+                let (start_render, do_render) = mpsc::channel();
+                let (render_done, finish_render) = mpsc::channel();
+                println!("starting thread...");
+                std::thread::spawn({
+                    let window = window.clone();
+                    let surface = surface.clone();
+                    move || render_thread(window, surface, do_render, render_done)
+                });
+
+                (surface, start_render, finish_render)
+            },
+        )
+        .with_event_handler(|state, surface, event, elwt| {
+            let (window, _context) = state;
             elwt.set_control_flow(ControlFlow::Wait);
 
             match event {
@@ -98,6 +107,10 @@ mod ex {
                     window_id,
                     event: WindowEvent::RedrawRequested,
                 } if window_id == window.id() => {
+                    let Some((_surface, start_render, finish_render)) = surface else {
+                        eprintln!("RedrawRequested fired before Resumed or after Suspended");
+                        return;
+                    };
                     // Start the render and then finish it.
                     start_render.send(()).unwrap();
                     finish_render.recv().unwrap();
diff --git a/examples/winit_wrong_sized_buffer.rs b/examples/winit_wrong_sized_buffer.rs
index 95e3e07..0c58a11 100644
--- a/examples/winit_wrong_sized_buffer.rs
+++ b/examples/winit_wrong_sized_buffer.rs
@@ -12,24 +12,28 @@ const BUFFER_HEIGHT: usize = 128;
 fn main() {
     let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
 
-    let app = winit_app::WinitAppBuilder::with_init(|elwt| {
-        let window = winit_app::make_window(elwt, |w| w);
+    let app = winit_app::WinitAppBuilder::with_init(
+        |elwt| {
+            let window = winit_app::make_window(elwt, |w| w);
 
-        let context = softbuffer::Context::new(window.clone()).unwrap();
-        let mut surface = softbuffer::Surface::new(&context, window.clone()).unwrap();
+            let context = softbuffer::Context::new(window.clone()).unwrap();
 
-        // Intentionally set the size of the surface to something different than the size of the window.
-        surface
-            .resize(
-                NonZeroU32::new(BUFFER_WIDTH as u32).unwrap(),
-                NonZeroU32::new(BUFFER_HEIGHT as u32).unwrap(),
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-
-        (window, surface)
-    })
-    .with_event_handler(|state, event, elwt| {
-        let (window, surface) = state;
+            (window, context)
+        },
+        |_elwt, (window, context)| {
+            let mut surface = softbuffer::Surface::new(context, window.clone()).unwrap();
+            // Intentionally set the size of the surface to something different than the size of the window.
+            surface
+                .resize(
+                    NonZeroU32::new(BUFFER_WIDTH as u32).unwrap(),
+                    NonZeroU32::new(BUFFER_HEIGHT as u32).unwrap(),
+                )
+                .unwrap();
+            surface
+        },
+    )
+    .with_event_handler(|state, surface, event, elwt| {
+        let (window, _context) = state;
         elwt.set_control_flow(ControlFlow::Wait);
 
         match event {
@@ -37,6 +41,11 @@ fn main() {
                 window_id,
                 event: WindowEvent::RedrawRequested,
             } if window_id == window.id() => {
+                let Some(surface) = surface else {
+                    eprintln!("RedrawRequested fired before Resumed or after Suspended");
+                    return;
+                };
+
                 let mut buffer = surface.buffer_mut().unwrap();
                 for y in 0..BUFFER_HEIGHT {
                     for x in 0..BUFFER_WIDTH {