support partial update for Cassandra sink

[BugenZhao]

Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.

Users may intend to write a Cassandra sink with a schema of partial columns to perform partial updates. However, we currently require the schema being exactly matched.

Describe the solution you'd like

To perform an update in a Cassandra table, a UPDATE ... SET ... is executed. If a column is not included in the SET clause, it remains unchanged. This allows for partial updates to occur naturally.

Similar to #14363, allow the sink schema to be a subset of the Cassandra table.

Describe alternatives you've considered

No response

Additional context

The feature request is from community.

This is somehow a dual task of #12709, which is about the Cassandra source.

[xxhZs]

For other sinks, if downstream sinks support partial updates, do we need to supported all? If so, do we need user specified options（like starrocks sink）, or is it supported by default（like clickhouse sink）

[fuyufjh]

I think this is less prior to #16633, but we can do it if have time