diff --git a/.github/workflows/cherry-pick-to-release-branch.yml b/.github/workflows/cherry-pick-to-release-branch.yml
index 3406f7a43de1..b6f70202855f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/cherry-pick-to-release-branch.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cherry-pick-to-release-branch.yml
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@ on:
   pull_request:
     branches:
       - main
-    types: ["closed"]
+    types: ["closed", "labeled"]
 
 jobs:
-  release_pull_request_1_5:
-    if: "contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'need-cherry-pick-release-1.5')  &&  github.event.pull_request.merged == true"
+  release_pull_request_1_7:
+    if: "contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'need-cherry-pick-release-1.7')  &&  github.event.pull_request.merged == true"
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     name: release_pull_request
     steps:
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ jobs:
       - name: Create PR to branch
         uses: risingwavelabs/github-action-cherry-pick@master
         with:
-          pr_branch: 'release-1.5'
+          pr_branch: 'release-1.7'
           pr_labels: 'cherry-pick'
-          pr_body: ${{ format('Cherry picking \#{0} onto branch release-1.5', github.event.number) }}
+          pr_body: ${{ format('Cherry picking \#{0} onto branch release-1.7', github.event.number) }}
         env:
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
 
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 5b73909cc979..b1ac42becd27 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -630,7 +630,8 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-udf-js"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/risingwavelabs/arrow-udf.git?rev=7ba1c22#7ba1c226fa2f7418a217ee064a19b90efeb7143c"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d7ce46976744232876b82f2017171f1b8abe930aab2916d475e05bb00d25e51e"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "arrow-array 50.0.0",
@@ -641,9 +642,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-udf-wasm"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "0.1.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9c45450e29b016fdc0ccbb22408daceead464a2178f7f8408886c7ca0c9e1aed"
+checksum = "3ccaec984501c42dab31a0363e4c8b11e1dc2d870d7e3af6868b8ffbd704ce0a"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "arrow-array 50.0.0",
@@ -652,6 +653,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "base64 0.21.4",
  "genawaiter",
  "lazy_static",
+ "tempfile",
  "wasmtime",
  "wasmtime-wasi",
 ]
@@ -2388,18 +2390,18 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-bforest"
-version = "0.103.0"
+version = "0.104.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7c22542c0b95bd3302f7ed6839869c561f2324bac2fd5e7e99f5cfa65fdc8b92"
+checksum = "d819feeda4c420a18f1e28236ca0ce1177b22bf7c8a44ddee92dfe40de15bcf0"
 dependencies = [
  "cranelift-entity",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-codegen"
-version = "0.103.0"
+version = "0.104.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6b3db903ef2e9c8a4de2ea6db5db052c7857282952f9df604aa55d169e6000d8"
+checksum = "e9b8d03d5bdbca7e5f72b0e0a0f69933ed1f09e24be6c075aa6fe3f802b0cc0c"
 dependencies = [
  "bumpalo",
  "cranelift-bforest",
@@ -2418,33 +2420,33 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-codegen-meta"
-version = "0.103.0"
+version = "0.104.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6590feb5a1d6438f974bf6a5ac4dddf69fca14e1f07f3265d880f69e61a94463"
+checksum = "a3fd3664e38e51649b17dc30cfdd561273fe2f590dcd013fb75d9eabc6272dfb"
 dependencies = [
  "cranelift-codegen-shared",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-codegen-shared"
-version = "0.103.0"
+version = "0.104.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7239038c56fafe77fddc8788fc8533dd6c474dc5bdc5637216404f41ba807330"
+checksum = "4b031ec5e605828975952622b5a77d49126f20ffe88d33719a0af66b23a0fc36"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-control"
-version = "0.103.0"
+version = "0.104.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f7dc9c595341404d381d27a3d950160856b35b402275f0c3990cd1ad683c8053"
+checksum = "fada054d017cf2ed8f7ed2336e0517fc1b19e6825be1790de9eb00c94788362b"
 dependencies = [
  "arbitrary",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-entity"
-version = "0.103.0"
+version = "0.104.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "44e3ee532fc4776c69bcedf7e62f9632cbb3f35776fa9a525cdade3195baa3f7"
+checksum = "177b6f94ae8de6348eb45bf977c79ab9e3c40fc3ac8cb7ed8109560ea39bee7d"
 dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "serde_derive",
@@ -2452,9 +2454,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-frontend"
-version = "0.103.0"
+version = "0.104.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a612c94d09e653662ec37681dc2d6fd2b9856e6df7147be0afc9aabb0abf19df"
+checksum = "ebebd23a69a23e3ddea78e98ff3a2de222e88c8e045d81ef4a72f042e0d79dbd"
 dependencies = [
  "cranelift-codegen",
  "log",
@@ -2464,15 +2466,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-isle"
-version = "0.103.0"
+version = "0.104.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "85db9830abeb1170b7d29b536ffd55af1d4d26ac8a77570b5d1aca003bf225cc"
+checksum = "1571bfc14df8966d12c6121b5325026591a4b4009e22fea0fe3765ab7cd33b96"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-native"
-version = "0.103.0"
+version = "0.104.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "301ef0edafeaeda5771a5d2db64ac53e1818ae3111220a185677025fe91db4a1"
+checksum = "35a69c37e0c10b46fe5527f2397ac821046efbf5f7ec112c8b84df25712f465b"
 dependencies = [
  "cranelift-codegen",
  "libc",
@@ -2481,9 +2483,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-wasm"
-version = "0.103.0"
+version = "0.104.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "380f0abe8264e4570ac615fc31cef32a3b90a77f7eb97b08331f9dd357b1f500"
+checksum = "9b3fef8bbceb8cb56d3f1778b0418d75c5cf12ec571a35fc01eb41abb0227a25"
 dependencies = [
  "cranelift-codegen",
  "cranelift-entity",
@@ -2745,16 +2747,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "memchr",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "ctor"
-version = "0.2.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "30d2b3721e861707777e3195b0158f950ae6dc4a27e4d02ff9f67e3eb3de199e"
-dependencies = [
- "quote",
- "syn 2.0.48",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "curve25519-dalek"
 version = "4.1.0"
@@ -5073,7 +5065,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "icelake"
 version = "0.0.10"
-source = "git+https://github.com/icelake-io/icelake?rev=32c0bbf242f5c47b1e743f10577012fe7436c770#32c0bbf242f5c47b1e743f10577012fe7436c770"
+source = "git+https://github.com/icelake-io/icelake?rev=56943d203464d32701c20d74b278b6b3ef2eefc7#56943d203464d32701c20d74b278b6b3ef2eefc7"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "apache-avro 0.17.0",
@@ -5681,6 +5673,26 @@ version = "0.5.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0717cef1bc8b636c6e1c1bbdefc09e6322da8a9321966e8928ef80d20f7f770f"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "linkme"
+version = "0.3.22"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8b53ad6a33de58864705954edb5ad5d571a010f9e296865ed43dc72a5621b430"
+dependencies = [
+ "linkme-impl",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "linkme-impl"
+version = "0.3.22"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "04e542a18c94a9b6fcc7adb090fa3ba6b79ee220a16404f325672729f32a66ff"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.48",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "linux-raw-sys"
 version = "0.1.4"
@@ -8564,6 +8576,8 @@ name = "risingwave_batch"
 version = "1.7.0-alpha"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
+ "arrow-array 50.0.0",
+ "arrow-schema 50.0.0",
  "assert_matches",
  "async-recursion",
  "async-trait",
@@ -8574,6 +8588,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "futures-util",
  "hashbrown 0.14.0",
  "hytra",
+ "icelake",
  "itertools 0.12.0",
  "madsim-tokio",
  "madsim-tonic",
@@ -8952,7 +8967,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "apache-avro 0.16.0",
  "arrow-array 50.0.0",
+ "arrow-row 50.0.0",
  "arrow-schema 50.0.0",
+ "arrow-select 50.0.0",
  "assert_matches",
  "async-nats",
  "async-trait",
@@ -9157,18 +9174,20 @@ dependencies = [
  "await-tree",
  "cfg-or-panic",
  "chrono",
- "ctor",
  "downcast-rs",
  "easy-ext",
+ "educe 0.5.7",
  "either",
  "enum-as-inner",
  "expect-test",
  "futures-async-stream",
  "futures-util",
  "itertools 0.12.0",
+ "linkme",
  "madsim-tokio",
  "moka",
  "num-traits",
+ "openssl",
  "parse-display",
  "paste",
  "risingwave_common",
@@ -9203,9 +9222,11 @@ dependencies = [
  "icelake",
  "itertools 0.12.0",
  "jsonbb",
+ "linkme",
  "madsim-tokio",
  "md5",
  "num-traits",
+ "openssl",
  "regex",
  "risingwave_common",
  "risingwave_expr",
@@ -9250,7 +9271,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "bk-tree",
  "bytes",
  "clap",
- "ctor",
  "downcast-rs",
  "dyn-clone",
  "easy-ext",
@@ -9261,7 +9281,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "futures",
  "futures-async-stream",
  "iana-time-zone",
+ "icelake",
  "itertools 0.12.0",
+ "linkme",
  "madsim-tokio",
  "madsim-tonic",
  "maplit",
@@ -9946,6 +9968,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "auto_enums",
  "await-tree",
  "bytes",
+ "cfg-if",
  "criterion",
  "delta_btree_map",
  "educe 0.5.7",
@@ -10090,26 +10113,27 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rquickjs"
-version = "0.4.2"
+version = "0.4.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0db265d331ae1b1a9fdb68466a8359bc9dcc5e78a9c323f790322f8442e005ac"
+checksum = "511ee02660e19cf451ebcbda6151a4023044293066e9ccd2b0498047203f6ab1"
 dependencies = [
  "rquickjs-core",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rquickjs-core"
-version = "0.4.2"
+version = "0.4.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "48e51f2fc99917699385bfa290b776e712e414b222d7c2a9b2cd67b8e93585f3"
+checksum = "c10ce0bc11e249e738aadb8119e9a7619125cb866208236d88d2ee3dcdb7a67d"
 dependencies = [
  "rquickjs-sys",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rquickjs-sys"
-version = "0.4.2"
-source = "git+https://github.com/DelSkayn/rquickjs.git?rev=60696e8#60696e88dfb903d8f5cd81b2667fb3f64f9e9f67"
+version = "0.4.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "86030d52fc20e68115f93738c2cb960d6f900f64d99e1013ea0e170381eb0a72"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
 ]
@@ -10183,9 +10207,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rust_decimal"
-version = "1.33.0"
+version = "1.34.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "076ba1058b036d3ca8bcafb1d54d0b0572e99d7ecd3e4222723e18ca8e9ca9a8"
+checksum = "755392e1a2f77afd95580d3f0d0e94ac83eeeb7167552c9b5bca549e61a94d83"
 dependencies = [
  "arrayvec",
  "borsh",
@@ -10807,9 +10831,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_with"
-version = "3.5.0"
+version = "3.6.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f58c3a1b3e418f61c25b2aeb43fc6c95eaa252b8cecdda67f401943e9e08d33f"
+checksum = "1b0ed1662c5a68664f45b76d18deb0e234aff37207086803165c961eb695e981"
 dependencies = [
  "base64 0.21.4",
  "chrono",
@@ -10824,9 +10848,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_with_macros"
-version = "3.5.0"
+version = "3.6.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d2068b437a31fc68f25dd7edc296b078f04b45145c199d8eed9866e45f1ff274"
+checksum = "568577ff0ef47b879f736cd66740e022f3672788cdf002a05a4e609ea5a6fb15"
 dependencies = [
  "darling 0.20.3",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -12727,9 +12751,9 @@ checksum = "9c8d87e72b64a3b4db28d11ce29237c246188f4f51057d65a7eab63b7987e423"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasi-cap-std-sync"
-version = "16.0.0"
+version = "17.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "154528979a211aa28d969846e883df75705809ed9bcc70aba61460683ea7355b"
+checksum = "db014d2ced91f17d1f1a8f2b76d6ea8d731bc1dbc8c2bbaec689d6a242568e5d"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "async-trait",
@@ -12745,14 +12769,14 @@ dependencies = [
  "system-interface",
  "tracing",
  "wasi-common",
- "windows-sys 0.48.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasi-common"
-version = "16.0.0"
+version = "17.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3d888b611fee7d273dd057dc009d2dd3132736f36710ffd65657ac83628d1e3b"
+checksum = "449d17849e3c83a931374442fe2deee4d6bd1ebf469719ef44192e9e82e19c89"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "bitflags 2.4.0",
@@ -12765,7 +12789,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "tracing",
  "wasmtime",
  "wiggle",
- "windows-sys 0.48.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -12878,9 +12902,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmtime"
-version = "16.0.0"
+version = "17.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a8e539fded2495422ea3c4dfa7beeddba45904eece182cf315294009e1a323bf"
+checksum = "910fabce77e660f0e0e41cfd5f69fc8bf020a025f059718846e918db7177f469"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "async-trait",
@@ -12912,23 +12936,23 @@ dependencies = [
  "wasmtime-runtime",
  "wasmtime-winch",
  "wat",
- "windows-sys 0.48.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmtime-asm-macros"
-version = "16.0.0"
+version = "17.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "660ba9143e15a2acd921820df221b73aee256bd3ca2d208d73d8adc9587ccbb9"
+checksum = "37288142e9b4a61655a3bcbdc7316c2e4bb9e776b10ce3dd758f8186b4469572"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmtime-cache"
-version = "16.0.0"
+version = "17.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a3ce373743892002f9391c6741ef0cb0335b55ec899d874f311222b7e36f4594"
+checksum = "45cbd74a636f09d2108f9405c79857f061e19323e4abeed22e837cfe7b08a22b"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64 0.21.4",
@@ -12940,15 +12964,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_derive",
  "sha2",
  "toml 0.5.11",
- "windows-sys 0.48.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
  "zstd 0.11.2+zstd.1.5.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmtime-component-macro"
-version = "16.0.0"
+version = "17.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "12ef32643324e564e1c359e9044daa06cbf90d7e2d6c99a738d17a12959f01a5"
+checksum = "ad63de18eb42e586386b6091f787c82707cbd5ac5e9343216dba1976190cd03a"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -12961,15 +12985,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmtime-component-util"
-version = "16.0.0"
+version = "17.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8c87d06c18d21a4818f354c00a85f4ebc62b2270961cd022968452b0e4dbed9d"
+checksum = "7e0a160c0c44369aa4bee6d311a8e4366943bab1651040cc8b0fcec2c9eb8906"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmtime-cranelift"
-version = "16.0.0"
+version = "17.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2d648c8b4064a7911093b02237cd5569f71ca171d3a0a486bf80600b19e1cba2"
+checksum = "3734cc01b7cd37bc62fdbcd9529ca9547440052d4b3886cfdec3b8081a5d3647"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -12992,9 +13016,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmtime-cranelift-shared"
-version = "16.0.0"
+version = "17.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "290a89027688782da8ff60b12bb95695494b1874e0d0ba2ba387d23dace6d70c"
+checksum = "e0eb33cd30c47844aa228d4d0030587e65c1108343f311fe9f7248b5bd9cb65c"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "cranelift-codegen",
@@ -13008,9 +13032,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmtime-environ"
-version = "16.0.0"
+version = "17.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "61eb64fb3e0da883e2df4a13a81d6282e072336e6cb6295021d0f7ab2e352754"
+checksum = "9a3a056b041fdea604f0972e2fae97958e7748d629a55180228348baefdfc217"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "cranelift-entity",
@@ -13031,9 +13055,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmtime-fiber"
-version = "16.0.0"
+version = "17.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "40ecf1d3a838b0956b71ad3f8cb80069a228339775bf02dd35d86a5a68bbe443"
+checksum = "43987d0977c07f15c3608c2f255870c127ffd19e35eeedb1ac1dccedf9932a42"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "cc",
@@ -13041,14 +13065,14 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustix 0.38.28",
  "wasmtime-asm-macros",
  "wasmtime-versioned-export-macros",
- "windows-sys 0.48.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmtime-jit"
-version = "16.0.0"
+version = "17.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f485336add49267d8859e8f8084d2d4b9a4b1564496b6f30ba5b168d50c10ceb"
+checksum = "9b3e48395ac672b386ed588d97a9612aa13a345008f26466f0dfb2a91628aa9f"
 dependencies = [
  "addr2line",
  "anyhow",
@@ -13068,14 +13092,14 @@ dependencies = [
  "wasmtime-jit-debug",
  "wasmtime-jit-icache-coherence",
  "wasmtime-runtime",
- "windows-sys 0.48.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmtime-jit-debug"
-version = "16.0.0"
+version = "17.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "65e119affec40edb2fab9044f188759a00c2df9c3017278d047012a2de1efb4f"
+checksum = "dd21fd0f5ca68681d3d5b636eea00f182d0f9d764144469e9257fd7e3f55ae0e"
 dependencies = [
  "object",
  "once_cell",
@@ -13085,20 +13109,20 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmtime-jit-icache-coherence"
-version = "16.0.0"
+version = "17.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6b6d197fcc34ad32ed440e1f9552fd57d1f377d9699d31dee1b5b457322c1f8a"
+checksum = "bdc26415bb89e9ccd3bdc498fef63aabf665c4c0dd710c107691deb9694955da"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
- "windows-sys 0.48.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmtime-runtime"
-version = "16.0.0"
+version = "17.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "794b2bb19b99ef8322ff0dd9fe1ba7e19c41036dfb260b3f99ecce128c42ff92"
+checksum = "0abddaf17912aabaf39be0802d5eba9a002e956e902d1ebd438a2fe1c88769a2"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "cc",
@@ -13121,14 +13145,14 @@ dependencies = [
  "wasmtime-jit-debug",
  "wasmtime-versioned-export-macros",
  "wasmtime-wmemcheck",
- "windows-sys 0.48.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmtime-types"
-version = "16.0.0"
+version = "17.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d995db8bb56f2cd8d2dc0ed5ffab94ffb435283b0fe6747f80f7aab40b2d06a1"
+checksum = "b35a95cdc1433729085beab42c0a5c742b431f25b17c40d7718e46df63d5ffc7"
 dependencies = [
  "cranelift-entity",
  "serde",
@@ -13139,9 +13163,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmtime-versioned-export-macros"
-version = "16.0.0"
+version = "17.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f55c5565959287c21dd0f4277ae3518dd2ae62679f655ee2dbc4396e19d210db"
+checksum = "fad322733fe67e45743784d8b1df452bcb54f581572a4f1a646a4332deecbcc2"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -13150,9 +13174,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmtime-wasi"
-version = "16.0.0"
+version = "17.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ccd8370078149d49a3a47e93741553fd79b700421464b6a27ca32718192ab130"
+checksum = "902cc299b73655c36679b77efdfce4bb5971992f1a4a8a436dd3809a6848ff0e"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "async-trait",
@@ -13180,14 +13204,14 @@ dependencies = [
  "wasi-common",
  "wasmtime",
  "wiggle",
- "windows-sys 0.48.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmtime-winch"
-version = "16.0.0"
+version = "17.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2c6f945ff9bad96e0a69973d74f193c19f627c8adbf250e7cb73ae7564b6cc8a"
+checksum = "9e63aeca929f84560eec52c5af43bf5d623b92683b0195d9fb06da8ed860e092"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "cranelift-codegen",
@@ -13202,9 +13226,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmtime-wit-bindgen"
-version = "16.0.0"
+version = "17.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f328b2d4a690270324756e886ed5be3a4da4c00be0eea48253f4595ad068062b"
+checksum = "41e5675998fdc74495afdd90ad2bd221206a258075b23048af0535a969b07893"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "heck 0.4.1",
@@ -13214,9 +13238,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmtime-wmemcheck"
-version = "16.0.0"
+version = "17.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "67761d8f8c0b3c13a5d34356274b10a40baba67fe9cfabbfc379a8b414e45de2"
+checksum = "b20a19e10d8cb50b45412fb21192982b7ce85c0122dc33bb71f1813e25dc6e52"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wast"
@@ -13288,9 +13312,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wiggle"
-version = "16.0.0"
+version = "17.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0afb26cd3269289bb314a361ff0a6685e5ce793b62181a9fe3f81ace15051697"
+checksum = "737728db69a7657a5f6a7bac445c02d8564d603d62c46c95edf928554e67d072"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "async-trait",
@@ -13303,9 +13327,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wiggle-generate"
-version = "16.0.0"
+version = "17.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cef2868fed7584d2b552fa317104858ded80021d23b073b2d682d3c932a027bd"
+checksum = "2460c7163b79ffefd9a564eaeab0a5b0e84bb91afdfeeb84d36f304ddbe08982"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "heck 0.4.1",
@@ -13318,9 +13342,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wiggle-macro"
-version = "16.0.0"
+version = "17.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "31ae1ec11a17ea481539ee9a5719a278c9790d974060fbf71db4b2c05378780b"
+checksum = "fa8d8412375ba8325d61fbae56dead51dabfaec85d620ce36427922fb9cece83"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -13361,9 +13385,9 @@ checksum = "712e227841d057c1ee1cd2fb22fa7e5a5461ae8e48fa2ca79ec42cfc1931183f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "winch-codegen"
-version = "0.14.0"
+version = "0.15.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "58e58c236a6abdd9ab454552b4f29e16cfa837a86897c1503313b2e62e7609ec"
+checksum = "9d2b346bad5397b219b4ff0a8fa7230936061ff07c61f05d589d8d81e06fb7b2"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "cranelift-codegen",
@@ -13753,6 +13777,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-integer",
  "num-iter",
  "num-traits",
+ "openssl",
+ "openssl-sys",
  "opentelemetry_api",
  "opentelemetry_sdk",
  "ordered-float 3.9.1",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index b887bb254da6..98844e0f36f4 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ tonic = { package = "madsim-tonic", version = "0.4.1" }
 tonic-build = { package = "madsim-tonic-build", version = "0.4.2" }
 otlp-embedded = { git = "https://github.com/risingwavelabs/otlp-embedded", rev = "58c1f003484449d7c6dd693b348bf19dd44889cb" }
 prost = { version = "0.12" }
-icelake = { git = "https://github.com/icelake-io/icelake", rev = "32c0bbf242f5c47b1e743f10577012fe7436c770", features = [
+icelake = { git = "https://github.com/icelake-io/icelake", rev = "56943d203464d32701c20d74b278b6b3ef2eefc7", features = [
   "prometheus",
 ] }
 arrow-array = "50"
@@ -133,8 +133,8 @@ arrow-flight = "50"
 arrow-select = "50"
 arrow-ord = "50"
 arrow-row = "50"
-arrow-udf-js = { git = "https://github.com/risingwavelabs/arrow-udf.git", rev = "7ba1c22" }
-arrow-udf-wasm = "0.1"
+arrow-udf-js = "0.1"
+arrow-udf-wasm = { version = "0.1.2", features = ["build"] }
 arrow-array-deltalake = { package = "arrow-array", version = "48.0.1" }
 arrow-buffer-deltalake = { package = "arrow-buffer", version = "48.0.1" }
 arrow-cast-deltalake = { package = "arrow-cast", version = "48.0.1" }
@@ -282,8 +282,6 @@ tokio-postgres = { git = "https://github.com/madsim-rs/rust-postgres.git", rev =
 futures-timer = { git = "https://github.com/madsim-rs/futures-timer.git", rev = "05b33b4" }
 # patch: unlimit 4MB message size for grpc client
 etcd-client = { git = "https://github.com/risingwavelabs/etcd-client.git", rev = "4e84d40" }
-# need binding on aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu, waiting for new release
-rquickjs-sys = { git = "https://github.com/DelSkayn/rquickjs.git", rev = "60696e8" }
 
 [workspace.metadata.dylint]
 libraries = [{ path = "./lints" }]
diff --git a/ci/Dockerfile b/ci/Dockerfile
index b45222bb20e6..3d14a61dfcfb 100644
--- a/ci/Dockerfile
+++ b/ci/Dockerfile
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ RUN curl -sSL https://install.python-poetry.org | python3 -
 
 # add required rustup components
 RUN rustup component add rustfmt llvm-tools-preview clippy
+RUN rustup target add wasm32-wasi
 
 ENV CARGO_REGISTRIES_CRATES_IO_PROTOCOL=sparse
 
diff --git a/ci/build-ci-image.sh b/ci/build-ci-image.sh
index c684724bd153..cfddc603ace7 100755
--- a/ci/build-ci-image.sh
+++ b/ci/build-ci-image.sh
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ cat ../rust-toolchain
 # shellcheck disable=SC2155
 
 # REMEMBER TO ALSO UPDATE ci/docker-compose.yml
-export BUILD_ENV_VERSION=v20240124_1
+export BUILD_ENV_VERSION=v20240204
 
 export BUILD_TAG="public.ecr.aws/x5u3w5h6/rw-build-env:${BUILD_ENV_VERSION}"
 
diff --git a/ci/docker-compose.yml b/ci/docker-compose.yml
index 9047fda1737e..6450e7baf4c6 100644
--- a/ci/docker-compose.yml
+++ b/ci/docker-compose.yml
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ services:
       retries: 5
 
   source-test-env:
-    image: public.ecr.aws/x5u3w5h6/rw-build-env:v20240124_1
+    image: public.ecr.aws/x5u3w5h6/rw-build-env:v20240204
     depends_on:
       - mysql
       - db
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ services:
       - ..:/risingwave
 
   sink-test-env:
-    image: public.ecr.aws/x5u3w5h6/rw-build-env:v20240124_1
+    image: public.ecr.aws/x5u3w5h6/rw-build-env:v20240204
     depends_on:
       - mysql
       - db
@@ -93,12 +93,12 @@ services:
       - ..:/risingwave
 
   rw-build-env:
-    image: public.ecr.aws/x5u3w5h6/rw-build-env:v20240124_1
+    image: public.ecr.aws/x5u3w5h6/rw-build-env:v20240204
     volumes:
       - ..:/risingwave
 
   ci-flamegraph-env:
-    image: public.ecr.aws/x5u3w5h6/rw-build-env:v20240124_1
+    image: public.ecr.aws/x5u3w5h6/rw-build-env:v20240204
     # NOTE(kwannoel): This is used in order to permit
     # syscalls for `nperf` (perf_event_open),
     # so it can do CPU profiling.
@@ -109,14 +109,14 @@ services:
       - ..:/risingwave
 
   regress-test-env:
-    image: public.ecr.aws/x5u3w5h6/rw-build-env:v20240124_1
+    image: public.ecr.aws/x5u3w5h6/rw-build-env:v20240204
     depends_on:
       db:
         condition: service_healthy
     volumes:
       - ..:/risingwave
 
-  release-env:
+  release-env-x86:
     # build binaries on a earlier Linux distribution (therefore with earlier version GLIBC)
     # See https://github.com/risingwavelabs/risingwave/issues/4556 for more details.
     #
@@ -132,6 +132,12 @@ services:
     volumes:
       - ..:/mnt
 
+  release-env-arm:
+    image: quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64
+    working_dir: /mnt
+    volumes:
+      - ..:/mnt
+
   elasticsearch:
     container_name: elasticsearch
     image: docker.elastic.co/elasticsearch/elasticsearch:7.11.0
diff --git a/ci/scripts/build-other.sh b/ci/scripts/build-other.sh
index e303a5f5160c..2311e5164fe7 100755
--- a/ci/scripts/build-other.sh
+++ b/ci/scripts/build-other.sh
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ source ci/scripts/common.sh
 
 echo "--- Build Rust UDF"
 cd e2e_test/udf/wasm
-rustup target add wasm32-wasi
 cargo build --release
 cd ../../..
 
diff --git a/ci/scripts/cron-e2e-test.sh b/ci/scripts/cron-e2e-test.sh
index 52c7a6faa366..434fc6dea298 100755
--- a/ci/scripts/cron-e2e-test.sh
+++ b/ci/scripts/cron-e2e-test.sh
@@ -6,5 +6,4 @@ set -euo pipefail
 source ci/scripts/common.sh
 export RUN_COMPACTION=0;
 export RUN_META_BACKUP=1;
-export RUN_DELETE_RANGE=1;
 source ci/scripts/run-e2e-test.sh
diff --git a/ci/scripts/e2e-iceberg-sink-v2-test.sh b/ci/scripts/e2e-iceberg-sink-v2-test.sh
index 0e8054a4946a..c3bac96c9654 100755
--- a/ci/scripts/e2e-iceberg-sink-v2-test.sh
+++ b/ci/scripts/e2e-iceberg-sink-v2-test.sh
@@ -42,6 +42,8 @@ bash ./start_spark_connect_server.sh
 "$HOME"/.local/bin/poetry run python main.py -t ./test_case/no_partition_upsert.toml
 "$HOME"/.local/bin/poetry run python main.py -t ./test_case/partition_append_only.toml
 "$HOME"/.local/bin/poetry run python main.py -t ./test_case/partition_upsert.toml
+"$HOME"/.local/bin/poetry run python main.py -t ./test_case/range_partition_append_only.toml
+"$HOME"/.local/bin/poetry run python main.py -t ./test_case/range_partition_upsert.toml
 
 
 echo "--- Kill cluster"
diff --git a/ci/scripts/pr.env.sh b/ci/scripts/pr.env.sh
index dff62c33383a..84fe372d5d57 100755
--- a/ci/scripts/pr.env.sh
+++ b/ci/scripts/pr.env.sh
@@ -6,6 +6,4 @@ set -euo pipefail
 # Don't run e2e compaction test in PR build
 export RUN_COMPACTION=0;
 # Don't run meta store backup/recovery test
-export RUN_META_BACKUP=0;
-# Don't run delete-range random test
-export RUN_DELETE_RANGE=0;
\ No newline at end of file
+export RUN_META_BACKUP=0;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ci/scripts/regress-test.sh b/ci/scripts/regress-test.sh
index aa5912e591df..384c321afe5e 100755
--- a/ci/scripts/regress-test.sh
+++ b/ci/scripts/regress-test.sh
@@ -40,6 +40,13 @@ dpkg-reconfigure --frontend=noninteractive locales
 # All the above is required because otherwise psql would throw some warning
 # that goes into the output file and thus diverges from the expected output file.
 export PGPASSWORD='postgres';
+
+# Load extensions. This shall only be done once per database, so not part of test runner.
+psql -h db -p 5432 -d postgres -U postgres \
+  -c 'create extension pgcrypto;' \
+  -c 'create extension hstore;' \
+  -c 'create extension tablefunc;'
+
 RUST_BACKTRACE=1 target/debug/risingwave_regress_test --host db \
   -p 5432 \
   -u postgres \
diff --git a/ci/scripts/release.sh b/ci/scripts/release.sh
index 32d9b801a7e2..1596d44518cd 100755
--- a/ci/scripts/release.sh
+++ b/ci/scripts/release.sh
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 set -euo pipefail
 
 REPO_ROOT=${PWD}
+ARCH="$(uname -m)"
 
 echo "--- Check env"
 if [ "${BUILDKITE_SOURCE}" != "schedule" ] && [ "${BUILDKITE_SOURCE}" != "webhook" ] && [[ -z "${BINARY_NAME+x}" ]]; then
@@ -11,22 +12,22 @@ if [ "${BUILDKITE_SOURCE}" != "schedule" ] && [ "${BUILDKITE_SOURCE}" != "webhoo
 fi
 
 echo "--- Install aws cli"
-curl "https://awscli.amazonaws.com/awscli-exe-linux-x86_64.zip" -o "awscliv2.zip"
+curl "https://awscli.amazonaws.com/awscli-exe-linux-${ARCH}.zip" -o "awscliv2.zip"
 unzip -q awscliv2.zip && ./aws/install && mv /usr/local/bin/aws /bin/aws
 
 echo "--- Install lld"
 # The lld in the CentOS 7 repository is too old and contains a bug that causes a linker error.
 # So we install a newer version here. (17.0.6, latest version at the time of writing)
 # It is manually built in the same environent and uploaded to S3.
-aws s3 cp s3://ci-deps-dist/llvm-lld-manylinux2014_x86_64.tar.gz .
-tar -zxvf llvm-lld-manylinux2014_x86_64.tar.gz --directory=/usr/local
+aws s3 cp s3://ci-deps-dist/llvm-lld-manylinux2014_${ARCH}.tar.gz .
+tar -zxvf llvm-lld-manylinux2014_${ARCH}.tar.gz --directory=/usr/local
 ld.lld --version
 
 echo "--- Install dependencies for openssl"
 yum install -y perl-core
 
 echo "--- Install java and maven"
-yum install -y java-11-openjdk java-11-openjdk-devel wget python3 cyrus-sasl-devel
+yum install -y java-11-openjdk java-11-openjdk-devel wget python3 python3-devel cyrus-sasl-devel
 pip3 install toml-cli
 wget https://ci-deps-dist.s3.amazonaws.com/apache-maven-3.9.3-bin.tar.gz && tar -zxvf apache-maven-3.9.3-bin.tar.gz
 export PATH="${REPO_ROOT}/apache-maven-3.9.3/bin:$PATH"
@@ -40,8 +41,13 @@ source ci/scripts/common.sh
 unset RUSTC_WRAPPER # disable sccache
 
 echo "--- Install protoc3"
-curl -LO https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/releases/download/v3.15.8/protoc-3.15.8-linux-x86_64.zip
-unzip -o protoc-3.15.8-linux-x86_64.zip -d protoc
+PROTOC_ARCH=${ARCH}
+if [ ${ARCH} == "aarch64" ]; then
+  # shellcheck disable=SC1068
+  PROTOC_ARCH="aarch_64"
+fi
+curl -LO https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/releases/download/v3.15.8/protoc-3.15.8-linux-${PROTOC_ARCH}.zip
+unzip -o protoc-3.15.8-linux-${PROTOC_ARCH}.zip -d protoc
 mv ./protoc/bin/protoc /usr/local/bin/
 mv ./protoc/include/* /usr/local/include/
 
@@ -63,11 +69,11 @@ cd target/release && chmod +x risingwave risectl
 
 echo "--- Upload nightly binary to s3"
 if [ "${BUILDKITE_SOURCE}" == "schedule" ]; then
-  tar -czvf risingwave-"$(date '+%Y%m%d')"-x86_64-unknown-linux.tar.gz risingwave
-  aws s3 cp risingwave-"$(date '+%Y%m%d')"-x86_64-unknown-linux.tar.gz s3://risingwave-nightly-pre-built-binary
+  tar -czvf risingwave-"$(date '+%Y%m%d')"-${ARCH}-unknown-linux.tar.gz risingwave
+  aws s3 cp risingwave-"$(date '+%Y%m%d')"-${ARCH}-unknown-linux.tar.gz s3://risingwave-nightly-pre-built-binary
 elif [[ -n "${BINARY_NAME+x}" ]]; then
-    tar -czvf risingwave-${BINARY_NAME}-x86_64-unknown-linux.tar.gz risingwave
-    aws s3 cp risingwave-${BINARY_NAME}-x86_64-unknown-linux.tar.gz s3://risingwave-nightly-pre-built-binary
+    tar -czvf risingwave-${BINARY_NAME}-${ARCH}-unknown-linux.tar.gz risingwave
+    aws s3 cp risingwave-${BINARY_NAME}-${ARCH}-unknown-linux.tar.gz s3://risingwave-nightly-pre-built-binary
 fi
 
 echo "--- Build connector node"
@@ -88,23 +94,29 @@ if [[ -n "${BUILDKITE_TAG}" ]]; then
   dnf install -y gh
 
   echo "--- Release create"
-  gh release create "${BUILDKITE_TAG}" --notes "release ${BUILDKITE_TAG}" -d -p
+  response=$(gh api repos/risingwavelabs/risingwave/releases/tags/${BUILDKITE_TAG} 2>&1)
+  if [[ $response == *"Not Found"* ]]; then
+    echo "Tag ${BUILDKITE_TAG} does not exist. Creating release..."
+    gh release create "${BUILDKITE_TAG}" --notes "release ${BUILDKITE_TAG}" -d -p
+  else
+    echo "Tag ${BUILDKITE_TAG} already exists. Skipping release creation."
+  fi
 
   echo "--- Release upload risingwave asset"
-  tar -czvf risingwave-"${BUILDKITE_TAG}"-x86_64-unknown-linux.tar.gz risingwave
-  gh release upload "${BUILDKITE_TAG}" risingwave-"${BUILDKITE_TAG}"-x86_64-unknown-linux.tar.gz
+  tar -czvf risingwave-"${BUILDKITE_TAG}"-${ARCH}-unknown-linux.tar.gz risingwave
+  gh release upload "${BUILDKITE_TAG}" risingwave-"${BUILDKITE_TAG}"-${ARCH}-unknown-linux.tar.gz
 
   echo "--- Release upload risingwave debug info"
-  tar -czvf risingwave-"${BUILDKITE_TAG}"-x86_64-unknown-linux.dwp.tar.gz risingwave.dwp
-  gh release upload "${BUILDKITE_TAG}" risingwave-"${BUILDKITE_TAG}"-x86_64-unknown-linux.dwp.tar.gz
+  tar -czvf risingwave-"${BUILDKITE_TAG}"-${ARCH}-unknown-linux.dwp.tar.gz risingwave.dwp
+  gh release upload "${BUILDKITE_TAG}" risingwave-"${BUILDKITE_TAG}"-${ARCH}-unknown-linux.dwp.tar.gz
 
   echo "--- Release upload risectl asset"
-  tar -czvf risectl-"${BUILDKITE_TAG}"-x86_64-unknown-linux.tar.gz risectl
-  gh release upload "${BUILDKITE_TAG}" risectl-"${BUILDKITE_TAG}"-x86_64-unknown-linux.tar.gz
+  tar -czvf risectl-"${BUILDKITE_TAG}"-${ARCH}-unknown-linux.tar.gz risectl
+  gh release upload "${BUILDKITE_TAG}" risectl-"${BUILDKITE_TAG}"-${ARCH}-unknown-linux.tar.gz
 
   echo "--- Release upload risingwave-all-in-one asset"
-  tar -czvf risingwave-"${BUILDKITE_TAG}"-x86_64-unknown-linux-all-in-one.tar.gz risingwave libs
-  gh release upload "${BUILDKITE_TAG}" risingwave-"${BUILDKITE_TAG}"-x86_64-unknown-linux-all-in-one.tar.gz
+  tar -czvf risingwave-"${BUILDKITE_TAG}"-${ARCH}-unknown-linux-all-in-one.tar.gz risingwave libs
+  gh release upload "${BUILDKITE_TAG}" risingwave-"${BUILDKITE_TAG}"-{ARCH}-unknown-linux-all-in-one.tar.gz
 fi
 
 
diff --git a/ci/scripts/run-backfill-tests.sh b/ci/scripts/run-backfill-tests.sh
index e809053f9f37..a61819368c68 100755
--- a/ci/scripts/run-backfill-tests.sh
+++ b/ci/scripts/run-backfill-tests.sh
@@ -265,6 +265,20 @@ test_backfill_snapshot_with_limited_storage_throughput() {
   kill_cluster
 }
 
+# Test case where we do backfill with PK of 10 columns to measure performance impact.
+test_backfill_snapshot_with_wider_rows() {
+  echo "--- e2e, test_backfill_snapshot_with_wider_rows, $RUNTIME_CLUSTER_PROFILE"
+  cargo make ci-start $RUNTIME_CLUSTER_PROFILE
+  sqllogictest -p 4566 -d dev 'e2e_test/backfill/runtime/create_wide_table.slt'
+  sqllogictest -p 4566 -d dev 'e2e_test/backfill/runtime/insert_wide_snapshot.slt'
+  sqllogictest -p 4566 -d dev 'e2e_test/backfill/runtime/create_arrangement_backfill_mv.slt'
+  sqllogictest -p 4566 -d dev 'e2e_test/backfill/runtime/create_no_shuffle_mv.slt'
+  sqllogictest -p 4566 -d dev 'e2e_test/backfill/runtime/validate_rows_no_shuffle.slt'
+  sqllogictest -p 4566 -d dev 'e2e_test/backfill/runtime/validate_rows_arrangement.slt'
+
+  kill_cluster
+}
+
 main() {
   set -euo pipefail
   test_snapshot_and_upstream_read
@@ -282,6 +296,7 @@ main() {
 
     # Backfill will happen in sequence here.
     test_backfill_snapshot_runtime
+    test_backfill_snapshot_with_wider_rows
     test_backfill_snapshot_with_limited_storage_throughput
 
     # No upstream only tests, because if there's no snapshot,
diff --git a/ci/scripts/run-e2e-test.sh b/ci/scripts/run-e2e-test.sh
index 86eae7a146f5..95bf4fc679ad 100755
--- a/ci/scripts/run-e2e-test.sh
+++ b/ci/scripts/run-e2e-test.sh
@@ -133,22 +133,6 @@ RUST_BACKTRACE=1 target/debug/risingwave_e2e_extended_mode_test --host 127.0.0.1
 echo "--- Kill cluster"
 cluster_stop
 
-if [[ "$RUN_DELETE_RANGE" -eq "1" ]]; then
-    echo "--- e2e, ci-delete-range-test"
-    cargo make clean-data
-    RUST_LOG="info,risingwave_stream=info,risingwave_batch=info,risingwave_storage=info" \
-    cargo make ci-start ci-delete-range-test
-    download-and-decompress-artifact delete-range-test-"$profile" target/debug/
-    mv target/debug/delete-range-test-"$profile" target/debug/delete-range-test
-    chmod +x ./target/debug/delete-range-test
-
-    config_path=".risingwave/config/risingwave.toml"
-    ./target/debug/delete-range-test --ci-mode --state-store hummock+minio://hummockadmin:hummockadmin@127.0.0.1:9301/hummock001 --config-path "${config_path}"
-
-    echo "--- Kill cluster"
-    cluster_stop
-fi
-
 if [[ "$RUN_COMPACTION" -eq "1" ]]; then
     echo "--- e2e, ci-compaction-test, nexmark_q7"
     RUST_LOG="info,risingwave_stream=info,risingwave_batch=info,risingwave_storage=info" \
diff --git a/ci/workflows/docker.yml b/ci/workflows/docker.yml
index d97d99af7691..bcf1b605eb96 100644
--- a/ci/workflows/docker.yml
+++ b/ci/workflows/docker.yml
@@ -46,14 +46,14 @@ steps:
             DOCKER_TOKEN: docker-token
     retry: *auto-retry
 
-  - label: "pre build binary"
+  - label: "pre build binary: amd64"
     command: "ci/scripts/release.sh"
     plugins:
       - seek-oss/aws-sm#v2.3.1:
           env:
             GITHUB_TOKEN: github-token
       - docker-compose#v4.9.0:
-          run: release-env
+          run: release-env-x86
           config: ci/docker-compose.yml
           mount-buildkite-agent: true
           propagate-environment: true
@@ -61,3 +61,21 @@ steps:
             - BINARY_NAME
             - GITHUB_TOKEN
     retry: *auto-retry
+
+  - label: "pre build binary: aarch64 "
+    command: "ci/scripts/release.sh"
+    plugins:
+      - seek-oss/aws-sm#v2.3.1:
+          env:
+            GITHUB_TOKEN: github-token
+      - docker-compose#v4.9.0:
+          run: release-env-arm
+          config: ci/docker-compose.yml
+          mount-buildkite-agent: true
+          propagate-environment: true
+          environment:
+            - BINARY_NAME
+            - GITHUB_TOKEN
+    agents:
+      queue: "linux-arm64"
+    retry: *auto-retry
diff --git a/ci/workflows/main-cron.yml b/ci/workflows/main-cron.yml
index 357de0fd0b69..835c46fb01e6 100644
--- a/ci/workflows/main-cron.yml
+++ b/ci/workflows/main-cron.yml
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ steps:
     timeout_in_minutes: 12
     retry: *auto-retry
 
-  - label: "build (deterministic simulation)"
+  - label: "build simulation test"
     command: "ci/scripts/build-simulation.sh"
     if: |
       !(build.pull_request.labels includes "ci/main-cron/skip-ci") && build.env("CI_STEPS") == null
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ steps:
     timeout_in_minutes: 22
     retry: *auto-retry
 
-  - label: "unit test (deterministic simulation)"
+  - label: "unit test (madsim)"
     key: "unit-test-deterministic"
     command: "MADSIM_TEST_NUM=100 timeout 15m ci/scripts/deterministic-unit-test.sh"
     if: |
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ steps:
     timeout_in_minutes: 15
     retry: *auto-retry
 
-  - label: "integration test (deterministic simulation) - scale"
+  - label: "integration test (madsim) - scale"
     key: "integration-test-deterministic-scale"
     command: "TEST_NUM=60 ci/scripts/deterministic-it-test.sh scale::"
     if: |
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ steps:
     timeout_in_minutes: 70
     retry: *auto-retry
 
-  - label: "integration test (deterministic simulation) - recovery"
+  - label: "integration test (madsim) - recovery"
     key: "integration-test-deterministic-recovery"
     command: "TEST_NUM=60 ci/scripts/deterministic-it-test.sh recovery::"
     if: |
@@ -263,9 +263,9 @@ steps:
     timeout_in_minutes: 70
     retry: *auto-retry
 
-  - label: "integration test (deterministic simulation) - others"
-    key: "integration-test-deterministic-others"
-    command: "TEST_NUM=30 ci/scripts/deterministic-it-test.sh backfill_tests:: storage:: sink::"
+  - label: "integration test (madsim) - backfill"
+    key: "integration-test-deterministic-backfill"
+    command: "TEST_NUM=30 ci/scripts/deterministic-it-test.sh backfill_tests::"
     if: |
       !(build.pull_request.labels includes "ci/main-cron/skip-ci") && build.env("CI_STEPS") == null
       || build.pull_request.labels includes "ci/run-integration-test-deterministic-simulation"
@@ -280,7 +280,41 @@ steps:
     timeout_in_minutes: 70
     retry: *auto-retry
 
-  - label: "end-to-end test (deterministic simulation)"
+  - label: "integration test (madsim) - storage"
+    key: "integration-test-deterministic-storage"
+    command: "TEST_NUM=30 ci/scripts/deterministic-it-test.sh storage::"
+    if: |
+      !(build.pull_request.labels includes "ci/main-cron/skip-ci") && build.env("CI_STEPS") == null
+      || build.pull_request.labels includes "ci/run-integration-test-deterministic-simulation"
+      || build.env("CI_STEPS") =~ /(^|,)integration-tests?-deterministic-simulation(,|$$)/
+    depends_on: "build-simulation"
+    plugins:
+      - docker-compose#v4.9.0:
+          run: rw-build-env
+          config: ci/docker-compose.yml
+          mount-buildkite-agent: true
+      - ./ci/plugins/upload-failure-logs
+    timeout_in_minutes: 70
+    retry: *auto-retry
+
+  - label: "integration test (madsim) - sink"
+    key: "integration-test-deterministic-sink"
+    command: "TEST_NUM=30 ci/scripts/deterministic-it-test.sh sink::"
+    if: |
+      !(build.pull_request.labels includes "ci/main-cron/skip-ci") && build.env("CI_STEPS") == null
+      || build.pull_request.labels includes "ci/run-integration-test-deterministic-simulation"
+      || build.env("CI_STEPS") =~ /(^|,)integration-tests?-deterministic-simulation(,|$$)/
+    depends_on: "build-simulation"
+    plugins:
+      - docker-compose#v4.9.0:
+          run: rw-build-env
+          config: ci/docker-compose.yml
+          mount-buildkite-agent: true
+      - ./ci/plugins/upload-failure-logs
+    timeout_in_minutes: 70
+    retry: *auto-retry
+
+  - label: "end-to-end test (madsim)"
     key: "e2e-test-deterministic"
     command: "TEST_NUM=64 timeout 55m ci/scripts/deterministic-e2e-test.sh"
     if: |
@@ -302,7 +336,7 @@ steps:
     timeout_in_minutes: 60
     retry: *auto-retry
 
-  - label: "recovery test (deterministic simulation)"
+  - label: "recovery test (madsim)"
     key: "recovery-test-deterministic"
     command: "TEST_NUM=12 KILL_RATE=1.0 BACKGROUND_DDL_RATE=0.0 timeout 55m ci/scripts/deterministic-recovery-test.sh"
     if: |
@@ -321,7 +355,7 @@ steps:
     retry: *auto-retry
 
   # Ddl statements will randomly run with background_ddl.
-  - label: "background_ddl, arrangement_backfill recovery test (deterministic simulation)"
+  - label: "background_ddl, arrangement_backfill recovery test (madsim)"
     key: "background-ddl-arrangement-backfill-recovery-test-deterministic"
     command: "TEST_NUM=12 KILL_RATE=1.0 BACKGROUND_DDL_RATE=0.8 USE_ARRANGEMENT_BACKFILL=--use-arrangement-backfill timeout 55m ci/scripts/deterministic-recovery-test.sh"
     if: |
@@ -340,7 +374,7 @@ steps:
     retry: *auto-retry
 
   # Ddl statements will randomly run with background_ddl.
-  - label: "background_ddl recovery test (deterministic simulation)"
+  - label: "background_ddl recovery test (madsim)"
     key: "background-ddl-recovery-test-deterministic"
     command: "TEST_NUM=12 KILL_RATE=1.0 BACKGROUND_DDL_RATE=0.8 timeout 55m ci/scripts/deterministic-recovery-test.sh"
     if: |
@@ -843,7 +877,7 @@ steps:
     timeout_in_minutes: 10
     retry: *auto-retry
 
-  - label: "release"
+  - label: "release amd64"
     command: "ci/scripts/release.sh"
     if: build.tag != null
     plugins:
@@ -851,7 +885,7 @@ steps:
           env:
             GITHUB_TOKEN: github-token
       - docker-compose#v4.9.0:
-          run: release-env
+          run: release-env-x86
           config: ci/docker-compose.yml
           mount-buildkite-agent: true
           environment:
@@ -861,6 +895,26 @@ steps:
     timeout_in_minutes: 60
     retry: *auto-retry
 
+  - label: "release aarch64"
+    command: "ci/scripts/release.sh"
+    if: build.tag != null
+    plugins:
+      - seek-oss/aws-sm#v2.3.1:
+          env:
+            GITHUB_TOKEN: github-token
+      - docker-compose#v4.9.0:
+          run: release-env-arm
+          config: ci/docker-compose.yml
+          mount-buildkite-agent: true
+          environment:
+            - GITHUB_TOKEN
+            - BUILDKITE_TAG
+            - BUILDKITE_SOURCE
+    agents:
+      queue: "linux-arm64"
+    timeout_in_minutes: 60
+    retry: *auto-retry
+
   - label: "release docker image: amd64"
     command: "ci/scripts/docker.sh"
     key: "build-amd64"
diff --git a/dashboard/.node-version b/dashboard/.node-version
index 79bdb1b9736c..df9385826faa 100644
--- a/dashboard/.node-version
+++ b/dashboard/.node-version
@@ -1 +1 @@
-v18.7.0
+v20.11.0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dashboard/next.config.js b/dashboard/next.config.js
index ca73de39b634..54b50aa298fa 100644
--- a/dashboard/next.config.js
+++ b/dashboard/next.config.js
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
  * @type {import('next').NextConfig}
  */
 const nextConfig = {
+  output: "export",
   trailingSlash: true,
 }
 
diff --git a/dashboard/package-lock.json b/dashboard/package-lock.json
index fad401034f3b..c512f41a0afe 100644
--- a/dashboard/package-lock.json
+++ b/dashboard/package-lock.json
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
         "fabric": "^5.2.1",
         "framer-motion": "^6.5.1",
         "lodash": "^4.17.21",
-        "next": "^13.5.4",
+        "next": "^14.1.0",
         "nuqs": "^1.14.1",
         "react": "^18.2.0",
         "react-dom": "^18.2.0",
@@ -41,12 +41,12 @@
         "@testing-library/jest-dom": "^5.16.2",
         "@testing-library/react": "^13.3.0",
         "@types/loadable__component": "^5.13.4",
-        "@types/node": "^18.7.14",
+        "@types/node": "20.11.0",
         "@types/styled-components": "^5.1.26",
         "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "^5.52.0",
         "cors": "^2.8.5",
         "eslint": "^8.45.0",
-        "eslint-config-next": "13.4.12",
+        "eslint-config-next": "^14.1.0",
         "eslint-config-prettier": "^8.8.0",
         "eslint-config-standard-with-typescript": "^37.0.0",
         "eslint-plugin-import": "^2.27.5",
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
         "express": "^4.18.1",
         "prettier": "^2.7.1",
         "prettier-plugin-organize-imports": "^3.1.1",
-        "typescript": "^5.1.6"
+        "typescript": "^5.3.3"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@aashutoshrathi/word-wrap": {
@@ -364,24 +364,11 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@babel/runtime": {
-      "version": "7.18.9",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/runtime/-/runtime-7.18.9.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-lkqXDcvlFT5rvEjiu6+QYO+1GXrEHRo2LOtS7E4GtX5ESIZOgepqsZBVIj6Pv+a6zqsya9VCgiK1KAK4BvJDAw==",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "regenerator-runtime": "^0.13.4"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=6.9.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@babel/runtime-corejs3": {
-      "version": "7.19.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/runtime-corejs3/-/runtime-corejs3-7.19.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-JyXXoCu1N8GLuKc2ii8y5RGma5FMpFeO2nAQIe0Yzrbq+rQnN+sFj47auLblR5ka6aHNGPDgv8G/iI2Grb0ldQ==",
-      "dev": true,
+      "version": "7.23.9",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/runtime/-/runtime-7.23.9.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-0CX6F+BI2s9dkUqr08KFrAIZgNFj75rdBU/DjCyYLIaV/quFjkk6T+EJ2LkZHyZTbEV4L5p97mNkUsHl2wLFAw==",
       "dependencies": {
-        "core-js-pure": "^3.20.2",
-        "regenerator-runtime": "^0.13.4"
+        "regenerator-runtime": "^0.14.0"
       },
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=6.9.0"
@@ -1741,6 +1728,73 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-ZnQMnLV4e7hDlUvw8H+U8ASL02SS2Gn6+9Ac3wGGLIe7+je2AeAOxPY+izIPJDfFDb7eDjev0Us8MO1iFRN8hA==",
       "dev": true
     },
+    "node_modules/@isaacs/cliui": {
+      "version": "8.0.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@isaacs/cliui/-/cliui-8.0.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-O8jcjabXaleOG9DQ0+ARXWZBTfnP4WNAqzuiJK7ll44AmxGKv/J2M4TPjxjY3znBCfvBXFzucm1twdyFybFqEA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "string-width": "^5.1.2",
+        "string-width-cjs": "npm:string-width@^4.2.0",
+        "strip-ansi": "^7.0.1",
+        "strip-ansi-cjs": "npm:strip-ansi@^6.0.1",
+        "wrap-ansi": "^8.1.0",
+        "wrap-ansi-cjs": "npm:wrap-ansi@^7.0.0"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=12"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@isaacs/cliui/node_modules/ansi-regex": {
+      "version": "6.0.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ansi-regex/-/ansi-regex-6.0.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-n5M855fKb2SsfMIiFFoVrABHJC8QtHwVx+mHWP3QcEqBHYienj5dHSgjbxtC0WEZXYt4wcD6zrQElDPhFuZgfA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=12"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://github.com/chalk/ansi-regex?sponsor=1"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@isaacs/cliui/node_modules/emoji-regex": {
+      "version": "9.2.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/emoji-regex/-/emoji-regex-9.2.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-L18DaJsXSUk2+42pv8mLs5jJT2hqFkFE4j21wOmgbUqsZ2hL72NsUU785g9RXgo3s0ZNgVl42TiHp3ZtOv/Vyg==",
+      "dev": true
+    },
+    "node_modules/@isaacs/cliui/node_modules/string-width": {
+      "version": "5.1.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/string-width/-/string-width-5.1.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-HnLOCR3vjcY8beoNLtcjZ5/nxn2afmME6lhrDrebokqMap+XbeW8n9TXpPDOqdGK5qcI3oT0GKTW6wC7EMiVqA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "eastasianwidth": "^0.2.0",
+        "emoji-regex": "^9.2.2",
+        "strip-ansi": "^7.0.1"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=12"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/sindresorhus"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@isaacs/cliui/node_modules/strip-ansi": {
+      "version": "7.1.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/strip-ansi/-/strip-ansi-7.1.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-iq6eVVI64nQQTRYq2KtEg2d2uU7LElhTJwsH4YzIHZshxlgZms/wIc4VoDQTlG/IvVIrBKG06CrZnp0qv7hkcQ==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "ansi-regex": "^6.0.1"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=12"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://github.com/chalk/strip-ansi?sponsor=1"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/@jest/expect-utils": {
       "version": "29.0.2",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@jest/expect-utils/-/expect-utils-29.0.2.tgz",
@@ -2039,43 +2093,78 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@next/env": {
-      "version": "13.5.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@next/env/-/env-13.5.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-LGegJkMvRNw90WWphGJ3RMHMVplYcOfRWf2Be3td3sUa+1AaxmsYyANsA+znrGCBjXJNi4XAQlSoEfUxs/4kIQ=="
+      "version": "14.1.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@next/env/-/env-14.1.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Py8zIo+02ht82brwwhTg36iogzFqGLPXlRGKQw5s+qP/kMNc4MAyDeEwBKDijk6zTIbegEgu8Qy7C1LboslQAw=="
     },
     "node_modules/@next/eslint-plugin-next": {
-      "version": "13.4.12",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@next/eslint-plugin-next/-/eslint-plugin-next-13.4.12.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-6rhK9CdxEgj/j1qvXIyLTWEaeFv7zOK8yJMulz3Owel0uek0U9MJCGzmKgYxM3aAUBo3gKeywCZKyQnJKto60A==",
+      "version": "14.1.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@next/eslint-plugin-next/-/eslint-plugin-next-14.1.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-x4FavbNEeXx/baD/zC/SdrvkjSby8nBn8KcCREqk6UuwvwoAPZmaV8TFCAuo/cpovBRTIY67mHhe86MQQm/68Q==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "glob": "10.3.10"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@next/eslint-plugin-next/node_modules/brace-expansion": {
+      "version": "2.0.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/brace-expansion/-/brace-expansion-2.0.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-XnAIvQ8eM+kC6aULx6wuQiwVsnzsi9d3WxzV3FpWTGA19F621kwdbsAcFKXgKUHZWsy+mY6iL1sHTxWEFCytDA==",
       "dev": true,
       "dependencies": {
-        "glob": "7.1.7"
+        "balanced-match": "^1.0.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@next/eslint-plugin-next/node_modules/glob": {
-      "version": "7.1.7",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/glob/-/glob-7.1.7.tgz",
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+      "dev": true,
+      "requires": {
+        "function.prototype.name": "^1.1.5",
+        "has-tostringtag": "^1.0.0",
+        "is-async-function": "^2.0.0",
+        "is-date-object": "^1.0.5",
+        "is-finalizationregistry": "^1.0.2",
+        "is-generator-function": "^1.0.10",
+        "is-regex": "^1.1.4",
+        "is-weakref": "^1.0.2",
+        "isarray": "^2.0.5",
+        "which-boxed-primitive": "^1.0.2",
+        "which-collection": "^1.0.1",
+        "which-typed-array": "^1.1.9"
+      }
+    },
+    "which-collection": {
+      "version": "1.0.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/which-collection/-/which-collection-1.0.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-W8xeTUwaln8i3K/cY1nGXzdnVZlidBcagyNFtBdD5kxnb4TvGKR7FfSIS3mYpwWS1QUCutfKz8IY8RjftB0+1A==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "requires": {
+        "is-map": "^2.0.1",
+        "is-set": "^2.0.1",
+        "is-weakmap": "^2.0.1",
+        "is-weakset": "^2.0.1"
+      }
+    },
     "which-typed-array": {
       "version": "1.1.11",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/which-typed-array/-/which-typed-array-1.1.11.tgz",
@@ -18968,6 +19943,94 @@
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       "optional": true
     },
+    "wrap-ansi": {
+      "version": "8.1.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/wrap-ansi/-/wrap-ansi-8.1.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-si7QWI6zUMq56bESFvagtmzMdGOtoxfR+Sez11Mobfc7tm+VkUckk9bW2UeffTGVUbOksxmSw0AA2gs8g71NCQ==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "requires": {
+        "ansi-styles": "^6.1.0",
+        "string-width": "^5.0.1",
+        "strip-ansi": "^7.0.1"
+      },
+      "dependencies": {
+        "ansi-regex": {
+          "version": "6.0.1",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ansi-regex/-/ansi-regex-6.0.1.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha512-n5M855fKb2SsfMIiFFoVrABHJC8QtHwVx+mHWP3QcEqBHYienj5dHSgjbxtC0WEZXYt4wcD6zrQElDPhFuZgfA==",
+          "dev": true
+        },
+        "ansi-styles": {
+          "version": "6.2.1",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ansi-styles/-/ansi-styles-6.2.1.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha512-bN798gFfQX+viw3R7yrGWRqnrN2oRkEkUjjl4JNn4E8GxxbjtG3FbrEIIY3l8/hrwUwIeCZvi4QuOTP4MErVug==",
+          "dev": true
+        },
+        "emoji-regex": {
+          "version": "9.2.2",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/emoji-regex/-/emoji-regex-9.2.2.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha512-L18DaJsXSUk2+42pv8mLs5jJT2hqFkFE4j21wOmgbUqsZ2hL72NsUU785g9RXgo3s0ZNgVl42TiHp3ZtOv/Vyg==",
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+        "string-width": {
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+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/string-width/-/string-width-5.1.2.tgz",
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+          "dev": true,
+          "requires": {
+            "eastasianwidth": "^0.2.0",
+            "emoji-regex": "^9.2.2",
+            "strip-ansi": "^7.0.1"
+          }
+        },
+        "strip-ansi": {
+          "version": "7.1.0",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/strip-ansi/-/strip-ansi-7.1.0.tgz",
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+          "dev": true,
+          "requires": {
+            "ansi-regex": "^6.0.1"
+          }
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+      }
+    },
+    "wrap-ansi-cjs": {
+      "version": "npm:wrap-ansi@7.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/wrap-ansi/-/wrap-ansi-7.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-YVGIj2kamLSTxw6NsZjoBxfSwsn0ycdesmc4p+Q21c5zPuZ1pl+NfxVdxPtdHvmNVOQ6XSYG4AUtyt/Fi7D16Q==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "requires": {
+        "ansi-styles": "^4.0.0",
+        "string-width": "^4.1.0",
+        "strip-ansi": "^6.0.0"
+      },
+      "dependencies": {
+        "ansi-styles": {
+          "version": "4.3.0",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ansi-styles/-/ansi-styles-4.3.0.tgz",
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+          "dev": true,
+          "requires": {
+            "color-convert": "^2.0.1"
+          }
+        },
+        "color-convert": {
+          "version": "2.0.1",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/color-convert/-/color-convert-2.0.1.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha512-RRECPsj7iu/xb5oKYcsFHSppFNnsj/52OVTRKb4zP5onXwVF3zVmmToNcOfGC+CRDpfK/U584fMg38ZHCaElKQ==",
+          "dev": true,
+          "requires": {
+            "color-name": "~1.1.4"
+          }
+        },
+        "color-name": {
+          "version": "1.1.4",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/color-name/-/color-name-1.1.4.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha512-dOy+3AuW3a2wNbZHIuMZpTcgjGuLU/uBL/ubcZF9OXbDo8ff4O8yVp5Bf0efS8uEoYo5q4Fx7dY9OgQGXgAsQA==",
+          "dev": true
+        }
+      }
+    },
     "wrappy": {
       "version": "1.0.2",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/wrappy/-/wrappy-1.0.2.tgz",
diff --git a/dashboard/package.json b/dashboard/package.json
index adc87d007cfd..1ac15145998d 100644
--- a/dashboard/package.json
+++ b/dashboard/package.json
@@ -4,12 +4,13 @@
     "dev": "next dev",
     "build": "next build",
     "start": "next start",
-    "build-static": "next build && next export",
+    "build-static": "next build",
     "gen-proto": "./scripts/generate_proto.sh",
     "lint": "prettier --check . && next lint",
     "format": "prettier --write . && next lint --fix",
     "mock-server": "node ./mock-server.js",
-    "postinstall": "npm run gen-proto"
+    "postinstall": "npm run gen-proto",
+    "clean": "rm -rf .next/ && rm -rf out/"
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "@chakra-ui/react": "^2.3.1",
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@
     "fabric": "^5.2.1",
     "framer-motion": "^6.5.1",
     "lodash": "^4.17.21",
-    "next": "^13.5.4",
+    "next": "^14.1.0",
     "nuqs": "^1.14.1",
     "react": "^18.2.0",
     "react-dom": "^18.2.0",
@@ -47,12 +48,12 @@
     "@testing-library/jest-dom": "^5.16.2",
     "@testing-library/react": "^13.3.0",
     "@types/loadable__component": "^5.13.4",
-    "@types/node": "^18.7.14",
+    "@types/node": "20.11.0",
     "@types/styled-components": "^5.1.26",
     "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "^5.52.0",
     "cors": "^2.8.5",
     "eslint": "^8.45.0",
-    "eslint-config-next": "13.4.12",
+    "eslint-config-next": "^14.1.0",
     "eslint-config-prettier": "^8.8.0",
     "eslint-config-standard-with-typescript": "^37.0.0",
     "eslint-plugin-import": "^2.27.5",
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@
     "express": "^4.18.1",
     "prettier": "^2.7.1",
     "prettier-plugin-organize-imports": "^3.1.1",
-    "typescript": "^5.1.6"
+    "typescript": "^5.3.3"
   },
   "overrides": {
     "react-json-view": {
@@ -74,4 +75,4 @@
       "react-dom": "^18.2.0"
     }
   }
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docker/Dockerfile b/docker/Dockerfile
index 58e93de54bce..ed24e05ede2d 100644
--- a/docker/Dockerfile
+++ b/docker/Dockerfile
@@ -33,7 +33,8 @@ COPY rust-toolchain rust-toolchain
 RUN rustup self update \
   && rustup set profile minimal \
   && rustup show \
-  && rustup component add rustfmt
+  && rustup component add rustfmt \
+  && rustup target add wasm32-wasi
 
 RUN cargo install flamegraph
 # TODO: cargo-chef doesn't work well now, because we update Cargo.lock very often.
diff --git a/docker/Dockerfile.hdfs b/docker/Dockerfile.hdfs
index e8dd1988bd6f..98cb5a566d92 100644
--- a/docker/Dockerfile.hdfs
+++ b/docker/Dockerfile.hdfs
@@ -34,7 +34,8 @@ RUN unzip dashboard-artifact.zip && mv risingwave-dashboard-artifact /risingwave
 RUN rustup self update \
   && rustup set profile minimal \
   && rustup show \
-  && rustup component add rustfmt
+  && rustup component add rustfmt \
+  && rustup target add wasm32-wasi
 
 RUN cargo fetch
 
diff --git a/docker/dashboards/risingwave-dev-dashboard.json b/docker/dashboards/risingwave-dev-dashboard.json
index 754d2bfc2a26..24e6e231df0a 100644
--- a/docker/dashboards/risingwave-dev-dashboard.json
+++ b/docker/dashboards/risingwave-dev-dashboard.json
@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"__inputs":[],"annotations":{"list":[]},"description":"RisingWave Dev Dashboard","editable":true,"gnetId":null,"graphTooltip":0,"hideControls":false,"id":null,"links":[],"panels":[{"cacheTimeout":null,"collapsed":true,"datasource":null,"description":null,"editable":true,"error":false,"fieldConfig":{"defaults":{"thresholds":{"mode":"absolute","steps":[]}}},"gridPos":{"h":1,"w":24,"x":0,"y":0},"height":null,"hideTimeOverride":false,"id":1,"interval":null,"links":[],"maxDataPoints":100,"maxPerRow":null,"minSpan":null,"panels":[{"cacheTimeout":null,"color":{"mode":"thresholds"},"columns":[],"datasource":{"type":"prometheus","uid":"risedev-prometheus"},"description":"Mapping from actor id to fragment 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Info","transformations":[{"id":"organize","options":{"excludeByName":{"Time":true,"Value":true,"__name__":true,"instance":true,"job":true}}}],"transparent":false,"type":"table"},{"cacheTimeout":null,"color":{"mode":"thresholds"},"columns":[],"datasource":{"type":"prometheus","uid":"risedev-prometheus"},"description":"Mapping from materialized view table id to it's internal table 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diff --git a/docker/dashboards/risingwave-user-dashboard.json b/docker/dashboards/risingwave-user-dashboard.json
index dcee77a5e73a..f9ec8cab9831 100644
--- a/docker/dashboards/risingwave-user-dashboard.json
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diff --git a/e2e_test/backfill/runtime/create_wide_table.slt b/e2e_test/backfill/runtime/create_wide_table.slt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..43453ebb5d2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e2e_test/backfill/runtime/create_wide_table.slt
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+statement ok
+CREATE TABLE t (
+    v1 int,
+    v2 varchar,
+    v3 bigint,
+    v4 int,
+    v5 varchar,
+    v6 bigint,
+    v7 int,
+    v8 varchar,
+    v9 bigint,
+    v10 int,
+    v11 varchar,
+    v12 bigint,
+    v13 int,
+    v14 varchar,
+    v15 bigint,
+    primary key (v1, v2, v3, v4, v5,
+                 v8, v9, v10, v11, v12)
+);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/e2e_test/backfill/runtime/insert_wide_snapshot.slt b/e2e_test/backfill/runtime/insert_wide_snapshot.slt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..cd4d2bfadeb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e2e_test/backfill/runtime/insert_wide_snapshot.slt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# 15 columns wide
+statement ok
+INSERT INTO t select
+  generate_series,
+  'jakbj2khbe2',
+  22222222222,
+  generate_series,
+  'jakbj2khbe2',
+  22222222222,
+  generate_series,
+  'jakbj2khbe2',
+  22222222222,
+  generate_series,
+  'jakbj2khbe2',
+  22222222222,
+  generate_series,
+  'jakbj2khbe2',
+  22222222222
+  from generate_series(2000001, 4000000);
+
+statement ok
+flush;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/e2e_test/batch/basic/logical_view.slt.part b/e2e_test/batch/basic/logical_view.slt.part
index 4adc05b38606..9c6b4c0f7360 100644
--- a/e2e_test/batch/basic/logical_view.slt.part
+++ b/e2e_test/batch/basic/logical_view.slt.part
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ SELECT * FROM v3;
 statement error
 DROP TABLE t;
 
-statement error other relation\(s\) depend on it
+statement error Permission denied
 DROP VIEW v2;
 
 statement ok
diff --git a/e2e_test/batch/basic/make_timestamptz.slt.part b/e2e_test/batch/basic/make_time.slt.part
similarity index 52%
rename from e2e_test/batch/basic/make_timestamptz.slt.part
rename to e2e_test/batch/basic/make_time.slt.part
index 99f5d1369327..7a11b837c4fd 100644
--- a/e2e_test/batch/basic/make_timestamptz.slt.part
+++ b/e2e_test/batch/basic/make_time.slt.part
@@ -9,20 +9,31 @@ SELECT make_timestamptz(1973, 07, 15, 08, 15, 55.33);
 query T
 SELECT make_timestamptz(-1973, 07, 15, 08, 15, 55.33);
 ----
--1973-07-15 08:15:55.330+00:00
+-1972-07-15 08:15:55.330+00:00
 
-query error Invalid parameter sec: invalid sec
+query error Invalid parameter year, month, day: invalid date: -3-2-29
+SELECT make_timestamptz(-4, 02, 29, 08, 15, 55.33);
+
+query T
+SELECT make_timestamptz(-5, 02, 29, 08, 15, 55.33);
+----
+-0004-02-29 08:15:55.330+00:00
+
+query error Invalid parameter sec: invalid sec: -55.33
 SELECT make_timestamptz(1973, 07, 15, 08, 15, -55.33);
 
-query error Invalid parameter hour, min, sec: invalid time
+query error Invalid parameter hour, min, sec: invalid time: 8:-15:55.33
 SELECT make_timestamptz(1973, 07, 15, 08, -15, 55.33);
 
-query error Invalid parameter year, month, day: invalid date
+query error Invalid parameter year, month, day: invalid date: 1973--7-15
 SELECT make_timestamptz(1973, -07, 15, 08, 15, 55.33);
 
-query error Invalid parameter year, month, day: invalid date
+query error Invalid parameter year, month, day: invalid date: 1973-6-31
 SELECT make_timestamptz(1973, 06, 31, 08, 15, 55.33);
 
+query error Invalid parameter year, month, day: invalid date: 0-6-31
+SELECT make_timestamptz(0, 06, 31, 08, 15, 55.33);
+
 statement ok
 set TimeZone to 'America/New_York';
 
@@ -88,3 +99,62 @@ SELECT make_timestamptz(2013, 7, 15, 8, 15, 23.5, 'America/New_York');
 
 statement ok
 set timezone to 'UTC';
+
+query T
+SELECT make_date(2024, 1, 26);
+----
+2024-01-26
+
+query T
+SELECT make_date(-2024, 1, 26);
+----
+2024-01-26 BC
+
+query error Invalid parameter year, month, day: invalid date: -3-2-29
+SELECT make_date(-4, 2, 29);
+
+query T
+SELECT make_date(-5, 2, 29);
+----
+0005-02-29 BC
+
+query error Invalid parameter year, month, day: invalid date: 0-7-15
+select make_date(0, 7, 15);
+
+query error Invalid parameter year, month, day: invalid date: 2013-2-30
+select make_date(2013, 2, 30);
+
+query error Invalid parameter year, month, day: invalid date: 2013-13-1
+select make_date(2013, 13, 1);
+
+query error Invalid parameter year, month, day: invalid date: 2013-11--1
+select make_date(2013, 11, -1);
+
+query error Invalid parameter hour, min, sec: invalid time: 10:55:100.1
+select make_time(10, 55, 100.1);
+
+query T
+SELECT make_time(14, 20, 26);
+----
+14:20:26
+
+query error Invalid parameter hour, min, sec: invalid time: 24:0:2.1
+select make_time(24, 0, 2.1);
+
+query T
+SELECT make_timestamp(2024, 1, 26, 14, 20, 26);
+----
+2024-01-26 14:20:26
+
+query T
+SELECT make_timestamp(-1973, 07, 15, 08, 15, 55.33);
+----
+-1972-07-15 08:15:55.330
+
+query error Invalid parameter year, month, day: invalid date: -3-2-29
+SELECT make_timestamp(-4, 02, 29, 08, 15, 55.33);
+
+query T
+SELECT make_timestamp(-5, 02, 29, 08, 15, 55.33);
+----
+-0004-02-29 08:15:55.330
diff --git a/e2e_test/ddl/alter_parallelism.slt b/e2e_test/ddl/alter_parallelism.slt
index e030b4427357..025496ca1c57 100644
--- a/e2e_test/ddl/alter_parallelism.slt
+++ b/e2e_test/ddl/alter_parallelism.slt
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ create table t (v int);
 query T
 select parallelism from table_parallelism where name = 't';
 ----
-AUTO
+ADAPTIVE
 
 statement ok
 alter table t set parallelism = 2;
@@ -39,12 +39,12 @@ select parallelism from fragment_parallelism where table_name = 't';
 2
 
 statement ok
-alter table t set parallelism = auto;
+alter table t set parallelism = adaptive;
 
 query T
 select parallelism from table_parallelism where name = 't';
 ----
-AUTO
+ADAPTIVE
 
 statement ok
 create materialized view m_simple as select * from t;
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ create materialized view m_simple as select * from t;
 query T
 select parallelism from mview_parallelism where name = 'm_simple';
 ----
-AUTO
+ADAPTIVE
 
 statement ok
 alter materialized view m_simple set parallelism = 3;
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ create materialized view m_join as select t1.v as t1v, t2.v as t2v from t t1, t
 query T
 select parallelism from mview_parallelism where name = 'm_join';
 ----
-AUTO
+ADAPTIVE
 
 statement ok
 alter materialized view m_join set parallelism = 3;
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ create sink s as select t1.v as t1v, t2.v as t2v from t t1, t t2 where t1.v = t2
 query T
 select parallelism from sink_parallelism where name = 's';
 ----
-AUTO
+ADAPTIVE
 
 statement ok
 alter sink s set parallelism = 4;
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ statement ok
 drop table t;
 
 statement ok
-set streaming_parallelism to auto;
+set streaming_parallelism to adaptive;
 
 statement ok
 create table t (v1 int);
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ create table t (v1 int);
 query T
 select parallelism from table_parallelism where name = 't';
 ----
-AUTO
+ADAPTIVE
 
 statement ok
 drop table t;
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ create table t (v1 int);
 query T
 select parallelism from table_parallelism where name = 't';
 ----
-AUTO
+ADAPTIVE
 
 statement ok
 drop table t;
diff --git a/e2e_test/ddl/alter_rename.slt b/e2e_test/ddl/alter_rename.slt
index 11b7007f72bf..5171f7f3cdad 100644
--- a/e2e_test/ddl/alter_rename.slt
+++ b/e2e_test/ddl/alter_rename.slt
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ DROP SCHEMA schema1;
 statement ok
 DROP SINK sink1;
 
-statement error other relation\(s\) depend on it
+statement error Permission denied
 DROP VIEW v5;
 
 statement ok
diff --git a/e2e_test/ddl/dependency_check.slt b/e2e_test/ddl/dependency_check.slt
index 88a89975d07e..413579bb13e7 100644
--- a/e2e_test/ddl/dependency_check.slt
+++ b/e2e_test/ddl/dependency_check.slt
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ create index i_b1 on b(b1);
 statement ok
 create materialized view mv1 as select * from a join b on a.a1 = b.b1;
 
-statement error other relation\(s\) depend on it
+statement error Permission denied
 drop index i_a1;
 
 statement ok
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ drop materialized view mv1;
 statement ok
 create materialized view mv2 as with ctx as (select a1 from a) select b1 from b;
 
-statement error other relation\(s\) depend on it
+statement error Permission denied
 drop table a;
 
 statement ok
@@ -48,13 +48,13 @@ create view v2 as select * from v;
 statement ok
 create materialized view mv3 as select * from v2;
 
-statement error other relation\(s\) depend on it
+statement error Permission denied
 drop source src;
 
-statement error other relation\(s\) depend on it
+statement error Permission denied
 drop view v;
 
-statement error other relation\(s\) depend on it
+statement error Permission denied
 drop view v2;
 
 statement ok
diff --git a/e2e_test/iceberg/start_spark_connect_server.sh b/e2e_test/iceberg/start_spark_connect_server.sh
index cf3bff1e3991..9e263e70c8e3 100755
--- a/e2e_test/iceberg/start_spark_connect_server.sh
+++ b/e2e_test/iceberg/start_spark_connect_server.sh
@@ -8,9 +8,10 @@ PACKAGES="$PACKAGES,org.apache.spark:spark-connect_2.12:$SPARK_VERSION"
 
 SPARK_FILE="spark-${SPARK_VERSION}-bin-hadoop3.tgz"
 
-
-wget https://dlcdn.apache.org/spark/spark-${SPARK_VERSION}/$SPARK_FILE
-tar -xzf $SPARK_FILE --no-same-owner
+if [ ! -d "spark-${SPARK_VERSION}-bin-hadoop3" ];then
+    wget https://dlcdn.apache.org/spark/spark-${SPARK_VERSION}/$SPARK_FILE
+    tar -xzf $SPARK_FILE --no-same-owner
+fi
 
 ./spark-${SPARK_VERSION}-bin-hadoop3/sbin/start-connect-server.sh --packages $PACKAGES \
   --master local[3] \
@@ -31,4 +32,4 @@ while ! nc -z localhost 15002; do
   sleep 1 # wait for 1/10 of the second before check again
 done
 
-echo "Spark connect server launched"
\ No newline at end of file
+echo "Spark connect server launched"
diff --git a/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/iceberg_sink_upsert.slt b/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/iceberg_sink_upsert.slt
index f867f0d74645..8d70c9b2e19a 100644
--- a/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/iceberg_sink_upsert.slt
+++ b/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/iceberg_sink_upsert.slt
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ statement ok
 set streaming_parallelism=4;
 
 statement ok
-CREATE TABLE t6 (id int, v1 int primary key, v2 bigint, v3 varchar);
+CREATE TABLE t6 (id int, v1 int primary key, v2 bigint, v3 varchar, v4 date);
 
 statement ok
 CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW mv6 AS SELECT * FROM t6;
 
 statement ok
-CREATE SINK s6 AS select mv6.id as id, mv6.v1 as v1, mv6.v2 as v2, mv6.v3 as v3 from mv6 WITH (
+CREATE SINK s6 AS select mv6.id as id, mv6.v1 as v1, mv6.v2 as v2, mv6.v3 as v3, mv6.v4 as v4 from mv6 WITH (
     connector = 'iceberg',
     type = 'upsert',
     force_append_only = 'false',
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ CREATE SINK s6 AS select mv6.id as id, mv6.v1 as v1, mv6.v2 as v2, mv6.v3 as v3
 );
 
 statement ok
-INSERT INTO t6 VALUES (1, 1, 2, '1-2'), (1, 2, 2, '2-2'), (1, 3, 2, '3-2'), (1, 5, 2, '5-2'), (1, 8, 2, '8-2'), (1, 13, 2, '13-2'), (1, 21, 2, '21-2');
+INSERT INTO t6 VALUES (1, 1, 2, '1-2', '2022-03-11'), (1, 2, 2, '2-2', '2022-03-12'), (1, 3, 2, '3-2', '2022-03-13'), (1, 5, 2, '5-2', '2022-03-15'), (1, 8, 2, '8-2', '2022-03-18'), (1, 13, 2, '13-2', '2022-03-13'), (1, 21, 2, '21-2', '2022-03-21');
 
 statement ok
 FLUSH;
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ FLUSH;
 sleep 5s
 
 statement ok
-INSERT INTO t6 VALUES (1, 1, 50, '1-50');
+INSERT INTO t6 VALUES (1, 1, 50, '1-50', '2022-03-11');
 
 statement ok
 FLUSH;
diff --git a/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/no_partition_upsert.toml b/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/no_partition_upsert.toml
index 0e0215d37465..cd380c53da88 100644
--- a/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/no_partition_upsert.toml
+++ b/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/no_partition_upsert.toml
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ init_sqls = [
     id int,
     v1 int,
     v2 long,
-    v3 string
+    v3 string,
+    v4 date
     ) USING iceberg
     TBLPROPERTIES ('format-version'='2');
     '''
@@ -19,13 +20,13 @@ verify_schema = ['int','int','long','string']
 verify_sql = 'SELECT * FROM demo_db.demo_table ORDER BY id, v1 ASC'
 
 verify_data = """
-1,1,50,1-50
-1,2,2,2-2
-1,3,2,3-2
-1,5,2,5-2
-1,8,2,8-2
-1,13,2,13-2
-1,21,2,21-2
+1,1,50,1-50,2022-03-11
+1,2,2,2-2,2022-03-12
+1,3,2,3-2,2022-03-13
+1,5,2,5-2,2022-03-15
+1,8,2,8-2,2022-03-18
+1,13,2,13-2,2022-03-13
+1,21,2,21-2,2022-03-21
 """
 
 drop_sqls = [
diff --git a/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/partition_append_only.toml b/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/partition_append_only.toml
index 4721ef11c5ba..e1949319211c 100644
--- a/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/partition_append_only.toml
+++ b/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/partition_append_only.toml
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ init_sqls = [
     v_timestamp timestamp,
     v_ts_ntz timestamp_ntz
     )
-    PARTITIONED BY (v_int,v_long,v_float,v_double,v_varchar,v_bool,v_date,v_timestamp,v_ts_ntz)
+    PARTITIONED BY (v_int,bucket(10,v_long),truncate(30,v_long),years(v_date),months(v_timestamp),days(v_ts_ntz))
     TBLPROPERTIES ('format-version'='2');
     '''
 ]
diff --git a/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/partition_upsert.toml b/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/partition_upsert.toml
index d95178ed893f..ea027f18ecdb 100644
--- a/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/partition_upsert.toml
+++ b/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/partition_upsert.toml
@@ -6,9 +6,10 @@ init_sqls = [
     id int,
     v1 int,
     v2 long,
-    v3 string
+    v3 string,
+    v4 date
     ) USING iceberg
-    PARTITIONED BY (v1,v2)
+    PARTITIONED BY (v1,v2,truncate(2,v3))
     TBLPROPERTIES ('format-version'='2');
     '''
 ]
@@ -20,13 +21,13 @@ verify_schema = ['int','int','long','string']
 verify_sql = 'SELECT * FROM demo_db.demo_table ORDER BY id, v1 ASC'
 
 verify_data = """
-1,1,50,1-50
-1,2,2,2-2
-1,3,2,3-2
-1,5,2,5-2
-1,8,2,8-2
-1,13,2,13-2
-1,21,2,21-2
+1,1,50,1-50,2022-03-11
+1,2,2,2-2,2022-03-12
+1,3,2,3-2,2022-03-13
+1,5,2,5-2,2022-03-15
+1,8,2,8-2,2022-03-18
+1,13,2,13-2,2022-03-13
+1,21,2,21-2,2022-03-21
 """
 
 drop_sqls = [
diff --git a/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/range_partition_append_only.toml b/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/range_partition_append_only.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d0e270210dff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/range_partition_append_only.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+init_sqls = [
+    'CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS demo_db',
+    'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS demo_db.demo_table',
+    '''
+    CREATE TABLE demo_db.demo_table (
+    id long,
+    v_int int,
+    v_long long,
+    v_float float,
+    v_double double,
+    v_varchar string,
+    v_bool boolean,
+    v_date date,
+    v_timestamp timestamp,
+    v_ts_ntz timestamp_ntz
+    )
+    PARTITIONED BY (years(v_date),months(v_timestamp),days(v_ts_ntz))
+    TBLPROPERTIES ('format-version'='2');
+    '''
+]
+
+slt = 'test_case/iceberg_sink_append_only.slt'
+
+verify_schema = ['long', 'int', 'long', 'float', 'double', 'string', 'boolean', 'date', 'timestamp', 'timestamp_ntz']
+
+verify_sql = 'SELECT * FROM demo_db.demo_table ORDER BY id ASC'
+
+
+verify_data = """
+1,1,1000,1.1,1.11,1-1,true,2022-03-11,2022-03-11 01:00:00+00:00,2022-03-11 01:00:00
+2,2,2000,2.2,2.22,2-2,false,2022-03-12,2022-03-12 02:00:00+00:00,2022-03-12 02:00:00
+3,3,3000,3.3,3.33,3-3,true,2022-03-13,2022-03-13 03:00:00+00:00,2022-03-13 03:00:00
+4,4,4000,4.4,4.44,4-4,false,2022-03-14,2022-03-14 04:00:00+00:00,2022-03-14 04:00:00
+5,5,5000,5.5,5.55,5-5,true,2022-03-15,2022-03-15 05:00:00+00:00,2022-03-15 05:00:00
+"""
+
+drop_sqls = [
+ 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS demo_db.demo_table',
+ 'DROP SCHEMA IF EXISTS demo_db'
+]
diff --git a/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/range_partition_upsert.toml b/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/range_partition_upsert.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ac081d6edeab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/range_partition_upsert.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+init_sqls = [
+    'CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS demo_db',
+    'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS demo_db.demo_table',
+    '''
+    CREATE TABLE demo_db.demo_table (
+    id int,
+    v1 int,
+    v2 long,
+    v3 string,
+    v4 date
+    ) USING iceberg
+    PARTITIONED BY (days(v4))
+    TBLPROPERTIES ('format-version'='2');
+    '''
+]
+
+slt = 'test_case/iceberg_sink_upsert.slt'
+
+verify_schema = ['int','int','long','string']
+
+verify_sql = 'SELECT * FROM demo_db.demo_table ORDER BY id, v1 ASC'
+
+verify_data = """
+1,1,50,1-50,2022-03-11
+1,2,2,2-2,2022-03-12
+1,3,2,3-2,2022-03-13
+1,5,2,5-2,2022-03-15
+1,8,2,8-2,2022-03-18
+1,13,2,13-2,2022-03-13
+1,21,2,21-2,2022-03-21
+"""
+
+drop_sqls = [
+ 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS demo_db.demo_table',
+ 'DROP SCHEMA IF EXISTS demo_db'
+]
diff --git a/e2e_test/over_window/generated/batch/basic/cross_check.slt.part b/e2e_test/over_window/generated/batch/basic/cross_check.slt.part
index 34ef01e43b83..764a60cfba86 100644
--- a/e2e_test/over_window/generated/batch/basic/cross_check.slt.part
+++ b/e2e_test/over_window/generated/batch/basic/cross_check.slt.part
@@ -21,6 +21,16 @@ select
 from v_a natural join v_c;
 ----
 
+query i
+select
+    id, out1, out10, out11
+from v_a_d
+except
+select
+    id, out1, out10, out11
+from v_a natural join v_d;
+----
+
 query i
 select
     id, out3, out4, out7, out8, out9
@@ -31,6 +41,26 @@ select
 from v_b natural join v_c;
 ----
 
+query i
+select
+    id, out3, out4, out10, out11
+from v_b_d
+except
+select
+    id, out3, out4, out10, out11
+from v_b natural join v_d;
+----
+
+query i
+select
+    id, out7, out8, out9, out10, out11
+from v_c_d
+except
+select
+    id, out7, out8, out9, out10, out11
+from v_c natural join v_d;
+----
+
 query i
 select
     id, out1, out2, out3, out4, out5, out6, out7, out8, out9
@@ -40,3 +70,13 @@ select
     id, out1, out2, out3, out4, out5, out6, out7, out8, out9
 from v_a natural join v_b natural join v_c;
 ----
+
+query i
+select
+    id, out1, out2, out3, out4, out5, out6, out7, out8, out9, out10, out11
+from v_a_b_c_d
+except
+select
+    id, out1, out2, out3, out4, out5, out6, out7, out8, out9, out10, out11
+from v_a natural join v_b natural join v_c natural join v_d;
+----
diff --git a/e2e_test/over_window/generated/batch/basic/mod.slt.part b/e2e_test/over_window/generated/batch/basic/mod.slt.part
index a8c74b16bf79..1c5ff0f9b460 100644
--- a/e2e_test/over_window/generated/batch/basic/mod.slt.part
+++ b/e2e_test/over_window/generated/batch/basic/mod.slt.part
@@ -35,6 +35,14 @@ select * from v_c order by id;
 100003  100  208  2  723  807  723  NULL  NULL  NULL  NULL
 100004  103  200  2  702  808  702  NULL  NULL  NULL  NULL
 
+query iiiiiiii
+select * from v_d order by id;
+----
+100001	100	200	1	701	805	1	2124
+100002	100	200	2	700	806	1	2124
+100003	100	208	2	723	807	1	2124
+100004	103	200	2	702	808	2	702
+
 include ./cross_check.slt.part
 
 statement ok
@@ -72,6 +80,16 @@ select * from v_c order by id;
 100005  100  200  3  717  810  717   700   700  NULL  NULL
 100006  105  204  5  703  828  703  NULL  NULL  NULL  NULL
 
+query iiiiiiii
+select * from v_d order by id;
+----
+100001	100	200	1	701	805	1	2124
+100002	100	200	2	700	806	1	2841
+100003	100	208	2	723	807	1	2841
+100004	103	200	2	702	808	2	702
+100005	100	200	3	717	810	1	2140
+100006	105	204	5	703	828	5	703
+
 include ./cross_check.slt.part
 
 statement ok
@@ -113,6 +131,16 @@ select * from v_c order by id;
 100005  100  200  1  717  810  717   723   701   806   806
 100006  105  204  5  703  828  703  NULL  NULL  NULL  NULL
 
+query iiiiiiii
+select * from v_d order by id;
+----
+100001	100	200	1	701	805	1	2940
+100002	100	200	2	799	806	1	2940
+100003	100	200	2	723	807	1	2940
+100004	103	200	2	702	808	2	702
+100005	100	200	1	717	810	1	2940
+100006	105	204	5	703	828	5	703
+
 include ./cross_check.slt.part
 
 statement ok
@@ -139,6 +167,13 @@ select * from v_c order by id;
 100005  100  200  1  717  810  717   701   701  NULL  NULL
 100006  105  204  5  703  828  703  NULL  NULL  NULL  NULL
 
+query iiiiiiii
+select * from v_d order by id;
+----
+100001	100	200	1	701	805	1	1418
+100005	100	200	1	717	810	1	1418
+100006	105	204	5	703	828	5	703
+
 include ./cross_check.slt.part
 
 include ./teardown.slt.part
diff --git a/e2e_test/over_window/generated/batch/basic/setup.slt.part b/e2e_test/over_window/generated/batch/basic/setup.slt.part
index 2ffc1b055334..578a43df8811 100644
--- a/e2e_test/over_window/generated/batch/basic/setup.slt.part
+++ b/e2e_test/over_window/generated/batch/basic/setup.slt.part
@@ -40,6 +40,15 @@ select
     , lead(v2, 2) over (partition by p1, p2 order by v1, v2) as out9
 from t;
 
+# range frame
+statement ok
+create view v_d as
+select
+    *
+    , last_value(time) over (partition by p1 order by time desc range between current row and 2 following) as out10
+    , sum(v1) over (partition by p1 order by time range between 1 preceding and 1 following) as out11
+from t;
+
 statement ok
 create view v_a_b as
 select
@@ -59,6 +68,15 @@ select
     , lead(v2, 2) over (partition by p1, p2 order by v1, v2) as out9
 from t;
 
+statement ok
+create view v_a_d as
+select
+    *
+    , first_value(v1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id rows 3 preceding) as out1
+    , last_value(time) over (partition by p1 order by time desc range between current row and 2 following) as out10
+    , sum(v1) over (partition by p1 order by time range between 1 preceding and 1 following) as out11
+from t;
+
 statement ok
 create view v_b_c as
 select
@@ -70,6 +88,27 @@ select
     , lead(v2, 2) over (partition by p1, p2 order by v1, v2) as out9
 from t;
 
+statement ok
+create view v_b_d as
+select
+    *
+    , sum(v1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id rows between unbounded preceding and current row) as out3
+    , min(v1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id rows between current row and unbounded following) as out4
+    , last_value(time) over (partition by p1 order by time desc range between current row and 2 following) as out10
+    , sum(v1) over (partition by p1 order by time range between 1 preceding and 1 following) as out11
+from t;
+
+statement ok
+create view v_c_d as
+select
+    *
+    , lag(v1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id) as out7
+    , lead(v2, 1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id) as out8
+    , lead(v2, 2) over (partition by p1, p2 order by v1, v2) as out9
+    , last_value(time) over (partition by p1 order by time desc range between current row and 2 following) as out10
+    , sum(v1) over (partition by p1 order by time range between 1 preceding and 1 following) as out11
+from t;
+
 statement ok
 create view v_a_b_c as
 select
@@ -84,3 +123,20 @@ select
     , lead(v2, 1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id) as out8
     , lead(v2, 2) over (partition by p1, p2 order by v1, v2) as out9
 from t;
+
+statement ok
+create view v_a_b_c_d as
+select
+    *
+    , first_value(v1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id rows 3 preceding) as out1
+    , avg(v1) over (partition by p1) as out2
+    , sum(v1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id rows between unbounded preceding and current row) as out3
+    , min(v1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id rows between current row and unbounded following) as out4
+    , lag(v1, 0) over (partition by p1 order by id) as out5
+    , lag(v1, 1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by id) as out6
+    , lag(v1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id) as out7
+    , lead(v2, 1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id) as out8
+    , lead(v2, 2) over (partition by p1, p2 order by v1, v2) as out9
+    , last_value(time) over (partition by p1 order by time desc range between current row and 2 following) as out10
+    , sum(v1) over (partition by p1 order by time range between 1 preceding and 1 following) as out11
+from t;
diff --git a/e2e_test/over_window/generated/batch/basic/teardown.slt.part b/e2e_test/over_window/generated/batch/basic/teardown.slt.part
index 97f416dd49c9..b0314f2ce346 100644
--- a/e2e_test/over_window/generated/batch/basic/teardown.slt.part
+++ b/e2e_test/over_window/generated/batch/basic/teardown.slt.part
@@ -9,17 +9,32 @@ drop view v_b;
 statement ok
 drop view v_c;
 
+statement ok
+drop view v_d;
+
 statement ok
 drop view v_a_b;
 
+statement ok
+drop view v_a_c;
+
+statement ok
+drop view v_a_d;
+
 statement ok
 drop view v_b_c;
 
 statement ok
-drop view v_a_c;
+drop view v_b_d;
+
+statement ok
+drop view v_c_d;
 
 statement ok
 drop view v_a_b_c;
 
+statement ok
+drop view v_a_b_c_d;
+
 statement ok
 drop table t;
diff --git a/e2e_test/over_window/generated/streaming/basic/cross_check.slt.part b/e2e_test/over_window/generated/streaming/basic/cross_check.slt.part
index 34ef01e43b83..764a60cfba86 100644
--- a/e2e_test/over_window/generated/streaming/basic/cross_check.slt.part
+++ b/e2e_test/over_window/generated/streaming/basic/cross_check.slt.part
@@ -21,6 +21,16 @@ select
 from v_a natural join v_c;
 ----
 
+query i
+select
+    id, out1, out10, out11
+from v_a_d
+except
+select
+    id, out1, out10, out11
+from v_a natural join v_d;
+----
+
 query i
 select
     id, out3, out4, out7, out8, out9
@@ -31,6 +41,26 @@ select
 from v_b natural join v_c;
 ----
 
+query i
+select
+    id, out3, out4, out10, out11
+from v_b_d
+except
+select
+    id, out3, out4, out10, out11
+from v_b natural join v_d;
+----
+
+query i
+select
+    id, out7, out8, out9, out10, out11
+from v_c_d
+except
+select
+    id, out7, out8, out9, out10, out11
+from v_c natural join v_d;
+----
+
 query i
 select
     id, out1, out2, out3, out4, out5, out6, out7, out8, out9
@@ -40,3 +70,13 @@ select
     id, out1, out2, out3, out4, out5, out6, out7, out8, out9
 from v_a natural join v_b natural join v_c;
 ----
+
+query i
+select
+    id, out1, out2, out3, out4, out5, out6, out7, out8, out9, out10, out11
+from v_a_b_c_d
+except
+select
+    id, out1, out2, out3, out4, out5, out6, out7, out8, out9, out10, out11
+from v_a natural join v_b natural join v_c natural join v_d;
+----
diff --git a/e2e_test/over_window/generated/streaming/basic/mod.slt.part b/e2e_test/over_window/generated/streaming/basic/mod.slt.part
index a8c74b16bf79..1c5ff0f9b460 100644
--- a/e2e_test/over_window/generated/streaming/basic/mod.slt.part
+++ b/e2e_test/over_window/generated/streaming/basic/mod.slt.part
@@ -35,6 +35,14 @@ select * from v_c order by id;
 100003  100  208  2  723  807  723  NULL  NULL  NULL  NULL
 100004  103  200  2  702  808  702  NULL  NULL  NULL  NULL
 
+query iiiiiiii
+select * from v_d order by id;
+----
+100001	100	200	1	701	805	1	2124
+100002	100	200	2	700	806	1	2124
+100003	100	208	2	723	807	1	2124
+100004	103	200	2	702	808	2	702
+
 include ./cross_check.slt.part
 
 statement ok
@@ -72,6 +80,16 @@ select * from v_c order by id;
 100005  100  200  3  717  810  717   700   700  NULL  NULL
 100006  105  204  5  703  828  703  NULL  NULL  NULL  NULL
 
+query iiiiiiii
+select * from v_d order by id;
+----
+100001	100	200	1	701	805	1	2124
+100002	100	200	2	700	806	1	2841
+100003	100	208	2	723	807	1	2841
+100004	103	200	2	702	808	2	702
+100005	100	200	3	717	810	1	2140
+100006	105	204	5	703	828	5	703
+
 include ./cross_check.slt.part
 
 statement ok
@@ -113,6 +131,16 @@ select * from v_c order by id;
 100005  100  200  1  717  810  717   723   701   806   806
 100006  105  204  5  703  828  703  NULL  NULL  NULL  NULL
 
+query iiiiiiii
+select * from v_d order by id;
+----
+100001	100	200	1	701	805	1	2940
+100002	100	200	2	799	806	1	2940
+100003	100	200	2	723	807	1	2940
+100004	103	200	2	702	808	2	702
+100005	100	200	1	717	810	1	2940
+100006	105	204	5	703	828	5	703
+
 include ./cross_check.slt.part
 
 statement ok
@@ -139,6 +167,13 @@ select * from v_c order by id;
 100005  100  200  1  717  810  717   701   701  NULL  NULL
 100006  105  204  5  703  828  703  NULL  NULL  NULL  NULL
 
+query iiiiiiii
+select * from v_d order by id;
+----
+100001	100	200	1	701	805	1	1418
+100005	100	200	1	717	810	1	1418
+100006	105	204	5	703	828	5	703
+
 include ./cross_check.slt.part
 
 include ./teardown.slt.part
diff --git a/e2e_test/over_window/generated/streaming/basic/setup.slt.part b/e2e_test/over_window/generated/streaming/basic/setup.slt.part
index cc46c4066f0f..b4457cde0419 100644
--- a/e2e_test/over_window/generated/streaming/basic/setup.slt.part
+++ b/e2e_test/over_window/generated/streaming/basic/setup.slt.part
@@ -40,6 +40,15 @@ select
     , lead(v2, 2) over (partition by p1, p2 order by v1, v2) as out9
 from t;
 
+# range frame
+statement ok
+create materialized view v_d as
+select
+    *
+    , last_value(time) over (partition by p1 order by time desc range between current row and 2 following) as out10
+    , sum(v1) over (partition by p1 order by time range between 1 preceding and 1 following) as out11
+from t;
+
 statement ok
 create materialized view v_a_b as
 select
@@ -59,6 +68,15 @@ select
     , lead(v2, 2) over (partition by p1, p2 order by v1, v2) as out9
 from t;
 
+statement ok
+create materialized view v_a_d as
+select
+    *
+    , first_value(v1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id rows 3 preceding) as out1
+    , last_value(time) over (partition by p1 order by time desc range between current row and 2 following) as out10
+    , sum(v1) over (partition by p1 order by time range between 1 preceding and 1 following) as out11
+from t;
+
 statement ok
 create materialized view v_b_c as
 select
@@ -70,6 +88,27 @@ select
     , lead(v2, 2) over (partition by p1, p2 order by v1, v2) as out9
 from t;
 
+statement ok
+create materialized view v_b_d as
+select
+    *
+    , sum(v1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id rows between unbounded preceding and current row) as out3
+    , min(v1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id rows between current row and unbounded following) as out4
+    , last_value(time) over (partition by p1 order by time desc range between current row and 2 following) as out10
+    , sum(v1) over (partition by p1 order by time range between 1 preceding and 1 following) as out11
+from t;
+
+statement ok
+create materialized view v_c_d as
+select
+    *
+    , lag(v1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id) as out7
+    , lead(v2, 1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id) as out8
+    , lead(v2, 2) over (partition by p1, p2 order by v1, v2) as out9
+    , last_value(time) over (partition by p1 order by time desc range between current row and 2 following) as out10
+    , sum(v1) over (partition by p1 order by time range between 1 preceding and 1 following) as out11
+from t;
+
 statement ok
 create materialized view v_a_b_c as
 select
@@ -84,3 +123,20 @@ select
     , lead(v2, 1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id) as out8
     , lead(v2, 2) over (partition by p1, p2 order by v1, v2) as out9
 from t;
+
+statement ok
+create materialized view v_a_b_c_d as
+select
+    *
+    , first_value(v1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id rows 3 preceding) as out1
+    , avg(v1) over (partition by p1) as out2
+    , sum(v1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id rows between unbounded preceding and current row) as out3
+    , min(v1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id rows between current row and unbounded following) as out4
+    , lag(v1, 0) over (partition by p1 order by id) as out5
+    , lag(v1, 1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by id) as out6
+    , lag(v1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id) as out7
+    , lead(v2, 1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id) as out8
+    , lead(v2, 2) over (partition by p1, p2 order by v1, v2) as out9
+    , last_value(time) over (partition by p1 order by time desc range between current row and 2 following) as out10
+    , sum(v1) over (partition by p1 order by time range between 1 preceding and 1 following) as out11
+from t;
diff --git a/e2e_test/over_window/generated/streaming/basic/teardown.slt.part b/e2e_test/over_window/generated/streaming/basic/teardown.slt.part
index 2089fefcac24..041677a88c26 100644
--- a/e2e_test/over_window/generated/streaming/basic/teardown.slt.part
+++ b/e2e_test/over_window/generated/streaming/basic/teardown.slt.part
@@ -9,17 +9,32 @@ drop materialized view v_b;
 statement ok
 drop materialized view v_c;
 
+statement ok
+drop materialized view v_d;
+
 statement ok
 drop materialized view v_a_b;
 
+statement ok
+drop materialized view v_a_c;
+
+statement ok
+drop materialized view v_a_d;
+
 statement ok
 drop materialized view v_b_c;
 
 statement ok
-drop materialized view v_a_c;
+drop materialized view v_b_d;
+
+statement ok
+drop materialized view v_c_d;
 
 statement ok
 drop materialized view v_a_b_c;
 
+statement ok
+drop materialized view v_a_b_c_d;
+
 statement ok
 drop table t;
diff --git a/e2e_test/over_window/templates/basic/cross_check.slt.part b/e2e_test/over_window/templates/basic/cross_check.slt.part
index b2a804125714..0731d52637f4 100644
--- a/e2e_test/over_window/templates/basic/cross_check.slt.part
+++ b/e2e_test/over_window/templates/basic/cross_check.slt.part
@@ -19,6 +19,16 @@ select
 from v_a natural join v_c;
 ----
 
+query i
+select
+    id, out1, out10, out11
+from v_a_d
+except
+select
+    id, out1, out10, out11
+from v_a natural join v_d;
+----
+
 query i
 select
     id, out3, out4, out7, out8, out9
@@ -29,6 +39,26 @@ select
 from v_b natural join v_c;
 ----
 
+query i
+select
+    id, out3, out4, out10, out11
+from v_b_d
+except
+select
+    id, out3, out4, out10, out11
+from v_b natural join v_d;
+----
+
+query i
+select
+    id, out7, out8, out9, out10, out11
+from v_c_d
+except
+select
+    id, out7, out8, out9, out10, out11
+from v_c natural join v_d;
+----
+
 query i
 select
     id, out1, out2, out3, out4, out5, out6, out7, out8, out9
@@ -38,3 +68,13 @@ select
     id, out1, out2, out3, out4, out5, out6, out7, out8, out9
 from v_a natural join v_b natural join v_c;
 ----
+
+query i
+select
+    id, out1, out2, out3, out4, out5, out6, out7, out8, out9, out10, out11
+from v_a_b_c_d
+except
+select
+    id, out1, out2, out3, out4, out5, out6, out7, out8, out9, out10, out11
+from v_a natural join v_b natural join v_c natural join v_d;
+----
diff --git a/e2e_test/over_window/templates/basic/mod.slt.part b/e2e_test/over_window/templates/basic/mod.slt.part
index 421f5a911f46..d2ed6fdc1e10 100644
--- a/e2e_test/over_window/templates/basic/mod.slt.part
+++ b/e2e_test/over_window/templates/basic/mod.slt.part
@@ -33,6 +33,14 @@ select * from v_c order by id;
 100003  100  208  2  723  807  723  NULL  NULL  NULL  NULL
 100004  103  200  2  702  808  702  NULL  NULL  NULL  NULL
 
+query iiiiiiii
+select * from v_d order by id;
+----
+100001	100	200	1	701	805	1	2124
+100002	100	200	2	700	806	1	2124
+100003	100	208	2	723	807	1	2124
+100004	103	200	2	702	808	2	702
+
 include ./cross_check.slt.part
 
 statement ok
@@ -70,6 +78,16 @@ select * from v_c order by id;
 100005  100  200  3  717  810  717   700   700  NULL  NULL
 100006  105  204  5  703  828  703  NULL  NULL  NULL  NULL
 
+query iiiiiiii
+select * from v_d order by id;
+----
+100001	100	200	1	701	805	1	2124
+100002	100	200	2	700	806	1	2841
+100003	100	208	2	723	807	1	2841
+100004	103	200	2	702	808	2	702
+100005	100	200	3	717	810	1	2140
+100006	105	204	5	703	828	5	703
+
 include ./cross_check.slt.part
 
 statement ok
@@ -111,6 +129,16 @@ select * from v_c order by id;
 100005  100  200  1  717  810  717   723   701   806   806
 100006  105  204  5  703  828  703  NULL  NULL  NULL  NULL
 
+query iiiiiiii
+select * from v_d order by id;
+----
+100001	100	200	1	701	805	1	2940
+100002	100	200	2	799	806	1	2940
+100003	100	200	2	723	807	1	2940
+100004	103	200	2	702	808	2	702
+100005	100	200	1	717	810	1	2940
+100006	105	204	5	703	828	5	703
+
 include ./cross_check.slt.part
 
 statement ok
@@ -137,6 +165,13 @@ select * from v_c order by id;
 100005  100  200  1  717  810  717   701   701  NULL  NULL
 100006  105  204  5  703  828  703  NULL  NULL  NULL  NULL
 
+query iiiiiiii
+select * from v_d order by id;
+----
+100001	100	200	1	701	805	1	1418
+100005	100	200	1	717	810	1	1418
+100006	105	204	5	703	828	5	703
+
 include ./cross_check.slt.part
 
 include ./teardown.slt.part
diff --git a/e2e_test/over_window/templates/basic/setup.slt.part b/e2e_test/over_window/templates/basic/setup.slt.part
index d989d5002943..f08fc7e4ea20 100644
--- a/e2e_test/over_window/templates/basic/setup.slt.part
+++ b/e2e_test/over_window/templates/basic/setup.slt.part
@@ -38,6 +38,15 @@ select
     , lead(v2, 2) over (partition by p1, p2 order by v1, v2) as out9
 from t;
 
+# range frame
+statement ok
+create $view_type v_d as
+select
+    *
+    , last_value(time) over (partition by p1 order by time desc range between current row and 2 following) as out10
+    , sum(v1) over (partition by p1 order by time range between 1 preceding and 1 following) as out11
+from t;
+
 statement ok
 create $view_type v_a_b as
 select
@@ -57,6 +66,15 @@ select
     , lead(v2, 2) over (partition by p1, p2 order by v1, v2) as out9
 from t;
 
+statement ok
+create $view_type v_a_d as
+select
+    *
+    , first_value(v1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id rows 3 preceding) as out1
+    , last_value(time) over (partition by p1 order by time desc range between current row and 2 following) as out10
+    , sum(v1) over (partition by p1 order by time range between 1 preceding and 1 following) as out11
+from t;
+
 statement ok
 create $view_type v_b_c as
 select
@@ -68,6 +86,27 @@ select
     , lead(v2, 2) over (partition by p1, p2 order by v1, v2) as out9
 from t;
 
+statement ok
+create $view_type v_b_d as
+select
+    *
+    , sum(v1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id rows between unbounded preceding and current row) as out3
+    , min(v1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id rows between current row and unbounded following) as out4
+    , last_value(time) over (partition by p1 order by time desc range between current row and 2 following) as out10
+    , sum(v1) over (partition by p1 order by time range between 1 preceding and 1 following) as out11
+from t;
+
+statement ok
+create $view_type v_c_d as
+select
+    *
+    , lag(v1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id) as out7
+    , lead(v2, 1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id) as out8
+    , lead(v2, 2) over (partition by p1, p2 order by v1, v2) as out9
+    , last_value(time) over (partition by p1 order by time desc range between current row and 2 following) as out10
+    , sum(v1) over (partition by p1 order by time range between 1 preceding and 1 following) as out11
+from t;
+
 statement ok
 create $view_type v_a_b_c as
 select
@@ -82,3 +121,20 @@ select
     , lead(v2, 1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id) as out8
     , lead(v2, 2) over (partition by p1, p2 order by v1, v2) as out9
 from t;
+
+statement ok
+create $view_type v_a_b_c_d as
+select
+    *
+    , first_value(v1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id rows 3 preceding) as out1
+    , avg(v1) over (partition by p1) as out2
+    , sum(v1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id rows between unbounded preceding and current row) as out3
+    , min(v1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id rows between current row and unbounded following) as out4
+    , lag(v1, 0) over (partition by p1 order by id) as out5
+    , lag(v1, 1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by id) as out6
+    , lag(v1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id) as out7
+    , lead(v2, 1) over (partition by p1, p2 order by time, id) as out8
+    , lead(v2, 2) over (partition by p1, p2 order by v1, v2) as out9
+    , last_value(time) over (partition by p1 order by time desc range between current row and 2 following) as out10
+    , sum(v1) over (partition by p1 order by time range between 1 preceding and 1 following) as out11
+from t;
diff --git a/e2e_test/over_window/templates/basic/teardown.slt.part b/e2e_test/over_window/templates/basic/teardown.slt.part
index 89915395703a..a9bf9252c385 100644
--- a/e2e_test/over_window/templates/basic/teardown.slt.part
+++ b/e2e_test/over_window/templates/basic/teardown.slt.part
@@ -7,17 +7,32 @@ drop $view_type v_b;
 statement ok
 drop $view_type v_c;
 
+statement ok
+drop $view_type v_d;
+
 statement ok
 drop $view_type v_a_b;
 
+statement ok
+drop $view_type v_a_c;
+
+statement ok
+drop $view_type v_a_d;
+
 statement ok
 drop $view_type v_b_c;
 
 statement ok
-drop $view_type v_a_c;
+drop $view_type v_b_d;
+
+statement ok
+drop $view_type v_c_d;
 
 statement ok
 drop $view_type v_a_b_c;
 
+statement ok
+drop $view_type v_a_b_c_d;
+
 statement ok
 drop table t;
diff --git a/e2e_test/source/basic/alter/kafka.slt b/e2e_test/source/basic/alter/kafka.slt
index 7b355f6407e5..45b0cdd860f3 100644
--- a/e2e_test/source/basic/alter/kafka.slt
+++ b/e2e_test/source/basic/alter/kafka.slt
@@ -57,6 +57,10 @@ alter source s1 add column v2 varchar;
 statement ok
 alter source s2 add column v4 int;
 
+# alter table with conn
+statement error try to use ALTER TABLE instead
+alter source t add column v0 int;
+
 statement ok
 create materialized view mv3 as select * from s1;
 
diff --git a/e2e_test/source/basic/ddl.slt b/e2e_test/source/basic/ddl.slt
index f959ce7fa49a..6e640e047d4c 100644
--- a/e2e_test/source/basic/ddl.slt
+++ b/e2e_test/source/basic/ddl.slt
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ create source s (
 statement ok
 create materialized view mv_1 as select * from s
 
-statement error other relation\(s\) depend on it
+statement error Permission denied
 drop source s
 
 statement ok
diff --git a/e2e_test/source/basic/old_row_format_syntax/ddl.slt b/e2e_test/source/basic/old_row_format_syntax/ddl.slt
index 2ec7239e61d2..d5c41d4ded87 100644
--- a/e2e_test/source/basic/old_row_format_syntax/ddl.slt
+++ b/e2e_test/source/basic/old_row_format_syntax/ddl.slt
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ create source s (
 statement ok
 create materialized view mv_1 as select * from s
 
-statement error other relation\(s\) depend on it
+statement error Permission denied
 drop source s
 
 statement ok
diff --git a/e2e_test/source/cdc/cdc.check_new_rows.slt b/e2e_test/source/cdc/cdc.check_new_rows.slt
index af62d591d6fe..5a97a21ba973 100644
--- a/e2e_test/source/cdc/cdc.check_new_rows.slt
+++ b/e2e_test/source/cdc/cdc.check_new_rows.slt
@@ -74,3 +74,7 @@ SELECT * FROM rw.products_test order by id limit 3
 102 RW 12V car battery
 103 RW 12-pack of drill bits with sizes ranging from #40 to #3
 
+query TTTT
+select order_date,customer_name,product_id,order_status from orders_no_backfill order by order_id;
+----
+2022-12-01 15:08:22 Sam 110 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/e2e_test/source/cdc/cdc.share_stream.slt b/e2e_test/source/cdc/cdc.share_stream.slt
index 9e4c1bac6a13..d4b50ed4db6d 100644
--- a/e2e_test/source/cdc/cdc.share_stream.slt
+++ b/e2e_test/source/cdc/cdc.share_stream.slt
@@ -105,8 +105,31 @@ create materialized view orders_test_cnt as select count(*) as cnt from orders_t
 system ok
 mysql --protocol=tcp -u root mytest -e "INSERT INTO products VALUES(default, 'Juice', '100ml Juice');"
 
+system ok
+mysql --protocol=tcp -u root mytest -e "FLUSH LOGS"
+
+# Should not contain records inserted before the table is created (e.g. 'Bob' inserted above)
+statement ok
+create table orders_no_backfill (
+   order_id int,
+   order_date timestamp,
+   customer_name string,
+   price decimal,
+   product_id int,
+   order_status smallint,
+   PRIMARY KEY (order_id)
+) with (
+  snapshot = 'false'
+) from mysql_mytest table 'mytest.orders';
+
 sleep 5s
 
+# table without backfill should not contain historical records
+query I
+select count(*) from orders_no_backfill
+----
+0
+
 # check ingestion results
 query I
 SELECT * from products_test_cnt
diff --git a/e2e_test/source/cdc/mysql_init_data.sql b/e2e_test/source/cdc/mysql_init_data.sql
index e954b74aaf50..d01165088eed 100644
--- a/e2e_test/source/cdc/mysql_init_data.sql
+++ b/e2e_test/source/cdc/mysql_init_data.sql
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
--- USE `my@db`;
 
 INSERT INTO products
 VALUES (default,"scooter","Small 2-wheel scooter"),
diff --git a/e2e_test/udf/sql_udf.slt b/e2e_test/udf/sql_udf.slt
index d12db3ef501b..bfae0f704588 100644
--- a/e2e_test/udf/sql_udf.slt
+++ b/e2e_test/udf/sql_udf.slt
@@ -1,330 +1,351 @@
 statement ok
 SET RW_IMPLICIT_FLUSH TO true;
 
-# Create an anonymous function with double dollar as clause
+#############################################################
+# Basic tests for sql udf with [unnamed / named] parameters #
+#############################################################
+
+# Create a sql udf function with unnamed parameters with double dollar as clause
 statement ok
 create function add(INT, INT) returns int language sql as $$select $1 + $2$$;
 
-# Create an anonymous function with single quote as clause
+query I
+select add(1, -1);
+----
+0
+
+# Create a sql udf function with unnamed parameters with single quote as clause
 statement ok
 create function sub(INT, INT) returns int language sql as 'select $1 - $2';
 
-# Create an anonymous function that calls other pre-defined sql udfs
+query I
+select sub(1, 1);
+----
+0
+
+# Create a sql udf function with unamed parameters that calls other pre-defined sql udfs
 statement ok
 create function add_sub_binding() returns int language sql as 'select add(1, 1) + sub(2, 2)';
 
-# Create a named sql udf
+query I
+select add_sub_binding();
+----
+2
+
+# Use them all together
+query III
+select add(1, -1), sub(1, 1), add_sub_binding();
+----
+0 0 2
+
+# Create a sql udf with named parameters with single quote as clause
 statement ok
 create function add_named(a INT, b INT) returns int language sql as 'select a + b';
 
-# Create another named sql udf
+query I
+select add_named(1, -1);
+----
+0
+
+# Create another sql udf with named parameters with double dollar as clause
 statement ok
-create function sub_named(a INT, b INT) returns int language sql as 'select a - b';
+create function sub_named(a INT, b INT) returns int language sql as $$select a - b$$;
+
+query I
+select sub_named(1, 1);
+----
+0
 
-# Mixed parameter with named / anonymous parameters
+# Mixed with named / unnamed parameters
 statement ok
 create function add_sub_mix(INT, a INT, INT) returns int language sql as 'select $1 - a + $3';
 
-# Mixed parameter with calling inner sql udfs
-statement ok
-create function add_sub_mix_wrapper(INT, a INT, INT) returns int language sql as 'select add($1, a) + a + sub(a, $3)';
+query I
+select add_sub_mix(1, 2, 3);
+----
+2
 
-# Named sql udf with corner case
+# Call sql udf with unnamed parameters inside sql udf with named parameters
 statement ok
-create function corner_case(INT, a INT, INT) returns varchar language sql as $$select '$1 + a + $3'$$;
+create function add_named_wrapper(a INT, b INT) returns int language sql as 'select add(a, b)';
 
-# Named sql udf with invalid parameter in body definition
-# Will be rejected at creation time
-statement error failed to find named parameter aa
-create function unknown_parameter(a INT) returns int language sql as 'select a + aa + a';
+query I
+select add_named_wrapper(1, -1);
+----
+0
 
-# Call anonymous sql udf inside named sql udf
+# Create a sql udf with unnamed parameters with return expression
 statement ok
-create function add_named_wrapper(a INT, b INT) returns int language sql as 'select add(a, b)';
+create function add_return(INT, INT) returns int language sql return $1 + $2;
+
+query I
+select add_return(1, 1);
+----
+2
 
-# Create an anonymous function that calls built-in functions
-# Note that double dollar signs should be used otherwise the parsing will fail, as illutrates below
 statement ok
-create function call_regexp_replace() returns varchar language sql as $$select regexp_replace('💩💩💩💩💩foo🤔️bar亲爱的😭baz这不是爱情❤️‍🔥', 'baz(...)', '这是🥵', 'ic')$$;
+create function add_return_binding() returns int language sql return add_return(1, 1) + add_return(1, 1);
 
-statement error Expected end of statement, found: 💩
-create function call_regexp_replace() returns varchar language sql as 'select regexp_replace('💩💩💩💩💩foo🤔️bar亲爱的😭baz这不是爱情❤️‍🔥', 'baz(...)', '这是🥵', 'ic')';
+query I
+select add_return_binding();
+----
+4
 
-# Create an anonymous function with return expression
 statement ok
-create function add_return(INT, INT) returns int language sql return $1 + $2;
+create function print(INT) returns int language sql as 'select $1';
+
+query T
+select print(114514);
+----
+114514
 
+# Multiple type interleaving sql udf
 statement ok
-create function add_return_binding() returns int language sql return add_return(1, 1) + add_return(1, 1);
+create function add_sub(INT, FLOAT, INT) returns float language sql as $$select -$1 + $2 - $3$$;
 
-# Recursive definition can NOT be accepted at present due to semantic check
-statement error failed to conduct semantic check, please see if you are calling non-existence functions
-create function recursive(INT, INT) returns int language sql as 'select recursive($1, $2) + recursive($1, $2)';
+query I
+select add_sub(1, 5.1415926, 1);
+----
+3.1415926
 
-# Complex but error-prone definition, recursive & normal sql udfs interleaving
-statement error failed to conduct semantic check, please see if you are calling non-existence functions
-create function recursive_non_recursive(INT, INT) returns int language sql as 'select recursive($1, $2) + sub($1, $2)';
+query III
+select add(1, -1), sub(1, 1), add_sub(1, 5.1415926, 1);
+----
+0 0 3.1415926
 
-# Recursive corner case
+# Complex types interleaving
 statement ok
-create function foo(INT) returns varchar language sql as $$select 'foo(INT)'$$;
+create function add_sub_types(INT, BIGINT, FLOAT, DECIMAL, REAL) returns double language sql as 'select $1 + $2 - $3 + $4 + $5';
+
+query I
+select add_sub_types(1, 1919810114514, 3.1415926, 1.123123, 101010.191919);
+----
+1919810215523.1734494
+
+statement ok
+create function add_sub_return(INT, FLOAT, INT) returns float language sql return -$1 + $2 - $3;
+
+query I
+select add_sub_return(1, 5.1415926, 1);
+----
+3.1415926
 
 # Create a wrapper function for `add` & `sub`
 statement ok
 create function add_sub_wrapper(INT, INT) returns int language sql as 'select add($1, $2) + sub($1, $2) + 114512';
 
-# Create a valid recursive function
-# Please note we do NOT support actual running the recursive sql udf at present
-statement error failed to conduct semantic check, please see if you are calling non-existence functions
-create function fib(INT) returns int
- language sql as 'select case
-        when $1 = 0 then 0
-        when $1 = 1 then 1
-        when $1 = 2 then 1
-        when $1 = 3 then 2
-      else fib($1 - 1) + fib($1 - 2)
-      end;';
-
-# The execution will eventually exceed the pre-defined max stack depth
-# statement error function fib calling stack depth limit exceeded
-# select fib(100);
+query I
+select add_sub_wrapper(1, 1);
+----
+114514
 
-# Currently create a materialized view with a recursive sql udf will be rejected
-# statement error function fib calling stack depth limit exceeded
-# create materialized view foo_mv as select fib(100);
+##########################################################
+# Basic sql udfs integrated with the use of mock tables  #
+# P.S. This is also a simulation of real world use cases #
+##########################################################
 
 statement ok
-create function regexp_replace_wrapper(varchar) returns varchar language sql as $$select regexp_replace($1, 'baz(...)', '这是🥵', 'ic')$$;
+create table t1 (c1 INT, c2 INT);
 
 statement ok
-create function print(INT) returns int language sql as 'select $1';
+create table t2 (c1 INT, c2 FLOAT, c3 INT);
 
-# Adjust the input value of the calling function (i.e., `print` here) with the actual input parameter
+# Special table for named sql udf
 statement ok
-create function print_add_one(INT) returns int language sql as 'select print($1 + 1)';
+create table t3 (a INT, b INT);
 
 statement ok
-create function print_add_two(INT) returns int language sql as 'select print($1 + $1)';
-
-# Calling a non-existence function
-statement error failed to conduct semantic check, please see if you are calling non-existence functions
-create function non_exist(INT) returns int language sql as 'select yo(114514)';
-
-# Try to create an anonymous sql udf whose return type mismatches with the sql body definition
-statement error return type mismatch detected
-create function type_mismatch(INT) returns varchar language sql as 'select $1 + 114514 + $1';
+insert into t1 values (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5);
 
-# A valid example
 statement ok
-create function type_match(INT) returns varchar language sql as $$select '$1 + 114514 + $1'$$;
+insert into t2 values (1, 3.14, 2), (2, 4.44, 5), (20, 10.30, 02);
 
-query T
-select type_match(114514);
-----
-$1 + 114514 + $1
+statement ok
+insert into t3 values (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5);
 
-# Call the defined anonymous sql udfs
 query I
-select add(1, -1);
+select c1, c2, add_return(c1, c2) from t1 order by c1 asc;
 ----
-0
+1 1 2
+2 2 4
+3 3 6
+4 4 8
+5 5 10
 
-query I
-select sub(1, 1);
+query III
+select sub(c1, c2), c1, c2, add(c1, c2) from t1 order by c1 asc;
 ----
-0
+0 1 1 2
+0 2 2 4
+0 3 3 6
+0 4 4 8
+0 5 5 10
 
-# Call the defined named sql udfs
-query I
-select add_named(1, -1);
+query IIIIII
+select c1, c2, c3, add(c1, c3), sub(c1, c3), add_sub(c1, c2, c3) from t2 order by c1 asc;
 ----
-0
+1 3.14 2 3 -1 0.14000000000000012
+2 4.44 5 7 -3 -2.5599999999999996
+20 10.3 2 22 18 -11.7
 
-query I
-select sub_named(1, 1);
+query IIIIII
+select c1, c2, c3, add(c1, c3), sub(c1, c3), add_sub_return(c1, c2, c3) from t2 order by c1 asc;
 ----
-0
+1 3.14 2 3 -1 0.14000000000000012
+2 4.44 5 7 -3 -2.5599999999999996
+20 10.3 2 22 18 -11.7
 
 query I
-select add_sub_mix(1, 2, 3);
+select add_named(a, b) from t3 order by a asc;
 ----
 2
+4
+6
+8
+10
+
+################################
+# Corner & Special cases tests #
+################################
+
+# Mixed parameter with calling inner sql udfs
+statement ok
+create function add_sub_mix_wrapper(INT, a INT, INT) returns int language sql as 'select add($1, a) + a + sub(a, $3)';
 
 query I
 select add_sub_mix_wrapper(1, 2, 3);
 ----
 4
 
+# Named sql udf with corner case
+statement ok
+create function corner_case(INT, a INT, INT) returns varchar language sql as $$select '$1 + a + $3'$$;
+
 query T
 select corner_case(1, 2, 3);
 ----
 $1 + a + $3
 
-query I
-select add_named_wrapper(1, -1);
-----
-0
-
-query I
-select add_sub_binding();
-----
-2
-
-query III
-select add(1, -1), sub(1, 1), add_sub_binding();
-----
-0 0 2
-
-query I
-select add_return(1, 1);
-----
-2
-
-query I
-select add_return_binding();
-----
-4
+# Create a sql udf with unnamed parameters that calls built-in functions
+# Note that double dollar signs should be used otherwise the parsing will fail, as illutrates below
+statement ok
+create function call_regexp_replace() returns varchar language sql as $$select regexp_replace('💩💩💩💩💩foo🤔️bar亲爱的😭baz这不是爱情❤️‍🔥', 'baz(...)', '这是🥵', 'ic')$$;
 
 query T
 select call_regexp_replace();
 ----
 💩💩💩💩💩foo🤔️bar亲爱的😭这是🥵爱情❤️‍🔥
 
+statement ok
+create function regexp_replace_wrapper(varchar) returns varchar language sql as $$select regexp_replace($1, 'baz(...)', '这是🥵', 'ic')$$;
+
 query T
 select regexp_replace_wrapper('💩💩💩💩💩foo🤔️bar亲爱的😭baz这不是爱情❤️‍🔥');
 ----
 💩💩💩💩💩foo🤔️bar亲爱的😭这是🥵爱情❤️‍🔥
 
+# Recursive corner case (i.e., valid definition should not be rejected)
+statement ok
+create function foo(INT) returns varchar language sql as $$select 'foo(INT)'$$;
+
 query T
 select foo(114514);
 ----
 foo(INT)
 
-# Rejected deep calling stack
-# statement error function recursive calling stack depth limit exceeded
-# select recursive(1, 1);
-
-# Same as above
-# statement error function recursive calling stack depth limit exceeded
-# select recursive_non_recursive(1, 1);
+# Adjust the input value of the calling function (i.e., `print` here) with the actual input parameter
+statement ok
+create function print_add_one(INT) returns int language sql as 'select print($1 + 1)';
 
-query I
-select add_sub_wrapper(1, 1);
-----
-114514
+statement ok
+create function print_add_two(INT) returns int language sql as 'select print($1 + $1)';
 
 query III
 select print_add_one(1), print_add_one(114513), print_add_two(2);
 ----
 2 114514 4
 
-# Create a mock table for anonymous sql udf
+# Note: the valid example of `type_mismatch` in the below test section
 statement ok
-create table t1 (c1 INT, c2 INT);
+create function type_match(INT) returns varchar language sql as $$select '$1 + 114514 + $1'$$;
 
-# Create a mock table for named sql udf
-statement ok
-create table t3 (a INT, b INT);
+query T
+select type_match(114514);
+----
+$1 + 114514 + $1
 
-# Insert some data into the mock table
-statement ok
-insert into t1 values (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5);
+#################################################################################
+# Invalid definition (and maybe not yet supported features 🤪) / use case tests #
+#################################################################################
 
-statement ok
-insert into t3 values (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5);
+# Named sql udf with invalid parameter in body definition
+# Will be rejected at creation time
+statement error failed to find named parameter aa
+create function unknown_parameter(a INT) returns int language sql as 'select a + aa + a';
 
-query I
-select add_named(a, b) from t3 order by a asc;
-----
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
+statement error Expected end of statement, found: 💩
+create function call_regexp_replace() returns varchar language sql as 'select regexp_replace('💩💩💩💩💩foo🤔️bar亲爱的😭baz这不是爱情❤️‍🔥', 'baz(...)', '这是🥵', 'ic')';
 
-query III
-select sub(c1, c2), c1, c2, add(c1, c2) from t1 order by c1 asc;
-----
-0 1 1 2
-0 2 2 4
-0 3 3 6
-0 4 4 8
-0 5 5 10
+# Recursive definition can NOT be accepted at present due to semantic check
+statement error failed to conduct semantic check, please see if you are calling non-existent functions
+create function recursive(INT, INT) returns int language sql as 'select recursive($1, $2) + recursive($1, $2)';
 
-query I
-select c1, c2, add_return(c1, c2) from t1 order by c1 asc;
-----
-1 1 2
-2 2 4
-3 3 6
-4 4 8
-5 5 10
+# Complex but error-prone definition, recursive & normal sql udfs interleaving
+statement error failed to conduct semantic check, please see if you are calling non-existent functions
+create function recursive_non_recursive(INT, INT) returns int language sql as 'select recursive($1, $2) + sub($1, $2)';
 
-# Recursive sql udf with normal table
+# Create a valid recursive function
+# Please note we do NOT support actual running the recursive sql udf at present
+statement error failed to conduct semantic check, please see if you are calling non-existent functions
+create function fib(INT) returns int
+ language sql as 'select case
+        when $1 = 0 then 0
+        when $1 = 1 then 1
+        when $1 = 2 then 1
+        when $1 = 3 then 2
+      else fib($1 - 1) + fib($1 - 2)
+      end;';
+
+# The execution will eventually exceed the pre-defined max stack depth
 # statement error function fib calling stack depth limit exceeded
-# select fib(c1) from t1;
+# select fib(100);
 
-# Recursive sql udf with materialized view
+# Currently create a materialized view with a recursive sql udf will be rejected
 # statement error function fib calling stack depth limit exceeded
-# create materialized view bar_mv as select fib(c1) from t1;
+# create materialized view foo_mv as select fib(100);
+
+# Calling a non-existent function
+statement error failed to conduct semantic check, please see if you are calling non-existent functions
+create function non_exist(INT) returns int language sql as 'select yo(114514)';
+
+# Try to create an sql udf with unnamed parameters whose return type mismatches with the sql body definition
+statement error return type mismatch detected
+create function type_mismatch(INT) returns varchar language sql as 'select $1 + 114514 + $1';
 
 # Invalid function body syntax
 statement error Expected an expression:, found: EOF at the end
 create function add_error(INT, INT) returns int language sql as $$select $1 + $2 +$$;
 
-# Multiple type interleaving sql udf
-statement ok
-create function add_sub(INT, FLOAT, INT) returns float language sql as $$select -$1 + $2 - $3$$;
-
-# Complex types interleaving
-statement ok
-create function add_sub_types(INT, BIGINT, FLOAT, DECIMAL, REAL) returns double language sql as 'select $1 + $2 - $3 + $4 + $5';
-
-statement ok
-create function add_sub_return(INT, FLOAT, INT) returns float language sql return -$1 + $2 - $3;
-
-query I
-select add_sub(1, 5.1415926, 1);
-----
-3.1415926
-
-query I
-select add_sub_return(1, 5.1415926, 1);
-----
-3.1415926
-
-query III
-select add(1, -1), sub(1, 1), add_sub(1, 5.1415926, 1);
-----
-0 0 3.1415926
-
-query I
-select add_sub_types(1, 1919810114514, 3.1415926, 1.123123, 101010.191919);
-----
-1919810215523.1734494
+# Rejected deep calling stack
+# statement error function recursive calling stack depth limit exceeded
+# select recursive(1, 1);
 
-# Create another mock table
-statement ok
-create table t2 (c1 INT, c2 FLOAT, c3 INT);
+# Same as above
+# statement error function recursive calling stack depth limit exceeded
+# select recursive_non_recursive(1, 1);
 
-statement ok
-insert into t2 values (1, 3.14, 2), (2, 4.44, 5), (20, 10.30, 02);
+# Recursive sql udf with normal table
+# statement error function fib calling stack depth limit exceeded
+# select fib(c1) from t1;
 
-query IIIIII
-select c1, c2, c3, add(c1, c3), sub(c1, c3), add_sub(c1, c2, c3) from t2 order by c1 asc;
-----
-1 3.14 2 3 -1 0.14000000000000012
-2 4.44 5 7 -3 -2.5599999999999996
-20 10.3 2 22 18 -11.7
+# Recursive sql udf with materialized view
+# statement error function fib calling stack depth limit exceeded
+# create materialized view bar_mv as select fib(c1) from t1;
 
-query IIIIII
-select c1, c2, c3, add(c1, c3), sub(c1, c3), add_sub_return(c1, c2, c3) from t2 order by c1 asc;
-----
-1 3.14 2 3 -1 0.14000000000000012
-2 4.44 5 7 -3 -2.5599999999999996
-20 10.3 2 22 18 -11.7
+##################################################
+# Clean up the funtions / mock tables at the end #
+##################################################
 
-# Drop the functions
 statement ok
 drop function add;
 
@@ -352,21 +373,12 @@ drop function call_regexp_replace;
 statement ok
 drop function add_sub_wrapper;
 
-# statement ok
-# drop function recursive;
-
 statement ok
 drop function foo;
 
-# statement ok
-# drop function recursive_non_recursive;
-
 statement ok
 drop function add_sub_types;
 
-# statement ok
-# drop function fib;
-
 statement ok
 drop function print;
 
@@ -400,7 +412,6 @@ drop function type_match;
 statement ok
 drop function add_sub_mix_wrapper;
 
-# Drop the mock table
 statement ok
 drop table t1;
 
diff --git a/e2e_test/udf/wasm_udf.slt b/e2e_test/udf/wasm_udf.slt
index d182e8ff0f99..c2c97a029a1a 100644
--- a/e2e_test/udf/wasm_udf.slt
+++ b/e2e_test/udf/wasm_udf.slt
@@ -91,3 +91,24 @@ drop function jsonb_access;
 
 statement ok
 drop function series;
+
+# inlined rust function
+statement ok
+create function gcd(int, int) returns int language rust as $$
+    fn gcd(mut a: i32, mut b: i32) -> i32 {
+        while b != 0 {
+            let t = b;
+            b = a % b;
+            a = t;
+        }
+        a
+    }
+$$;
+
+query I
+select gcd(25, 15);
+----
+5
+
+statement ok
+drop function gcd;
diff --git a/grafana/common.py b/grafana/common.py
index fbc8e71a3f09..9a47bd0c964a 100644
--- a/grafana/common.py
+++ b/grafana/common.py
@@ -467,11 +467,12 @@ def timeseries_id(self, title, description, targets):
             **self.common_options,
         )
 
-    def table_info(self, title, description, targets, excluded_columns):
+    def table_info(self, title, description, targets, columns):
         gridPos = self.layout.next_half_width_graph()
-        excludedByName = dict.fromkeys(excluded_columns, True)
+        column_indices = {column: index for index, column in enumerate(columns)}
+        excludeByName = dict.fromkeys(["Time", "Value"], True)
         transformations = [
-            {"id": "organize", "options": {"excludeByName": excludedByName}}
+            {"id": "organize", "options": {"indexByName": column_indices, "excludeByName": excludeByName}}
         ]
         return Table(
             title=title,
@@ -484,6 +485,7 @@ def table_info(self, title, description, targets, excluded_columns):
             transformations=transformations,
         )
 
+
     def sub_panel(self):
         return Panels(self.datasource)
 
diff --git a/grafana/risingwave-dev-dashboard.dashboard.py b/grafana/risingwave-dev-dashboard.dashboard.py
index fecb1f83c8f7..2073c88ce824 100644
--- a/grafana/risingwave-dev-dashboard.dashboard.py
+++ b/grafana/risingwave-dev-dashboard.dashboard.py
@@ -24,22 +24,21 @@
 
 def section_actor_info(outer_panels):
     panels = outer_panels.sub_panel()
-    excluded_cols = ["Time", "Value", "__name__", f"{COMPONENT_LABEL}", f"{NODE_LABEL}"]
     return [
         outer_panels.row_collapsed(
             "Actor/Table Id Info",
             [
                 panels.table_info(
-                    "Actor Id Info",
-                    "Mapping from actor id to fragment id",
-                    [panels.table_target(f"{metric('actor_info')}")],
-                    excluded_cols,
+                    "Actor Info",
+                    "Information about actors",
+                    [panels.table_target(f"group({metric('actor_info')}) by (actor_id, fragment_id, compute_node)")],
+                    ["actor_id", "fragment_id", "compute_node"],
                 ),
                 panels.table_info(
-                    "Materialized View Info",
-                    "Mapping from materialized view table id to it's internal table ids",
-                    [panels.table_target(f"{metric('table_info')}")],
-                    excluded_cols,
+                    "State Table Info",
+                    "Information about state tables. Column `materialized_view_id` is the id of the materialized view that this state table belongs to.",
+                    [panels.table_target(f"group({metric('table_info')}) by (table_id, table_name, table_type, materialized_view_id, fragment_id, compaction_group_id)")],
+                    ["table_id", "table_name", "table_type", "materialized_view_id", "fragment_id", "compaction_group_id"],
                 ),
             ],
         )
@@ -684,9 +683,8 @@ def section_streaming(outer_panels):
                     "The figure shows the number of rows read by each source per second.",
                     [
                         panels.target(
-                            f"rate({metric('stream_source_output_rows_counts')}[$__rate_interval])",
-                            "source={{source_name}} actor={{actor_id}} @ {{%s}}"
-                            % NODE_LABEL,
+                            f"sum(rate({metric('stream_source_output_rows_counts')}[$__rate_interval])) by (source_id, source_name, fragment_id)",
+                            "{{source_id}} {{source_name}} (fragment {{fragment_id}})",
                         ),
                     ],
                 ),
@@ -697,7 +695,7 @@ def section_streaming(outer_panels):
                     [
                         panels.target(
                             f"rate({metric('source_partition_input_count')}[$__rate_interval])",
-                            "actor={{actor_id}} source={{source_id}} partition={{partition}}",
+                            "actor={{actor_id}} source={{source_id}} partition={{partition}} fragmend_id={{fragment_id}}",
                         )
                     ],
                 ),
@@ -706,8 +704,8 @@ def section_streaming(outer_panels):
                     "The figure shows the number of bytes read by each source per second.",
                     [
                         panels.target(
-                            f"(sum by (source_id)(rate({metric('source_partition_input_bytes')}[$__rate_interval])))/(1000*1000)",
-                            "source={{source_id}}",
+                            f"(sum by (source_id, source_name, fragment_id)(rate({metric('source_partition_input_bytes')}[$__rate_interval])))/(1000*1000)",
+                            "{{source_id}} {{source_name}} (fragment {{fragment_id}})",
                         )
                     ],
                 ),
@@ -718,7 +716,7 @@ def section_streaming(outer_panels):
                     [
                         panels.target(
                             f"(rate({metric('source_partition_input_bytes')}[$__rate_interval]))/(1000*1000)",
-                            "actor={{actor_id}} source={{source_id}} partition={{partition}}",
+                            "actor={{actor_id}} source={{source_id}} partition={{partition}} fragmend_id={{fragment_id}}",
                         )
                     ],
                 ),
@@ -3680,6 +3678,26 @@ def section_memory_manager(outer_panels):
                         ),
                     ],
                 ),
+                panels.timeseries_memory(
+                    "The resident memory of jemalloc",
+                    "",
+                    [
+                        panels.target(
+                            f"{metric('jemalloc_resident_bytes')}",
+                            "",
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                panels.timeseries_memory(
+                    "The metadata memory of jemalloc",
+                    "",
+                    [
+                        panels.target(
+                            f"{metric('jemalloc_metadata_bytes')}",
+                            "",
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
                 panels.timeseries_memory(
                     "The allocated memory of jvm",
                     "",
diff --git a/grafana/risingwave-dev-dashboard.json b/grafana/risingwave-dev-dashboard.json
index 754d2bfc2a26..24e6e231df0a 100644
--- a/grafana/risingwave-dev-dashboard.json
+++ b/grafana/risingwave-dev-dashboard.json
@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"__inputs":[],"annotations":{"list":[]},"description":"RisingWave Dev Dashboard","editable":true,"gnetId":null,"graphTooltip":0,"hideControls":false,"id":null,"links":[],"panels":[{"cacheTimeout":null,"collapsed":true,"datasource":null,"description":null,"editable":true,"error":false,"fieldConfig":{"defaults":{"thresholds":{"mode":"absolute","steps":[]}}},"gridPos":{"h":1,"w":24,"x":0,"y":0},"height":null,"hideTimeOverride":false,"id":1,"interval":null,"links":[],"maxDataPoints":100,"maxPerRow":null,"minSpan":null,"panels":[{"cacheTimeout":null,"color":{"mode":"thresholds"},"columns":[],"datasource":{"type":"prometheus","uid":"risedev-prometheus"},"description":"Mapping from actor id to fragment 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diff --git a/grafana/risingwave-user-dashboard.dashboard.py b/grafana/risingwave-user-dashboard.dashboard.py
index f547ab04b9b5..5b48a1e283fb 100644
--- a/grafana/risingwave-user-dashboard.dashboard.py
+++ b/grafana/risingwave-user-dashboard.dashboard.py
@@ -31,26 +31,26 @@
 logging.basicConfig(level=logging.WARN)
 
 
-def section_actor_info(panels):
-    excluded_cols = ["Time", "Value", "__name__", f"{COMPONENT_LABEL}", f"{NODE_LABEL}"]
+def section_actor_info(outer_panels):
+    panels = outer_panels.sub_panel()
     return [
-        panels.row("Actor/Table Id Info"),
-        panels.table_info(
-            "Actor Id Info",
-            "Mapping from actor id to fragment id",
-            [panels.table_target(f"{metric('actor_info')}")],
-            excluded_cols,
-        ),
-        panels.table_info(
-            "Materialized View Info",
-            "Mapping from materialized view table id to it's internal table ids",
+        outer_panels.row_collapsed(
+            "Actor/Table Id Info",
             [
-                panels.table_target(
-                    f"group({metric('table_info')}) by (materialized_view_id, table_id, table_name, table_type)"
-                )
+                panels.table_info(
+                    "Actor Info",
+                    "Information about actors",
+                    [panels.table_target(f"group({metric('actor_info')}) by (actor_id, fragment_id, compute_node)")],
+                    ["actor_id", "fragment_id", "compute_node"],
+                ),
+                panels.table_info(
+                    "State Table Info",
+                    "Information about state tables. Column `materialized_view_id` is the id of the materialized view that this state table belongs to.",
+                    [panels.table_target(f"group({metric('table_info')}) by (table_id, table_name, table_type, materialized_view_id, fragment_id, compaction_group_id)")],
+                    ["table_id", "table_name", "table_type", "materialized_view_id", "fragment_id", "compaction_group_id"],
+                ),
             ],
-            excluded_cols,
-        ),
+        )
     ]
 
 
@@ -60,22 +60,22 @@ def section_overview(panels):
     return [
         panels.row("Overview"),
         panels.timeseries_rowsps(
-            "Aggregated Source Throughput(rows/s)",
+            "Source Throughput(rows/s)",
             "The figure shows the number of rows read by each source per second.",
             [
                 panels.target(
-                    f"sum(rate({metric('stream_source_output_rows_counts')}[$__rate_interval])) by (source_name)",
-                    "{{source_name}}",
+                    f"sum(rate({metric('stream_source_output_rows_counts')}[$__rate_interval])) by (source_id, source_name, fragment_id)",
+                    "{{source_id}} {{source_name}} (fragment {{fragment_id}})",
                 ),
             ],
         ),
         panels.timeseries_bytesps(
-            "Aggregated Source Throughput(MB/s)",
+            "Source Throughput(MB/s)",
             "The figure shows the number of bytes read by each source per second.",
             [
                 panels.target(
-                    f"(sum by (source_id)(rate({metric('partition_input_bytes')}[$__rate_interval])))/(1000*1000)",
-                    "source_id {{source_id}}",
+                    f"(sum by (source_id, source_name, fragment_id)(rate({metric('source_partition_input_bytes')}[$__rate_interval])))/(1000*1000)",
+                    "{{source_id}} {{source_name}} (fragment {{fragment_id}})",
                 )
             ],
         ),
diff --git a/grafana/risingwave-user-dashboard.json b/grafana/risingwave-user-dashboard.json
index dcee77a5e73a..f9ec8cab9831 100644
--- a/grafana/risingwave-user-dashboard.json
+++ b/grafana/risingwave-user-dashboard.json
@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"__inputs":[],"annotations":{"list":[]},"description":"RisingWave Dashboard","editable":true,"gnetId":null,"graphTooltip":0,"hideControls":false,"id":null,"links":[],"panels":[{"cacheTimeout":null,"collapsed":false,"datasource":null,"description":null,"editable":true,"error":false,"fieldConfig":{"defaults":{"thresholds":{"mode":"absolute","steps":[]}}},"gridPos":{"h":1,"w":24,"x":0,"y":0},"height":null,"hideTimeOverride":false,"id":1,"interval":null,"links":[],"maxDataPoints":100,"maxPerRow":null,"minSpan":null,"panels":[],"repeat":null,"repeatDirection":null,"span":null,"targets":[],"timeFrom":null,"timeShift":null,"title":"Actor/Table Id Info","transformations":[],"transparent":false,"type":"row"},{"cacheTimeout":null,"color":{"mode":"thresholds"},"columns":[],"datasource":{"type":"prometheus","uid":"risedev-prometheus"},"description":"Mapping from actor id to fragment 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diff --git a/integration_tests/client-library/client_test.py b/integration_tests/client-library/client_test.py
index 40ffd04747c9..01473977201a 100644
--- a/integration_tests/client-library/client_test.py
+++ b/integration_tests/client-library/client_test.py
@@ -25,7 +25,14 @@ def check_nodejs():
 
 
 def check_php():
-    subprocess.run(["docker", "compose", "exec", "php", "bash", "-c", "cd /php-client && phpunit tests/RWClientTest.php"], check=True)
+    subprocess.run(
+        ["docker", "compose", "exec", "php", "bash", "-c", "cd /php-client && phpunit tests/RWClientTest.php"],
+        check=True)
+
+
+def check_ruby():
+    subprocess.run(["docker", "compose", "exec", "ruby", "bash", "-c", "cd /ruby-client && ruby test/crud_test.rb"],
+                   check=True)
 
 
 subprocess.run(["docker", "compose", "up", "-d"], check=True)
@@ -33,7 +40,7 @@ def check_php():
 
 failed_cases = []
 
-for client in ['go', 'python', 'java', 'nodejs', 'php']:
+for client in ['go', 'python', 'java', 'nodejs', 'php', 'ruby']:
     print(f"--- {client} client test")
     try:
         if client == 'go':
@@ -46,6 +53,8 @@ def check_php():
             check_nodejs()
         elif client == 'php':
             check_php()
+        elif client == 'ruby':
+            check_ruby()
     except Exception as e:
         print(e)
         failed_cases.append(f"{client} client failed")
diff --git a/integration_tests/client-library/docker-compose.yml b/integration_tests/client-library/docker-compose.yml
index 3567269fceb7..fc6fbd6000ba 100644
--- a/integration_tests/client-library/docker-compose.yml
+++ b/integration_tests/client-library/docker-compose.yml
@@ -48,6 +48,12 @@ services:
     command: tail -f /dev/null
     volumes:
       - ./php:/php-client
+  ruby:
+    image: ruby-library
+    build: ./ruby
+    command: tail -f /dev/null
+    volumes:
+      - ./ruby:/ruby-client
 
 volumes:
   risingwave-standalone:
diff --git a/integration_tests/client-library/ruby/Dockerfile b/integration_tests/client-library/ruby/Dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5283b5191068
--- /dev/null
+++ b/integration_tests/client-library/ruby/Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+FROM ruby:3.2-slim-bullseye
+
+# install ruby-pg
+RUN apt-get update && \
+    apt-get install -y libpq-dev && \
+    apt-get install -y build-essential && \
+    gem install pg
+
+CMD ["irb"]
diff --git a/integration_tests/client-library/ruby/rw_conn.rb b/integration_tests/client-library/ruby/rw_conn.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0cb645db3ac7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/integration_tests/client-library/ruby/rw_conn.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+require 'pg'
+
+def get_rw_conn(host: 'localhost', port: 4566, options: '', tty: '', dbname: 'dev', user: 'root', password: '')
+  conn = PG.connect(host: host, port: port, options: options, tty: tty, dbname: dbname, user: user, password: password)
+  # https://github.com/risingwavelabs/risingwave/issues/14682
+  # conn.type_map_for_results = PG::BasicTypeMapForResults.new(conn)
+  conn
+end
diff --git a/integration_tests/client-library/ruby/test/crud_test.rb b/integration_tests/client-library/ruby/test/crud_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..11e0e188500c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/integration_tests/client-library/ruby/test/crud_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+require_relative '../rw_conn'
+require_relative 'util'
+require 'date'
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class SQLTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @conn = get_rw_conn(host: 'risingwave-standalone')
+  end
+
+  def test_crud
+    create_table(@conn)
+
+    name = 'John Doe'
+    age = 30
+    salary = 50000
+    tripIDs = ['12345', '67890']
+    fareData = {
+      "initial_charge"    => 3.0,
+      "subsequent_charge" => 1.5,
+      "surcharge"         => 0.5,
+      "tolls"             => 2.0,
+    }
+    deci = 2.14159
+    birthdate = Date.parse('1993-01-02')
+    starttime = "20:00:00"
+    timest = DateTime.now()
+    timestz = DateTime.now()
+    timegap = '02:00:00'
+
+    insert_data(@conn, name, age, salary, tripIDs, birthdate, deci, fareData, starttime, timest, timestz, timegap)
+    check_data(name, age, salary, tripIDs, birthdate, deci, fareData, starttime, timest, timestz, timegap)
+
+    # Insert data with null values
+    nullName = "Null Person";
+    nullAge = 0
+    nullSalary = 0
+    nullTripIDs = []
+    nullFareData = {}
+    nullBirthdate = Date.parse('0001-01-01')
+    nullStarttime = '00:00:00'
+    nullTimest = DateTime.parse('0001-01-01 00:00:00')
+    nullTimestz = DateTime.parse('1970-01-01T00:00:00Z')
+    nullTimegap = '00:00:00';
+    nullDeci = 0.0;
+
+    insert_data(@conn, nullName, nullAge, nullSalary, nullTripIDs, nullBirthdate, nullDeci, nullFareData, nullStarttime, nullTimest, nullTimestz, nullTimegap)
+    check_data(nullName, nullAge, nullSalary, nullTripIDs, nullBirthdate, nullDeci, nullFareData, nullStarttime, nullTimest, nullTimestz, nullTimegap)
+
+    update_data(@conn, name, 60000)
+    delete_data(@conn, name)
+    drop_table(@conn)
+  end
+
+  def check_data(name, age, salary, tripIDs, birthdate, deci, fareData, starttime, timest, timestz, timegap)
+    @conn.exec('FLUSH;')
+
+    select_query = "SELECT name, age, salary, trip_id, birthdate, deci, fare, starttime, timest, timestz, timegap FROM sample_table_ruby WHERE name=$1"
+
+    res = @conn.exec_params(select_query, [name])
+
+    res.each do |row|
+      retrievedName = row['name']
+      assert_equal(name, retrievedName)
+
+      retrievedAge = row['age'].to_i
+      assert_equal(age, retrievedAge)
+
+      retrievedSalary = row['salary'].to_i
+      assert_equal(salary, retrievedSalary)
+
+      retrievedTripIDs = row['trip_id']
+      assert_equal('{' + tripIDs.join(',') + '}', retrievedTripIDs)
+
+      retrievedBirthdate = row['birthdate']
+      assert_equal(birthdate, Date.parse(retrievedBirthdate))
+
+      retrievedDeci = row['deci']
+      assert_equal(deci, retrievedDeci.to_f)
+
+      retrievedFareData = row['fare']
+
+      retrievedStarttime = row['starttime']
+      assert_equal(starttime, retrievedStarttime)
+
+      retrievedTimest = row['timest']
+      assert_equal(timest.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S%z'), DateTime.parse(retrievedTimest).strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S%z'))
+
+      retrievedTimestz = row['timestz']
+      assert_equal(timestz.strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%zZ'), DateTime.parse(retrievedTimestz).strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%zZ'))
+
+      retrievedTimegap = row['timegap']
+      assert_equal(timegap, retrievedTimegap)
+    end
+    puts "Data checked successfully."
+  end
+end
diff --git a/integration_tests/client-library/ruby/test/util.rb b/integration_tests/client-library/ruby/test/util.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6b1b07e91d08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/integration_tests/client-library/ruby/test/util.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+def create_table(conn)
+  query = <<-EOF
+    CREATE TABLE sample_table_ruby
+    (
+        name              VARCHAR,
+        age               INTEGER,
+        salary            BIGINT,
+        trip_id           VARCHAR[],
+        birthdate         DATE,
+        deci              DOUBLE PRECISION,
+        fare              STRUCT < initial_charge DOUBLE PRECISION,
+        subsequent_charge DOUBLE PRECISION,
+        surcharge         DOUBLE PRECISION,
+        tolls             DOUBLE PRECISION >,
+        starttime         TIME,
+        timest            TIMESTAMP,
+        timestz           TIMESTAMPTZ,
+        timegap           INTERVAL
+    )
+  EOF
+  conn.exec(query)
+  puts "Table created successfully."
+end
+
+def drop_table(conn)
+  conn.exec('DROP TABLE sample_table_ruby;')
+  puts "Table dropped successfully."
+end
+
+def insert_data(conn, name, age, salary, tripIDs, birthdate, deci, fareData, starttime, timest, timestz, timegap)
+  insert_query = <<-EOF
+    INSERT INTO sample_table_ruby (name, age, salary, trip_id, birthdate, deci, fare, starttime, timest, timestz, timegap)
+    VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, ROW($7, $8, $9, $10), $11, $12, $13, $14);
+  EOF
+  conn.exec_params(insert_query, [name, age, salary,
+    "{#{tripIDs.join(',')}}",
+    birthdate,
+    deci,
+    fareData["initial_charge"],
+    fareData["subsequent_charge"],
+    fareData["surcharge"],
+    fareData["tolls"],
+    starttime,
+    timest.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'),
+    timestz,
+    timegap
+  ])
+
+  puts "Data inserted successfully."
+end
+
+def update_data(conn, name, salary)
+  update_query = "UPDATE sample_table_ruby SET salary=$1 WHERE name=$2"
+
+  conn.exec_params(update_query, [salary, name])
+  puts "Data updated successfully."
+end
+
+def delete_data(conn, name)
+  conn.exec_params('DELETE FROM sample_table_ruby WHERE name=$1;', [name])
+
+  puts "Data deletion successfully."
+end
diff --git a/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/create_source.sql b/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/create_source.sql
index 6a15bf3b5385..cf7a6dc46f3a 100644
--- a/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/create_source.sql
+++ b/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/create_source.sql
@@ -3,4 +3,25 @@ CREATE TABLE orders (PRIMARY KEY(order_id)) with (
     kafka.topic = 'mysql.mydb.orders',
     kafka.brokers = 'message_queue:29092',
     kafka.scan.startup.mode = 'earliest'
-) FORMAT DEBEZIUM ENCODE AVRO (schema.registry = 'http://message_queue:8081');
\ No newline at end of file
+) FORMAT DEBEZIUM ENCODE AVRO (schema.registry = 'http://message_queue:8081');
+
+CREATE TABLE mysql_all_data_types (PRIMARY KEY(id)) with (
+    connector = 'kafka',
+    kafka.topic = 'mysql.mydb.mysql_all_data_types',
+    kafka.brokers = 'message_queue:29092',
+    kafka.scan.startup.mode = 'earliest'
+) FORMAT DEBEZIUM ENCODE AVRO (schema.registry = 'http://message_queue:8081');
+
+CREATE TABLE mysql_types2 (PRIMARY KEY(id)) with (
+    connector = 'kafka',
+    kafka.topic = 'mysql.mydb.mysql_types2',
+    kafka.brokers = 'message_queue:29092',
+    kafka.scan.startup.mode = 'earliest'
+) FORMAT DEBEZIUM ENCODE AVRO (schema.registry = 'http://message_queue:8081');
+
+CREATE TABLE mysql_types3 (PRIMARY KEY(id)) with (
+    connector = 'kafka',
+    kafka.topic = 'mysql.mydb.mysql_types3',
+    kafka.brokers = 'message_queue:29092',
+    kafka.scan.startup.mode = 'earliest'
+) FORMAT DEBEZIUM ENCODE AVRO (schema.registry = 'http://message_queue:8081');
diff --git a/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/data_check b/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/data_check
index 1f4c99fed965..5a32d4c80d29 100644
--- a/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/data_check
+++ b/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/data_check
@@ -1 +1 @@
-orders,product_count
\ No newline at end of file
+orders,product_count,mysql_all_data_types,mysql_types2,mysql_types3
diff --git a/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/docker-compose.yml b/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/docker-compose.yml
index f3bc6b15b470..77ff7689b78f 100644
--- a/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/docker-compose.yml
+++ b/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/docker-compose.yml
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ services:
     volumes:
       - ./mysql/mysql.cnf:/etc/mysql/conf.d/mysql.cnf
       - ./mysql/mysql_bootstrap.sql:/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/mysql_bootstrap.sql
+      - ./mysql_prepare.sql:/mysql_prepare.sql
     healthcheck:
       test:
         [
@@ -48,7 +49,8 @@ services:
       retries: 5
     container_name: mysql
   debezium:
-    image: debezium/connect:1.9
+    image: debezium-connect
+    build: .
     environment:
       BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS: message_queue:29092
       GROUP_ID: 1
@@ -70,28 +72,7 @@ services:
       message_queue: { condition: service_healthy }
       mysql: { condition: service_healthy }
     container_name: debezium
-  debezium_deploy:
-    image: debezium/connect:1.9
-    depends_on:
-      debezium:
-        condition: service_healthy
-    volumes:
-      - ./mysql/mysql_dbz.sh:/mysql_dbz.sh
-    entrypoint: [ bash, -c, /mysql_dbz.sh ]
-    container_name: debezium_deploy
-    restart: on-failure
-  datagen:
-    image: mysql:8.0
-    depends_on:
-      mysql: { condition: service_healthy }
-    command:
-      - /bin/sh
-      - -c
-      - "mysql -p123456 -h mysql mydb < mysql_prepare.sql"
-    volumes:
-      - "./mysql_prepare.sql:/mysql_prepare.sql"
-    container_name: datagen
-    restart: on-failure
+
 volumes:
   message_queue:
     external: false
diff --git a/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/dockerfile b/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..109d591b674f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+FROM quay.io/debezium/connect:2.5.0.Final
+
+ENV AVRO_PLUGION_DIR=$KAFKA_CONNECT_PLUGINS_DIR/confluent-avro-plugin
+
+ARG CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION=5.3.0
+
+RUN mkdir $AVRO_PLUGION_DIR && cd $AVRO_PLUGION_DIR && \
+  curl -sO https://packages.confluent.io/maven/io/confluent/kafka-connect-avro-converter/$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION/kafka-connect-avro-converter-$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://packages.confluent.io/maven/io/confluent/kafka-connect-avro-data/$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION/kafka-connect-avro-data-$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://packages.confluent.io/maven/io/confluent/common-config/$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION/common-config-$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://packages.confluent.io/maven/io/confluent/common-utils/$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION/common-utils-$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://packages.confluent.io/maven/io/confluent/kafka-schema-serializer/$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION/kafka-schema-serializer-$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://packages.confluent.io/maven/io/confluent/kafka-schema-registry-client/$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION/kafka-schema-registry-client-$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://packages.confluent.io/maven/io/confluent/kafka-avro-serializer/$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION/kafka-avro-serializer-$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/com/google/guava/guava/31.0.1-jre/guava-31.0.1-jre.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/apache/avro/avro/1.8.2/avro-1.8.2.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/codehaus/jackson/jackson-core-asl/1.9.13/jackson-core-asl-1.9.13.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/codehaus/jackson/jackson-mapper-asl/1.9.13/jackson-mapper-asl-1.9.13.jar
diff --git a/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/mysql/mysql_dbz.sh b/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/mysql/mysql_dbz.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 03477fcab49f..000000000000
--- a/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/mysql/mysql_dbz.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-
-echo "Deploying Debezium MySQL connector"
-
-curl -s -X PUT -H  "Content-Type:application/json" http://debezium:8083/connectors/register-mysql/config \
-    -d '{
-    "connector.class": "io.debezium.connector.mysql.MySqlConnector",
-    "database.hostname": "mysql",
-    "database.port": 3306,
-    "database.user": "debezium",
-    "database.password": "mysqlpw",
-    "database.server.name": "mysql",
-    "database.server.id": "1",
-    "database.allowPublicKeyRetrieval": true,
-    "database.history.kafka.bootstrap.servers":"message_queue:29092",
-    "database.history.kafka.topic": "mysql-history",
-    "database.include.list": "mydb",
-    "time.precision.mode": "connect",
-    "include.schema.changes": false
- }'
diff --git a/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/mysql_prepare.sql b/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/mysql_prepare.sql
index 65758e11f3af..b327536fa712 100644
--- a/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/mysql_prepare.sql
+++ b/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/mysql_prepare.sql
@@ -25,4 +25,58 @@ values
     18.50,
     2,
     1
-  );
\ No newline at end of file
+  );
+
+CREATE TABLE mysql_types2 (
+  id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY,
+  c_decimal DECIMAL,
+  c_date date,
+  c_time time,
+  c_datetime datetime
+);
+
+INSERT INTO mysql_types2 VALUES (1, 0, '1001-01-01', '00:00:00', '1000-01-01 00:00:00.000000');
+
+INSERT INTO mysql_types2 VALUES (2, -10.0, '1001-01-01', '-838:59:59.000000', '1000-01-01 00:00:00.000000');
+
+INSERT INTO mysql_types2 VALUES (3, 10.12345, '9999-12-31', '20:59:59.000000', '9999-12-31 23:59:59.499999');
+
+CREATE TABLE mysql_types3 (
+  id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY,
+  c_decimal DECIMAL
+);
+
+INSERT INTO mysql_types3 VALUES (1, 0);
+
+INSERT INTO mysql_types3 VALUES (2, -10.0);
+
+INSERT INTO mysql_types3 VALUES (3, 10.12345);
+
+CREATE TABLE mysql_all_data_types (
+  id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY,
+  c_boolean boolean,
+  c_bit bit,
+  c_tinyint tinyint,
+  c_smallint smallint,
+  c_mediumint mediumint,
+  c_integer integer,
+  c_bigint bigint,
+  c_decimal decimal,
+  c_float float,
+  c_double double,
+  c_char_255 char(255),
+  c_varchar_10000 varchar(10000),
+  c_binary_255 binary(255),
+  c_varbinary_10000 varbinary(10000),
+  c_date date,
+  c_time time,
+  c_datetime datetime,
+  c_timestamp timestamp,
+  c_json JSON
+);
+
+INSERT INTO mysql_all_data_types VALUES (1, False, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', '1001-01-01', '00:00:00', '1000-01-01 00:00:00.000000', '1970-01-01 00:00:01', '{}');
+
+INSERT INTO mysql_all_data_types VALUES (2, False, 0, -128, -32767, -8388608, -2147483647, -9223372036854775807, -10.0, -9999.999999, -10000.0, '', '', 'aa', '', '1001-01-01', '23:59:59.000000', '1000-01-01 00:00:00.000000', '1970-01-01 00:00:01', '{"a": 1, "b":"c"}');
+
+INSERT INTO mysql_all_data_types VALUES (3, True, 1, 127, 32767, 8388607, 2147483647, 9223372036854775807, -10.0, 9999.999999, 10000.0, 'zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz', 'zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz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zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz', '9999-12-31', '20:59:59.000000', '9999-12-31 23:59:59.499999', '2038-01-19 03:14:07', '{"whatever":"meaningless"}');
diff --git a/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/prepare.sh b/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/prepare.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000000..b7f3af0c62f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/prepare.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+# setup mysql
+docker compose exec mysql bash -c "mysql -p123456 -h localhost -P 3306 mydb < mysql_prepare.sql"
+
+echo "Deploying Debezium MySQL connector"
+
+curl -S -X PUT -H  "Content-Type:application/json" http://localhost:8083/connectors/mysql-default/config \
+    -d '{
+    "connector.class": "io.debezium.connector.mysql.MySqlConnector",
+    "topic.prefix": "mysql",
+    "database.hostname": "mysql",
+    "database.port": 3306,
+    "database.user": "debezium",
+    "database.password": "mysqlpw",
+    "database.server.id": "2304321",
+    "database.allowPublicKeyRetrieval": true,
+    "schema.history.internal.kafka.bootstrap.servers": "message_queue:29092",
+    "schema.history.internal.kafka.topic": "schema-changes.inventory",
+    "time.precision.mode": "adaptive_time_microseconds",
+    "decimal.handling.mode": "precise",
+    "binary.handling.mode": "bytes",
+    "include.schema.changes": false,
+    "table.include.list": "mydb.orders,mydb.mysql_all_data_types"
+ }'
+
+echo "Deploying Debezium MySQL connector"
+# time: connect
+# decimal: double
+curl -S -X PUT -H  "Content-Type:application/json" http://localhost:8083/connectors/mysql-connect-double/config \
+    -d '{
+    "connector.class": "io.debezium.connector.mysql.MySqlConnector",
+    "topic.prefix": "mysql",
+    "database.hostname": "mysql",
+    "database.port": 3306,
+    "database.user": "debezium",
+    "database.password": "mysqlpw",
+    "database.server.id": "412741",
+    "database.allowPublicKeyRetrieval": true,
+    "schema.history.internal.kafka.bootstrap.servers": "message_queue:29092",
+    "schema.history.internal.kafka.topic": "schema-changes.inventory",
+    "time.precision.mode": "connect",
+    "decimal.handling.mode": "double",
+    "include.schema.changes": false,
+    "table.include.list": "mydb.mysql_types2"
+ }'
+
+echo "Deploying Debezium MySQL connector"
+# decimal: string
+curl -S -X PUT -H  "Content-Type:application/json" http://localhost:8083/connectors/mysql-string/config \
+    -d '{
+    "connector.class": "io.debezium.connector.mysql.MySqlConnector",
+    "topic.prefix": "mysql",
+    "database.hostname": "mysql",
+    "database.port": 3306,
+    "database.user": "debezium",
+    "database.password": "mysqlpw",
+    "database.server.id": "85092",
+    "database.allowPublicKeyRetrieval": true,
+    "schema.history.internal.kafka.bootstrap.servers": "message_queue:29092",
+    "schema.history.internal.kafka.topic": "schema-changes.inventory",
+    "decimal.handling.mode": "string",
+    "include.schema.changes": false,
+    "table.include.list": "mydb.mysql_types3"
+ }'
+
+echo 'sleep 3 minutes wait for debezium create all topics.'
+sleep 180
+
+echo 'Done'
diff --git a/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/create_source.sql b/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/create_source.sql
index 82564b0e3321..39a2a3715634 100644
--- a/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/create_source.sql
+++ b/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/create_source.sql
@@ -1,6 +1,27 @@
 CREATE TABLE orders (PRIMARY KEY(order_id)) with (
     connector = 'kafka',
-    kafka.topic = 'postgres.public.orders',
+    kafka.topic = 'pg.public.orders',
     kafka.brokers = 'message_queue:29092',
     kafka.scan.startup.mode = 'earliest'
-) FORMAT DEBEZIUM ENCODE AVRO (schema.registry = 'http://message_queue:8081');
\ No newline at end of file
+) FORMAT DEBEZIUM ENCODE AVRO (schema.registry = 'http://message_queue:8081');
+
+CREATE TABLE pg_all_data_types (PRIMARY KEY(id)) with (
+    connector = 'kafka',
+    kafka.topic = 'pg.public.pg_all_data_types',
+    kafka.brokers = 'message_queue:29092',
+    kafka.scan.startup.mode = 'earliest'
+) FORMAT DEBEZIUM ENCODE AVRO (schema.registry = 'http://message_queue:8081');
+
+CREATE TABLE pg_types2 (PRIMARY KEY(id)) with (
+    connector = 'kafka',
+    kafka.topic = 'pg.public.pg_types2',
+    kafka.brokers = 'message_queue:29092',
+    kafka.scan.startup.mode = 'earliest'
+) FORMAT DEBEZIUM ENCODE AVRO (schema.registry = 'http://message_queue:8081');
+
+CREATE TABLE pg_types3 (PRIMARY KEY(id)) with (
+    connector = 'kafka',
+    kafka.topic = 'pg.public.pg_types3',
+    kafka.brokers = 'message_queue:29092',
+    kafka.scan.startup.mode = 'earliest'
+) FORMAT DEBEZIUM ENCODE AVRO (schema.registry = 'http://message_queue:8081');
diff --git a/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/data_check b/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/data_check
index 1f4c99fed965..7c7403be35e5 100644
--- a/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/data_check
+++ b/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/data_check
@@ -1 +1 @@
-orders,product_count
\ No newline at end of file
+orders,product_count,pg_all_data_types,pg_types2,pg_types3
diff --git a/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/docker-compose.yml b/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/docker-compose.yml
index 89748e45b44d..ef9094e432f6 100644
--- a/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/docker-compose.yml
+++ b/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/docker-compose.yml
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ services:
       service: message_queue
 
   postgres:
-    image: debezium/postgres:13
+    image: debezium/postgres:16-alpine
     ports:
       - 5432:5432
     environment:
@@ -46,9 +46,11 @@ services:
     container_name: postgres
     volumes:
       - ./postgres/postgres_bootstrap.sql:/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/postgres_bootstrap.sql
+      - "./postgres_prepare.sql:/postgres_prepare.sql"
 
   debezium:
-    image: debezium/connect:1.9
+    image: debezium-connect
+    build: .
     environment:
       BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS: message_queue:29092
       GROUP_ID: 1
@@ -69,40 +71,17 @@ services:
       postgres: { condition: service_healthy }
     container_name: debezium
 
-  debezium_deploy:
-    image: debezium/connect:1.9
-    depends_on:
-      debezium:
-        condition: service_healthy
-    volumes:
-      - ./postgres/postgres_dbz.sh:/postgres_dbz.sh
-    entrypoint: [ bash, -c, /postgres_dbz.sh ]
-    container_name: debezium_deploy
-    restart: on-failure
-
-  datagen:
-    image: postgres
-    depends_on:
-      postgres: { condition: service_healthy }
-    command:
-      - /bin/sh
-      - -c
-      - psql "postgresql://postgresuser:postgrespw@postgres:5432/mydb" -f ./postgres_prepare.sql
-    volumes:
-      - "./postgres_prepare.sql:/postgres_prepare.sql"
-    container_name: datagen
-    restart: on-failure
-
   # Check out the connectors via 127.0.0.1:8000
-  kafka-connect-ui:
-    image: landoop/kafka-connect-ui
-    ports:
-      - 8000:8000
-    environment:
-      CONNECT_URL: http://debezium:8083
-    container_name: kafka-connect-ui
-    depends_on:
-      message_queue: { condition: service_healthy }
+  # kafka-connect-ui:
+    # image: landoop/kafka-connect-ui
+    # platform: linux/amd64
+    # ports:
+      # - 8000:8000
+    # environment:
+      # CONNECT_URL: http://debezium:8083
+    # container_name: kafka-connect-ui
+    # depends_on:
+      # message_queue: { condition: service_healthy }
 
 volumes:
   message_queue:
diff --git a/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/dockerfile b/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..109d591b674f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+FROM quay.io/debezium/connect:2.5.0.Final
+
+ENV AVRO_PLUGION_DIR=$KAFKA_CONNECT_PLUGINS_DIR/confluent-avro-plugin
+
+ARG CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION=5.3.0
+
+RUN mkdir $AVRO_PLUGION_DIR && cd $AVRO_PLUGION_DIR && \
+  curl -sO https://packages.confluent.io/maven/io/confluent/kafka-connect-avro-converter/$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION/kafka-connect-avro-converter-$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://packages.confluent.io/maven/io/confluent/kafka-connect-avro-data/$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION/kafka-connect-avro-data-$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://packages.confluent.io/maven/io/confluent/common-config/$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION/common-config-$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://packages.confluent.io/maven/io/confluent/common-utils/$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION/common-utils-$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://packages.confluent.io/maven/io/confluent/kafka-schema-serializer/$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION/kafka-schema-serializer-$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://packages.confluent.io/maven/io/confluent/kafka-schema-registry-client/$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION/kafka-schema-registry-client-$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://packages.confluent.io/maven/io/confluent/kafka-avro-serializer/$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION/kafka-avro-serializer-$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/com/google/guava/guava/31.0.1-jre/guava-31.0.1-jre.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/apache/avro/avro/1.8.2/avro-1.8.2.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/codehaus/jackson/jackson-core-asl/1.9.13/jackson-core-asl-1.9.13.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/codehaus/jackson/jackson-mapper-asl/1.9.13/jackson-mapper-asl-1.9.13.jar
diff --git a/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/postgres/postgres_dbz.sh b/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/postgres/postgres_dbz.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 817dda203ff5..000000000000
--- a/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/postgres/postgres_dbz.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-
-echo "Deploying Debezium Postgres connector"
-
-curl -s -X PUT -H "Content-Type: application/json" http://debezium:8083/connectors/register-postgres/config \
-  -d '{
-    "connector.class": "io.debezium.connector.postgresql.PostgresConnector",
-    "database.hostname": "postgres",
-    "database.port": 5432,
-    "database.user": "postgresuser",
-    "database.password": "postgrespw",
-    "database.dbname": "mydb",
-    "database.server.name": "postgres",
-    "database.schema": "public",
-    "database.history.kafka.bootstrap.servers": "message_queue:29092",
-    "database.history.kafka.topic": "postgres-history",
-    "time.precision.mode": "connect",
-    "include.schema.changes": false
-}'
diff --git a/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/postgres_prepare.sql b/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/postgres_prepare.sql
index 249ed2fa6a75..ef7dc4b68b6c 100644
--- a/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/postgres_prepare.sql
+++ b/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/postgres_prepare.sql
@@ -29,4 +29,83 @@ INSERT INTO
 VALUES
   (1, 1558430840000, 'Bob', 10.50, 1, 1),
   (2, 1558430840001, 'Alice', 20.50, 2, 1),
-  (3, 1558430840002, 'Alice', 18.50, 2, 1);
\ No newline at end of file
+  (3, 1558430840002, 'Alice', 18.50, 2, 1);
+
+
+CREATE TABLE pg_types2 (
+  id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY,
+  c_decimal DECIMAL,
+  c_interval INTERVAL,
+  c_date date,
+  c_time time,
+  c_timestamp timestamp
+);
+
+ALTER TABLE
+  pg_types2 REPLICA IDENTITY FULL;
+
+INSERT INTO pg_types2 VALUES (1, 0, interval '0 second', '0001-01-01', '00:00:00', '0001-01-01 00:00:00');
+
+INSERT INTO pg_types2 VALUES (2, -108.12345678, '5 hours', '2024-01-01', '08:11:00.12345456', '2021-01-01 00:00:00.123456');
+
+INSERT INTO pg_types2 VALUES (3, -10.0, '9990 year', '9999-12-31', '23:59:59', '9999-12-31 23:59:59');
+
+CREATE TABLE pg_types3 (
+  id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY,
+  c_decimal DECIMAL,
+  c_date date,
+  c_time time,
+  c_timestamp timestamp
+);
+
+ALTER TABLE
+  pg_types3 REPLICA IDENTITY FULL;
+
+INSERT INTO pg_types3 VALUES (1, 0, '0001-01-01', '00:00:00', '0001-01-01 00:00:00');
+
+INSERT INTO pg_types3 VALUES (2, -108.12345678, '2024-01-01', '08:11:00.12345456', '2021-01-01 00:00:00.123456');
+
+INSERT INTO pg_types3 VALUES (3, -10.0, '9999-12-31', '23:59:59', '9999-12-31 23:59:59');
+
+
+CREATE TABLE pg_all_data_types (
+  id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY,
+  c_boolean boolean,
+  c_smallint smallint,
+  c_integer integer,
+  c_bigint bigint,
+  c_decimal decimal,
+  c_real real,
+  c_double_precision double precision,
+  c_varchar varchar,
+  c_bytea bytea,
+  c_date date,
+  c_time time,
+  c_timestamp timestamp,
+  c_timestamptz timestamptz,
+  c_interval interval,
+  c_jsonb jsonb,
+  c_boolean_array boolean[],
+  c_smallint_array smallint[],
+  c_integer_array integer[],
+  c_bigint_array bigint[],
+  c_decimal_array decimal[],
+  c_real_array real[],
+  c_double_precision_array double precision[],
+  c_varchar_array varchar[],
+  c_bytea_array bytea[],
+  c_date_array date[],
+  c_time_array time[],
+  c_timestamp_array timestamp[],
+  c_timestamptz_array timestamptz[],
+  c_jsonb_array jsonb[]
+);
+
+ALTER TABLE
+  pg_all_data_types REPLICA IDENTITY FULL;
+
+INSERT INTO pg_all_data_types VALUES (1, False, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, '', '\x00', '0001-01-01', '00:00:00', '0001-01-01 00:00:00', '0001-01-01 00:00:00Z', interval '0 second', '{}', array[]::boolean[], array[]::smallint[], array[]::integer[], array[]::bigint[], array[]::decimal[], array[]::real[], array[]::double precision[], array[]::varchar[], array[]::bytea[], array[]::date[], array[]::time[], array[]::timestamp[], array[]::timestamptz[], array[]::jsonb[]);
+
+INSERT INTO pg_all_data_types VALUES (2, False, -32767, -2147483647, -9223372036854775807, -108.12345678, -9999.999999, -10000.0, 'aa', '\xff', '2024-01-01', '08:11:00.12345456', '2021-01-01 00:00:00.123456', '1970-01-01 00:00:00.123456Z', '5 hours', '{"a": 1}', array[False::boolean]::boolean[], array[-32767::smallint]::smallint[], array[-2147483647::integer]::integer[], array[-9223372036854775807::bigint]::bigint[], array[-10.0::decimal]::decimal[], array[-9999.999999::real]::real[], array[-10000.0::double precision]::double precision[], array[''::varchar]::varchar[], array['\x00'::bytea]::bytea[], array['0001-01-01'::date]::date[], array['00:00:00'::time]::time[], array['0001-01-01 00:00:00'::timestamp::timestamp]::timestamp[], array['0001-01-01 00:00:00'::timestamptz::timestamptz]::timestamptz[], array['{}'::jsonb]::jsonb[]);
+
+INSERT INTO pg_all_data_types VALUES (3, True, 32767, 2147483647, 9223372036854775807, 1.1234567891, 9999.999999, 10000.0, 'zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz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'9999-12-31', '23:59:59', '9999-12-31 23:59:59'::timestamp, '9999-12-31 23:59:59'::timestamptz, interval '9990 year', '{"whatever":"meaningless"}', array[True::boolean]::boolean[], array[32767::smallint]::smallint[], array[2147483647::integer]::integer[], array[9223372036854775807::bigint]::bigint[], array[-10.0::decimal]::decimal[], array[9999.999999::real]::real[], array[10000.0::double precision]::double precision[], 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fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff'::bytea]::bytea[], array['9999-12-31'::date]::date[], array['23:59:59'::time]::time[], array['9999-12-31 23:59:59'::timestamp::timestamp]::timestamp[], array['9999-12-31 23:59:59'::timestamptz::timestamptz]::timestamptz[], array['{"whatever":"meaningless"}'::jsonb]::jsonb[]);
diff --git a/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/prepare.sh b/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/prepare.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000000..17d7227b0c1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/prepare.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+# setup postgres
+docker compose exec postgres bash -c "psql postgresql://postgresuser:postgrespw@postgres:5432/mydb < postgres_prepare.sql"
+
+echo "Deploying Debezium Postgres connector"
+
+# default handling mode
+curl -S -X PUT -H "Content-Type: application/json" http://localhost:8083/connectors/pg-default/config \
+  -d '{
+    "connector.class": "io.debezium.connector.postgresql.PostgresConnector",
+    "topic.prefix": "pg",
+    "database.hostname": "postgres",
+    "database.port": 5432,
+    "database.user": "postgresuser",
+    "database.password": "postgrespw",
+    "database.dbname": "mydb",
+    "database.server.name": "postgres",
+    "database.schema": "public",
+    "database.history.kafka.bootstrap.servers": "message_queue:29092",
+    "database.history.kafka.topic": "postgres-history",
+    "time.precision.mode": "adaptive",
+    "decimal.handling.mode": "precise",
+    "interval.handling.mode": "numeric",
+    "include.schema.changes": false,
+    "slot.name": "debezium_1",
+    "table.include.list": "public.orders,public.pg_all_data_types"
+}'
+
+echo "Deploying Debezium Postgres connector"
+# time: adaptive_time_microseconds
+# interval: string
+# decimal: double
+curl -S -X PUT -H "Content-Type: application/json" http://localhost:8083/connectors/pg-double-microseconds/config \
+  -d '{
+    "connector.class": "io.debezium.connector.postgresql.PostgresConnector",
+    "topic.prefix": "pg",
+    "database.hostname": "postgres",
+    "database.port": 5432,
+    "database.user": "postgresuser",
+    "database.password": "postgrespw",
+    "database.dbname": "mydb",
+    "database.server.name": "postgres",
+    "database.schema": "public",
+    "database.history.kafka.bootstrap.servers": "message_queue:29092",
+    "database.history.kafka.topic": "postgres-history",
+    "time.precision.mode": "adaptive_time_microseconds",
+    "interval.handling.mode": "string",
+    "decimal.handling.mode": "double",
+    "include.schema.changes": false,
+    "slot.name": "debezium_2",
+    "table.include.list": "public.pg_types2"
+}'
+
+echo "Deploying Debezium Postgres connector"
+# time: connect
+# decimal: string
+curl -S -X PUT -H "Content-Type: application/json" http://localhost:8083/connectors/pg-connect-string/config \
+  -d '{
+    "connector.class": "io.debezium.connector.postgresql.PostgresConnector",
+    "topic.prefix": "pg",
+    "database.hostname": "postgres",
+    "database.port": 5432,
+    "database.user": "postgresuser",
+    "database.password": "postgrespw",
+    "database.dbname": "mydb",
+    "database.server.name": "postgres",
+    "database.schema": "public",
+    "database.history.kafka.bootstrap.servers": "message_queue:29092",
+    "database.history.kafka.topic": "postgres-history",
+    "time.precision.mode": "connect",
+    "decimal.handling.mode": "string",
+    "include.schema.changes": false,
+    "slot.name": "debezium_3",
+    "table.include.list": "public.pg_types3"
+}'
+
+echo 'sleep two minutes wait for debezium create all topics.'
+sleep 120
+
+echo 'Done'
diff --git a/java/connector-node/risingwave-connector-service/src/main/resources/mysql.properties b/java/connector-node/risingwave-connector-service/src/main/resources/mysql.properties
index 4c74b48bbf17..8b1d571082f6 100644
--- a/java/connector-node/risingwave-connector-service/src/main/resources/mysql.properties
+++ b/java/connector-node/risingwave-connector-service/src/main/resources/mysql.properties
@@ -22,4 +22,5 @@ heartbeat.interval.ms=${debezium.heartbeat.interval.ms:-60000}
 # In sharing cdc mode, we will subscribe to multiple tables in the given database,
 # so here we set ${table.name} to a default value `RW_CDC_Sharing` just for display.
 name=${hostname}:${port}:${database.name}.${table.name:-RW_CDC_Sharing}
-provide.transaction.metadata=${transactional:-false}
+# Enable transaction metadata by default
+provide.transaction.metadata=${transactional:-true}
diff --git a/java/connector-node/risingwave-connector-service/src/main/resources/postgres.properties b/java/connector-node/risingwave-connector-service/src/main/resources/postgres.properties
index 7f9785b7a34b..8d0284d03892 100644
--- a/java/connector-node/risingwave-connector-service/src/main/resources/postgres.properties
+++ b/java/connector-node/risingwave-connector-service/src/main/resources/postgres.properties
@@ -20,4 +20,5 @@ heartbeat.interval.ms=${debezium.heartbeat.interval.ms:-300000}
 # In sharing cdc source mode, we will subscribe to multiple tables in the given database,
 # so here we set ${table.name} to a default value `RW_CDC_Sharing` just for display.
 name=${hostname}:${port}:${database.name}.${schema.name}.${table.name:-RW_CDC_Sharing}
-provide.transaction.metadata=${transactional:-false}
+# Enable transaction metadata by default
+provide.transaction.metadata=${transactional:-true}
diff --git a/proto/batch_plan.proto b/proto/batch_plan.proto
index f81637dd89f8..689217a4f011 100644
--- a/proto/batch_plan.proto
+++ b/proto/batch_plan.proto
@@ -241,6 +241,7 @@ message ExchangeSource {
 
 message ExchangeNode {
   repeated ExchangeSource sources = 1;
+  // sequential means each tasks of the exchange node will be executed sequentially.
   bool sequential = 2;
   repeated plan_common.Field input_schema = 3;
 }
diff --git a/proto/expr.proto b/proto/expr.proto
index 7ab48a405d13..14f9eb8c102c 100644
--- a/proto/expr.proto
+++ b/proto/expr.proto
@@ -49,10 +49,13 @@ message ExprNode {
     BITWISE_NOT = 34;
     BITWISE_SHIFT_LEFT = 35;
     BITWISE_SHIFT_RIGHT = 36;
-    // date functions
+    // date/time functions
     EXTRACT = 101;
     DATE_PART = 102;
     TUMBLE_START = 103;
+    MAKE_DATE = 113;
+    MAKE_TIME = 114;
+    MAKE_TIMESTAMP = 115;
     // From f64 to timestamp.
     // e.g. `select to_timestamp(1672044740.0)`
     TO_TIMESTAMP = 104;
@@ -183,6 +186,8 @@ message ExprNode {
     PGWIRE_RECV = 321;
     CONVERT_FROM = 322;
     CONVERT_TO = 323;
+    DECRYPT = 324;
+    ENCRYPT = 325;
 
     // Unary operators
     NEG = 401;
@@ -413,9 +418,11 @@ message AggCall {
 message WindowFrame {
   enum Type {
     TYPE_UNSPECIFIED = 0;
-    // RANGE = 1;
-    TYPE_ROWS = 2;
-    // GROUPS = 3;
+
+    TYPE_ROWS_LEGACY = 2 [deprecated = true]; // Deprecated since we introduced `RANGE` frame.
+
+    TYPE_ROWS = 5;
+    TYPE_RANGE = 10;
   }
   enum BoundType {
     BOUND_TYPE_UNSPECIFIED = 0;
@@ -425,7 +432,9 @@ message WindowFrame {
     BOUND_TYPE_FOLLOWING = 4;
     BOUND_TYPE_UNBOUNDED_FOLLOWING = 5;
   }
+  // Deprecated since we introduced `RANGE` frame.
   message Bound {
+    option deprecated = true;
     BoundType type = 1;
     oneof offset {
       uint64 integer = 2;
@@ -439,11 +448,38 @@ message WindowFrame {
     // EXCLUSION_TIES = 3;
     EXCLUSION_NO_OTHERS = 4;
   }
+  message RowsFrameBounds {
+    RowsFrameBound start = 1;
+    RowsFrameBound end = 2;
+  }
+  message RowsFrameBound {
+    BoundType type = 1;
+    optional uint64 offset = 3;
+  }
+  message RangeFrameBounds {
+    RangeFrameBound start = 1;
+    RangeFrameBound end = 2;
+
+    data.DataType order_data_type = 10;
+    common.OrderType order_type = 15;
+    data.DataType offset_data_type = 20;
+  }
+  message RangeFrameBound {
+    BoundType type = 1;
+    optional data.Datum offset = 3;
+  }
 
   Type type = 1;
-  Bound start = 2;
-  Bound end = 3;
+
+  Bound start = 2 [deprecated = true]; // Deprecated since we introduced `RANGE` frame.
+  Bound end = 3 [deprecated = true]; // Deprecated since we introduced `RANGE` frame.
+
   Exclusion exclusion = 4;
+
+  oneof bounds {
+    RowsFrameBounds rows = 10;
+    RangeFrameBounds range = 15;
+  }
 }
 
 message WindowFunction {
diff --git a/proto/meta.proto b/proto/meta.proto
index 3e41032b33bf..01492cc0c4ff 100644
--- a/proto/meta.proto
+++ b/proto/meta.proto
@@ -469,14 +469,18 @@ message TableParallelism {
     uint32 parallelism = 1;
   }
 
+  // deprecated, treated as AdaptiveParallelism
   message AutoParallelism {}
 
+  message AdaptiveParallelism {}
+
   message CustomParallelism {}
 
   oneof parallelism {
     FixedParallelism fixed = 1;
     AutoParallelism auto = 2;
     CustomParallelism custom = 3;
+    AdaptiveParallelism adaptive = 4;
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/proto/stream_plan.proto b/proto/stream_plan.proto
index 395fc0496850..d5d0ad959714 100644
--- a/proto/stream_plan.proto
+++ b/proto/stream_plan.proto
@@ -223,6 +223,7 @@ message SinkDesc {
   string sink_from_name = 12;
   catalog.SinkFormatDesc format_desc = 13;
   optional uint32 target_table = 14;
+  optional uint64 extra_partition_col_idx = 15;
 }
 
 enum SinkLogStoreType {
@@ -263,7 +264,6 @@ message FilterNode {
 message CdcFilterNode {
   expr.ExprNode search_condition = 1;
   uint32 upstream_source_id = 2;
-  repeated int32 upstream_column_ids = 3;
 }
 
 // A materialized view is regarded as a table.
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ message StreamCdcScanNode {
   // Strips the primary key columns if they're unnecessary.
   repeated uint32 output_indices = 3;
 
-  /// The state table used by Backfill operator for persisting internal state
+  // The state table used by CdcBackfill operator for persisting internal state
   catalog.Table state_table = 4;
 
   // The external table that will be backfilled for CDC.
@@ -568,6 +568,9 @@ message StreamCdcScanNode {
 
   // The rate limit for the stream cdc scan node.
   optional uint32 rate_limit = 6;
+
+  // Whether skip the backfill and only consume from upstream.
+  bool disable_backfill = 7;
 }
 
 // BatchPlanNode is used for mv on mv snapshot read.
diff --git a/proto/telemetry.proto b/proto/telemetry.proto
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2da24cc82308
--- /dev/null
+++ b/proto/telemetry.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+package telemetry;
+
+enum MetaBackend {
+  META_BACKEND_UNSPECIFIED = 0;
+  META_BACKEND_MEMORY = 1;
+  META_BACKEND_ETCD = 2;
+  META_BACKEND_RDB = 3;
+}
+
+enum TelemetryNodeType {
+  TELEMETRY_NODE_TYPE_UNSPECIFIED = 0;
+  TELEMETRY_NODE_TYPE_META = 1;
+  TELEMETRY_NODE_TYPE_COMPUTE = 2;
+  TELEMETRY_NODE_TYPE_FRONTEND = 3;
+  TELEMETRY_NODE_TYPE_COMPACTOR = 4;
+}
+
+message SystemMemory {
+  uint64 used = 1;
+  uint64 total = 2;
+}
+
+message SystemOs {
+  string name = 1;
+  string version = 2;
+  string kernel_version = 3;
+}
+
+message SystemCpu {
+  float available = 1;
+}
+
+message SystemData {
+  SystemMemory memory = 1;
+  SystemOs os = 2;
+  SystemCpu cpu = 3;
+}
+
+// NodeCount represents how many nodes in this cluster
+message NodeCount {
+  uint32 meta = 1;
+  uint32 compute = 2;
+  uint32 frontend = 3;
+  uint32 compactor = 4;
+}
+
+// RwVersion represents the version of RisingWave
+message RwVersion {
+  // Version is the Cargo package version of RisingWave
+  string rw_version = 1;
+  // GitSHA is the Git commit SHA of RisingWave
+  string git_sha = 2;
+}
+
+message ReportBase {
+  // tracking_id is persistent in meta data
+  string tracking_id = 1;
+  // session_id is reset every time node restarts
+  string session_id = 2;
+  // system_data is hardware and os info
+  SystemData system_data = 3;
+  // up_time is how long the node has been running
+  uint64 up_time = 4;
+  // report_time is when the report is created
+  uint64 report_time = 5;
+  // node_type is the node that creates the report
+  TelemetryNodeType node_type = 6;
+}
+
+message MetaReport {
+  ReportBase base = 1;
+  // meta_backend is the backend of meta data
+  MetaBackend meta_backend = 2;
+  // node_count is the count of each node type
+  NodeCount node_count = 3;
+  // rw_version is the version of RisingWave
+  RwVersion rw_version = 4;
+  // This field represents the "number of running streaming jobs"
+  // and is used to indicate whether the cluster is active.
+  uint32 stream_job_count = 5;
+}
+
+message ComputeReport {
+  ReportBase base = 1;
+}
+
+message FrontendReport {
+  ReportBase base = 1;
+}
+
+message CompactorReport {
+  ReportBase base = 1;
+}
diff --git a/risedev.yml b/risedev.yml
index 93c7c0c1e90d..69b0c23b05dd 100644
--- a/risedev.yml
+++ b/risedev.yml
@@ -862,11 +862,6 @@ profile:
       - use: etcd
       - use: minio
 
-  ci-delete-range-test:
-    config-path: src/config/ci-delete-range-test.toml
-    steps:
-      - use: minio
-
   ci-iceberg-test:
     config-path: src/config/ci-iceberg-test.toml
     steps:
diff --git a/src/batch/Cargo.toml b/src/batch/Cargo.toml
index 053a133bc233..c1fcc23ca348 100644
--- a/src/batch/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/batch/Cargo.toml
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ normal = ["workspace-hack"]
 
 [dependencies]
 anyhow = "1"
+arrow-array = { workspace = true }
+arrow-schema = { workspace = true }
 assert_matches = "1"
 async-recursion = "1"
 async-trait = "0.1"
@@ -24,6 +26,7 @@ futures-async-stream = { workspace = true }
 futures-util = "0.3"
 hashbrown = { workspace = true }
 hytra = "0.1.2"
+icelake = { workspace = true }
 itertools = "0.12"
 memcomparable = "0.2"
 parking_lot = { version = "0.12", features = ["arc_lock"] }
diff --git a/src/batch/src/error.rs b/src/batch/src/error.rs
index 11614386cd0b..1cbfc7247827 100644
--- a/src/batch/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/batch/src/error.rs
@@ -109,6 +109,13 @@ pub enum BatchError {
         DmlError,
     ),
 
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Iceberg(
+        #[from]
+        #[backtrace]
+        icelake::Error,
+    ),
+
     // Make the ref-counted type to be a variant for easier code structuring.
     // TODO(error-handling): replace with `thiserror_ext::Arc`
     #[error(transparent)]
diff --git a/src/batch/src/executor/iceberg_scan.rs b/src/batch/src/executor/iceberg_scan.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..caf1289220d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/batch/src/executor/iceberg_scan.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+// Copyright 2024 RisingWave Labs
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::hash::{DefaultHasher, Hash, Hasher};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use anyhow::anyhow;
+use arrow_array::RecordBatch;
+use futures_async_stream::try_stream;
+use futures_util::stream::StreamExt;
+use icelake::io::{FileScan, TableScan};
+use risingwave_common::catalog::Schema;
+use risingwave_connector::sink::iceberg::IcebergConfig;
+
+use crate::error::BatchError;
+use crate::executor::{DataChunk, Executor};
+
+/// Create a iceberg scan executor.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// use futures_async_stream::for_await;
+/// use risingwave_batch::executor::{Executor, FileSelector, IcebergScanExecutor};
+/// use risingwave_common::catalog::{Field, Schema};
+/// use risingwave_common::types::DataType;
+/// use risingwave_connector::sink::iceberg::IcebergConfig;
+///
+/// #[tokio::test]
+/// async fn test_iceberg_scan() {
+///     let iceberg_scan_executor = IcebergScanExecutor::new(
+///         IcebergConfig {
+///             database_name: "demo_db".into(),
+///             table_name: "demo_table".into(),
+///             catalog_type: Some("storage".into()),
+///             path: "s3a://hummock001/".into(),
+///             endpoint: Some("http://127.0.0.1:9301".into()),
+///             access_key: "hummockadmin".into(),
+///             secret_key: "hummockadmin".into(),
+///             region: Some("us-east-1".into()),
+///             ..Default::default()
+///         },
+///         None,
+///         FileSelector::select_all(),
+///         1024,
+///         Schema::new(vec![
+///             Field::with_name(DataType::Int64, "seq_id"),
+///             Field::with_name(DataType::Int64, "user_id"),
+///             Field::with_name(DataType::Varchar, "user_name"),
+///         ]),
+///         "iceberg_scan".into(),
+///     );
+///
+///     let stream = Box::new(iceberg_scan_executor).execute();
+///     #[for_await]
+///     for chunk in stream {
+///         let chunk = chunk.unwrap();
+///         println!("{:?}", chunk);
+///     }
+/// }
+/// ```
+
+pub struct IcebergScanExecutor {
+    iceberg_config: IcebergConfig,
+    snapshot_id: Option<i64>,
+    file_selector: FileSelector,
+    batch_size: usize,
+
+    schema: Schema,
+    identity: String,
+}
+
+impl Executor for IcebergScanExecutor {
+    fn schema(&self) -> &risingwave_common::catalog::Schema {
+        &self.schema
+    }
+
+    fn identity(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.identity
+    }
+
+    fn execute(self: Box<Self>) -> super::BoxedDataChunkStream {
+        self.do_execute().boxed()
+    }
+}
+
+impl IcebergScanExecutor {
+    pub fn new(
+        iceberg_config: IcebergConfig,
+        snapshot_id: Option<i64>,
+        file_selector: FileSelector,
+        batch_size: usize,
+        schema: Schema,
+        identity: String,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            iceberg_config,
+            snapshot_id,
+            file_selector,
+            batch_size,
+            schema,
+            identity,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[try_stream(ok = DataChunk, error = BatchError)]
+    async fn do_execute(self: Box<Self>) {
+        let table = self
+            .iceberg_config
+            .load_table()
+            .await
+            .map_err(BatchError::Internal)?;
+
+        let table_scan: TableScan = table
+            .new_scan_builder()
+            .with_snapshot_id(
+                self.snapshot_id
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| table.current_table_metadata().current_snapshot_id.unwrap()),
+            )
+            .with_batch_size(self.batch_size)
+            .with_column_names(self.schema.names())
+            .build()
+            .map_err(|e| BatchError::Internal(anyhow!(e)))?;
+        let file_scan_stream: icelake::io::FileScanStream =
+            table_scan.scan(&table).await.map_err(BatchError::Iceberg)?;
+
+        #[for_await]
+        for file_scan in file_scan_stream {
+            let file_scan: FileScan = file_scan.map_err(BatchError::Iceberg)?;
+            if !self.file_selector.select(file_scan.path()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let record_batch_stream = file_scan.scan().await.map_err(BatchError::Iceberg)?;
+
+            #[for_await]
+            for record_batch in record_batch_stream {
+                let record_batch: RecordBatch = record_batch.map_err(BatchError::Iceberg)?;
+                let chunk = Self::record_batch_to_chunk(record_batch)?;
+                debug_assert_eq!(chunk.data_types(), self.schema.data_types());
+                yield chunk;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn record_batch_to_chunk(record_batch: RecordBatch) -> Result<DataChunk, BatchError> {
+        let mut columns = Vec::with_capacity(record_batch.num_columns());
+        for array in record_batch.columns() {
+            let column = Arc::new(array.try_into()?);
+            columns.push(column);
+        }
+        Ok(DataChunk::new(columns, record_batch.num_rows()))
+    }
+}
+
+pub enum FileSelector {
+    // File paths to be scanned by this executor are specified.
+    FileList(Vec<String>),
+    // Data files to be scanned by this executor could be calculated by Hash(file_path) % num_tasks == task_id.
+    // task_id, num_tasks
+    Hash(usize, usize),
+}
+
+impl FileSelector {
+    pub fn select_all() -> Self {
+        FileSelector::Hash(0, 1)
+    }
+
+    pub fn select(&self, path: &str) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            FileSelector::FileList(paths) => paths.contains(&path.to_string()),
+            FileSelector::Hash(task_id, num_tasks) => {
+                let hash = Self::hash_str_to_usize(path);
+                hash % num_tasks == *task_id
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn hash_str_to_usize(s: &str) -> usize {
+        let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
+        s.hash(&mut hasher);
+        hasher.finish() as usize
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/batch/src/executor/mod.rs b/src/batch/src/executor/mod.rs
index 3b0298643484..ded2af708982 100644
--- a/src/batch/src/executor/mod.rs
+++ b/src/batch/src/executor/mod.rs
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ mod generic_exchange;
 mod group_top_n;
 mod hash_agg;
 mod hop_window;
+mod iceberg_scan;
 mod insert;
 mod join;
 mod limit;
@@ -52,6 +53,7 @@ pub use generic_exchange::*;
 pub use group_top_n::*;
 pub use hash_agg::*;
 pub use hop_window::*;
+pub use iceberg_scan::*;
 pub use insert::*;
 pub use join::*;
 pub use limit::*;
diff --git a/src/batch/src/executor/source.rs b/src/batch/src/executor/source.rs
index 4ac4163070e5..e67d4b26f850 100644
--- a/src/batch/src/executor/source.rs
+++ b/src/batch/src/executor/source.rs
@@ -147,6 +147,7 @@ impl SourceExecutor {
             self.source_ctrl_opts.clone(),
             None,
             ConnectorProperties::default(),
+            "NA".to_owned(), // FIXME: source name was not passed in batch plan
         ));
         let stream = self
             .source
diff --git a/src/cmd_all/src/standalone.rs b/src/cmd_all/src/standalone.rs
index 24b90ad613da..8765db18a07c 100644
--- a/src/cmd_all/src/standalone.rs
+++ b/src/cmd_all/src/standalone.rs
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ pub fn parse_standalone_opt_args(opts: &StandaloneOpts) -> ParsedStandaloneOpts
             compactor_opts.prometheus_listener_addr = prometheus_listener_addr.clone();
         }
         if let Some(meta_opts) = meta_opts.as_mut() {
-            meta_opts.prometheus_host = Some(prometheus_listener_addr.clone());
+            meta_opts.prometheus_listener_addr = Some(prometheus_listener_addr.clone());
         }
     }
 
@@ -246,6 +246,7 @@ mod test {
 
         // Test parsing into node-level opts.
         let actual = parse_standalone_opt_args(&opts);
+
         check(
             actual,
             expect![[r#"
@@ -257,7 +258,7 @@ mod test {
                             listen_addr: "127.0.0.1:8001",
                             advertise_addr: "127.0.0.1:9999",
                             dashboard_host: None,
-                            prometheus_host: Some(
+                            prometheus_listener_addr: Some(
                                 "127.0.0.1:1234",
                             ),
                             etcd_endpoints: "",
diff --git a/src/common/src/array/arrow/arrow_iceberg.rs b/src/common/src/array/arrow/arrow_iceberg.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..73476a8d291a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/src/array/arrow/arrow_iceberg.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+// Copyright 2024 RisingWave Labs
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use arrow_array::{ArrayRef, StructArray};
+use arrow_schema::DataType;
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+use crate::array::{ArrayError, DataChunk};
+use crate::util::iter_util::ZipEqFast;
+
+/// Converts RisingWave array to Arrow array with the schema.
+/// The behavior is specified for iceberg:
+/// For different struct type, try to use fields in schema to cast.
+pub fn to_iceberg_record_batch_with_schema(
+    schema: arrow_schema::SchemaRef,
+    chunk: &DataChunk,
+) -> Result<arrow_array::RecordBatch, ArrayError> {
+    if !chunk.is_compacted() {
+        let c = chunk.clone();
+        return to_iceberg_record_batch_with_schema(schema, &c.compact());
+    }
+    let columns: Vec<_> = chunk
+        .columns()
+        .iter()
+        .zip_eq_fast(schema.fields().iter())
+        .map(|(column, field)| {
+            let column: arrow_array::ArrayRef = column.as_ref().try_into()?;
+            if column.data_type() == field.data_type() {
+                Ok(column)
+            } else if let DataType::Struct(actual) = column.data_type()
+                && let DataType::Struct(expect) = field.data_type()
+            {
+                // Special case for iceberg
+                if actual.len() != expect.len() {
+                    return Err(ArrayError::to_arrow(format!(
+                        "Struct field count mismatch, expect {}, actual {}",
+                        expect.len(),
+                        actual.len()
+                    )));
+                }
+                let column = column
+                    .as_any()
+                    .downcast_ref::<arrow_array::StructArray>()
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .clone();
+                let (_, struct_columns, nullable) = column.into_parts();
+                Ok(Arc::new(
+                    StructArray::try_new(expect.clone(), struct_columns, nullable)
+                        .map_err(ArrayError::from_arrow)?,
+                ) as ArrayRef)
+            } else {
+                arrow_cast::cast(&column, field.data_type()).map_err(ArrayError::from_arrow)
+            }
+        })
+        .try_collect::<_, _, ArrayError>()?;
+
+    let opts = arrow_array::RecordBatchOptions::default().with_row_count(Some(chunk.capacity()));
+    arrow_array::RecordBatch::try_new_with_options(schema, columns, &opts)
+        .map_err(ArrayError::to_arrow)
+}
diff --git a/src/common/src/array/arrow/arrow_impl.rs b/src/common/src/array/arrow/arrow_impl.rs
index 87f82377f967..7274bb3f34e4 100644
--- a/src/common/src/array/arrow/arrow_impl.rs
+++ b/src/common/src/array/arrow/arrow_impl.rs
@@ -133,6 +133,7 @@ macro_rules! converts_generic {
             fn try_from(array: &ArrayImpl) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
                 match array {
                     $($ArrayImplPattern(a) => Ok(Arc::new(<$ArrowType>::try_from(a)?)),)*
+                    ArrayImpl::Timestamptz(a) => Ok(Arc::new(arrow_array::TimestampMicrosecondArray::try_from(a)?. with_timezone_utc())),
                     _ => todo!("unsupported array"),
                 }
             }
@@ -152,6 +153,13 @@ macro_rules! converts_generic {
                             .unwrap()
                             .try_into()?,
                     )),)*
+                    Timestamp(Microsecond, Some(_)) => Ok(ArrayImpl::Timestamptz(
+                        array
+                            .as_any()
+                            .downcast_ref::<arrow_array::TimestampMicrosecondArray>()
+                            .unwrap()
+                            .try_into()?,
+                    )),
                     t => Err(ArrayError::from_arrow(format!("unsupported data type: {t:?}"))),
                 }
             }
@@ -173,7 +181,6 @@ converts_generic! {
     { arrow_array::Decimal256Array, Decimal256(_, _), ArrayImpl::Int256 },
     { arrow_array::Date32Array, Date32, ArrayImpl::Date },
     { arrow_array::TimestampMicrosecondArray, Timestamp(Microsecond, None), ArrayImpl::Timestamp },
-    { arrow_array::TimestampMicrosecondArray, Timestamp(Microsecond, Some(_)), ArrayImpl::Timestamptz },
     { arrow_array::Time64MicrosecondArray, Time64(Microsecond), ArrayImpl::Time },
     { arrow_array::IntervalMonthDayNanoArray, Interval(MonthDayNano), ArrayImpl::Interval },
     { arrow_array::StructArray, Struct(_), ArrayImpl::Struct },
diff --git a/src/common/src/array/arrow/mod.rs b/src/common/src/array/arrow/mod.rs
index 2e0db203a5ee..b3fed6bafaa2 100644
--- a/src/common/src/array/arrow/mod.rs
+++ b/src/common/src/array/arrow/mod.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
 
 mod arrow_default;
 mod arrow_deltalake;
+mod arrow_iceberg;
 
 pub use arrow_default::to_record_batch_with_schema;
 pub use arrow_deltalake::to_deltalake_record_batch_with_schema;
+pub use arrow_iceberg::to_iceberg_record_batch_with_schema;
diff --git a/src/common/src/array/mod.rs b/src/common/src/array/mod.rs
index ef2caa8daa26..f1012782bf9a 100644
--- a/src/common/src/array/mod.rs
+++ b/src/common/src/array/mod.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,10 @@
 //! `Array` defines all in-memory representations of vectorized execution framework.
 
 mod arrow;
-pub use arrow::{to_deltalake_record_batch_with_schema, to_record_batch_with_schema};
+pub use arrow::{
+    to_deltalake_record_batch_with_schema, to_iceberg_record_batch_with_schema,
+    to_record_batch_with_schema,
+};
 mod bool_array;
 pub mod bytes_array;
 mod chrono_array;
diff --git a/src/common/src/config.rs b/src/common/src/config.rs
index 7f7cb500d1f4..ea4354f9b23a 100644
--- a/src/common/src/config.rs
+++ b/src/common/src/config.rs
@@ -167,6 +167,7 @@ pub enum MetaBackend {
     #[default]
     Mem,
     Etcd,
+    Sql,
 }
 
 /// The section `[meta]` in `risingwave.toml`.
@@ -224,13 +225,9 @@ pub struct MetaConfig {
     #[serde(default)]
     pub disable_recovery: bool,
 
-    /// Whether to enable scale-in when recovery.
+    /// Whether to disable adaptive-scaling feature.
     #[serde(default)]
-    pub enable_scale_in_when_recovery: bool,
-
-    /// Whether to enable auto-scaling feature.
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub enable_automatic_parallelism_control: bool,
+    pub disable_automatic_parallelism_control: bool,
 
     #[serde(default = "default::meta::meta_leader_lease_secs")]
     pub meta_leader_lease_secs: u64,
@@ -969,10 +966,13 @@ impl SystemConfig {
         // Initialize backup_storage_url and backup_storage_directory if not set.
         if let Some(state_store) = &system_params.state_store
             && let Some(data_directory) = &system_params.data_directory
-            && let Some(hummock_state_store) = state_store.strip_prefix("hummock+")
         {
             if system_params.backup_storage_url.is_none() {
-                system_params.backup_storage_url = Some(hummock_state_store.to_owned());
+                if let Some(hummock_state_store) = state_store.strip_prefix("hummock+") {
+                    system_params.backup_storage_url = Some(hummock_state_store.to_owned());
+                } else {
+                    system_params.backup_storage_url = Some("memory".to_string());
+                }
                 tracing::info!("initialize backup_storage_url based on state_store");
             }
             if system_params.backup_storage_directory.is_none() {
diff --git a/src/common/src/constants.rs b/src/common/src/constants.rs
index eb6f88f6016f..c0ef4efcbf1b 100644
--- a/src/common/src/constants.rs
+++ b/src/common/src/constants.rs
@@ -42,10 +42,12 @@ pub mod log_store {
     pub const EPOCH_COLUMN_NAME: &str = "kv_log_store_epoch";
     pub const SEQ_ID_COLUMN_NAME: &str = "kv_log_store_seq_id";
     pub const ROW_OP_COLUMN_NAME: &str = "kv_log_store_row_op";
+    pub const VNODE_COLUMN_NAME: &str = "kv_log_store_vnode";
 
     pub const EPOCH_COLUMN_TYPE: DataType = DataType::Int64;
     pub const SEQ_ID_COLUMN_TYPE: DataType = DataType::Int32;
     pub const ROW_OP_COLUMN_TYPE: DataType = DataType::Int16;
+    pub const VNODE_COLUMN_TYPE: DataType = DataType::Int16;
 
     pub mod v1 {
         use std::sync::LazyLock;
@@ -67,4 +69,31 @@ pub mod log_store {
         pub static PK_ORDERING: LazyLock<[OrderType; 2]> =
             LazyLock::new(|| [OrderType::ascending(), OrderType::ascending_nulls_last()]);
     }
+
+    pub mod v2 {
+        use std::sync::LazyLock;
+
+        use super::*;
+
+        /// `epoch`, `seq_id`, `vnode`, `row_op`
+        pub const KV_LOG_STORE_PREDEFINED_COLUMNS: [(&str, DataType); 4] = [
+            (EPOCH_COLUMN_NAME, EPOCH_COLUMN_TYPE),
+            (SEQ_ID_COLUMN_NAME, SEQ_ID_COLUMN_TYPE),
+            (VNODE_COLUMN_NAME, VNODE_COLUMN_TYPE),
+            (ROW_OP_COLUMN_NAME, ROW_OP_COLUMN_TYPE),
+        ];
+
+        pub const EPOCH_COLUMN_INDEX: usize = 0;
+        pub const SEQ_ID_COLUMN_INDEX: usize = 1;
+        pub const VNODE_COLUMN_INDEX: usize = 2;
+        pub const ROW_OP_COLUMN_INDEX: usize = 3;
+
+        pub static PK_ORDERING: LazyLock<[OrderType; 3]> = LazyLock::new(|| {
+            [
+                OrderType::ascending(),
+                OrderType::ascending_nulls_last(),
+                OrderType::ascending(),
+            ]
+        });
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/common/src/error.rs b/src/common/src/error.rs
index 791dd786633d..1f3a78291429 100644
--- a/src/common/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/common/src/error.rs
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ pub enum ErrorCode {
     InternalError(String),
     // TODO: unify with the above
     #[error(transparent)]
-    InternalErrorAnyhow(
+    Uncategorized(
         #[from]
         #[backtrace]
         anyhow::Error,
@@ -236,6 +236,12 @@ pub enum ErrorCode {
     ),
 }
 
+impl RwError {
+    pub fn uncategorized(err: impl Into<anyhow::Error>) -> Self {
+        Self::from(ErrorCode::Uncategorized(err.into()))
+    }
+}
+
 impl From<RwError> for tonic::Status {
     fn from(err: RwError) -> Self {
         use tonic::Code;
@@ -278,13 +284,13 @@ impl From<tonic::Status> for RwError {
 
 impl From<JoinError> for RwError {
     fn from(join_error: JoinError) -> Self {
-        anyhow::anyhow!(join_error).into()
+        Self::uncategorized(join_error)
     }
 }
 
 impl From<std::net::AddrParseError> for RwError {
     fn from(addr_parse_error: std::net::AddrParseError) -> Self {
-        anyhow::anyhow!(addr_parse_error).into()
+        Self::uncategorized(addr_parse_error)
     }
 }
 
@@ -456,7 +462,7 @@ mod tests {
     use anyhow::anyhow;
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::error::ErrorCode::InternalErrorAnyhow;
+    use crate::error::ErrorCode::Uncategorized;
 
     #[test]
     fn test_display_internal_error() {
@@ -477,7 +483,7 @@ mod tests {
             .unwrap_err();
 
             assert_eq!(
-                RwError::from(InternalErrorAnyhow(anyhow!(err_msg))).to_string(),
+                RwError::from(Uncategorized(anyhow!(err_msg))).to_string(),
                 error.to_string(),
             );
         }
@@ -490,7 +496,7 @@ mod tests {
             })()
             .unwrap_err();
             assert_eq!(
-                RwError::from(InternalErrorAnyhow(anyhow!(err_msg))).to_string(),
+                RwError::from(Uncategorized(anyhow!(err_msg))).to_string(),
                 error.to_string()
             );
         }
@@ -502,11 +508,7 @@ mod tests {
             })()
             .unwrap_err();
             assert_eq!(
-                RwError::from(InternalErrorAnyhow(anyhow!(
-                    "error msg with args: {}",
-                    "xx"
-                )))
-                .to_string(),
+                RwError::from(Uncategorized(anyhow!("error msg with args: {}", "xx"))).to_string(),
                 error.to_string()
             );
         }
diff --git a/src/common/src/metrics/guarded_metrics.rs b/src/common/src/metrics/guarded_metrics.rs
index bda396128445..f1f8bdc9c876 100644
--- a/src/common/src/metrics/guarded_metrics.rs
+++ b/src/common/src/metrics/guarded_metrics.rs
@@ -160,6 +160,20 @@ impl<const N: usize> LabelGuardedMetricsInfo<N> {
     }
 }
 
+/// `LabelGuardedMetricVec` enhances the [`MetricVec`] to ensure the set of labels to be
+/// correctly removed from the Prometheus client once being dropped. This is useful for metrics
+/// that are associated with an object that can be dropped, such as streaming jobs, fragments,
+/// actors, batch tasks, etc.
+///
+/// When a set labels is dropped, it will record it in the `uncollected_removed_labels` set.
+/// Once the metrics has been collected, it will finally remove the metrics of the labels.
+///
+/// See also [`LabelGuardedMetricsInfo`] and [`LabelGuard::drop`].
+///
+/// # Arguments
+///
+/// * `T` - The type of the raw metrics vec.
+/// * `N` - The number of labels.
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct LabelGuardedMetricVec<T: MetricVecBuilder, const N: usize> {
     inner: MetricVec<T>,
diff --git a/src/common/src/telemetry/mod.rs b/src/common/src/telemetry/mod.rs
index e25e31201359..382e50d8eb92 100644
--- a/src/common/src/telemetry/mod.rs
+++ b/src/common/src/telemetry/mod.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,11 @@ pub mod report;
 
 use std::time::SystemTime;
 
+use risingwave_pb::telemetry::{
+    ReportBase as PbTelemetryReportBase, SystemCpu as PbSystemCpu, SystemData as PbSystemData,
+    SystemMemory as PbSystemMemory, SystemOs as PbSystemOs,
+    TelemetryNodeType as PbTelemetryNodeType,
+};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use sysinfo::System;
 use thiserror_ext::AsReport;
@@ -65,6 +70,19 @@ pub struct TelemetryReportBase {
     pub node_type: TelemetryNodeType,
 }
 
+impl From<TelemetryReportBase> for PbTelemetryReportBase {
+    fn from(val: TelemetryReportBase) -> Self {
+        PbTelemetryReportBase {
+            tracking_id: val.tracking_id,
+            session_id: val.session_id,
+            system_data: Some(val.system_data.into()),
+            up_time: val.up_time,
+            report_time: val.time_stamp,
+            node_type: from_telemetry_node_type(val.node_type) as i32,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 pub trait TelemetryReport: Serialize {}
 
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
@@ -155,6 +173,63 @@ pub fn current_timestamp() -> u64 {
         .as_secs()
 }
 
+fn from_telemetry_node_type(t: TelemetryNodeType) -> PbTelemetryNodeType {
+    match t {
+        TelemetryNodeType::Meta => PbTelemetryNodeType::Meta,
+        TelemetryNodeType::Compute => PbTelemetryNodeType::Compute,
+        TelemetryNodeType::Frontend => PbTelemetryNodeType::Frontend,
+        TelemetryNodeType::Compactor => PbTelemetryNodeType::Compactor,
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<TelemetryNodeType> for PbTelemetryNodeType {
+    fn from(val: TelemetryNodeType) -> Self {
+        match val {
+            TelemetryNodeType::Meta => PbTelemetryNodeType::Meta,
+            TelemetryNodeType::Compute => PbTelemetryNodeType::Compute,
+            TelemetryNodeType::Frontend => PbTelemetryNodeType::Frontend,
+            TelemetryNodeType::Compactor => PbTelemetryNodeType::Compactor,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Cpu> for PbSystemCpu {
+    fn from(val: Cpu) -> Self {
+        PbSystemCpu {
+            available: val.available,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Memory> for PbSystemMemory {
+    fn from(val: Memory) -> Self {
+        PbSystemMemory {
+            used: val.used as u64,
+            total: val.total as u64,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Os> for PbSystemOs {
+    fn from(val: Os) -> Self {
+        PbSystemOs {
+            name: val.name,
+            kernel_version: val.kernel_version,
+            version: val.version,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<SystemData> for PbSystemData {
+    fn from(val: SystemData) -> Self {
+        PbSystemData {
+            memory: Some(val.memory.into()),
+            os: Some(val.os.into()),
+            cpu: Some(val.cpu.into()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
diff --git a/src/common/src/types/interval.rs b/src/common/src/types/interval.rs
index 44470e29acf7..0160ff795559 100644
--- a/src/common/src/types/interval.rs
+++ b/src/common/src/types/interval.rs
@@ -384,6 +384,11 @@ impl Interval {
         self > &Self::from_month_day_usec(0, 0, 0)
     }
 
+    /// Checks if all fields of [`Interval`] are all non-negative.
+    pub fn is_never_negative(&self) -> bool {
+        self.months >= 0 && self.days >= 0 && self.usecs >= 0
+    }
+
     /// Truncate the interval to the precision of milliseconds.
     ///
     /// # Example
diff --git a/src/common/src/types/mod.rs b/src/common/src/types/mod.rs
index 0b80f57e132b..e45601d2e024 100644
--- a/src/common/src/types/mod.rs
+++ b/src/common/src/types/mod.rs
@@ -293,6 +293,36 @@ impl From<DataTypeName> for PbTypeName {
     }
 }
 
+/// Convenient macros to generate match arms for [`DataType`](crate::types::DataType).
+pub mod data_types {
+    /// Numeric [`DataType`](crate::types::DataType)s supported to be `offset` of `RANGE` frame.
+    #[macro_export]
+    macro_rules! range_frame_numeric {
+        () => {
+            DataType::Int16
+                | DataType::Int32
+                | DataType::Int64
+                | DataType::Float32
+                | DataType::Float64
+                | DataType::Decimal
+        };
+    }
+    pub use range_frame_numeric;
+
+    /// Date/time [`DataType`](crate::types::DataType)s supported to be `offset` of `RANGE` frame.
+    #[macro_export]
+    macro_rules! range_frame_datetime {
+        () => {
+            DataType::Date
+                | DataType::Time
+                | DataType::Timestamp
+                | DataType::Timestamptz
+                | DataType::Interval
+        };
+    }
+    pub use range_frame_datetime;
+}
+
 impl DataType {
     pub fn create_array_builder(&self, capacity: usize) -> ArrayBuilderImpl {
         use crate::array::*;
@@ -374,7 +404,7 @@ impl DataType {
         matches!(self, DataType::Int16 | DataType::Int32 | DataType::Int64)
     }
 
-    /// Returns the output type of window function on a given input type.
+    /// Returns the output type of time window function on a given input type.
     pub fn window_of(input: &DataType) -> Option<DataType> {
         match input {
             DataType::Timestamptz => Some(DataType::Timestamptz),
@@ -570,6 +600,27 @@ pub trait ToOwnedDatum {
     fn to_owned_datum(self) -> Datum;
 }
 
+impl ToOwnedDatum for Datum {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn to_owned_datum(self) -> Datum {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl ToOwnedDatum for &Datum {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn to_owned_datum(self) -> Datum {
+        self.clone()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ToOwnedDatum for Option<&ScalarImpl> {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn to_owned_datum(self) -> Datum {
+        self.cloned()
+    }
+}
+
 impl ToOwnedDatum for DatumRef<'_> {
     #[inline(always)]
     fn to_owned_datum(self) -> Datum {
diff --git a/src/common/src/types/sentinel.rs b/src/common/src/types/sentinel.rs
index e220f1d210cc..22eb91d4d476 100644
--- a/src/common/src/types/sentinel.rs
+++ b/src/common/src/types/sentinel.rs
@@ -54,6 +54,21 @@ impl<T> Sentinelled<T> {
             (Normal(a), Normal(b)) => cmp_fn(a, b),
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn map<U>(self, map_fn: impl FnOnce(T) -> U) -> Sentinelled<U> {
+        use Sentinelled::*;
+        match self {
+            Smallest => Smallest,
+            Normal(inner) => Normal(map_fn(inner)),
+            Largest => Largest,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> From<T> for Sentinelled<T> {
+    fn from(inner: T) -> Self {
+        Self::Normal(inner)
+    }
 }
 
 impl<T> PartialOrd for Sentinelled<T>
diff --git a/src/compute/src/lib.rs b/src/compute/src/lib.rs
index b3125b76052a..b713aa995162 100644
--- a/src/compute/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/compute/src/lib.rs
@@ -64,6 +64,8 @@ pub struct ComputeNodeOpts {
     #[clap(long, env = "RW_ADVERTISE_ADDR")]
     pub advertise_addr: Option<String>,
 
+    /// We will start a http server at this address via `MetricsManager`.
+    /// Then the prometheus instance will poll the metrics from this address.
     #[clap(
         long,
         env = "RW_PROMETHEUS_LISTENER_ADDR",
diff --git a/src/compute/src/memory/controller.rs b/src/compute/src/memory/controller.rs
index 683593b0f2a4..a1695bdc565b 100644
--- a/src/compute/src/memory/controller.rs
+++ b/src/compute/src/memory/controller.rs
@@ -99,21 +99,30 @@ impl std::fmt::Debug for LruWatermarkController {
 ///
 /// - `stats.allocated`: Total number of bytes allocated by the application.
 /// - `stats.active`: Total number of bytes in active pages allocated by the application. This is a multiple of the page size, and greater than or equal to `stats.allocated`. This does not include `stats.arenas.<i>.pdirty`, `stats.arenas.<i>.pmuzzy`, nor pages entirely devoted to allocator metadata.
+/// - `stats.resident`: Total number of bytes in physically resident data pages mapped by the allocator.
+/// - `stats.metadata`: Total number of bytes dedicated to jemalloc metadata.
 ///
 /// Reference: <https://jemalloc.net/jemalloc.3.html>
-fn jemalloc_memory_stats() -> (usize, usize) {
+fn jemalloc_memory_stats() -> (usize, usize, usize, usize) {
     if let Err(e) = tikv_jemalloc_ctl::epoch::advance() {
         tracing::warn!("Jemalloc epoch advance failed! {:?}", e);
     }
     let allocated = tikv_jemalloc_ctl::stats::allocated::read().unwrap();
     let active = tikv_jemalloc_ctl::stats::active::read().unwrap();
-    (allocated, active)
+    let resident = tikv_jemalloc_ctl::stats::resident::read().unwrap();
+    let metadata = tikv_jemalloc_ctl::stats::metadata::read().unwrap();
+    (allocated, active, resident, metadata)
 }
 
 impl LruWatermarkController {
     pub fn tick(&mut self, interval_ms: u32) -> Epoch {
         // NOTE: Be careful! The meaning of `allocated` and `active` differ in JeMalloc and JVM
-        let (jemalloc_allocated_bytes, jemalloc_active_bytes) = jemalloc_memory_stats();
+        let (
+            jemalloc_allocated_bytes,
+            jemalloc_active_bytes,
+            jemalloc_resident_bytes,
+            jemalloc_metadata_bytes,
+        ) = jemalloc_memory_stats();
         let (jvm_allocated_bytes, jvm_active_bytes) = load_jvm_memory_stats();
 
         let cur_used_memory_bytes = jemalloc_active_bytes + jvm_allocated_bytes;
@@ -188,6 +197,12 @@ impl LruWatermarkController {
         self.metrics
             .jemalloc_active_bytes
             .set(jemalloc_active_bytes as i64);
+        self.metrics
+            .jemalloc_resident_bytes
+            .set(jemalloc_resident_bytes as i64);
+        self.metrics
+            .jemalloc_metadata_bytes
+            .set(jemalloc_metadata_bytes as i64);
         self.metrics
             .jvm_allocated_bytes
             .set(jvm_allocated_bytes as i64);
diff --git a/src/compute/tests/cdc_tests.rs b/src/compute/tests/cdc_tests.rs
index 2f1feec23cd4..7fc3641770a9 100644
--- a/src/compute/tests/cdc_tests.rs
+++ b/src/compute/tests/cdc_tests.rs
@@ -239,6 +239,7 @@ async fn test_cdc_backfill() -> StreamResult<()> {
         Arc::new(StreamingMetrics::unused()),
         state_table,
         4, // 4 rows in a snapshot chunk
+        false,
     );
 
     // Create a `MaterializeExecutor` to write the changes to storage.
diff --git a/src/config/ci-delete-range-test.toml b/src/config/ci-delete-range-test.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 33313ca092c4..000000000000
--- a/src/config/ci-delete-range-test.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-[meta]
-vacuum_interval_sec = 10
-
-[server]
-telemetry_enabled = false
-
-[system]
-max_concurrent_creating_streaming_jobs = 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/config/example.toml b/src/config/example.toml
index 34937858db52..59c68aff3c7c 100644
--- a/src/config/example.toml
+++ b/src/config/example.toml
@@ -25,8 +25,7 @@ enable_hummock_data_archive = false
 min_delta_log_num_for_hummock_version_checkpoint = 10
 max_heartbeat_interval_secs = 300
 disable_recovery = false
-enable_scale_in_when_recovery = false
-enable_automatic_parallelism_control = false
+disable_automatic_parallelism_control = false
 meta_leader_lease_secs = 30
 default_parallelism = "Full"
 enable_compaction_deterministic = false
diff --git a/src/connector/Cargo.toml b/src/connector/Cargo.toml
index e8582d1f3e29..83f359a12b20 100644
--- a/src/connector/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/connector/Cargo.toml
@@ -22,7 +22,9 @@ apache-avro = { git = "https://github.com/risingwavelabs/avro", rev = "d0846a16c
     "xz",
 ] }
 arrow-array = { workspace = true }
+arrow-row = { workspace = true }
 arrow-schema = { workspace = true }
+arrow-select = { workspace = true }
 async-nats = "0.33"
 async-trait = "0.1"
 auto_enums = { version = "0.8", features = ["futures03"] }
diff --git a/src/connector/src/common.rs b/src/connector/src/common.rs
index df61dc157b40..25179bb20986 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/common.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/common.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ use crate::source::nats::source::NatsOffset;
 // The file describes the common abstractions for each connector and can be used in both source and
 // sink.
 
-pub const BROKER_REWRITE_MAP_KEY: &str = "broker.rewrite.endpoints";
+pub const PRIVATE_LINK_BROKER_REWRITE_MAP_KEY: &str = "broker.rewrite.endpoints";
 pub const PRIVATE_LINK_TARGETS_KEY: &str = "privatelink.targets";
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
@@ -148,10 +148,6 @@ pub struct KafkaCommon {
     #[serde(rename = "properties.bootstrap.server", alias = "kafka.brokers")]
     pub brokers: String,
 
-    #[serde(rename = "broker.rewrite.endpoints")]
-    #[serde_as(as = "Option<JsonString>")]
-    pub broker_rewrite_map: Option<HashMap<String, String>>,
-
     #[serde(rename = "topic", alias = "kafka.topic")]
     pub topic: String,
 
@@ -224,6 +220,15 @@ pub struct KafkaCommon {
     sasl_oathbearer_config: Option<String>,
 }
 
+#[serde_as]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, WithOptions)]
+pub struct KafkaPrivateLinkCommon {
+    /// This is generated from `private_link_targets` and `private_link_endpoint` in frontend, instead of given by users.
+    #[serde(rename = "broker.rewrite.endpoints")]
+    #[serde_as(as = "Option<JsonString>")]
+    pub broker_rewrite_map: Option<HashMap<String, String>>,
+}
+
 const fn default_kafka_sync_call_timeout() -> Duration {
     Duration::from_secs(5)
 }
diff --git a/src/connector/src/parser/debezium/debezium_parser.rs b/src/connector/src/parser/debezium/debezium_parser.rs
index 0f79677860f8..8ff32804a96d 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/parser/debezium/debezium_parser.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/parser/debezium/debezium_parser.rs
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ impl DebeziumParser {
             Err(err) => {
                 // Only try to access transaction control message if the row operation access failed
                 // to make it a fast path.
-                if let Ok(transaction_control) =
+                if let Some(transaction_control) =
                     row_op.transaction_control(&self.source_ctx.connector_props)
                 {
                     Ok(ParseResult::TransactionControl(transaction_control))
diff --git a/src/connector/src/parser/debezium/mongo_json_parser.rs b/src/connector/src/parser/debezium/mongo_json_parser.rs
index 899068a4cccb..21129a816e0a 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/parser/debezium/mongo_json_parser.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/parser/debezium/mongo_json_parser.rs
@@ -50,14 +50,14 @@ impl DebeziumMongoJsonParser {
                     )
             })
             .ok_or_else(|| RwError::from(ProtocolError(
-                "Debezuim Mongo needs a `_id` column with supported types (Varchar Jsonb int32 int64) in table".into(),
+                "Debezium Mongo needs a `_id` column with supported types (Varchar Jsonb int32 int64) in table".into(),
             )))?.clone();
         let payload_column = rw_columns
             .iter()
             .find(|desc| desc.name == "payload" && matches!(desc.data_type, DataType::Jsonb))
             .ok_or_else(|| {
                 RwError::from(ProtocolError(
-                    "Debezuim Mongo needs a `payload` column with supported types Jsonb in table"
+                    "Debezium Mongo needs a `payload` column with supported types Jsonb in table"
                         .into(),
                 ))
             })?
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ impl DebeziumMongoJsonParser {
         // _rw_{connector}_file/partition & _rw_{connector}_offset are created automatically.
         if rw_columns.iter().filter(|desc| desc.is_visible()).count() != 2 {
             return Err(RwError::from(ProtocolError(
-                "Debezuim Mongo needs no more columns except `_id` and `payload` in table".into(),
+                "Debezium Mongo needs no more columns except `_id` and `payload` in table".into(),
             )));
         }
 
diff --git a/src/connector/src/parser/mod.rs b/src/connector/src/parser/mod.rs
index fedab10ef9d6..7884eb62bf13 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/parser/mod.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/parser/mod.rs
@@ -569,7 +569,7 @@ impl<P: ByteStreamSourceParser> P {
     /// A [`ChunkSourceStream`] which is a stream of parsed messages.
     pub fn into_stream(self, data_stream: BoxSourceStream) -> impl ChunkSourceStream {
         // Enable tracing to provide more information for parsing failures.
-        let source_info = self.source_ctx().source_info;
+        let source_info = self.source_ctx().source_info.clone();
 
         // The parser stream will be long-lived. We use `instrument_with` here to create
         // a new span for the polling of each chunk.
diff --git a/src/connector/src/parser/protobuf/parser.rs b/src/connector/src/parser/protobuf/parser.rs
index 36b12dded602..13da5c5b86b2 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/parser/protobuf/parser.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/parser/protobuf/parser.rs
@@ -20,15 +20,19 @@ use prost_reflect::{
     ReflectMessage, Value,
 };
 use risingwave_common::array::{ListValue, StructValue};
-use risingwave_common::error::ErrorCode::{InternalError, ProtocolError};
+use risingwave_common::error::ErrorCode::ProtocolError;
 use risingwave_common::error::{Result, RwError};
 use risingwave_common::try_match_expand;
 use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, Datum, Decimal, JsonbVal, ScalarImpl, F32, F64};
 use risingwave_pb::plan_common::{AdditionalColumn, ColumnDesc, ColumnDescVersion};
+use thiserror::Error;
+use thiserror_ext::{AsReport, Macro};
 
 use super::schema_resolver::*;
 use crate::parser::unified::protobuf::ProtobufAccess;
-use crate::parser::unified::AccessImpl;
+use crate::parser::unified::{
+    bail_uncategorized, uncategorized, AccessError, AccessImpl, AccessResult,
+};
 use crate::parser::util::bytes_from_url;
 use crate::parser::{AccessBuilder, EncodingProperties};
 use crate::schema::schema_registry::{
@@ -157,7 +161,8 @@ impl ProtobufParserConfig {
         index: &mut i32,
         parse_trace: &mut Vec<String>,
     ) -> Result<ColumnDesc> {
-        let field_type = protobuf_type_mapping(field_descriptor, parse_trace)?;
+        let field_type =
+            protobuf_type_mapping(field_descriptor, parse_trace).map_err(RwError::uncategorized)?;
         if let Kind::Message(m) = field_descriptor.kind() {
             let field_descs = if let DataType::List { .. } = field_type {
                 vec![]
@@ -192,15 +197,22 @@ impl ProtobufParserConfig {
     }
 }
 
-fn detect_loop_and_push(trace: &mut Vec<String>, fd: &FieldDescriptor) -> Result<()> {
+#[derive(Error, Debug, Macro)]
+#[error("{0}")]
+struct ProtobufTypeError(#[message] String);
+
+fn detect_loop_and_push(
+    trace: &mut Vec<String>,
+    fd: &FieldDescriptor,
+) -> std::result::Result<(), ProtobufTypeError> {
     let identifier = format!("{}({})", fd.name(), fd.full_name());
     if trace.iter().any(|s| s == identifier.as_str()) {
-        return Err(RwError::from(ProtocolError(format!(
+        bail_protobuf_type_error!(
             "circular reference detected: {}, conflict with {}, kind {:?}",
-            trace.iter().join("->"),
+            trace.iter().format("->"),
             identifier,
             fd.kind(),
-        ))));
+        );
     }
     trace.push(identifier);
     Ok(())
@@ -341,7 +353,9 @@ pub fn from_protobuf_value(
     field_desc: &FieldDescriptor,
     value: &Value,
     descriptor_pool: &Arc<DescriptorPool>,
-) -> Result<Datum> {
+) -> AccessResult {
+    let kind = field_desc.kind();
+
     let v = match value {
         Value::Bool(v) => ScalarImpl::Bool(*v),
         Value::I32(i) => ScalarImpl::Int32(*i),
@@ -352,17 +366,13 @@ pub fn from_protobuf_value(
         Value::F64(f) => ScalarImpl::Float64(F64::from(*f)),
         Value::String(s) => ScalarImpl::Utf8(s.as_str().into()),
         Value::EnumNumber(idx) => {
-            let kind = field_desc.kind();
-            let enum_desc = kind.as_enum().ok_or_else(|| {
-                let err_msg = format!("protobuf parse error.not a enum desc {:?}", field_desc);
-                RwError::from(ProtocolError(err_msg))
+            let enum_desc = kind.as_enum().ok_or_else(|| AccessError::TypeError {
+                expected: "enum".to_owned(),
+                got: format!("{kind:?}"),
+                value: value.to_string(),
             })?;
             let enum_symbol = enum_desc.get_value(*idx).ok_or_else(|| {
-                let err_msg = format!(
-                    "protobuf parse error.unknown enum index {} of enum {:?}",
-                    idx, enum_desc
-                );
-                RwError::from(ProtocolError(err_msg))
+                uncategorized!("unknown enum index {} of enum {:?}", idx, enum_desc)
             })?;
             ScalarImpl::Utf8(enum_symbol.name().into())
         }
@@ -389,18 +399,14 @@ pub fn from_protobuf_value(
                 let Some(ScalarImpl::Bytea(payload)) =
                     from_protobuf_value(&payload_field_desc, &payload, descriptor_pool)?
                 else {
-                    let err_msg = "Expected ScalarImpl::Bytea for payload".to_string();
-                    return Err(RwError::from(ProtocolError(err_msg)));
+                    bail_uncategorized!("expected bytes for dynamic message payload");
                 };
 
                 // Get the corresponding schema from the descriptor pool
                 let msg_desc = descriptor_pool
                     .get_message_by_name(&type_url)
                     .ok_or_else(|| {
-                        ProtocolError(format!(
-                        "Cannot find message {} in from_protobuf_value.\nDescriptor pool is {:#?}",
-                        type_url, descriptor_pool
-                    ))
+                        uncategorized!("message `{type_url}` not found in descriptor pool")
                     })?;
 
                 let f = msg_desc
@@ -439,11 +445,10 @@ pub fn from_protobuf_value(
                     if !dyn_msg.has_field(&field_desc)
                         && field_desc.cardinality() == Cardinality::Required
                     {
-                        let err_msg = format!(
-                            "protobuf parse error.missing required field {:?}",
-                            field_desc
-                        );
-                        return Err(RwError::from(ProtocolError(err_msg)));
+                        return Err(AccessError::Undefined {
+                            name: field_desc.name().to_owned(),
+                            path: dyn_msg.descriptor().full_name().to_owned(),
+                        });
                     }
                     // use default value if dyn_msg doesn't has this field
                     let value = dyn_msg.get_field(&field_desc);
@@ -453,7 +458,8 @@ pub fn from_protobuf_value(
             }
         }
         Value::List(values) => {
-            let data_type = protobuf_type_mapping(field_desc, &mut vec![])?;
+            let data_type = protobuf_type_mapping(field_desc, &mut vec![])
+                .map_err(|e| uncategorized!("{}", e.to_report_string()))?;
             let mut builder = data_type.as_list().create_array_builder(values.len());
             for value in values {
                 builder.append(from_protobuf_value(field_desc, value, descriptor_pool)?);
@@ -462,11 +468,9 @@ pub fn from_protobuf_value(
         }
         Value::Bytes(value) => ScalarImpl::Bytea(value.to_vec().into_boxed_slice()),
         _ => {
-            let err_msg = format!(
-                "protobuf parse error.unsupported type {:?}, value {:?}",
-                field_desc, value
-            );
-            return Err(RwError::from(InternalError(err_msg)));
+            return Err(AccessError::UnsupportedType {
+                ty: format!("{kind:?}"),
+            });
         }
     };
     Ok(Some(v))
@@ -476,7 +480,7 @@ pub fn from_protobuf_value(
 fn protobuf_type_mapping(
     field_descriptor: &FieldDescriptor,
     parse_trace: &mut Vec<String>,
-) -> Result<DataType> {
+) -> std::result::Result<DataType, ProtobufTypeError> {
     detect_loop_and_push(parse_trace, field_descriptor)?;
     let field_type = field_descriptor.kind();
     let mut t = match field_type {
@@ -494,7 +498,7 @@ fn protobuf_type_mapping(
             let fields = m
                 .fields()
                 .map(|f| protobuf_type_mapping(&f, parse_trace))
-                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+                .try_collect()?;
             let field_names = m.fields().map(|f| f.name().to_string()).collect_vec();
 
             // Note that this part is useful for actual parsing
@@ -513,10 +517,10 @@ fn protobuf_type_mapping(
         Kind::Bytes => DataType::Bytea,
     };
     if field_descriptor.is_map() {
-        return Err(RwError::from(ProtocolError(format!(
-            "map type is unsupported (field: '{}')",
+        bail_protobuf_type_error!(
+            "protobuf map type (on field `{}`) is not supported",
             field_descriptor.full_name()
-        ))));
+        );
     }
     if field_descriptor.cardinality() == Cardinality::Repeated {
         t = DataType::List(Box::new(t))
diff --git a/src/connector/src/parser/unified/avro.rs b/src/connector/src/parser/unified/avro.rs
index af5658331270..1cebb0fd60da 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/parser/unified/avro.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/parser/unified/avro.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 use std::str::FromStr;
 use std::sync::LazyLock;
 
-use anyhow::anyhow;
 use apache_avro::schema::{DecimalSchema, RecordSchema};
 use apache_avro::types::Value;
 use apache_avro::{Decimal as AvroDecimal, Schema};
@@ -30,7 +29,7 @@ use risingwave_common::types::{
 };
 use risingwave_common::util::iter_util::ZipEqFast;
 
-use super::{Access, AccessError, AccessResult};
+use super::{bail_uncategorized, uncategorized, Access, AccessError, AccessResult};
 #[derive(Clone)]
 /// Options for parsing an `AvroValue` into Datum, with an optional avro schema.
 pub struct AvroParseOptions<'a> {
@@ -136,26 +135,25 @@ impl<'a> AvroParseOptions<'a> {
                         .iter()
                         .find(|field| field.0 == field_name)
                         .map(|field| &field.1)
+                        .ok_or_else(|| {
+                            uncategorized!("`{field_name}` field not found in VariableScaleDecimal")
+                        })
                 };
-                let scale = match find_in_records("scale").ok_or_else(|| {
-                    AccessError::Other(anyhow!("scale field not found in VariableScaleDecimal"))
-                })? {
-                    Value::Int(scale) => Ok(*scale),
-                    avro_value => Err(AccessError::Other(anyhow!(
+                let scale = match find_in_records("scale")? {
+                    Value::Int(scale) => *scale,
+                    avro_value => bail_uncategorized!(
                         "scale field in VariableScaleDecimal is not int, got {:?}",
                         avro_value
-                    ))),
-                }?;
-
-                let value: BigInt = match find_in_records("value").ok_or_else(|| {
-                    AccessError::Other(anyhow!("value field not found in VariableScaleDecimal"))
-                })? {
-                    Value::Bytes(bytes) => Ok(BigInt::from_signed_bytes_be(bytes)),
-                    avro_value => Err(AccessError::Other(anyhow!(
+                    ),
+                };
+
+                let value: BigInt = match find_in_records("value")? {
+                    Value::Bytes(bytes) => BigInt::from_signed_bytes_be(bytes),
+                    avro_value => bail_uncategorized!(
                         "value field in VariableScaleDecimal is not bytes, got {:?}",
                         avro_value
-                    ))),
-                }?;
+                    ),
+                };
 
                 let negative = value.sign() == Sign::Minus;
                 let (lo, mid, hi) = extract_decimal(value.to_bytes_be().1)?;
@@ -196,9 +194,9 @@ impl<'a> AvroParseOptions<'a> {
             // ---- TimestampTz -----
             (Some(DataType::Timestamptz) | None, Value::TimestampMillis(ms)) => {
                 Timestamptz::from_millis(*ms)
-                    .ok_or(AccessError::Other(anyhow!(
-                        "timestamptz with milliseconds {ms} * 1000 is out of range",
-                    )))?
+                    .ok_or_else(|| {
+                        uncategorized!("timestamptz with milliseconds {ms} * 1000 is out of range")
+                    })?
                     .into()
             }
             (Some(DataType::Timestamptz) | None, Value::TimestampMicros(us)) => {
@@ -350,7 +348,7 @@ pub(crate) fn avro_decimal_to_rust_decimal(
     ))
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn extract_decimal(bytes: Vec<u8>) -> anyhow::Result<(u32, u32, u32)> {
+pub(crate) fn extract_decimal(bytes: Vec<u8>) -> AccessResult<(u32, u32, u32)> {
     match bytes.len() {
         len @ 0..=4 => {
             let mut pad = vec![0; 4 - len];
@@ -383,7 +381,7 @@ pub(crate) fn extract_decimal(bytes: Vec<u8>) -> anyhow::Result<(u32, u32, u32)>
             let lo = u32::from_be_bytes(bytes[mid_end..].to_owned().try_into().unwrap());
             Ok((lo, mid, hi))
         }
-        _ => Err(anyhow!("decimal bytes len: {:?} > 12", bytes.len())),
+        _ => bail_uncategorized!("invalid decimal bytes length {}", bytes.len()),
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/connector/src/parser/unified/debezium.rs b/src/connector/src/parser/unified/debezium.rs
index 7291b1b35973..86d7e3d4e5e6 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/parser/unified/debezium.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/parser/unified/debezium.rs
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-use anyhow::anyhow;
 use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, Datum, ScalarImpl};
 
-use super::{Access, AccessError, ChangeEvent, ChangeEventOperation};
+use super::{Access, AccessError, AccessResult, ChangeEvent, ChangeEventOperation};
+use crate::parser::unified::uncategorized;
 use crate::parser::TransactionControl;
 use crate::source::{ConnectorProperties, SourceColumnDesc};
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ pub const DEBEZIUM_TRANSACTION_STATUS_COMMIT: &str = "END";
 pub fn parse_transaction_meta(
     accessor: &impl Access,
     connector_props: &ConnectorProperties,
-) -> std::result::Result<TransactionControl, AccessError> {
+) -> AccessResult<TransactionControl> {
     if let (Some(ScalarImpl::Utf8(status)), Some(ScalarImpl::Utf8(id))) = (
         accessor.access(&[TRANSACTION_STATUS], Some(&DataType::Varchar))?,
         accessor.access(&[TRANSACTION_ID], Some(&DataType::Varchar))?,
@@ -103,13 +103,12 @@ where
     pub(crate) fn transaction_control(
         &self,
         connector_props: &ConnectorProperties,
-    ) -> Result<TransactionControl, AccessError> {
-        let Some(accessor) = &self.value_accessor else {
-            return Err(AccessError::Other(anyhow!(
-                "value_accessor must be provided to parse transaction metadata"
-            )));
-        };
-        parse_transaction_meta(accessor, connector_props)
+    ) -> Option<TransactionControl> {
+        // Ignore if `value_accessor` is not provided or there's any error when
+        // trying to parse the transaction metadata.
+        self.value_accessor
+            .as_ref()
+            .and_then(|accessor| parse_transaction_meta(accessor, connector_props).ok())
     }
 }
 
@@ -164,10 +163,25 @@ pub struct MongoProjection<A> {
     accessor: A,
 }
 
-pub fn extract_bson_id(id_type: &DataType, bson_doc: &serde_json::Value) -> anyhow::Result<Datum> {
+pub fn extract_bson_id(id_type: &DataType, bson_doc: &serde_json::Value) -> AccessResult {
     let id_field = bson_doc
         .get("_id")
-        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::format_err!("Debezuim Mongo requires document has a `_id` field"))?;
+        .ok_or_else(|| uncategorized!("Debezium Mongo requires document has a `_id` field"))?;
+
+    let type_error = || AccessError::TypeError {
+        expected: id_type.to_string(),
+        got: match id_field {
+            serde_json::Value::Null => "null",
+            serde_json::Value::Bool(_) => "bool",
+            serde_json::Value::Number(_) => "number",
+            serde_json::Value::String(_) => "string",
+            serde_json::Value::Array(_) => "array",
+            serde_json::Value::Object(_) => "object",
+        }
+        .to_owned(),
+        value: id_field.to_string(),
+    };
+
     let id: Datum = match id_type {
         DataType::Jsonb => ScalarImpl::Jsonb(id_field.clone().into()).into(),
         DataType::Varchar => match id_field {
@@ -175,7 +189,7 @@ pub fn extract_bson_id(id_type: &DataType, bson_doc: &serde_json::Value) -> anyh
             serde_json::Value::Object(obj) if obj.contains_key("$oid") => Some(ScalarImpl::Utf8(
                 obj["$oid"].as_str().to_owned().unwrap_or_default().into(),
             )),
-            _ => anyhow::bail!("Can not convert bson {:?} to {:?}", id_field, id_type),
+            _ => return Err(type_error()),
         },
         DataType::Int32 => {
             if let serde_json::Value::Object(ref obj) = id_field
@@ -184,7 +198,7 @@ pub fn extract_bson_id(id_type: &DataType, bson_doc: &serde_json::Value) -> anyh
                 let int_str = obj["$numberInt"].as_str().unwrap_or_default();
                 Some(ScalarImpl::Int32(int_str.parse().unwrap_or_default()))
             } else {
-                anyhow::bail!("Can not convert bson {:?} to {:?}", id_field, id_type)
+                return Err(type_error());
             }
         }
         DataType::Int64 => {
@@ -194,7 +208,7 @@ pub fn extract_bson_id(id_type: &DataType, bson_doc: &serde_json::Value) -> anyh
                 let int_str = obj["$numberLong"].as_str().unwrap_or_default();
                 Some(ScalarImpl::Int64(int_str.parse().unwrap_or_default()))
             } else {
-                anyhow::bail!("Can not convert bson {:?} to {:?}", id_field, id_type)
+                return Err(type_error());
             }
         }
         _ => unreachable!("DebeziumMongoJsonParser::new must ensure _id column datatypes."),
diff --git a/src/connector/src/parser/unified/mod.rs b/src/connector/src/parser/unified/mod.rs
index bd52f4628ef2..33c46f359a6c 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/parser/unified/mod.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/parser/unified/mod.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 use auto_impl::auto_impl;
 use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, Datum};
 use thiserror::Error;
+use thiserror_ext::Macro;
 
 use self::avro::AvroAccess;
 use self::bytes::BytesAccess;
@@ -86,7 +87,8 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Error, Debug)]
+#[derive(Error, Debug, Macro)]
+#[thiserror_ext(macro(mangle))]
 pub enum AccessError {
     #[error("Undefined field `{name}` at `{path}`")]
     Undefined { name: String, path: String },
@@ -98,10 +100,8 @@ pub enum AccessError {
     },
     #[error("Unsupported data type `{ty}`")]
     UnsupportedType { ty: String },
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    Other(
-        #[from]
-        #[backtrace]
-        anyhow::Error,
-    ),
+
+    /// Errors that are not categorized into variants above.
+    #[error("{message}")]
+    Uncategorized { message: String },
 }
diff --git a/src/connector/src/parser/unified/protobuf.rs b/src/connector/src/parser/unified/protobuf.rs
index 3fdef073faa2..cd9178c7dd08 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/parser/unified/protobuf.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/parser/unified/protobuf.rs
@@ -14,16 +14,14 @@
 
 use std::sync::{Arc, LazyLock};
 
-use anyhow::anyhow;
 use prost_reflect::{DescriptorPool, DynamicMessage, ReflectMessage};
-use risingwave_common::error::ErrorCode::ProtocolError;
-use risingwave_common::error::RwError;
 use risingwave_common::log::LogSuppresser;
 use risingwave_common::types::DataType;
+use thiserror_ext::AsReport;
 
 use super::{Access, AccessResult};
 use crate::parser::from_protobuf_value;
-use crate::parser::unified::AccessError;
+use crate::parser::unified::{uncategorized, AccessError};
 
 pub struct ProtobufAccess {
     message: DynamicMessage,
@@ -46,18 +44,16 @@ impl Access for ProtobufAccess {
             .message
             .descriptor()
             .get_field_by_name(path[0])
-            .ok_or_else(|| {
-                let err_msg = format!("protobuf schema don't have field {}", path[0]);
+            .ok_or_else(|| uncategorized!("protobuf schema don't have field {}", path[0]))
+            .inspect_err(|e| {
                 static LOG_SUPPERSSER: LazyLock<LogSuppresser> =
                     LazyLock::new(LogSuppresser::default);
                 if let Ok(suppressed_count) = LOG_SUPPERSSER.check() {
-                    tracing::error!(suppressed_count, err_msg);
+                    tracing::error!(suppressed_count, "{}", e.as_report());
                 }
-                RwError::from(ProtocolError(err_msg))
-            })
-            .map_err(|e| AccessError::Other(anyhow!(e)))?;
+            })?;
         let value = self.message.get_field(&field_desc);
+
         from_protobuf_value(&field_desc, &value, &self.descriptor_pool)
-            .map_err(|e| AccessError::Other(anyhow!(e)))
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/connector/src/sink/catalog/desc.rs b/src/connector/src/sink/catalog/desc.rs
index 513a39ae90e3..37d35e1d7edd 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/sink/catalog/desc.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/sink/catalog/desc.rs
@@ -67,6 +67,9 @@ pub struct SinkDesc {
 
     /// Id of the target table for sink into table.
     pub target_table: Option<TableId>,
+
+    /// See the same name field in `SinkWriterParam`.
+    pub extra_partition_col_idx: Option<usize>,
 }
 
 impl SinkDesc {
@@ -123,6 +126,7 @@ impl SinkDesc {
             db_name: self.db_name.clone(),
             sink_from_name: self.sink_from_name.clone(),
             target_table: self.target_table.map(|table_id| table_id.table_id()),
+            extra_partition_col_idx: self.extra_partition_col_idx.map(|idx| idx as u64),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/connector/src/sink/iceberg/jni_catalog.rs b/src/connector/src/sink/iceberg/jni_catalog.rs
index 0057257df996..11de50e69936 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/sink/iceberg/jni_catalog.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/sink/iceberg/jni_catalog.rs
@@ -29,8 +29,6 @@ use jni::JavaVM;
 use risingwave_jni_core::call_method;
 use risingwave_jni_core::jvm_runtime::{execute_with_jni_env, jobj_to_str, JVM};
 
-use crate::sink::{Result, SinkError};
-
 pub struct JniCatalog {
     java_catalog: GlobalRef,
     jvm: &'static JavaVM,
@@ -144,7 +142,7 @@ impl JniCatalog {
         name: impl ToString,
         catalog_impl: impl ToString,
         java_catalog_props: HashMap<String, String>,
-    ) -> Result<CatalogRef> {
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<CatalogRef> {
         let jvm = JVM.get_or_init()?;
 
         execute_with_jni_env(jvm, |env| {
@@ -184,6 +182,5 @@ impl JniCatalog {
                 config: base_config,
             }) as CatalogRef)
         })
-        .map_err(SinkError::Iceberg)
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/connector/src/sink/iceberg/mock_catalog.rs b/src/connector/src/sink/iceberg/mock_catalog.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f9d60965b1d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/connector/src/sink/iceberg/mock_catalog.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+// Copyright 2024 RisingWave Labs
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use icelake::catalog::{Catalog, UpdateTable};
+use icelake::types::{Field, PartitionField, Schema, Struct, TableMetadata};
+use icelake::{Table, TableIdentifier};
+use opendal::services::Memory;
+use opendal::Operator;
+
+/// A mock catalog for iceberg used for plan test.
+pub struct MockCatalog;
+
+impl MockCatalog {
+    const RANGE_TABLE: &'static str = "range_table";
+    const SPARSE_TABLE: &'static str = "sparse_table";
+
+    fn sparse_table(self: &Arc<Self>) -> Table {
+        Table::builder_from_catalog(
+            {
+                let mut builder = Memory::default();
+                builder.root("/tmp");
+                Operator::new(builder).unwrap().finish()
+            },
+            self.clone(),
+            TableMetadata {
+                format_version: icelake::types::TableFormatVersion::V2,
+                table_uuid: "1".to_string(),
+                location: "1".to_string(),
+                last_sequence_number: 1,
+                last_updated_ms: 1,
+                last_column_id: 1,
+                schemas: vec![Schema::new(
+                    1,
+                    None,
+                    Struct::new(vec![
+                        Field::required(
+                            1,
+                            "v1",
+                            icelake::types::Any::Primitive(icelake::types::Primitive::Int),
+                        )
+                        .into(),
+                        Field::required(
+                            2,
+                            "v2",
+                            icelake::types::Any::Primitive(icelake::types::Primitive::Long),
+                        )
+                        .into(),
+                        Field::required(
+                            3,
+                            "v3",
+                            icelake::types::Any::Primitive(icelake::types::Primitive::String),
+                        )
+                        .into(),
+                        Field::required(
+                            4,
+                            "v4",
+                            icelake::types::Any::Primitive(icelake::types::Primitive::Time),
+                        )
+                        .into(),
+                    ]),
+                )],
+                current_schema_id: 1,
+                partition_specs: vec![icelake::types::PartitionSpec {
+                    spec_id: 1,
+                    fields: vec![
+                        PartitionField {
+                            source_column_id: 1,
+                            partition_field_id: 5,
+                            transform: icelake::types::Transform::Identity,
+                            name: "f1".to_string(),
+                        },
+                        PartitionField {
+                            source_column_id: 2,
+                            partition_field_id: 6,
+                            transform: icelake::types::Transform::Bucket(1),
+                            name: "f2".to_string(),
+                        },
+                        PartitionField {
+                            source_column_id: 3,
+                            partition_field_id: 7,
+                            transform: icelake::types::Transform::Truncate(1),
+                            name: "f3".to_string(),
+                        },
+                        PartitionField {
+                            source_column_id: 4,
+                            partition_field_id: 8,
+                            transform: icelake::types::Transform::Void,
+                            name: "f4".to_string(),
+                        },
+                    ],
+                }],
+                default_spec_id: 1,
+                last_partition_id: 1,
+                properties: None,
+                current_snapshot_id: None,
+                snapshots: None,
+                snapshot_log: None,
+                metadata_log: None,
+                sort_orders: vec![],
+                default_sort_order_id: 0,
+                refs: HashMap::new(),
+            },
+            TableIdentifier::new(vec![Self::SPARSE_TABLE]).unwrap(),
+        )
+        .build()
+        .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn range_table(self: &Arc<Self>) -> Table {
+        Table::builder_from_catalog(
+            {
+                let mut builder = Memory::default();
+                builder.root("/tmp");
+                Operator::new(builder).unwrap().finish()
+            },
+            self.clone(),
+            TableMetadata {
+                format_version: icelake::types::TableFormatVersion::V2,
+                table_uuid: "1".to_string(),
+                location: "1".to_string(),
+                last_sequence_number: 1,
+                last_updated_ms: 1,
+                last_column_id: 1,
+                schemas: vec![Schema::new(
+                    1,
+                    None,
+                    Struct::new(vec![
+                        Field::required(
+                            1,
+                            "v1",
+                            icelake::types::Any::Primitive(icelake::types::Primitive::Date),
+                        )
+                        .into(),
+                        Field::required(
+                            2,
+                            "v2",
+                            icelake::types::Any::Primitive(icelake::types::Primitive::Timestamp),
+                        )
+                        .into(),
+                        Field::required(
+                            3,
+                            "v3",
+                            icelake::types::Any::Primitive(icelake::types::Primitive::Timestampz),
+                        )
+                        .into(),
+                        Field::required(
+                            4,
+                            "v4",
+                            icelake::types::Any::Primitive(icelake::types::Primitive::Timestampz),
+                        )
+                        .into(),
+                    ]),
+                )],
+                current_schema_id: 1,
+                partition_specs: vec![icelake::types::PartitionSpec {
+                    spec_id: 1,
+                    fields: vec![
+                        PartitionField {
+                            source_column_id: 1,
+                            partition_field_id: 7,
+                            transform: icelake::types::Transform::Year,
+                            name: "f4".to_string(),
+                        },
+                        PartitionField {
+                            source_column_id: 2,
+                            partition_field_id: 8,
+                            transform: icelake::types::Transform::Month,
+                            name: "f5".to_string(),
+                        },
+                        PartitionField {
+                            source_column_id: 3,
+                            partition_field_id: 9,
+                            transform: icelake::types::Transform::Day,
+                            name: "f6".to_string(),
+                        },
+                        PartitionField {
+                            source_column_id: 4,
+                            partition_field_id: 10,
+                            transform: icelake::types::Transform::Hour,
+                            name: "f7".to_string(),
+                        },
+                    ],
+                }],
+                default_spec_id: 1,
+                last_partition_id: 1,
+                properties: None,
+                current_snapshot_id: None,
+                snapshots: None,
+                snapshot_log: None,
+                metadata_log: None,
+                sort_orders: vec![],
+                default_sort_order_id: 0,
+                refs: HashMap::new(),
+            },
+            TableIdentifier::new(vec![Self::RANGE_TABLE]).unwrap(),
+        )
+        .build()
+        .unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl Catalog for MockCatalog {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        "mock"
+    }
+
+    // Mock catalog load mock table according to table_name, there is 2 kinds of table for test:
+    // 1. sparse partition table
+    // 2. range partition table
+    async fn load_table(self: Arc<Self>, table_name: &TableIdentifier) -> icelake::Result<Table> {
+        match table_name.name.as_ref() {
+            Self::SPARSE_TABLE => Ok(self.sparse_table()),
+            Self::RANGE_TABLE => Ok(self.range_table()),
+            _ => unimplemented!("table {} not found", table_name),
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn update_table(self: Arc<Self>, _update_table: &UpdateTable) -> icelake::Result<Table> {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/connector/src/sink/iceberg/mod.rs b/src/connector/src/sink/iceberg/mod.rs
index 856c8deea0f4..0e4f28f64639 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/sink/iceberg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/sink/iceberg/mod.rs
@@ -13,14 +13,18 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 
 mod jni_catalog;
+mod mock_catalog;
 mod prometheus;
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::fmt::Debug;
 use std::ops::Deref;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use anyhow::anyhow;
-use arrow_schema::{DataType as ArrowDataType, Schema as ArrowSchema, SchemaRef};
+use arrow_schema::{
+    DataType as ArrowDataType, Field as ArrowField, Fields, Schema as ArrowSchema, SchemaRef,
+};
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use icelake::catalog::{
     load_catalog, load_iceberg_base_catalog_config, BaseCatalogConfig, CatalogRef, CATALOG_NAME,
@@ -35,7 +39,7 @@ use icelake::transaction::Transaction;
 use icelake::types::{data_file_from_json, data_file_to_json, Any, DataFile};
 use icelake::{Table, TableIdentifier};
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use risingwave_common::array::{to_record_batch_with_schema, Op, StreamChunk};
+use risingwave_common::array::{to_iceberg_record_batch_with_schema, Op, StreamChunk};
 use risingwave_common::buffer::Bitmap;
 use risingwave_common::catalog::Schema;
 use risingwave_common::error::anyhow_error;
@@ -47,8 +51,8 @@ use serde_derive::Deserialize;
 use url::Url;
 use with_options::WithOptions;
 
+use self::mock_catalog::MockCatalog;
 use self::prometheus::monitored_base_file_writer::MonitoredBaseFileWriterBuilder;
-use self::prometheus::monitored_partition_writer::MonitoredFanoutPartitionedWriterBuilder;
 use self::prometheus::monitored_position_delete_writer::MonitoredPositionDeleteWriterBuilder;
 use super::{
     Sink, SinkError, SinkWriterParam, SINK_TYPE_APPEND_ONLY, SINK_TYPE_OPTION, SINK_TYPE_UPSERT,
@@ -63,7 +67,7 @@ pub const ICEBERG_SINK: &str = "iceberg";
 
 static RW_CATALOG_NAME: &str = "risingwave";
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, WithOptions)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, WithOptions, Default)]
 #[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
 pub struct IcebergConfig {
     pub connector: String, // Avoid deny unknown field. Must be "iceberg"
@@ -344,45 +348,19 @@ impl IcebergConfig {
 
         Ok((base_catalog_config, java_catalog_configs))
     }
-}
-
-pub struct IcebergSink {
-    config: IcebergConfig,
-    param: SinkParam,
-    // In upsert mode, it never be None and empty.
-    unique_column_ids: Option<Vec<usize>>,
-}
-
-impl TryFrom<SinkParam> for IcebergSink {
-    type Error = SinkError;
-
-    fn try_from(param: SinkParam) -> std::result::Result<Self, Self::Error> {
-        let config = IcebergConfig::from_hashmap(param.properties.clone())?;
-        IcebergSink::new(config, param)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Debug for IcebergSink {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_struct("IcebergSink")
-            .field("config", &self.config)
-            .finish()
-    }
-}
 
-impl IcebergSink {
-    async fn create_catalog(&self) -> Result<CatalogRef> {
-        match self.config.catalog_type() {
+    async fn create_catalog(&self) -> anyhow::Result<CatalogRef> {
+        match self.catalog_type() {
             "storage" | "rest" => {
-                let iceberg_configs = self.config.build_iceberg_configs()?;
+                let iceberg_configs = self.build_iceberg_configs()?;
                 let catalog = load_catalog(&iceberg_configs)
                     .await
-                    .map_err(|e| SinkError::Iceberg(anyhow!(e)))?;
+                    .map_err(|e| anyhow!(e))?;
                 Ok(catalog)
             }
             catalog_type if catalog_type == "hive" || catalog_type == "sql" || catalog_type == "glue" || catalog_type == "dynamodb" => {
                 // Create java catalog
-                let (base_catalog_config, java_catalog_props) = self.config.build_jni_catalog_configs()?;
+                let (base_catalog_config, java_catalog_props) = self.build_jni_catalog_configs()?;
                 let catalog_impl = match catalog_type {
                     "hive" => "org.apache.iceberg.hive.HiveCatalog",
                     "sql" => "org.apache.iceberg.jdbc.JdbcCatalog",
@@ -393,32 +371,63 @@ impl IcebergSink {
 
                 jni_catalog::JniCatalog::build(base_catalog_config, "risingwave", catalog_impl, java_catalog_props)
             }
+            "mock" => Ok(Arc::new(MockCatalog{})),
             _ => {
-                Err(SinkError::Iceberg(anyhow!(
-                    "Unsupported catalog type: {}, only support `storage`, `rest`, `hive`, `sql`, `glue`, `dynamodb`",
-                    self.config.catalog_type()
-                )))
+                Err(anyhow!(
+                "Unsupported catalog type: {}, only support `storage`, `rest`, `hive`, `sql`, `glue`, `dynamodb`",
+                self.catalog_type()
+            ))
             }
         }
     }
 
-    async fn create_table(&self) -> Result<Table> {
+    pub async fn load_table(&self) -> anyhow::Result<Table> {
         let catalog = self
             .create_catalog()
             .await
-            .map_err(|e| SinkError::Iceberg(anyhow!("Unable to load iceberg catalog: {e}")))?;
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow!("Unable to load iceberg catalog: {e}"))?;
 
         let table_id = TableIdentifier::new(
-            vec![self.config.database_name.as_str()]
+            vec![self.database_name.as_str()]
                 .into_iter()
-                .chain(self.config.table_name.split('.')),
+                .chain(self.table_name.split('.')),
         )
-        .map_err(|e| SinkError::Iceberg(anyhow!("Unable to parse table name: {e}")))?;
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow!("Unable to parse table name: {e}"))?;
 
-        let table = catalog
+        catalog
             .load_table(&table_id)
             .await
-            .map_err(|err| SinkError::Iceberg(anyhow!(err)))?;
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow!(err))
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct IcebergSink {
+    config: IcebergConfig,
+    param: SinkParam,
+    // In upsert mode, it never be None and empty.
+    unique_column_ids: Option<Vec<usize>>,
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<SinkParam> for IcebergSink {
+    type Error = SinkError;
+
+    fn try_from(param: SinkParam) -> std::result::Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        let config = IcebergConfig::from_hashmap(param.properties.clone())?;
+        IcebergSink::new(config, param)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Debug for IcebergSink {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("IcebergSink")
+            .field("config", &self.config)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl IcebergSink {
+    async fn create_and_validate_table(&self) -> Result<Table> {
+        let table = self.config.load_table().await.map_err(SinkError::Iceberg)?;
 
         let sink_schema = self.param.schema();
         let iceberg_schema = table
@@ -475,12 +484,12 @@ impl Sink for IcebergSink {
     const SINK_NAME: &'static str = ICEBERG_SINK;
 
     async fn validate(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        let _ = self.create_table().await?;
+        let _ = self.create_and_validate_table().await?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
     async fn new_log_sinker(&self, writer_param: SinkWriterParam) -> Result<Self::LogSinker> {
-        let table = self.create_table().await?;
+        let table = self.create_and_validate_table().await?;
         let inner = if let Some(unique_column_ids) = &self.unique_column_ids {
             IcebergWriter::new_upsert(table, unique_column_ids.clone(), &writer_param).await?
         } else {
@@ -505,7 +514,7 @@ impl Sink for IcebergSink {
     }
 
     async fn new_coordinator(&self) -> Result<Self::Coordinator> {
-        let table = self.create_table().await?;
+        let table = self.create_and_validate_table().await?;
         let partition_type = table.current_partition_type()?;
 
         Ok(IcebergSinkCommitter {
@@ -526,6 +535,31 @@ enum IcebergWriterEnum {
 }
 
 impl IcebergWriter {
+    fn schema_with_extra_partition_col(table: &Table, idx: usize) -> Result<SchemaRef> {
+        let schema = table.current_arrow_schema()?;
+
+        let mut fields = schema.fields().to_vec();
+        let partition_type =
+            if let ArrowDataType::Struct(s) = table.current_partition_type()?.try_into()? {
+                let fields = Fields::from(
+                    s.into_iter()
+                        .enumerate()
+                        .map(|(id, field)| {
+                            ArrowField::new(format!("f{id}"), field.data_type().clone(), true)
+                        })
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                );
+                ArrowDataType::Struct(fields)
+            } else {
+                unimplemented!()
+            };
+        fields.insert(
+            idx,
+            ArrowField::new("_rw_partition", partition_type, false).into(),
+        );
+        Ok(ArrowSchema::new(fields).into())
+    }
+
     pub async fn new_append_only(table: Table, writer_param: &SinkWriterParam) -> Result<Self> {
         let builder_helper = table.builder_helper()?;
 
@@ -537,30 +571,54 @@ impl IcebergWriter {
                 .iceberg_rolling_unflushed_data_file
                 .clone(),
         ));
-        let partition_data_file_builder = MonitoredFanoutPartitionedWriterBuilder::new(
-            builder_helper.fanout_partition_writer_builder(data_file_builder.clone())?,
-            writer_param.sink_metrics.iceberg_partition_num.clone(),
-        );
-        let dispatch_builder = builder_helper
-            .dispatcher_writer_builder(partition_data_file_builder, data_file_builder)?;
-        // wrap a layer with collect write metrics
-        let prometheus_builder = PrometheusWriterBuilder::new(
-            dispatch_builder,
-            WriterMetrics::new(
-                writer_param.sink_metrics.iceberg_write_qps.deref().clone(),
-                writer_param
-                    .sink_metrics
-                    .iceberg_write_latency
-                    .deref()
-                    .clone(),
-            ),
-        );
-        let schema = table.current_arrow_schema()?;
-        let inner_writer = RecordBatchWriter::new(prometheus_builder.build(&schema).await?);
-        Ok(Self {
-            inner_writer: IcebergWriterEnum::AppendOnly(inner_writer),
-            schema,
-        })
+        if let Some(extra_partition_col_idx) = writer_param.extra_partition_col_idx {
+            let partition_data_file_builder = builder_helper.precompute_partition_writer_builder(
+                data_file_builder.clone(),
+                extra_partition_col_idx,
+            )?;
+            let dispatch_builder = builder_helper
+                .dispatcher_writer_builder(partition_data_file_builder, data_file_builder)?;
+            let prometheus_builder = PrometheusWriterBuilder::new(
+                dispatch_builder,
+                WriterMetrics::new(
+                    writer_param.sink_metrics.iceberg_write_qps.deref().clone(),
+                    writer_param
+                        .sink_metrics
+                        .iceberg_write_latency
+                        .deref()
+                        .clone(),
+                ),
+            );
+            let schema = Self::schema_with_extra_partition_col(&table, extra_partition_col_idx)?;
+            let inner_writer = RecordBatchWriter::new(prometheus_builder.build(&schema).await?);
+            Ok(Self {
+                inner_writer: IcebergWriterEnum::AppendOnly(inner_writer),
+                schema,
+            })
+        } else {
+            let partition_data_file_builder =
+                builder_helper.fanout_partition_writer_builder(data_file_builder.clone())?;
+            let dispatch_builder = builder_helper
+                .dispatcher_writer_builder(partition_data_file_builder, data_file_builder)?;
+            // wrap a layer with collect write metrics
+            let prometheus_builder = PrometheusWriterBuilder::new(
+                dispatch_builder,
+                WriterMetrics::new(
+                    writer_param.sink_metrics.iceberg_write_qps.deref().clone(),
+                    writer_param
+                        .sink_metrics
+                        .iceberg_write_latency
+                        .deref()
+                        .clone(),
+                ),
+            );
+            let schema = table.current_arrow_schema()?;
+            let inner_writer = RecordBatchWriter::new(prometheus_builder.build(&schema).await?);
+            Ok(Self {
+                inner_writer: IcebergWriterEnum::AppendOnly(inner_writer),
+                schema,
+            })
+        }
     }
 
     pub async fn new_upsert(
@@ -592,30 +650,55 @@ impl IcebergWriter {
             equality_delete_builder,
             unique_column_ids,
         );
-        let partition_delta_builder = MonitoredFanoutPartitionedWriterBuilder::new(
-            builder_helper.fanout_partition_writer_builder(delta_builder.clone())?,
-            writer_param.sink_metrics.iceberg_partition_num.clone(),
-        );
-        let dispatch_builder =
-            builder_helper.dispatcher_writer_builder(partition_delta_builder, delta_builder)?;
-        // wrap a layer with collect write metrics
-        let prometheus_builder = PrometheusWriterBuilder::new(
-            dispatch_builder,
-            WriterMetrics::new(
-                writer_param.sink_metrics.iceberg_write_qps.deref().clone(),
-                writer_param
-                    .sink_metrics
-                    .iceberg_write_latency
-                    .deref()
-                    .clone(),
-            ),
-        );
-        let schema = table.current_arrow_schema()?;
-        let inner_writer = DeltaWriter::new(prometheus_builder.build(&schema).await?);
-        Ok(Self {
-            inner_writer: IcebergWriterEnum::Upsert(inner_writer),
-            schema,
-        })
+        if let Some(extra_partition_col_idx) = writer_param.extra_partition_col_idx {
+            let partition_delta_builder = builder_helper.precompute_partition_writer_builder(
+                delta_builder.clone(),
+                extra_partition_col_idx,
+            )?;
+            let dispatch_builder =
+                builder_helper.dispatcher_writer_builder(partition_delta_builder, delta_builder)?;
+            // wrap a layer with collect write metrics
+            let prometheus_builder = PrometheusWriterBuilder::new(
+                dispatch_builder,
+                WriterMetrics::new(
+                    writer_param.sink_metrics.iceberg_write_qps.deref().clone(),
+                    writer_param
+                        .sink_metrics
+                        .iceberg_write_latency
+                        .deref()
+                        .clone(),
+                ),
+            );
+            let schema = Self::schema_with_extra_partition_col(&table, extra_partition_col_idx)?;
+            let inner_writer = DeltaWriter::new(prometheus_builder.build(&schema).await?);
+            Ok(Self {
+                inner_writer: IcebergWriterEnum::Upsert(inner_writer),
+                schema,
+            })
+        } else {
+            let partition_delta_builder =
+                builder_helper.fanout_partition_writer_builder(delta_builder.clone())?;
+            let dispatch_builder =
+                builder_helper.dispatcher_writer_builder(partition_delta_builder, delta_builder)?;
+            // wrap a layer with collect write metrics
+            let prometheus_builder = PrometheusWriterBuilder::new(
+                dispatch_builder,
+                WriterMetrics::new(
+                    writer_param.sink_metrics.iceberg_write_qps.deref().clone(),
+                    writer_param
+                        .sink_metrics
+                        .iceberg_write_latency
+                        .deref()
+                        .clone(),
+                ),
+            );
+            let schema = table.current_arrow_schema()?;
+            let inner_writer = DeltaWriter::new(prometheus_builder.build(&schema).await?);
+            Ok(Self {
+                inner_writer: IcebergWriterEnum::Upsert(inner_writer),
+                schema,
+            })
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -642,13 +725,14 @@ impl SinkWriter for IcebergWriter {
                 let filters =
                     chunk.visibility() & ops.iter().map(|op| *op == Op::Insert).collect::<Bitmap>();
                 chunk.set_visibility(filters);
-                let chunk = to_record_batch_with_schema(self.schema.clone(), &chunk.compact())
-                    .map_err(|err| SinkError::Iceberg(anyhow!(err)))?;
+                let chunk =
+                    to_iceberg_record_batch_with_schema(self.schema.clone(), &chunk.compact())
+                        .map_err(|err| SinkError::Iceberg(anyhow!(err)))?;
 
                 writer.write(chunk).await?;
             }
             IcebergWriterEnum::Upsert(writer) => {
-                let chunk = to_record_batch_with_schema(self.schema.clone(), &chunk)
+                let chunk = to_iceberg_record_batch_with_schema(self.schema.clone(), &chunk)
                     .map_err(|err| SinkError::Iceberg(anyhow!(err)))?;
 
                 writer
diff --git a/src/connector/src/sink/kafka.rs b/src/connector/src/sink/kafka.rs
index 0c59780916cb..25681125f906 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/sink/kafka.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/sink/kafka.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ use with_options::WithOptions;
 
 use super::catalog::{SinkFormat, SinkFormatDesc};
 use super::{Sink, SinkError, SinkParam};
-use crate::common::{KafkaCommon, RdKafkaPropertiesCommon};
+use crate::common::{KafkaCommon, KafkaPrivateLinkCommon, RdKafkaPropertiesCommon};
 use crate::sink::catalog::desc::SinkDesc;
 use crate::sink::formatter::SinkFormatterImpl;
 use crate::sink::log_store::DeliveryFutureManagerAddFuture;
@@ -232,6 +232,9 @@ pub struct KafkaConfig {
 
     #[serde(flatten)]
     pub rdkafka_properties_producer: RdKafkaPropertiesProducer,
+
+    #[serde(flatten)]
+    pub privatelink_common: KafkaPrivateLinkCommon,
 }
 
 impl KafkaConfig {
@@ -261,6 +264,7 @@ impl From<KafkaConfig> for KafkaProperties {
             common: val.common,
             rdkafka_properties_common: val.rdkafka_properties_common,
             rdkafka_properties_consumer: Default::default(),
+            privatelink_common: val.privatelink_common,
             unknown_fields: Default::default(),
         }
     }
@@ -403,7 +407,7 @@ impl KafkaSinkWriter {
 
             // Create the producer context, will be used to create the producer
             let producer_ctx = PrivateLinkProducerContext::new(
-                config.common.broker_rewrite_map.clone(),
+                config.privatelink_common.broker_rewrite_map.clone(),
                 // fixme: enable kafka native metrics for sink
                 None,
                 None,
@@ -656,6 +660,8 @@ mod test {
             "properties.sasl.password".to_string() => "test".to_string(),
             "properties.retry.max".to_string() => "20".to_string(),
             "properties.retry.interval".to_string() => "500ms".to_string(),
+            // PrivateLink
+            "broker.rewrite.endpoints".to_string() => "{\"broker1\": \"10.0.0.1:8001\"}".to_string(),
         };
         let config = KafkaConfig::from_hashmap(properties).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(config.common.brokers, "localhost:9092");
@@ -663,6 +669,12 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(config.max_retry_num, 20);
         assert_eq!(config.retry_interval, Duration::from_millis(500));
 
+        // PrivateLink fields
+        let hashmap: HashMap<String, String> = hashmap! {
+            "broker1".to_string() => "10.0.0.1:8001".to_string()
+        };
+        assert_eq!(config.privatelink_common.broker_rewrite_map, Some(hashmap));
+
         // Optional fields eliminated.
         let properties: HashMap<String, String> = hashmap! {
             // "connector".to_string() => "kafka".to_string(),
diff --git a/src/connector/src/sink/mod.rs b/src/connector/src/sink/mod.rs
index be8d252ded5e..45f185196040 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/sink/mod.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/sink/mod.rs
@@ -270,6 +270,11 @@ pub struct SinkWriterParam {
     pub vnode_bitmap: Option<Bitmap>,
     pub meta_client: Option<SinkMetaClient>,
     pub sink_metrics: SinkMetrics,
+    // The val has two effect:
+    // 1. Indicates that the sink will accpect the data chunk with extra partition value column.
+    // 2. The index of the extra partition value column.
+    // More detail of partition value column, see `PartitionComputeInfo`
+    pub extra_partition_col_idx: Option<usize>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -303,6 +308,7 @@ impl SinkWriterParam {
             vnode_bitmap: Default::default(),
             meta_client: Default::default(),
             sink_metrics: SinkMetrics::for_test(),
+            extra_partition_col_idx: Default::default(),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/connector/src/source/base.rs b/src/connector/src/source/base.rs
index 3f027b2dddfe..941723bea284 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/source/base.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/source/base.rs
@@ -172,6 +172,7 @@ impl SourceContext {
         source_ctrl_opts: SourceCtrlOpts,
         connector_client: Option<ConnectorClient>,
         connector_props: ConnectorProperties,
+        source_name: String,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             connector_client,
@@ -179,6 +180,7 @@ impl SourceContext {
                 actor_id,
                 source_id: table_id,
                 fragment_id,
+                source_name,
             },
             metrics,
             source_ctrl_opts,
@@ -196,6 +198,7 @@ impl SourceContext {
         connector_client: Option<ConnectorClient>,
         error_suppressor: Arc<Mutex<ErrorSuppressor>>,
         connector_props: ConnectorProperties,
+        source_name: String,
     ) -> Self {
         let mut ctx = Self::new(
             actor_id,
@@ -205,6 +208,7 @@ impl SourceContext {
             source_ctrl_opts,
             connector_client,
             connector_props,
+            source_name,
         );
         ctx.error_suppressor = Some(error_suppressor);
         ctx
@@ -235,12 +239,13 @@ impl SourceContext {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
 pub struct SourceInfo {
     pub actor_id: u32,
     pub source_id: TableId,
     // There should be a 1-1 mapping between `source_id` & `fragment_id`
     pub fragment_id: u32,
+    pub source_name: String,
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
@@ -713,8 +718,11 @@ mod tests {
 
         let props = ConnectorProperties::extract(props, true).unwrap();
         if let ConnectorProperties::Kafka(k) = props {
-            assert!(k.common.broker_rewrite_map.is_some());
-            println!("{:?}", k.common.broker_rewrite_map);
+            let hashmap: HashMap<String, String> = hashmap! {
+                "b-1:9092".to_string() => "dns-1".to_string(),
+                "b-2:9092".to_string() => "dns-2".to_string(),
+            };
+            assert_eq!(k.privatelink_common.broker_rewrite_map, Some(hashmap));
         } else {
             panic!("extract kafka config failed");
         }
diff --git a/src/connector/src/source/cdc/external/mock_external_table.rs b/src/connector/src/source/cdc/external/mock_external_table.rs
index ef482a09cedb..2c8ee00f67af 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/source/cdc/external/mock_external_table.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/source/cdc/external/mock_external_table.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ use risingwave_common::types::ScalarImpl;
 
 use crate::error::ConnectorError;
 use crate::source::cdc::external::{
-    CdcOffset, ConnectorResult, ExternalTableReader, MySqlOffset, SchemaTableName,
+    CdcOffset, CdcOffsetParseFunc, ConnectorResult, ExternalTableReader, MySqlOffset,
+    SchemaTableName,
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -38,6 +39,10 @@ impl MockExternalTableReader {
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn get_cdc_offset_parser() -> CdcOffsetParseFunc {
+        Box::new(move |_| Ok(CdcOffset::MySql(MySqlOffset::default())))
+    }
+
     #[try_stream(boxed, ok = OwnedRow, error = ConnectorError)]
     async fn snapshot_read_inner(&self) {
         let snap_idx = self
@@ -102,13 +107,6 @@ impl ExternalTableReader for MockExternalTableReader {
         }
     }
 
-    fn parse_cdc_offset(&self, offset: &str) -> ConnectorResult<CdcOffset> {
-        // same as mysql offset
-        Ok(CdcOffset::MySql(MySqlOffset::parse_debezium_offset(
-            offset,
-        )?))
-    }
-
     fn snapshot_read(
         &self,
         _table_name: SchemaTableName,
diff --git a/src/connector/src/source/cdc/external/mod.rs b/src/connector/src/source/cdc/external/mod.rs
index d52052244084..1d0c0e397440 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/source/cdc/external/mod.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/source/cdc/external/mod.rs
@@ -208,13 +208,13 @@ impl MySqlOffset {
     }
 }
 
+pub type CdcOffsetParseFunc = Box<dyn Fn(&str) -> ConnectorResult<CdcOffset> + Send>;
+
 pub trait ExternalTableReader {
     fn get_normalized_table_name(&self, table_name: &SchemaTableName) -> String;
 
     async fn current_cdc_offset(&self) -> ConnectorResult<CdcOffset>;
 
-    fn parse_cdc_offset(&self, dbz_offset: &str) -> ConnectorResult<CdcOffset>;
-
     fn snapshot_read(
         &self,
         table_name: SchemaTableName,
@@ -276,12 +276,6 @@ impl ExternalTableReader for MySqlExternalTableReader {
         }))
     }
 
-    fn parse_cdc_offset(&self, offset: &str) -> ConnectorResult<CdcOffset> {
-        Ok(CdcOffset::MySql(MySqlOffset::parse_debezium_offset(
-            offset,
-        )?))
-    }
-
     fn snapshot_read(
         &self,
         table_name: SchemaTableName,
@@ -328,6 +322,14 @@ impl MySqlExternalTableReader {
         })
     }
 
+    pub fn get_cdc_offset_parser() -> CdcOffsetParseFunc {
+        Box::new(move |offset| {
+            Ok(CdcOffset::MySql(MySqlOffset::parse_debezium_offset(
+                offset,
+            )?))
+        })
+    }
+
     #[try_stream(boxed, ok = OwnedRow, error = ConnectorError)]
     async fn snapshot_read_inner(
         &self,
@@ -502,14 +504,6 @@ impl ExternalTableReader for ExternalTableReaderImpl {
         }
     }
 
-    fn parse_cdc_offset(&self, offset: &str) -> ConnectorResult<CdcOffset> {
-        match self {
-            ExternalTableReaderImpl::MySql(mysql) => mysql.parse_cdc_offset(offset),
-            ExternalTableReaderImpl::Postgres(postgres) => postgres.parse_cdc_offset(offset),
-            ExternalTableReaderImpl::Mock(mock) => mock.parse_cdc_offset(offset),
-        }
-    }
-
     fn snapshot_read(
         &self,
         table_name: SchemaTableName,
@@ -521,6 +515,16 @@ impl ExternalTableReader for ExternalTableReaderImpl {
 }
 
 impl ExternalTableReaderImpl {
+    pub fn get_cdc_offset_parser(&self) -> CdcOffsetParseFunc {
+        match self {
+            ExternalTableReaderImpl::MySql(_) => MySqlExternalTableReader::get_cdc_offset_parser(),
+            ExternalTableReaderImpl::Postgres(_) => {
+                PostgresExternalTableReader::get_cdc_offset_parser()
+            }
+            ExternalTableReaderImpl::Mock(_) => MockExternalTableReader::get_cdc_offset_parser(),
+        }
+    }
+
     #[try_stream(boxed, ok = OwnedRow, error = ConnectorError)]
     async fn snapshot_read_inner(
         &self,
@@ -623,6 +627,10 @@ mod tests {
         let offset = reader.current_cdc_offset().await.unwrap();
         println!("BinlogOffset: {:?}", offset);
 
+        let off0_str = r#"{ "sourcePartition": { "server": "test" }, "sourceOffset": { "ts_sec": 1670876905, "file": "binlog.000001", "pos": 105622, "snapshot": true }, "isHeartbeat": false }"#;
+        let parser = MySqlExternalTableReader::get_cdc_offset_parser();
+        println!("parsed offset: {:?}", parser(off0_str).unwrap());
+
         let table_name = SchemaTableName {
             schema_name: "mytest".to_string(),
             table_name: "t1".to_string(),
diff --git a/src/connector/src/source/cdc/external/postgres.rs b/src/connector/src/source/cdc/external/postgres.rs
index f940e3415753..036e62abfe12 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/source/cdc/external/postgres.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/source/cdc/external/postgres.rs
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ use tokio_postgres::NoTls;
 use crate::error::ConnectorError;
 use crate::parser::postgres_row_to_owned_row;
 use crate::source::cdc::external::{
-    CdcOffset, ConnectorResult, DebeziumOffset, ExternalTableConfig, ExternalTableReader,
-    SchemaTableName,
+    CdcOffset, CdcOffsetParseFunc, ConnectorResult, DebeziumOffset, ExternalTableConfig,
+    ExternalTableReader, SchemaTableName,
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
@@ -105,12 +105,6 @@ impl ExternalTableReader for PostgresExternalTableReader {
         Ok(CdcOffset::Postgres(pg_offset))
     }
 
-    fn parse_cdc_offset(&self, offset: &str) -> ConnectorResult<CdcOffset> {
-        Ok(CdcOffset::Postgres(PostgresOffset::parse_debezium_offset(
-            offset,
-        )?))
-    }
-
     fn snapshot_read(
         &self,
         table_name: SchemaTableName,
@@ -165,6 +159,14 @@ impl PostgresExternalTableReader {
         })
     }
 
+    pub fn get_cdc_offset_parser() -> CdcOffsetParseFunc {
+        Box::new(move |offset| {
+            Ok(CdcOffset::Postgres(PostgresOffset::parse_debezium_offset(
+                offset,
+            )?))
+        })
+    }
+
     #[try_stream(boxed, ok = OwnedRow, error = ConnectorError)]
     async fn snapshot_read_inner(
         &self,
diff --git a/src/connector/src/source/cdc/mod.rs b/src/connector/src/source/cdc/mod.rs
index b3a2bc6554c6..ae9490bca3c5 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/source/cdc/mod.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/source/cdc/mod.rs
@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ pub const CDC_CONNECTOR_NAME_SUFFIX: &str = "-cdc";
 pub const CDC_SNAPSHOT_MODE_KEY: &str = "debezium.snapshot.mode";
 pub const CDC_SNAPSHOT_BACKFILL: &str = "rw_cdc_backfill";
 pub const CDC_SHARING_MODE_KEY: &str = "rw.sharing.mode.enable";
+// User can set snapshot='false' to disable cdc backfill
+pub const CDC_BACKFILL_ENABLE_KEY: &str = "snapshot";
 
 pub const MYSQL_CDC_CONNECTOR: &str = Mysql::CDC_CONNECTOR_NAME;
 pub const POSTGRES_CDC_CONNECTOR: &str = Postgres::CDC_CONNECTOR_NAME;
diff --git a/src/connector/src/source/common.rs b/src/connector/src/source/common.rs
index e5c6f98aff44..6693bce67194 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/source/common.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/source/common.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn into_chunk_stream(
     source_ctx: SourceContextRef,
 ) {
     let actor_id = source_ctx.source_info.actor_id.to_string();
+    let fragment_id = source_ctx.source_info.fragment_id.to_string();
     let source_id = source_ctx.source_info.source_id.to_string();
+    let source_name = source_ctx.source_info.source_name.to_string();
     let metrics = source_ctx.metrics.clone();
 
     let data_stream = reader.into_data_stream();
@@ -52,7 +54,13 @@ pub(crate) async fn into_chunk_stream(
             for (split_id, msgs) in by_split_id {
                 metrics
                     .partition_input_count
-                    .with_label_values(&[&actor_id, &source_id, split_id])
+                    .with_label_values(&[
+                        &actor_id,
+                        &source_id,
+                        split_id,
+                        &source_name,
+                        &fragment_id,
+                    ])
                     .inc_by(msgs.len() as u64);
 
                 let sum_bytes = msgs
@@ -62,7 +70,13 @@ pub(crate) async fn into_chunk_stream(
 
                 metrics
                     .partition_input_bytes
-                    .with_label_values(&[&actor_id, &source_id, split_id])
+                    .with_label_values(&[
+                        &actor_id,
+                        &source_id,
+                        split_id,
+                        &source_name,
+                        &fragment_id,
+                    ])
                     .inc_by(sum_bytes);
             }
         })
diff --git a/src/connector/src/source/datagen/source/reader.rs b/src/connector/src/source/datagen/source/reader.rs
index 46112395b298..2bef27ef95fb 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/source/datagen/source/reader.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/source/datagen/source/reader.rs
@@ -148,7 +148,9 @@ impl SplitReader for DatagenSplitReader {
         ) {
             (ProtocolProperties::Native, EncodingProperties::Native) => {
                 let actor_id = self.source_ctx.source_info.actor_id.to_string();
+                let fragment_id = self.source_ctx.source_info.fragment_id.to_string();
                 let source_id = self.source_ctx.source_info.source_id.to_string();
+                let source_name = self.source_ctx.source_info.source_name.to_string();
                 let split_id = self.split_id.to_string();
                 let metrics = self.source_ctx.metrics.clone();
                 spawn_data_generation_stream(
@@ -157,7 +159,13 @@ impl SplitReader for DatagenSplitReader {
                         .inspect_ok(move |stream_chunk| {
                             metrics
                                 .partition_input_count
-                                .with_label_values(&[&actor_id, &source_id, &split_id])
+                                .with_label_values(&[
+                                    &actor_id,
+                                    &source_id,
+                                    &split_id,
+                                    &source_name,
+                                    &fragment_id,
+                                ])
                                 .inc_by(stream_chunk.cardinality() as u64);
                         }),
                     BUFFER_SIZE,
diff --git a/src/connector/src/source/filesystem/opendal_source/opendal_reader.rs b/src/connector/src/source/filesystem/opendal_source/opendal_reader.rs
index 7096df9d684c..49c6be470d57 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/source/filesystem/opendal_source/opendal_reader.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/source/filesystem/opendal_source/opendal_reader.rs
@@ -73,7 +73,9 @@ impl<Src: OpendalSource> OpendalReader<Src> {
     async fn into_chunk_stream(self) {
         for split in self.splits {
             let actor_id = self.source_ctx.source_info.actor_id.to_string();
+            let fragment_id = self.source_ctx.source_info.fragment_id.to_string();
             let source_id = self.source_ctx.source_info.source_id.to_string();
+            let source_name = self.source_ctx.source_info.source_name.to_string();
             let source_ctx = self.source_ctx.clone();
 
             let split_id = split.id();
@@ -94,7 +96,13 @@ impl<Src: OpendalSource> OpendalReader<Src> {
                 self.source_ctx
                     .metrics
                     .partition_input_count
-                    .with_label_values(&[&actor_id, &source_id, &split_id])
+                    .with_label_values(&[
+                        &actor_id,
+                        &source_id,
+                        &split_id,
+                        &source_name,
+                        &fragment_id,
+                    ])
                     .inc_by(msg.cardinality() as u64);
                 yield msg;
             }
@@ -108,7 +116,9 @@ impl<Src: OpendalSource> OpendalReader<Src> {
         source_ctx: SourceContextRef,
     ) {
         let actor_id = source_ctx.source_info.actor_id.to_string();
+        let fragment_id = source_ctx.source_info.fragment_id.to_string();
         let source_id = source_ctx.source_info.source_id.to_string();
+        let source_name = source_ctx.source_info.source_name.to_string();
         let max_chunk_size = source_ctx.source_ctrl_opts.chunk_size;
         let split_id = split.id();
 
@@ -146,7 +156,13 @@ impl<Src: OpendalSource> OpendalReader<Src> {
                 source_ctx
                     .metrics
                     .partition_input_bytes
-                    .with_label_values(&[&actor_id, &source_id, &split_id])
+                    .with_label_values(&[
+                        &actor_id,
+                        &source_id,
+                        &split_id,
+                        &source_name,
+                        &fragment_id,
+                    ])
                     .inc_by(batch_size as u64);
                 let yield_batch = std::mem::take(&mut batch);
                 batch_size = 0;
@@ -157,7 +173,7 @@ impl<Src: OpendalSource> OpendalReader<Src> {
             source_ctx
                 .metrics
                 .partition_input_bytes
-                .with_label_values(&[&actor_id, &source_id, &split_id])
+                .with_label_values(&[&actor_id, &source_id, &split_id, &source_name, &fragment_id])
                 .inc_by(batch_size as u64);
             yield batch;
         }
diff --git a/src/connector/src/source/filesystem/s3/source/reader.rs b/src/connector/src/source/filesystem/s3/source/reader.rs
index c223febd1cf5..d1e03b91fc6b 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/source/filesystem/s3/source/reader.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/source/filesystem/s3/source/reader.rs
@@ -63,7 +63,9 @@ impl S3FileReader {
         source_ctx: SourceContextRef,
     ) {
         let actor_id = source_ctx.source_info.actor_id.to_string();
+        let fragment_id = source_ctx.source_info.fragment_id.to_string();
         let source_id = source_ctx.source_info.source_id.to_string();
+        let source_name = source_ctx.source_info.source_name.to_string();
         let max_chunk_size = source_ctx.source_ctrl_opts.chunk_size;
         let split_id = split.id();
 
@@ -122,7 +124,13 @@ impl S3FileReader {
                 source_ctx
                     .metrics
                     .partition_input_bytes
-                    .with_label_values(&[&actor_id, &source_id, &split_id])
+                    .with_label_values(&[
+                        &actor_id,
+                        &source_id,
+                        &split_id,
+                        &source_name,
+                        &fragment_id,
+                    ])
                     .inc_by(batch_size as u64);
                 let yield_batch = std::mem::take(&mut batch);
                 batch_size = 0;
@@ -133,7 +141,7 @@ impl S3FileReader {
             source_ctx
                 .metrics
                 .partition_input_bytes
-                .with_label_values(&[&actor_id, &source_id, &split_id])
+                .with_label_values(&[&actor_id, &source_id, &split_id, &source_name, &fragment_id])
                 .inc_by(batch_size as u64);
             yield batch;
         }
@@ -207,7 +215,9 @@ impl S3FileReader {
     async fn into_chunk_stream(self) {
         for split in self.splits {
             let actor_id = self.source_ctx.source_info.actor_id.to_string();
+            let fragment_id = self.source_ctx.source_info.fragment_id.to_string();
             let source_id = self.source_ctx.source_info.source_id.to_string();
+            let source_name = self.source_ctx.source_info.source_name.to_string();
             let source_ctx = self.source_ctx.clone();
 
             let split_id = split.id();
@@ -232,7 +242,13 @@ impl S3FileReader {
                 self.source_ctx
                     .metrics
                     .partition_input_count
-                    .with_label_values(&[&actor_id, &source_id, &split_id])
+                    .with_label_values(&[
+                        &actor_id,
+                        &source_id,
+                        &split_id,
+                        &source_name,
+                        &fragment_id,
+                    ])
                     .inc_by(msg.cardinality() as u64);
                 yield msg;
             }
diff --git a/src/connector/src/source/kafka/enumerator/client.rs b/src/connector/src/source/kafka/enumerator/client.rs
index b0ae57f61049..9850a4c24492 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/source/kafka/enumerator/client.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/source/kafka/enumerator/client.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ impl SplitEnumerator for KafkaSplitEnumerator {
         let common_props = &properties.common;
 
         let broker_address = common_props.brokers.clone();
-        let broker_rewrite_map = common_props.broker_rewrite_map.clone();
+        let broker_rewrite_map = properties.privatelink_common.broker_rewrite_map.clone();
         let topic = common_props.topic.clone();
         config.set("bootstrap.servers", &broker_address);
         config.set("isolation.level", KAFKA_ISOLATION_LEVEL);
diff --git a/src/connector/src/source/kafka/mod.rs b/src/connector/src/source/kafka/mod.rs
index d2879302f7ec..52d410a8ee71 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/source/kafka/mod.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/source/kafka/mod.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ use std::collections::HashMap;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use serde_with::{serde_as, DisplayFromStr};
 
+use crate::common::KafkaPrivateLinkCommon;
+
 pub mod enumerator;
 pub mod private_link;
 pub mod source;
@@ -130,6 +132,9 @@ pub struct KafkaProperties {
     #[serde(flatten)]
     pub rdkafka_properties_consumer: RdKafkaPropertiesConsumer,
 
+    #[serde(flatten)]
+    pub privatelink_common: KafkaPrivateLinkCommon,
+
     #[serde(flatten)]
     pub unknown_fields: HashMap<String, String>,
 }
@@ -208,6 +213,8 @@ mod test {
             "properties.fetch.max.bytes".to_string() => "114514".to_string(),
             "properties.enable.auto.commit".to_string() => "true".to_string(),
             "properties.fetch.queue.backoff.ms".to_string() => "114514".to_string(),
+            // PrivateLink
+            "broker.rewrite.endpoints".to_string() => "{\"broker1\": \"10.0.0.1:8001\"}".to_string(),
         };
 
         let props: KafkaProperties =
@@ -246,5 +253,9 @@ mod test {
             props.rdkafka_properties_consumer.fetch_queue_backoff_ms,
             Some(114514)
         );
+        let hashmap: HashMap<String, String> = hashmap! {
+            "broker1".to_string() => "10.0.0.1:8001".to_string()
+        };
+        assert_eq!(props.privatelink_common.broker_rewrite_map, Some(hashmap));
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/connector/src/source/kafka/private_link.rs b/src/connector/src/source/kafka/private_link.rs
index 5ba99a87d414..645588f45749 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/source/kafka/private_link.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/source/kafka/private_link.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,9 @@ use risingwave_common::util::addr::HostAddr;
 use risingwave_common::util::iter_util::ZipEqFast;
 use risingwave_pb::catalog::connection::PrivateLinkService;
 
-use crate::common::{AwsPrivateLinkItem, BROKER_REWRITE_MAP_KEY, PRIVATE_LINK_TARGETS_KEY};
+use crate::common::{
+    AwsPrivateLinkItem, PRIVATE_LINK_BROKER_REWRITE_MAP_KEY, PRIVATE_LINK_TARGETS_KEY,
+};
 use crate::source::kafka::stats::RdKafkaStats;
 use crate::source::kafka::{KAFKA_PROPS_BROKER_KEY, KAFKA_PROPS_BROKER_KEY_ALIAS};
 use crate::source::KAFKA_CONNECTOR;
@@ -211,16 +213,18 @@ fn is_kafka_connector(with_properties: &BTreeMap<String, String>) -> bool {
 }
 
 pub fn insert_privatelink_broker_rewrite_map(
-    properties: &mut BTreeMap<String, String>,
+    with_options: &mut BTreeMap<String, String>,
     svc: Option<&PrivateLinkService>,
     privatelink_endpoint: Option<String>,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let mut broker_rewrite_map = HashMap::new();
-    let servers = get_property_required(properties, kafka_props_broker_key(properties))?;
+    let servers = get_property_required(with_options, kafka_props_broker_key(with_options))?;
     let broker_addrs = servers.split(',').collect_vec();
-    let link_target_value = get_property_required(properties, PRIVATE_LINK_TARGETS_KEY)?;
+    let link_target_value = get_property_required(with_options, PRIVATE_LINK_TARGETS_KEY)?;
     let link_targets: Vec<AwsPrivateLinkItem> =
         serde_json::from_str(link_target_value.as_str()).map_err(|e| anyhow!(e))?;
+    // remove the private link targets from WITH options, as they are useless after we constructed the rewrite mapping
+    with_options.remove(PRIVATE_LINK_TARGETS_KEY);
 
     if broker_addrs.len() != link_targets.len() {
         return Err(anyhow!(
@@ -259,6 +263,6 @@ pub fn insert_privatelink_broker_rewrite_map(
     // save private link dns names into source properties, which
     // will be extracted into KafkaProperties
     let json = serde_json::to_string(&broker_rewrite_map).map_err(|e| anyhow!(e))?;
-    properties.insert(BROKER_REWRITE_MAP_KEY.to_string(), json);
+    with_options.insert(PRIVATE_LINK_BROKER_REWRITE_MAP_KEY.to_string(), json);
     Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/src/connector/src/source/kafka/source/reader.rs b/src/connector/src/source/kafka/source/reader.rs
index ed9a7929c323..2a0ef8babe99 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/source/kafka/source/reader.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/source/kafka/source/reader.rs
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ impl SplitReader for KafkaSplitReader {
         let mut config = ClientConfig::new();
 
         let bootstrap_servers = &properties.common.brokers;
-        let broker_rewrite_map = properties.common.broker_rewrite_map.clone();
+        let broker_rewrite_map = properties.privatelink_common.broker_rewrite_map.clone();
 
         // disable partition eof
         config.set("enable.partition.eof", "false");
diff --git a/src/connector/src/source/monitor/metrics.rs b/src/connector/src/source/monitor/metrics.rs
index 5e47826b486d..bf43ca44212a 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/source/monitor/metrics.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/source/monitor/metrics.rs
@@ -79,14 +79,26 @@ impl SourceMetrics {
         let partition_input_count = register_int_counter_vec_with_registry!(
             "source_partition_input_count",
             "Total number of rows that have been input from specific partition",
-            &["actor_id", "source_id", "partition"],
+            &[
+                "actor_id",
+                "source_id",
+                "partition",
+                "source_name",
+                "fragment_id"
+            ],
             registry
         )
         .unwrap();
         let partition_input_bytes = register_int_counter_vec_with_registry!(
             "source_partition_input_bytes",
             "Total bytes that have been input from specific partition",
-            &["actor_id", "source_id", "partition"],
+            &[
+                "actor_id",
+                "source_id",
+                "partition",
+                "source_name",
+                "fragment_id"
+            ],
             registry
         )
         .unwrap();
diff --git a/src/connector/src/source/nexmark/source/reader.rs b/src/connector/src/source/nexmark/source/reader.rs
index e8ff3097d821..5df614f7a454 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/source/nexmark/source/reader.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/source/nexmark/source/reader.rs
@@ -109,7 +109,9 @@ impl SplitReader for NexmarkSplitReader {
 
     fn into_stream(self) -> BoxChunkSourceStream {
         let actor_id = self.source_ctx.source_info.actor_id.to_string();
+        let fragment_id = self.source_ctx.source_info.fragment_id.to_string();
         let source_id = self.source_ctx.source_info.source_id.to_string();
+        let source_name = self.source_ctx.source_info.source_name.to_string();
         let split_id = self.split_id.clone();
         let metrics = self.source_ctx.metrics.clone();
 
@@ -120,11 +122,23 @@ impl SplitReader for NexmarkSplitReader {
                 .inspect_ok(move |chunk: &StreamChunk| {
                     metrics
                         .partition_input_count
-                        .with_label_values(&[&actor_id, &source_id, &split_id])
+                        .with_label_values(&[
+                            &actor_id,
+                            &source_id,
+                            &split_id,
+                            &source_name,
+                            &fragment_id,
+                        ])
                         .inc_by(chunk.cardinality() as u64);
                     metrics
                         .partition_input_bytes
-                        .with_label_values(&[&actor_id, &source_id, &split_id])
+                        .with_label_values(&[
+                            &actor_id,
+                            &source_id,
+                            &split_id,
+                            &source_name,
+                            &fragment_id,
+                        ])
                         .inc_by(chunk.estimated_size() as u64);
                 }),
             BUFFER_SIZE,
diff --git a/src/connector/with_options_sink.yaml b/src/connector/with_options_sink.yaml
index 15f9d40f6780..b2090d1dbf4b 100644
--- a/src/connector/with_options_sink.yaml
+++ b/src/connector/with_options_sink.yaml
@@ -158,9 +158,6 @@ KafkaConfig:
     field_type: String
     required: true
     alias: kafka.brokers
-  - name: broker.rewrite.endpoints
-    field_type: HashMap<String,String>
-    required: false
   - name: topic
     field_type: String
     required: true
@@ -305,6 +302,10 @@ KafkaConfig:
     comments: The maximum number of unacknowledged requests the client will send on a single connection before blocking.
     required: false
     default: '5'
+  - name: broker.rewrite.endpoints
+    field_type: HashMap<String,String>
+    comments: This is generated from `private_link_targets` and `private_link_endpoint` in frontend, instead of given by users.
+    required: false
 KinesisSinkConfig:
   fields:
   - name: stream
diff --git a/src/connector/with_options_source.yaml b/src/connector/with_options_source.yaml
index 84a125813733..3ef323aa8857 100644
--- a/src/connector/with_options_source.yaml
+++ b/src/connector/with_options_source.yaml
@@ -61,9 +61,6 @@ KafkaProperties:
     field_type: String
     required: true
     alias: kafka.brokers
-  - name: broker.rewrite.endpoints
-    field_type: HashMap<String,String>
-    required: false
   - name: topic
     field_type: String
     required: true
@@ -169,6 +166,10 @@ KafkaProperties:
     field_type: bool
     comments: 'Automatically and periodically commit offsets in the background.  Note: setting this to false does not prevent the consumer from fetching previously committed start offsets.  To circumvent this behaviour set specific start offsets per partition in the call to assign().  default: true'
     required: false
+  - name: broker.rewrite.endpoints
+    field_type: HashMap<String,String>
+    comments: This is generated from `private_link_targets` and `private_link_endpoint` in frontend, instead of given by users.
+    required: false
 KinesisProperties:
   fields:
   - name: scan.startup.mode
diff --git a/src/expr/core/Cargo.toml b/src/expr/core/Cargo.toml
index 773f27b12032..a1dea253af9c 100644
--- a/src/expr/core/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/expr/core/Cargo.toml
@@ -29,16 +29,18 @@ chrono = { version = "0.4", default-features = false, features = [
     "clock",
     "std",
 ] }
-ctor = "0.2"
 downcast-rs = "1.2"
 easy-ext = "1"
+educe = "0.5"
 either = "1"
 enum-as-inner = "0.6"
 futures-async-stream = { workspace = true }
 futures-util = "0.3"
 itertools = "0.12"
+linkme = { version = "0.3", features = ["used_linker"] }
 moka = { version = "0.12", features = ["future"] }
 num-traits = "0.2"
+openssl = { version = "0.10", features = ["vendored"] }
 parse-display = "0.8"
 paste = "1"
 risingwave_common = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/src/expr/core/src/codegen.rs b/src/expr/core/src/codegen.rs
index a22f5f069dec..c9022e40aec9 100644
--- a/src/expr/core/src/codegen.rs
+++ b/src/expr/core/src/codegen.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 
 pub use async_trait::async_trait;
-pub use ctor::ctor;
 pub use futures_async_stream::try_stream;
 pub use futures_util::stream::BoxStream;
 pub use itertools::multizip;
+pub use linkme;
diff --git a/src/expr/core/src/error.rs b/src/expr/core/src/error.rs
index 925d23737431..83e57c117185 100644
--- a/src/expr/core/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/expr/core/src/error.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-use std::fmt::Display;
+use std::fmt::{Debug, Display};
 
 use risingwave_common::array::{ArrayError, ArrayRef};
 use risingwave_common::error::{ErrorCode, RwError};
@@ -117,6 +117,23 @@ pub enum ExprError {
 
     #[error("invalid state: {0}")]
     InvalidState(String),
+
+    #[error("error in cryptography: {0}")]
+    Cryptography(Box<CryptographyError>),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum CryptographyStage {
+    Encrypt,
+    Decrypt,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[error("{stage:?} stage, reason: {reason}")]
+pub struct CryptographyError {
+    pub stage: CryptographyStage,
+    #[source]
+    pub reason: openssl::error::ErrorStack,
 }
 
 static_assertions::const_assert_eq!(std::mem::size_of::<ExprError>(), 40);
diff --git a/src/expr/core/src/expr/expr_udf.rs b/src/expr/core/src/expr/expr_udf.rs
index 260e5bb7a998..3532f15677b3 100644
--- a/src/expr/core/src/expr/expr_udf.rs
+++ b/src/expr/core/src/expr/expr_udf.rs
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ impl Build for UserDefinedFunction {
 
         let identifier = udf.get_identifier()?;
         let imp = match udf.language.as_str() {
-            "wasm" => {
+            "wasm" | "rust" => {
                 let link = udf.get_link()?;
                 // Use `block_in_place` as an escape hatch to run async code here in sync context.
                 // Calling `block_on` directly will panic.
diff --git a/src/expr/core/src/lib.rs b/src/expr/core/src/lib.rs
index 93fbb4f5fad6..fe6d5b9db4d1 100644
--- a/src/expr/core/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/expr/core/src/lib.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-#![allow(non_snake_case)] // for `ctor` generated code
 #![feature(let_chains)]
 #![feature(lint_reasons)]
 #![feature(iterator_try_collect)]
@@ -20,6 +19,7 @@
 #![feature(coroutines)]
 #![feature(never_type)]
 #![feature(error_generic_member_access)]
+#![feature(used_with_arg)]
 
 extern crate self as risingwave_expr;
 
@@ -34,6 +34,6 @@ pub mod sig;
 pub mod table_function;
 pub mod window_function;
 
-pub use error::{ContextUnavailable, ExprError, Result};
+pub use error::{ContextUnavailable, CryptographyError, CryptographyStage, ExprError, Result};
 pub use risingwave_common::{bail, ensure};
 pub use risingwave_expr_macro::*;
diff --git a/src/expr/core/src/sig/mod.rs b/src/expr/core/src/sig/mod.rs
index 4366b90230cd..747779f81e99 100644
--- a/src/expr/core/src/sig/mod.rs
+++ b/src/expr/core/src/sig/mod.rs
@@ -31,12 +31,11 @@ use crate::table_function::BoxedTableFunction;
 use crate::ExprError;
 
 /// The global registry of all function signatures.
-pub static FUNCTION_REGISTRY: LazyLock<FunctionRegistry> = LazyLock::new(|| unsafe {
-    // SAFETY: this function is called after all `#[ctor]` functions are called.
+pub static FUNCTION_REGISTRY: LazyLock<FunctionRegistry> = LazyLock::new(|| {
     let mut map = FunctionRegistry::default();
-    tracing::info!("found {} functions", FUNCTION_REGISTRY_INIT.len());
-    for sig in FUNCTION_REGISTRY_INIT.drain(..) {
-        map.insert(sig);
+    tracing::info!("found {} functions", FUNCTIONS.len());
+    for f in FUNCTIONS {
+        map.insert(f());
     }
     map
 });
@@ -459,22 +458,6 @@ pub enum FuncBuilder {
     Udf,
 }
 
-/// Register a function into global registry.
-///
-/// # Safety
-///
-/// This function must be called sequentially.
-///
-/// It is designed to be used by `#[function]` macro.
-/// Users SHOULD NOT call this function.
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub unsafe fn _register(sig: FuncSign) {
-    FUNCTION_REGISTRY_INIT.push(sig)
-}
-
-/// The global registry of function signatures on initialization.
-///
-/// `#[function]` macro will generate a `#[ctor]` function to register the signature into this
-/// vector. The calls are guaranteed to be sequential. The vector will be drained and moved into
-/// `FUNCTION_REGISTRY` on the first access of `FUNCTION_REGISTRY`.
-static mut FUNCTION_REGISTRY_INIT: Vec<FuncSign> = Vec::new();
+/// A static distributed slice of functions defined by `#[function]`.
+#[linkme::distributed_slice]
+pub static FUNCTIONS: [fn() -> FuncSign];
diff --git a/src/expr/core/src/window_function/call.rs b/src/expr/core/src/window_function/call.rs
index 43545cc2a107..f5714c64345a 100644
--- a/src/expr/core/src/window_function/call.rs
+++ b/src/expr/core/src/window_function/call.rs
@@ -13,17 +13,34 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 
 use std::fmt::Display;
+use std::ops::Deref;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
+use anyhow::Context;
+use educe::Educe;
 use enum_as_inner::EnumAsInner;
+use futures_util::FutureExt;
 use parse_display::Display;
-use risingwave_common::bail;
-use risingwave_common::types::DataType;
-use risingwave_pb::expr::window_frame::{PbBound, PbExclusion};
+use risingwave_common::row::OwnedRow;
+use risingwave_common::types::{
+    DataType, Datum, IsNegative, ScalarImpl, ScalarRefImpl, Sentinelled, ToOwnedDatum, ToText,
+};
+use risingwave_common::util::sort_util::{Direction, OrderType};
+use risingwave_common::util::value_encoding::{DatumFromProtoExt, DatumToProtoExt};
+use risingwave_common::{bail, must_match};
+use risingwave_pb::expr::window_frame::{
+    PbBound, PbBoundType, PbBounds, PbExclusion, PbRangeFrameBound, PbRangeFrameBounds,
+    PbRowsFrameBound, PbRowsFrameBounds,
+};
 use risingwave_pb::expr::{PbWindowFrame, PbWindowFunction};
 use FrameBound::{CurrentRow, Following, Preceding, UnboundedFollowing, UnboundedPreceding};
 
 use super::WindowFuncKind;
 use crate::aggregate::AggArgs;
+use crate::expr::{
+    build_func, BoxedExpression, Expression, ExpressionBoxExt, InputRefExpression,
+    LiteralExpression,
+};
 use crate::Result;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -63,7 +80,7 @@ impl Display for Frame {
 }
 
 impl Frame {
-    pub fn rows(start: FrameBound<usize>, end: FrameBound<usize>) -> Self {
+    pub fn rows(start: RowsFrameBound, end: RowsFrameBound) -> Self {
         Self {
             bounds: FrameBounds::Rows(RowsFrameBounds { start, end }),
             exclusion: FrameExclusion::default(),
@@ -71,8 +88,8 @@ impl Frame {
     }
 
     pub fn rows_with_exclusion(
-        start: FrameBound<usize>,
-        end: FrameBound<usize>,
+        start: RowsFrameBound,
+        end: RowsFrameBound,
         exclusion: FrameExclusion,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -87,11 +104,19 @@ impl Frame {
         use risingwave_pb::expr::window_frame::PbType;
         let bounds = match frame.get_type()? {
             PbType::Unspecified => bail!("unspecified type of `WindowFrame`"),
-            PbType::Rows => {
-                let start = FrameBound::from_protobuf(frame.get_start()?)?;
-                let end = FrameBound::from_protobuf(frame.get_end()?)?;
+            PbType::RowsLegacy => {
+                let start = FrameBound::<usize>::from_protobuf_legacy(frame.get_start()?)?;
+                let end = FrameBound::<usize>::from_protobuf_legacy(frame.get_end()?)?;
                 FrameBounds::Rows(RowsFrameBounds { start, end })
             }
+            PbType::Rows => {
+                let bounds = must_match!(frame.get_bounds()?, PbBounds::Rows(bounds) => bounds);
+                FrameBounds::Rows(RowsFrameBounds::from_protobuf(bounds)?)
+            }
+            PbType::Range => {
+                let bounds = must_match!(frame.get_bounds()?, PbBounds::Range(bounds) => bounds);
+                FrameBounds::Range(RangeFrameBounds::from_protobuf(bounds)?)
+            }
         };
         let exclusion = FrameExclusion::from_protobuf(frame.get_exclusion()?)?;
         Ok(Self { bounds, exclusion })
@@ -101,40 +126,53 @@ impl Frame {
         use risingwave_pb::expr::window_frame::PbType;
         let exclusion = self.exclusion.to_protobuf() as _;
         match &self.bounds {
-            FrameBounds::Rows(RowsFrameBounds { start, end }) => PbWindowFrame {
+            #[expect(deprecated)]
+            FrameBounds::Rows(bounds) => PbWindowFrame {
                 r#type: PbType::Rows as _,
-                start: Some(start.to_protobuf()),
-                end: Some(end.to_protobuf()),
+                start: None, // deprecated
+                end: None,   // deprecated
+                exclusion,
+                bounds: Some(PbBounds::Rows(bounds.to_protobuf())),
+            },
+            #[expect(deprecated)]
+            FrameBounds::Range(bounds) => PbWindowFrame {
+                r#type: PbType::Range as _,
+                start: None, // deprecated
+                end: None,   // deprecated
                 exclusion,
+                bounds: Some(PbBounds::Range(bounds.to_protobuf())),
             },
         }
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Display, Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+#[derive(Display, Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, EnumAsInner)]
 #[display("{0}")]
 pub enum FrameBounds {
     Rows(RowsFrameBounds),
     // Groups(GroupsFrameBounds),
-    // Range(RangeFrameBounds),
+    Range(RangeFrameBounds),
 }
 
 impl FrameBounds {
     pub fn validate(&self) -> Result<()> {
         match self {
             Self::Rows(bounds) => bounds.validate(),
+            Self::Range(bounds) => bounds.validate(),
         }
     }
 
     pub fn start_is_unbounded(&self) -> bool {
         match self {
             Self::Rows(RowsFrameBounds { start, .. }) => start.is_unbounded_preceding(),
+            Self::Range(RangeFrameBounds { start, .. }) => start.is_unbounded_preceding(),
         }
     }
 
     pub fn end_is_unbounded(&self) -> bool {
         match self {
             Self::Rows(RowsFrameBounds { end, .. }) => end.is_unbounded_following(),
+            Self::Range(RangeFrameBounds { end, .. }) => end.is_unbounded_following(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -143,16 +181,325 @@ impl FrameBounds {
     }
 }
 
+pub trait FrameBoundsImpl {
+    fn validate(&self) -> Result<()>;
+}
+
 #[derive(Display, Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 #[display("ROWS BETWEEN {start} AND {end}")]
 pub struct RowsFrameBounds {
-    pub start: FrameBound<usize>,
-    pub end: FrameBound<usize>,
+    pub start: RowsFrameBound,
+    pub end: RowsFrameBound,
 }
 
 impl RowsFrameBounds {
+    fn from_protobuf(bounds: &PbRowsFrameBounds) -> Result<Self> {
+        let start = FrameBound::<usize>::from_protobuf(bounds.get_start()?)?;
+        let end = FrameBound::<usize>::from_protobuf(bounds.get_end()?)?;
+        Ok(Self { start, end })
+    }
+
+    fn to_protobuf(&self) -> PbRowsFrameBounds {
+        PbRowsFrameBounds {
+            start: Some(self.start.to_protobuf()),
+            end: Some(self.end.to_protobuf()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl RowsFrameBounds {
+    /// Check if the `ROWS` frame is canonical.
+    ///
+    /// A canonical `ROWS` frame is defined as:
+    ///
+    /// - Its bounds are valid (see [`Self::validate`]).
+    /// - It contains the current row.
+    pub fn is_canonical(&self) -> bool {
+        self.validate().is_ok() && {
+            let start = self.start.to_offset();
+            let end = self.end.to_offset();
+            start.unwrap_or(0) <= 0 && end.unwrap_or(0) >= 0
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the number of preceding rows.
+    pub fn n_preceding_rows(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        match (&self.start, &self.end) {
+            (UnboundedPreceding, _) => None,
+            (Preceding(n1), Preceding(n2)) => Some(*n1.max(n2)),
+            (Preceding(n), _) => Some(*n),
+            (CurrentRow | Following(_) | UnboundedFollowing, _) => Some(0),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the number of following rows.
+    pub fn n_following_rows(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        match (&self.start, &self.end) {
+            (_, UnboundedFollowing) => None,
+            (Following(n1), Following(n2)) => Some(*n1.max(n2)),
+            (_, Following(n)) => Some(*n),
+            (_, CurrentRow | Preceding(_) | UnboundedPreceding) => Some(0),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FrameBoundsImpl for RowsFrameBounds {
     fn validate(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        FrameBound::validate_bounds(&self.start, &self.end)
+        FrameBound::validate_bounds(&self.start, &self.end, |_| Ok(()))
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub struct RangeFrameBounds {
+    pub order_data_type: DataType,
+    pub order_type: OrderType,
+    pub offset_data_type: DataType,
+    pub start: RangeFrameBound,
+    pub end: RangeFrameBound,
+}
+
+impl RangeFrameBounds {
+    fn from_protobuf(bounds: &PbRangeFrameBounds) -> Result<Self> {
+        let order_data_type = DataType::from(bounds.get_order_data_type()?);
+        let order_type = OrderType::from_protobuf(bounds.get_order_type()?);
+        let offset_data_type = DataType::from(bounds.get_offset_data_type()?);
+        let start = FrameBound::<RangeFrameOffset>::from_protobuf(
+            bounds.get_start()?,
+            &order_data_type,
+            &offset_data_type,
+        )?;
+        let end = FrameBound::<RangeFrameOffset>::from_protobuf(
+            bounds.get_end()?,
+            &order_data_type,
+            &offset_data_type,
+        )?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            order_data_type,
+            order_type,
+            offset_data_type,
+            start,
+            end,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn to_protobuf(&self) -> PbRangeFrameBounds {
+        PbRangeFrameBounds {
+            start: Some(self.start.to_protobuf()),
+            end: Some(self.end.to_protobuf()),
+            order_data_type: Some(self.order_data_type.to_protobuf()),
+            order_type: Some(self.order_type.to_protobuf()),
+            offset_data_type: Some(self.offset_data_type.to_protobuf()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The wrapper type for [`ScalarImpl`] range frame offset, containing
+/// two expressions to help adding and subtracting the offset.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Educe)]
+#[educe(PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct RangeFrameOffset {
+    /// The original offset value.
+    offset: ScalarImpl,
+    /// Built expression for `$0 + offset`.
+    #[educe(PartialEq(ignore), Hash(ignore))]
+    add_expr: Option<Arc<BoxedExpression>>,
+    /// Built expression for `$0 - offset`.
+    #[educe(PartialEq(ignore), Hash(ignore))]
+    sub_expr: Option<Arc<BoxedExpression>>,
+}
+
+impl RangeFrameOffset {
+    pub fn new(offset: ScalarImpl) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            offset,
+            add_expr: None,
+            sub_expr: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn build_exprs(
+        &mut self,
+        order_data_type: &DataType,
+        offset_data_type: &DataType,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        use risingwave_pb::expr::expr_node::PbType as PbExprType;
+
+        let input_expr = InputRefExpression::new(order_data_type.clone(), 0);
+        let offset_expr =
+            LiteralExpression::new(offset_data_type.clone(), Some(self.offset.clone()));
+        self.add_expr = Some(Arc::new(build_func(
+            PbExprType::Add,
+            order_data_type.clone(),
+            vec![input_expr.clone().boxed(), offset_expr.clone().boxed()],
+        )?));
+        self.sub_expr = Some(Arc::new(build_func(
+            PbExprType::Subtract,
+            order_data_type.clone(),
+            vec![input_expr.boxed(), offset_expr.boxed()],
+        )?));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_for_test(
+        offset: ScalarImpl,
+        order_data_type: &DataType,
+        offset_data_type: &DataType,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let mut offset = Self::new(offset);
+        offset
+            .build_exprs(order_data_type, offset_data_type)
+            .unwrap();
+        offset
+    }
+}
+
+impl Deref for RangeFrameOffset {
+    type Target = ScalarImpl;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.offset
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for RangeFrameBounds {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(
+            f,
+            "RANGE BETWEEN {} AND {}",
+            self.start.for_display(),
+            self.end.for_display()
+        )?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl FrameBoundsImpl for RangeFrameBounds {
+    fn validate(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        fn validate_non_negative(val: impl IsNegative + Display) -> Result<()> {
+            if val.is_negative() {
+                bail!(
+                    "frame bound offset should be non-negative, but {} is given",
+                    val
+                );
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        }
+
+        FrameBound::validate_bounds(&self.start, &self.end, |offset| {
+            match offset.as_scalar_ref_impl() {
+                // TODO(rc): use decl macro?
+                ScalarRefImpl::Int16(val) => validate_non_negative(val)?,
+                ScalarRefImpl::Int32(val) => validate_non_negative(val)?,
+                ScalarRefImpl::Int64(val) => validate_non_negative(val)?,
+                ScalarRefImpl::Float32(val) => validate_non_negative(val)?,
+                ScalarRefImpl::Float64(val) => validate_non_negative(val)?,
+                ScalarRefImpl::Decimal(val) => validate_non_negative(val)?,
+                ScalarRefImpl::Interval(val) => {
+                    if !val.is_never_negative() {
+                        bail!(
+                            "for frame bound offset of type `interval`, each field should be non-negative, but {} is given",
+                            val
+                        );
+                    }
+                    if matches!(self.order_data_type, DataType::Timestamptz) {
+                        // for `timestamptz`, we only support offset without `month` and `day` fields
+                        if val.months() != 0 || val.days() != 0 {
+                            bail!(
+                                "for frame order column of type `timestamptz`, offset should not have non-zero `month` and `day`",
+                            );
+                        }
+                    }
+                },
+                _ => unreachable!("other order column data types are not supported and should be banned in frontend"),
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl RangeFrameBounds {
+    /// Get the frame start for a given order column value.
+    ///
+    /// ## Examples
+    ///
+    /// For the following frames:
+    ///
+    /// ```sql
+    /// ORDER BY x ASC RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW
+    /// ORDER BY x DESC RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// For any CURRENT ROW with any order value, the frame start is always the first-most row, which is
+    /// represented by [`Sentinelled::Smallest`].
+    ///
+    /// For the following frame:
+    ///
+    /// ```sql
+    /// ORDER BY x ASC RANGE BETWEEN 10 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// For CURRENT ROW with order value `100`, the frame start is the **FIRST** row with order value `90`.
+    ///
+    /// For the following frame:
+    ///
+    /// ```sql
+    /// ORDER BY x DESC RANGE BETWEEN 10 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// For CURRENT ROW with order value `100`, the frame start is the **FIRST** row with order value `110`.
+    pub fn frame_start_of(&self, order_value: impl ToOwnedDatum) -> Sentinelled<Datum> {
+        self.start.for_calc().bound_of(order_value, self.order_type)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the frame end for a given order column value. It's very similar to `frame_start_of`, just with
+    /// everything on the other direction.
+    pub fn frame_end_of(&self, order_value: impl ToOwnedDatum) -> Sentinelled<Datum> {
+        self.end.for_calc().bound_of(order_value, self.order_type)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the order value of the CURRENT ROW of the first frame that includes the given order value.
+    ///
+    /// ## Examples
+    ///
+    /// For the following frames:
+    ///
+    /// ```sql
+    /// ORDER BY x ASC RANGE BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING
+    /// ORDER BY x DESC RANGE BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// For any given order value, the first CURRENT ROW is always the first-most row, which is
+    /// represented by [`Sentinelled::Smallest`].
+    ///
+    /// For the following frame:
+    ///
+    /// ```sql
+    /// ORDER BY x ASC RANGE BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND 10 FOLLOWING
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// For a given order value `100`, the first CURRENT ROW should have order value `90`.
+    ///
+    /// For the following frame:
+    ///
+    /// ```sql
+    /// ORDER BY x DESC RANGE BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND 10 FOLLOWING
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// For a given order value `100`, the first CURRENT ROW should have order value `110`.
+    pub fn first_curr_of(&self, order_value: impl ToOwnedDatum) -> Sentinelled<Datum> {
+        self.end
+            .for_calc()
+            .reverse()
+            .bound_of(order_value, self.order_type)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the order value of the CURRENT ROW of the last frame that includes the given order value.
+    /// It's very similar to `first_curr_of`, just with everything on the other direction.
+    pub fn last_curr_of(&self, order_value: impl ToOwnedDatum) -> Sentinelled<Datum> {
+        self.start
+            .for_calc()
+            .reverse()
+            .bound_of(order_value, self.order_type)
     }
 }
 
@@ -168,11 +515,27 @@ pub enum FrameBound<T> {
     UnboundedFollowing,
 }
 
+pub type RowsFrameBound = FrameBound<usize>;
+pub type RangeFrameBound = FrameBound<RangeFrameOffset>;
+
 impl<T> FrameBound<T> {
-    fn validate_bounds(start: &Self, end: &Self) -> Result<()> {
+    fn offset_value(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        match self {
+            UnboundedPreceding | UnboundedFollowing | CurrentRow => None,
+            Preceding(offset) | Following(offset) => Some(offset),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn validate_bounds(
+        start: &Self,
+        end: &Self,
+        offset_checker: impl Fn(&T) -> Result<()>,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
         match (start, end) {
             (_, UnboundedPreceding) => bail!("frame end cannot be UNBOUNDED PRECEDING"),
-            (UnboundedFollowing, _) => bail!("frame start cannot be UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING"),
+            (UnboundedFollowing, _) => {
+                bail!("frame start cannot be UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING")
+            }
             (Following(_), CurrentRow) | (Following(_), Preceding(_)) => {
                 bail!("frame starting from following row cannot have preceding rows")
             }
@@ -181,49 +544,85 @@ impl<T> FrameBound<T> {
             }
             _ => {}
         }
+
+        for bound in [start, end] {
+            if let Some(offset) = bound.offset_value() {
+                offset_checker(offset)?;
+            }
+        }
+
         Ok(())
     }
+
+    pub fn map<U>(self, f: impl Fn(T) -> U) -> FrameBound<U> {
+        match self {
+            UnboundedPreceding => UnboundedPreceding,
+            Preceding(offset) => Preceding(f(offset)),
+            CurrentRow => CurrentRow,
+            Following(offset) => Following(f(offset)),
+            UnboundedFollowing => UnboundedFollowing,
+        }
+    }
 }
 
-impl FrameBound<usize> {
-    pub fn from_protobuf(bound: &PbBound) -> Result<Self> {
+impl<T> FrameBound<T>
+where
+    T: Copy,
+{
+    fn reverse(self) -> FrameBound<T> {
+        match self {
+            UnboundedPreceding => UnboundedFollowing,
+            Preceding(offset) => Following(offset),
+            CurrentRow => CurrentRow,
+            Following(offset) => Preceding(offset),
+            UnboundedFollowing => UnboundedPreceding,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl RowsFrameBound {
+    fn from_protobuf_legacy(bound: &PbBound) -> Result<Self> {
         use risingwave_pb::expr::window_frame::bound::PbOffset;
-        use risingwave_pb::expr::window_frame::PbBoundType;
 
         let offset = bound.get_offset()?;
         let bound = match offset {
-            PbOffset::Integer(offset) => match bound.get_type()? {
-                PbBoundType::Unspecified => bail!("unspecified type of `FrameBound<usize>`"),
-                PbBoundType::UnboundedPreceding => Self::UnboundedPreceding,
-                PbBoundType::Preceding => Self::Preceding(*offset as usize),
-                PbBoundType::CurrentRow => Self::CurrentRow,
-                PbBoundType::Following => Self::Following(*offset as usize),
-                PbBoundType::UnboundedFollowing => Self::UnboundedFollowing,
-            },
-            PbOffset::Datum(_) => bail!("offset of `FrameBound<usize>` must be `Integer`"),
+            PbOffset::Integer(offset) => Self::from_protobuf(&PbRowsFrameBound {
+                r#type: bound.get_type()? as _,
+                offset: Some(*offset),
+            })?,
+            PbOffset::Datum(_) => bail!("offset of `RowsFrameBound` must be `Integer`"),
         };
         Ok(bound)
     }
 
-    pub fn to_protobuf(&self) -> PbBound {
-        use risingwave_pb::expr::window_frame::bound::PbOffset;
-        use risingwave_pb::expr::window_frame::PbBoundType;
+    fn from_protobuf(bound: &PbRowsFrameBound) -> Result<Self> {
+        let bound = match bound.get_type()? {
+            PbBoundType::Unspecified => bail!("unspecified type of `RowsFrameBound`"),
+            PbBoundType::UnboundedPreceding => Self::UnboundedPreceding,
+            PbBoundType::Preceding => Self::Preceding(*bound.get_offset()? as usize),
+            PbBoundType::CurrentRow => Self::CurrentRow,
+            PbBoundType::Following => Self::Following(*bound.get_offset()? as usize),
+            PbBoundType::UnboundedFollowing => Self::UnboundedFollowing,
+        };
+        Ok(bound)
+    }
 
+    fn to_protobuf(&self) -> PbRowsFrameBound {
         let (r#type, offset) = match self {
-            Self::UnboundedPreceding => (PbBoundType::UnboundedPreceding, PbOffset::Integer(0)),
-            Self::Preceding(offset) => (PbBoundType::Preceding, PbOffset::Integer(*offset as _)),
-            Self::CurrentRow => (PbBoundType::CurrentRow, PbOffset::Integer(0)),
-            Self::Following(offset) => (PbBoundType::Following, PbOffset::Integer(*offset as _)),
-            Self::UnboundedFollowing => (PbBoundType::UnboundedFollowing, PbOffset::Integer(0)),
+            Self::UnboundedPreceding => (PbBoundType::UnboundedPreceding, None),
+            Self::Preceding(offset) => (PbBoundType::Preceding, Some(*offset as _)),
+            Self::CurrentRow => (PbBoundType::CurrentRow, None),
+            Self::Following(offset) => (PbBoundType::Following, Some(*offset as _)),
+            Self::UnboundedFollowing => (PbBoundType::UnboundedFollowing, None),
         };
-        PbBound {
+        PbRowsFrameBound {
             r#type: r#type as _,
-            offset: Some(offset),
+            offset,
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl FrameBound<usize> {
+impl RowsFrameBound {
     /// Convert the bound to sized offset from current row. `None` if the bound is unbounded.
     pub fn to_offset(&self) -> Option<isize> {
         match self {
@@ -233,15 +632,117 @@ impl FrameBound<usize> {
             Following(n) => Some(*n as isize),
         }
     }
+}
 
-    /// View the bound as frame start, and get the number of preceding rows.
-    pub fn n_preceding_rows(&self) -> Option<usize> {
-        self.to_offset().map(|x| x.min(0).unsigned_abs())
+impl RangeFrameBound {
+    fn from_protobuf(
+        bound: &PbRangeFrameBound,
+        order_data_type: &DataType,
+        offset_data_type: &DataType,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let bound = match bound.get_type()? {
+            PbBoundType::Unspecified => bail!("unspecified type of `RangeFrameBound`"),
+            PbBoundType::UnboundedPreceding => Self::UnboundedPreceding,
+            PbBoundType::CurrentRow => Self::CurrentRow,
+            PbBoundType::UnboundedFollowing => Self::UnboundedFollowing,
+            bound_type @ (PbBoundType::Preceding | PbBoundType::Following) => {
+                let offset_value = Datum::from_protobuf(bound.get_offset()?, offset_data_type)
+                    .context("offset `Datum` is not decodable")?
+                    .context("offset of `RangeFrameBound` must be non-NULL")?;
+                let mut offset = RangeFrameOffset::new(offset_value);
+                offset.build_exprs(order_data_type, offset_data_type)?;
+                if bound_type == PbBoundType::Preceding {
+                    Self::Preceding(offset)
+                } else {
+                    Self::Following(offset)
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        Ok(bound)
     }
 
-    /// View the bound as frame end, and get the number of following rows.
-    pub fn n_following_rows(&self) -> Option<usize> {
-        self.to_offset().map(|x| x.max(0) as usize)
+    fn to_protobuf(&self) -> PbRangeFrameBound {
+        let (r#type, offset) = match self {
+            Self::UnboundedPreceding => (PbBoundType::UnboundedPreceding, None),
+            Self::Preceding(offset) => (
+                PbBoundType::Preceding,
+                Some(Some(offset.as_scalar_ref_impl()).to_protobuf()),
+            ),
+            Self::CurrentRow => (PbBoundType::CurrentRow, None),
+            Self::Following(offset) => (
+                PbBoundType::Following,
+                Some(Some(offset.as_scalar_ref_impl()).to_protobuf()),
+            ),
+            Self::UnboundedFollowing => (PbBoundType::UnboundedFollowing, None),
+        };
+        PbRangeFrameBound {
+            r#type: r#type as _,
+            offset,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl RangeFrameBound {
+    fn for_display(&self) -> FrameBound<String> {
+        match self {
+            UnboundedPreceding => UnboundedPreceding,
+            Preceding(offset) => Preceding(offset.as_scalar_ref_impl().to_text()),
+            CurrentRow => CurrentRow,
+            Following(offset) => Following(offset.as_scalar_ref_impl().to_text()),
+            UnboundedFollowing => UnboundedFollowing,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn for_calc(&self) -> FrameBound<RangeFrameOffsetRef<'_>> {
+        match self {
+            UnboundedPreceding => UnboundedPreceding,
+            Preceding(offset) => Preceding(RangeFrameOffsetRef {
+                add_expr: offset.add_expr.as_ref().unwrap().as_ref(),
+                sub_expr: offset.sub_expr.as_ref().unwrap().as_ref(),
+            }),
+            CurrentRow => CurrentRow,
+            Following(offset) => Following(RangeFrameOffsetRef {
+                add_expr: offset.add_expr.as_ref().unwrap().as_ref(),
+                sub_expr: offset.sub_expr.as_ref().unwrap().as_ref(),
+            }),
+            UnboundedFollowing => UnboundedFollowing,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Educe)]
+#[educe(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct RangeFrameOffsetRef<'a> {
+    /// Built expression for `$0 + offset`.
+    add_expr: &'a dyn Expression,
+    /// Built expression for `$0 - offset`.
+    sub_expr: &'a dyn Expression,
+}
+
+impl FrameBound<RangeFrameOffsetRef<'_>> {
+    fn bound_of(self, order_value: impl ToOwnedDatum, order_type: OrderType) -> Sentinelled<Datum> {
+        let expr = match (self, order_type.direction()) {
+            (UnboundedPreceding, _) => return Sentinelled::Smallest,
+            (UnboundedFollowing, _) => return Sentinelled::Largest,
+            (CurrentRow, _) => return Sentinelled::Normal(order_value.to_owned_datum()),
+            (Preceding(offset), Direction::Ascending)
+            | (Following(offset), Direction::Descending) => {
+                // should SUBTRACT the offset
+                offset.sub_expr
+            }
+            (Following(offset), Direction::Ascending)
+            | (Preceding(offset), Direction::Descending) => {
+                // should ADD the offset
+                offset.add_expr
+            }
+        };
+        let row = OwnedRow::new(vec![order_value.to_owned_datum()]);
+        Sentinelled::Normal(
+            expr.eval_row(&row)
+                .now_or_never()
+                .expect("frame bound calculation should finish immediately")
+                .expect("just simple calculation, should succeed"), // TODO(rc): handle overflow
+        )
     }
 }
 
@@ -256,7 +757,7 @@ pub enum FrameExclusion {
 }
 
 impl FrameExclusion {
-    pub fn from_protobuf(exclusion: PbExclusion) -> Result<Self> {
+    fn from_protobuf(exclusion: PbExclusion) -> Result<Self> {
         let excl = match exclusion {
             PbExclusion::Unspecified => bail!("unspecified type of `FrameExclusion`"),
             PbExclusion::CurrentRow => Self::CurrentRow,
@@ -265,10 +766,99 @@ impl FrameExclusion {
         Ok(excl)
     }
 
-    pub fn to_protobuf(self) -> PbExclusion {
+    fn to_protobuf(self) -> PbExclusion {
         match self {
             Self::CurrentRow => PbExclusion::CurrentRow,
             Self::NoOthers => PbExclusion::NoOthers,
         }
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_rows_frame_bounds() {
+        let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+            start: Preceding(1),
+            end: CurrentRow,
+        };
+        assert!(bounds.validate().is_ok());
+        assert!(bounds.is_canonical());
+        assert_eq!(bounds.start.to_offset(), Some(-1));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.end.to_offset(), Some(0));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.n_preceding_rows(), Some(1));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.n_following_rows(), Some(0));
+
+        let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+            start: CurrentRow,
+            end: Following(1),
+        };
+        assert!(bounds.validate().is_ok());
+        assert!(bounds.is_canonical());
+        assert_eq!(bounds.start.to_offset(), Some(0));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.end.to_offset(), Some(1));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.n_preceding_rows(), Some(0));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.n_following_rows(), Some(1));
+
+        let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+            start: UnboundedPreceding,
+            end: Following(10),
+        };
+        assert!(bounds.validate().is_ok());
+        assert!(bounds.is_canonical());
+        assert_eq!(bounds.start.to_offset(), None);
+        assert_eq!(bounds.end.to_offset(), Some(10));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.n_preceding_rows(), None);
+        assert_eq!(bounds.n_following_rows(), Some(10));
+
+        let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+            start: Preceding(10),
+            end: UnboundedFollowing,
+        };
+        assert!(bounds.validate().is_ok());
+        assert!(bounds.is_canonical());
+        assert_eq!(bounds.start.to_offset(), Some(-10));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.end.to_offset(), None);
+        assert_eq!(bounds.n_preceding_rows(), Some(10));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.n_following_rows(), None);
+
+        let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+            start: Preceding(1),
+            end: Preceding(10),
+        };
+        assert!(bounds.validate().is_ok());
+        assert!(!bounds.is_canonical());
+        assert_eq!(bounds.start.to_offset(), Some(-1));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.end.to_offset(), Some(-10));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.n_preceding_rows(), Some(10));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.n_following_rows(), Some(0));
+
+        let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+            start: Following(10),
+            end: Following(1),
+        };
+        assert!(bounds.validate().is_ok());
+        assert!(!bounds.is_canonical());
+        assert_eq!(bounds.start.to_offset(), Some(10));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.end.to_offset(), Some(1));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.n_preceding_rows(), Some(0));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.n_following_rows(), Some(10));
+
+        let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+            start: UnboundedFollowing,
+            end: Following(10),
+        };
+        assert!(bounds.validate().is_err());
+        assert!(!bounds.is_canonical());
+
+        let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+            start: Preceding(10),
+            end: UnboundedPreceding,
+        };
+        assert!(bounds.validate().is_err());
+        assert!(!bounds.is_canonical());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/expr/core/src/window_function/state/aggregate.rs b/src/expr/core/src/window_function/state/aggregate.rs
index 09555eecf920..08689bff6da7 100644
--- a/src/expr/core/src/window_function/state/aggregate.rs
+++ b/src/expr/core/src/window_function/state/aggregate.rs
@@ -22,66 +22,93 @@ use risingwave_common::util::iter_util::ZipEqFast;
 use risingwave_common::{bail, must_match};
 use smallvec::SmallVec;
 
-use super::buffer::WindowBuffer;
-use super::{StateEvictHint, StateKey, StatePos, WindowState};
+use super::buffer::{RangeWindow, RowsWindow, WindowBuffer, WindowImpl};
+use super::{BoxedWindowState, StateEvictHint, StateKey, StatePos, WindowState};
 use crate::aggregate::{
     AggArgs, AggCall, AggregateFunction, AggregateState as AggImplState, BoxedAggregateFunction,
 };
 use crate::sig::FUNCTION_REGISTRY;
-use crate::window_function::{WindowFuncCall, WindowFuncKind};
+use crate::window_function::{FrameBounds, WindowFuncCall, WindowFuncKind};
 use crate::Result;
 
-pub struct AggregateState {
+type StateValue = SmallVec<[Datum; 2]>;
+
+struct AggregateState<W>
+where
+    W: WindowImpl<Key = StateKey, Value = StateValue>,
+{
     agg_func: BoxedAggregateFunction,
     agg_impl: AggImpl,
     arg_data_types: Vec<DataType>,
-    buffer: WindowBuffer<StateKey, SmallVec<[Datum; 2]>>,
+    buffer: WindowBuffer<W>,
     buffer_heap_size: KvSize,
 }
 
-impl AggregateState {
-    pub fn new(call: &WindowFuncCall) -> Result<Self> {
-        if call.frame.bounds.validate().is_err() {
-            bail!("the window frame must be valid");
-        }
-        let agg_kind = must_match!(call.kind, WindowFuncKind::Aggregate(agg_kind) => agg_kind);
-        let arg_data_types = call.args.arg_types().to_vec();
-        let agg_call = AggCall {
-            kind: agg_kind,
-            args: match &call.args {
-                // convert args to [0] or [0, 1]
-                AggArgs::None => AggArgs::None,
-                AggArgs::Unary(data_type, _) => AggArgs::Unary(data_type.to_owned(), 0),
-                AggArgs::Binary(data_types, _) => AggArgs::Binary(data_types.to_owned(), [0, 1]),
-            },
-            return_type: call.return_type.clone(),
-            column_orders: Vec::new(), // the input is already sorted
-            // TODO(rc): support filter on window function call
-            filter: None,
-            // TODO(rc): support distinct on window function call? PG doesn't support it either.
-            distinct: false,
-            direct_args: vec![],
+pub(super) fn new(call: &WindowFuncCall) -> Result<BoxedWindowState> {
+    if call.frame.bounds.validate().is_err() {
+        bail!("the window frame must be valid");
+    }
+    let agg_kind = must_match!(call.kind, WindowFuncKind::Aggregate(agg_kind) => agg_kind);
+    let arg_data_types = call.args.arg_types().to_vec();
+    let agg_call = AggCall {
+        kind: agg_kind,
+        args: match &call.args {
+            // convert args to [0] or [0, 1]
+            AggArgs::None => AggArgs::None,
+            AggArgs::Unary(data_type, _) => AggArgs::Unary(data_type.to_owned(), 0),
+            AggArgs::Binary(data_types, _) => AggArgs::Binary(data_types.to_owned(), [0, 1]),
+        },
+        return_type: call.return_type.clone(),
+        column_orders: Vec::new(), // the input is already sorted
+        // TODO(rc): support filter on window function call
+        filter: None,
+        // TODO(rc): support distinct on window function call? PG doesn't support it either.
+        distinct: false,
+        direct_args: vec![],
+    };
+    let agg_func_sig = FUNCTION_REGISTRY
+        .get(agg_kind, &arg_data_types, &call.return_type)
+        .expect("the agg func must exist");
+    let agg_func = agg_func_sig.build_aggregate(&agg_call)?;
+    let (agg_impl, enable_delta) =
+        if agg_func_sig.is_retractable() && call.frame.exclusion.is_no_others() {
+            let init_state = agg_func.create_state();
+            (AggImpl::Incremental(init_state), true)
+        } else {
+            (AggImpl::Full, false)
         };
-        let agg_func_sig = FUNCTION_REGISTRY
-            .get(agg_kind, &arg_data_types, &call.return_type)
-            .expect("the agg func must exist");
-        let agg_func = agg_func_sig.build_aggregate(&agg_call)?;
-        let (agg_impl, enable_delta) =
-            if agg_func_sig.is_retractable() && call.frame.exclusion.is_no_others() {
-                let init_state = agg_func.create_state();
-                (AggImpl::Incremental(init_state), true)
-            } else {
-                (AggImpl::Full, false)
-            };
-        Ok(Self {
+
+    let this = match &call.frame.bounds {
+        FrameBounds::Rows(frame_bounds) => Box::new(AggregateState {
             agg_func,
             agg_impl,
             arg_data_types,
-            buffer: WindowBuffer::new(call.frame.clone(), enable_delta),
+            buffer: WindowBuffer::<RowsWindow<StateKey, StateValue>>::new(
+                RowsWindow::new(frame_bounds.clone()),
+                call.frame.exclusion,
+                enable_delta,
+            ),
             buffer_heap_size: KvSize::new(),
-        })
-    }
+        }) as BoxedWindowState,
+        FrameBounds::Range(frame_bounds) => Box::new(AggregateState {
+            agg_func,
+            agg_impl,
+            arg_data_types,
+            buffer: WindowBuffer::<RangeWindow<StateValue>>::new(
+                RangeWindow::new(frame_bounds.clone()),
+                call.frame.exclusion,
+                enable_delta,
+            ),
+            buffer_heap_size: KvSize::new(),
+        }) as BoxedWindowState,
+    };
+    Ok(this)
+}
 
+impl<W> AggregateState<W>
+where
+    W: WindowImpl<Key = StateKey, Value = StateValue>,
+{
     fn slide_inner(&mut self) -> StateEvictHint {
         let removed_keys: BTreeSet<_> = self
             .buffer
@@ -107,7 +134,10 @@ impl AggregateState {
     }
 }
 
-impl WindowState for AggregateState {
+impl<W> WindowState for AggregateState<W>
+where
+    W: WindowImpl<Key = StateKey, Value = StateValue>,
+{
     fn append(&mut self, key: StateKey, args: SmallVec<[Datum; 2]>) {
         args.iter().for_each(|arg| {
             self.buffer_heap_size.add_val(arg);
@@ -156,7 +186,10 @@ impl WindowState for AggregateState {
     }
 }
 
-impl EstimateSize for AggregateState {
+impl<W> EstimateSize for AggregateState<W>
+where
+    W: WindowImpl<Key = StateKey, Value = StateValue>,
+{
     fn estimated_heap_size(&self) -> usize {
         // estimate `VecDeque` of `StreamWindowBuffer` internal size
         // https://github.com/risingwavelabs/risingwave/issues/9713
diff --git a/src/expr/core/src/window_function/state/buffer.rs b/src/expr/core/src/window_function/state/buffer.rs
index 3edb6d7adc16..ba064042c002 100644
--- a/src/expr/core/src/window_function/state/buffer.rs
+++ b/src/expr/core/src/window_function/state/buffer.rs
@@ -15,43 +15,55 @@
 use std::collections::VecDeque;
 use std::ops::Range;
 
+use educe::Educe;
 use risingwave_common::array::Op;
+use risingwave_common::types::Sentinelled;
+use risingwave_common::util::memcmp_encoding;
 
 use super::range_utils::range_except;
+use super::StateKey;
 use crate::window_function::state::range_utils::range_diff;
-use crate::window_function::{Frame, FrameBounds, FrameExclusion};
-
-struct Entry<K: Ord, V> {
-    key: K,
-    value: V,
-}
+use crate::window_function::{FrameExclusion, RangeFrameBounds, RowsFrameBounds};
 
 /// A common sliding window buffer.
-pub struct WindowBuffer<K: Ord, V: Clone> {
-    frame: Frame,
-    buffer: VecDeque<Entry<K, V>>,
+pub(super) struct WindowBuffer<W: WindowImpl> {
+    window_impl: W,
+    frame_exclusion: FrameExclusion,
+    buffer: VecDeque<Entry<W::Key, W::Value>>,
     curr_idx: usize,
     left_idx: usize,       // inclusive, note this can be > `curr_idx`
     right_excl_idx: usize, // exclusive, note this can be <= `curr_idx`
-    curr_delta: Option<Vec<(Op, V)>>,
+    curr_delta: Option<Vec<(Op, W::Value)>>,
+}
+
+/// A key-value pair in the buffer.
+struct Entry<K: Ord, V> {
+    key: K,
+    value: V,
 }
 
 /// Note: A window frame can be pure preceding, pure following, or acrossing the _current row_.
-pub struct CurrWindow<'a, K> {
+pub(super) struct CurrWindow<'a, K> {
     pub key: Option<&'a K>,
+
+    // XXX(rc): Maybe will be used in the future, let's keep it for now.
+    #[cfg_attr(not(test), expect(dead_code))]
+    /// The preceding half of the current window is saturated.
     pub preceding_saturated: bool,
+    /// The following half of the current window is saturated.
     pub following_saturated: bool,
 }
 
-impl<K: Ord, V: Clone> WindowBuffer<K, V> {
-    pub fn new(frame: Frame, enable_delta: bool) -> Self {
-        assert!(frame.bounds.validate().is_ok());
+impl<W: WindowImpl> WindowBuffer<W> {
+    pub fn new(window_impl: W, frame_exclusion: FrameExclusion, enable_delta: bool) -> Self {
         if enable_delta {
             // TODO(rc): currently only support `FrameExclusion::NoOthers` for delta
-            assert!(frame.exclusion.is_no_others());
+            assert!(frame_exclusion.is_no_others());
         }
+
         Self {
-            frame,
+            window_impl,
+            frame_exclusion,
             buffer: Default::default(),
             curr_idx: 0,
             left_idx: 0,
@@ -64,66 +76,29 @@ impl<K: Ord, V: Clone> WindowBuffer<K, V> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn preceding_saturated(&self) -> bool {
-        self.curr_key().is_some()
-            && match &self.frame.bounds {
-                FrameBounds::Rows(bounds) => {
-                    let start_off = bounds.start.to_offset();
-                    if let Some(start_off) = start_off {
-                        if start_off >= 0 {
-                            true // pure following frame, always preceding-saturated
-                        } else {
-                            // FIXME(rc): Clippy rule `clippy::nonminimal_bool` is misreporting that
-                            // the following can be simplified.
-                            #[allow(clippy::nonminimal_bool)]
-                            {
-                                assert!(self.curr_idx >= self.left_idx);
-                            }
-                            self.curr_idx - self.left_idx >= start_off.unsigned_abs()
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        false // unbounded frame start, never preceding-saturated
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-    }
-
-    fn following_saturated(&self) -> bool {
-        self.curr_key().is_some()
-            && match &self.frame.bounds {
-                FrameBounds::Rows(bounds) => {
-                    let end_off = bounds.end.to_offset();
-                    if let Some(end_off) = end_off {
-                        if end_off <= 0 {
-                            true // pure preceding frame, always following-saturated
-                        } else {
-                            // FIXME(rc): Ditto.
-                            #[allow(clippy::nonminimal_bool)]
-                            {
-                                assert!(self.right_excl_idx > 0);
-                                assert!(self.right_excl_idx > self.curr_idx);
-                                assert!(self.right_excl_idx <= self.buffer.len());
-                            }
-                            self.right_excl_idx - 1 - self.curr_idx >= end_off as usize
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        false // unbounded frame end, never following-saturated
-                    }
-                }
-            }
+    /// Get the smallest key that is still kept in the buffer.
+    /// Returns `None` if there's nothing yet.
+    pub fn smallest_key(&self) -> Option<&W::Key> {
+        self.buffer.front().map(|Entry { key, .. }| key)
     }
 
     /// Get the key part of the current row.
-    pub fn curr_key(&self) -> Option<&K> {
+    pub fn curr_key(&self) -> Option<&W::Key> {
         self.buffer.get(self.curr_idx).map(|Entry { key, .. }| key)
     }
 
     /// Get the current window info.
-    pub fn curr_window(&self) -> CurrWindow<'_, K> {
+    pub fn curr_window(&self) -> CurrWindow<'_, W::Key> {
+        let buffer_ref = BufferRef {
+            buffer: &self.buffer,
+            curr_idx: self.curr_idx,
+            left_idx: self.left_idx,
+            right_excl_idx: self.right_excl_idx,
+        };
         CurrWindow {
             key: self.curr_key(),
-            preceding_saturated: self.preceding_saturated(),
-            following_saturated: self.following_saturated(),
+            preceding_saturated: self.window_impl.preceding_saturated(buffer_ref),
+            following_saturated: self.window_impl.following_saturated(buffer_ref),
         }
     }
 
@@ -133,7 +108,7 @@ impl<K: Ord, V: Clone> WindowBuffer<K, V> {
 
     fn curr_window_exclusion(&self) -> Range<usize> {
         // TODO(rc): should intersect with `curr_window_outer` to be more accurate
-        match self.frame.exclusion {
+        match self.frame_exclusion {
             FrameExclusion::CurrentRow => self.curr_idx..self.curr_idx + 1,
             FrameExclusion::NoOthers => self.curr_idx..self.curr_idx,
         }
@@ -146,7 +121,7 @@ impl<K: Ord, V: Clone> WindowBuffer<K, V> {
     }
 
     /// Iterate over values in the current window.
-    pub fn curr_window_values(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &V> {
+    pub fn curr_window_values(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &W::Value> {
         assert!(self.left_idx <= self.right_excl_idx);
         assert!(self.right_excl_idx <= self.buffer.len());
 
@@ -159,69 +134,17 @@ impl<K: Ord, V: Clone> WindowBuffer<K, V> {
 
     /// Consume the delta of values comparing the current window to the previous window.
     /// The delta is not guaranteed to be sorted, especially when frame exclusion is not `NoOthers`.
-    pub fn consume_curr_window_values_delta(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (Op, V)> + '_ {
+    pub fn consume_curr_window_values_delta(
+        &mut self,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (Op, W::Value)> + '_ {
         self.curr_delta
             .as_mut()
             .expect("delta mode should be enabled")
             .drain(..)
     }
 
-    fn recalculate_left_right(&mut self) {
-        // TODO(rc): For the sake of simplicity, we just recalculate the left and right indices from
-        // `curr_idx`, rather than trying to update them incrementally. The complexity is O(n) for
-        // `Frame::Range` where n is the length of the buffer, for now it doesn't matter.
-
-        if self.buffer.is_empty() {
-            self.left_idx = 0;
-            self.right_excl_idx = 0;
-        }
-
-        match &self.frame.bounds {
-            FrameBounds::Rows(bounds) => {
-                let start_off = bounds.start.to_offset();
-                let end_off = bounds.end.to_offset();
-                if let Some(start_off) = start_off {
-                    let logical_left_idx = self.curr_idx as isize + start_off;
-                    if logical_left_idx >= 0 {
-                        self.left_idx = std::cmp::min(logical_left_idx as usize, self.buffer.len());
-                    } else {
-                        self.left_idx = 0;
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    // unbounded start
-                    self.left_idx = 0;
-                }
-                if let Some(end_off) = end_off {
-                    let logical_right_excl_idx = self.curr_idx as isize + end_off + 1;
-                    if logical_right_excl_idx >= 0 {
-                        self.right_excl_idx =
-                            std::cmp::min(logical_right_excl_idx as usize, self.buffer.len());
-                    } else {
-                        self.right_excl_idx = 0;
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    // unbounded end
-                    self.right_excl_idx = self.buffer.len();
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn maintain_delta(&mut self, old_outer: Range<usize>, new_outer: Range<usize>) {
-        debug_assert!(self.frame.exclusion.is_no_others());
-
-        let (outer_removed, outer_added) = range_diff(old_outer.clone(), new_outer.clone());
-        let delta = self.curr_delta.as_mut().unwrap();
-        for idx in outer_removed.iter().cloned().flatten() {
-            delta.push((Op::Delete, self.buffer[idx].value.clone()));
-        }
-        for idx in outer_added.iter().cloned().flatten() {
-            delta.push((Op::Insert, self.buffer[idx].value.clone()));
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Append a key-value pair to the buffer.
-    pub fn append(&mut self, key: K, value: V) {
+    pub fn append(&mut self, key: W::Key, value: W::Value) {
         let old_outer = self.curr_window_outer();
 
         self.buffer.push_back(Entry { key, value });
@@ -232,15 +155,9 @@ impl<K: Ord, V: Clone> WindowBuffer<K, V> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Get the smallest key that is still kept in the buffer.
-    /// Returns `None` if there's nothing yet.
-    pub fn smallest_key(&self) -> Option<&K> {
-        self.buffer.front().map(|Entry { key, .. }| key)
-    }
-
     /// Slide the current window forward.
     /// Returns the keys that are removed from the buffer.
-    pub fn slide(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (K, V)> + '_ {
+    pub fn slide(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (W::Key, W::Value)> + '_ {
         let old_outer = self.curr_window_outer();
 
         self.curr_idx += 1;
@@ -258,6 +175,265 @@ impl<K: Ord, V: Clone> WindowBuffer<K, V> {
             .drain(0..min_needed_idx)
             .map(|Entry { key, value }| (key, value))
     }
+
+    fn maintain_delta(&mut self, old_outer: Range<usize>, new_outer: Range<usize>) {
+        debug_assert!(self.frame_exclusion.is_no_others());
+
+        let (outer_removed, outer_added) = range_diff(old_outer.clone(), new_outer.clone());
+        let delta = self.curr_delta.as_mut().unwrap();
+        for idx in outer_removed.iter().cloned().flatten() {
+            delta.push((Op::Delete, self.buffer[idx].value.clone()));
+        }
+        for idx in outer_added.iter().cloned().flatten() {
+            delta.push((Op::Insert, self.buffer[idx].value.clone()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn recalculate_left_right(&mut self) {
+        let buffer_ref = BufferRefMut {
+            buffer: &self.buffer,
+            curr_idx: &mut self.curr_idx,
+            left_idx: &mut self.left_idx,
+            right_excl_idx: &mut self.right_excl_idx,
+        };
+        self.window_impl.recalculate_left_right(buffer_ref);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Wraps a reference to the buffer and some indices, to be used by [`WindowImpl`]s.
+#[derive(Educe)]
+#[educe(Clone, Copy)]
+pub(super) struct BufferRef<'a, K: Ord, V: Clone> {
+    buffer: &'a VecDeque<Entry<K, V>>,
+    curr_idx: usize,
+    left_idx: usize,
+    right_excl_idx: usize,
+}
+
+/// Wraps a reference to the buffer and some mutable indices, to be used by [`WindowImpl`]s.
+pub(super) struct BufferRefMut<'a, K: Ord, V: Clone> {
+    buffer: &'a VecDeque<Entry<K, V>>,
+    curr_idx: &'a mut usize,
+    left_idx: &'a mut usize,
+    right_excl_idx: &'a mut usize,
+}
+
+/// A trait for sliding window implementations. This trait is used by [`WindowBuffer`] to
+/// determine the status of current window and how to slide the window.
+pub(super) trait WindowImpl {
+    type Key: Ord;
+    type Value: Clone;
+
+    /// Whether the preceding half of the current window is saturated.
+    /// By "saturated" we mean that every row that is possible to be in the preceding half of the
+    /// current window is already in the buffer.
+    fn preceding_saturated(&self, buffer_ref: BufferRef<'_, Self::Key, Self::Value>) -> bool;
+
+    /// Whether the following half of the current window is saturated.
+    fn following_saturated(&self, buffer_ref: BufferRef<'_, Self::Key, Self::Value>) -> bool;
+
+    /// Recalculate the left and right indices of the current window, according to the latest
+    /// `curr_idx`. The indices are indices in the buffer vector.
+    fn recalculate_left_right(&self, buffer_ref: BufferRefMut<'_, Self::Key, Self::Value>);
+}
+
+/// The sliding window implementation for `ROWS` frames.
+pub(super) struct RowsWindow<K: Ord, V: Clone> {
+    frame_bounds: RowsFrameBounds,
+    _phantom: std::marker::PhantomData<K>,
+    _phantom2: std::marker::PhantomData<V>,
+}
+
+impl<K: Ord, V: Clone> RowsWindow<K, V> {
+    pub fn new(frame_bounds: RowsFrameBounds) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            frame_bounds,
+            _phantom: std::marker::PhantomData,
+            _phantom2: std::marker::PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<K: Ord, V: Clone> WindowImpl for RowsWindow<K, V> {
+    type Key = K;
+    type Value = V;
+
+    fn preceding_saturated(&self, buffer_ref: BufferRef<'_, Self::Key, Self::Value>) -> bool {
+        buffer_ref.curr_idx < buffer_ref.buffer.len() && {
+            let start_off = self.frame_bounds.start.to_offset();
+            if let Some(start_off) = start_off {
+                if start_off >= 0 {
+                    true // pure following frame, always preceding-saturated
+                } else {
+                    // FIXME(rc): Clippy rule `clippy::nonminimal_bool` is misreporting that
+                    // the following can be simplified.
+                    #[allow(clippy::nonminimal_bool)]
+                    {
+                        assert!(buffer_ref.curr_idx >= buffer_ref.left_idx);
+                    }
+                    buffer_ref.curr_idx - buffer_ref.left_idx >= start_off.unsigned_abs()
+                }
+            } else {
+                false // unbounded frame start, never preceding-saturated
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn following_saturated(&self, buffer_ref: BufferRef<'_, Self::Key, Self::Value>) -> bool {
+        buffer_ref.curr_idx < buffer_ref.buffer.len() && {
+            let end_off = self.frame_bounds.end.to_offset();
+            if let Some(end_off) = end_off {
+                if end_off <= 0 {
+                    true // pure preceding frame, always following-saturated
+                } else {
+                    // FIXME(rc): Ditto.
+                    #[allow(clippy::nonminimal_bool)]
+                    {
+                        assert!(buffer_ref.right_excl_idx > 0);
+                        assert!(buffer_ref.right_excl_idx > buffer_ref.curr_idx);
+                        assert!(buffer_ref.right_excl_idx <= buffer_ref.buffer.len());
+                    }
+                    buffer_ref.right_excl_idx - 1 - buffer_ref.curr_idx >= end_off as usize
+                }
+            } else {
+                false // unbounded frame end, never following-saturated
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn recalculate_left_right(&self, buffer_ref: BufferRefMut<'_, Self::Key, Self::Value>) {
+        if buffer_ref.buffer.is_empty() {
+            *buffer_ref.left_idx = 0;
+            *buffer_ref.right_excl_idx = 0;
+        }
+
+        let start_off = self.frame_bounds.start.to_offset();
+        let end_off = self.frame_bounds.end.to_offset();
+        if let Some(start_off) = start_off {
+            let logical_left_idx = *buffer_ref.curr_idx as isize + start_off;
+            if logical_left_idx >= 0 {
+                *buffer_ref.left_idx =
+                    std::cmp::min(logical_left_idx as usize, buffer_ref.buffer.len());
+            } else {
+                *buffer_ref.left_idx = 0;
+            }
+        } else {
+            // unbounded start
+            *buffer_ref.left_idx = 0;
+        }
+        if let Some(end_off) = end_off {
+            let logical_right_excl_idx = *buffer_ref.curr_idx as isize + end_off + 1;
+            if logical_right_excl_idx >= 0 {
+                *buffer_ref.right_excl_idx =
+                    std::cmp::min(logical_right_excl_idx as usize, buffer_ref.buffer.len());
+            } else {
+                *buffer_ref.right_excl_idx = 0;
+            }
+        } else {
+            // unbounded end
+            *buffer_ref.right_excl_idx = buffer_ref.buffer.len();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The sliding window implementation for `RANGE` frames.
+pub(super) struct RangeWindow<V: Clone> {
+    frame_bounds: RangeFrameBounds,
+    _phantom: std::marker::PhantomData<V>,
+}
+
+impl<V: Clone> RangeWindow<V> {
+    pub fn new(frame_bounds: RangeFrameBounds) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            frame_bounds,
+            _phantom: std::marker::PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<V: Clone> WindowImpl for RangeWindow<V> {
+    type Key = StateKey;
+    type Value = V;
+
+    fn preceding_saturated(&self, buffer_ref: BufferRef<'_, Self::Key, Self::Value>) -> bool {
+        buffer_ref.curr_idx < buffer_ref.buffer.len() && {
+            // XXX(rc): It seems that preceding saturation is not important, may remove later.
+            true
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn following_saturated(&self, buffer_ref: BufferRef<'_, Self::Key, Self::Value>) -> bool {
+        buffer_ref.curr_idx < buffer_ref.buffer.len()
+            && {
+                // Left OK? (note that `left_idx` can be greater than `right_idx`)
+                // The following line checks whether the left value is the last one in the buffer.
+                // Here we adopt a conservative approach, which means we assume the next future value
+                // is likely to be the same as the last value in the current window, in which case
+                // we can't say the current window is saturated.
+                buffer_ref.left_idx < buffer_ref.buffer.len() /* non-zero */ - 1
+            }
+            && {
+                // Right OK? Ditto.
+                buffer_ref.right_excl_idx < buffer_ref.buffer.len()
+            }
+    }
+
+    fn recalculate_left_right(&self, buffer_ref: BufferRefMut<'_, Self::Key, Self::Value>) {
+        if buffer_ref.buffer.is_empty() {
+            *buffer_ref.left_idx = 0;
+            *buffer_ref.right_excl_idx = 0;
+        }
+
+        let Some(entry) = buffer_ref.buffer.get(*buffer_ref.curr_idx) else {
+            // If the current index has been moved to a future position, we can't touch anything
+            // because the next coming key may equal to the previous one which means the left and
+            // right indices will be the same.
+            return;
+        };
+        let curr_key = &entry.key;
+
+        let curr_order_value = memcmp_encoding::decode_value(
+            &self.frame_bounds.order_data_type,
+            &curr_key.order_key,
+            self.frame_bounds.order_type,
+        )
+        .expect("no reason to fail here because we just encoded it in memory");
+
+        match self.frame_bounds.frame_start_of(&curr_order_value) {
+            Sentinelled::Smallest => {
+                // unbounded frame start
+                assert_eq!(
+                    *buffer_ref.left_idx, 0,
+                    "for unbounded start, left index should always be 0"
+                );
+            }
+            Sentinelled::Normal(value) => {
+                // bounded, find the start position
+                let value_enc = memcmp_encoding::encode_value(value, self.frame_bounds.order_type)
+                    .expect("no reason to fail here");
+                *buffer_ref.left_idx = buffer_ref
+                    .buffer
+                    .partition_point(|elem| elem.key.order_key < value_enc);
+            }
+            Sentinelled::Largest => unreachable!("frame start never be UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING"),
+        }
+
+        match self.frame_bounds.frame_end_of(curr_order_value) {
+            Sentinelled::Largest => {
+                // unbounded frame end
+                *buffer_ref.right_excl_idx = buffer_ref.buffer.len();
+            }
+            Sentinelled::Normal(value) => {
+                // bounded, find the end position
+                let value_enc = memcmp_encoding::encode_value(value, self.frame_bounds.order_type)
+                    .expect("no reason to fail here");
+                *buffer_ref.right_excl_idx = buffer_ref
+                    .buffer
+                    .partition_point(|elem| elem.key.order_key <= value_enc);
+            }
+            Sentinelled::Smallest => unreachable!("frame end never be UNBOUNDED PRECEDING"),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -265,12 +441,18 @@ mod tests {
     use itertools::Itertools;
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::window_function::{Frame, FrameBound};
+    use crate::window_function::FrameBound::{
+        CurrentRow, Following, Preceding, UnboundedFollowing, UnboundedPreceding,
+    };
 
     #[test]
     fn test_rows_frame_unbounded_preceding_to_current_row() {
-        let mut buffer = WindowBuffer::new(
-            Frame::rows(FrameBound::UnboundedPreceding, FrameBound::CurrentRow),
+        let mut buffer = WindowBuffer::<RowsWindow<_, _>>::new(
+            RowsWindow::new(RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: UnboundedPreceding,
+                end: CurrentRow,
+            }),
+            FrameExclusion::NoOthers,
             true,
         );
 
@@ -303,8 +485,12 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_rows_frame_preceding_to_current_row() {
-        let mut buffer = WindowBuffer::new(
-            Frame::rows(FrameBound::Preceding(1), FrameBound::CurrentRow),
+        let mut buffer = WindowBuffer::<RowsWindow<_, _>>::new(
+            RowsWindow::new(RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: Preceding(1),
+                end: CurrentRow,
+            }),
+            FrameExclusion::NoOthers,
             true,
         );
 
@@ -342,8 +528,12 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_rows_frame_preceding_to_preceding() {
-        let mut buffer = WindowBuffer::new(
-            Frame::rows(FrameBound::Preceding(2), FrameBound::Preceding(1)),
+        let mut buffer = WindowBuffer::<RowsWindow<_, _>>::new(
+            RowsWindow::new(RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: Preceding(2),
+                end: Preceding(1),
+            }),
+            FrameExclusion::NoOthers,
             true,
         );
 
@@ -384,8 +574,12 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_rows_frame_current_row_to_unbounded_following() {
-        let mut buffer = WindowBuffer::new(
-            Frame::rows(FrameBound::CurrentRow, FrameBound::UnboundedFollowing),
+        let mut buffer = WindowBuffer::<RowsWindow<_, _>>::new(
+            RowsWindow::new(RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: CurrentRow,
+                end: UnboundedFollowing,
+            }),
+            FrameExclusion::NoOthers,
             true,
         );
 
@@ -422,8 +616,12 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_rows_frame_current_row_to_following() {
-        let mut buffer = WindowBuffer::new(
-            Frame::rows(FrameBound::CurrentRow, FrameBound::Following(1)),
+        let mut buffer = WindowBuffer::<RowsWindow<_, _>>::new(
+            RowsWindow::new(RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: CurrentRow,
+                end: Following(1),
+            }),
+            FrameExclusion::NoOthers,
             true,
         );
 
@@ -468,8 +666,12 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_rows_frame_following_to_following() {
-        let mut buffer = WindowBuffer::new(
-            Frame::rows(FrameBound::Following(1), FrameBound::Following(2)),
+        let mut buffer = WindowBuffer::<RowsWindow<_, _>>::new(
+            RowsWindow::new(RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: Following(1),
+                end: Following(2),
+            }),
+            FrameExclusion::NoOthers,
             true,
         );
 
@@ -511,12 +713,12 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_rows_frame_exclude_current_row() {
-        let mut buffer = WindowBuffer::new(
-            Frame::rows_with_exclusion(
-                FrameBound::UnboundedPreceding,
-                FrameBound::CurrentRow,
-                FrameExclusion::CurrentRow,
-            ),
+        let mut buffer = WindowBuffer::<RowsWindow<_, _>>::new(
+            RowsWindow::new(RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: UnboundedPreceding,
+                end: CurrentRow,
+            }),
+            FrameExclusion::CurrentRow,
             false,
         );
 
diff --git a/src/expr/core/src/window_function/state/mod.rs b/src/expr/core/src/window_function/state/mod.rs
index 37ee086ca7ba..69162f33e5f5 100644
--- a/src/expr/core/src/window_function/state/mod.rs
+++ b/src/expr/core/src/window_function/state/mod.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use risingwave_common::estimate_size::EstimateSize;
 use risingwave_common::row::OwnedRow;
-use risingwave_common::types::{Datum, DefaultOrdered, Sentinelled};
+use risingwave_common::types::{Datum, DefaultOrdered};
 use risingwave_common::util::memcmp_encoding::MemcmpEncoded;
 use smallvec::SmallVec;
 
@@ -36,12 +36,6 @@ pub struct StateKey {
     pub pk: DefaultOrdered<OwnedRow>,
 }
 
-impl From<StateKey> for Sentinelled<StateKey> {
-    fn from(key: StateKey) -> Self {
-        Self::Normal(key)
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct StatePos<'a> {
     /// Only 2 cases in which the `key` is `None`:
@@ -114,7 +108,9 @@ pub trait WindowState: EstimateSize {
     fn slide_no_output(&mut self) -> Result<StateEvictHint>;
 }
 
-pub fn create_window_state(call: &WindowFuncCall) -> Result<Box<dyn WindowState + Send + Sync>> {
+pub type BoxedWindowState = Box<dyn WindowState + Send + Sync>;
+
+pub fn create_window_state(call: &WindowFuncCall) -> Result<BoxedWindowState> {
     assert!(call.frame.bounds.validate().is_ok());
 
     use WindowFuncKind::*;
@@ -122,7 +118,7 @@ pub fn create_window_state(call: &WindowFuncCall) -> Result<Box<dyn WindowState
         RowNumber => Box::new(rank::RankState::<rank::RowNumber>::new(call)),
         Rank => Box::new(rank::RankState::<rank::Rank>::new(call)),
         DenseRank => Box::new(rank::RankState::<rank::DenseRank>::new(call)),
-        Aggregate(_) => Box::new(aggregate::AggregateState::new(call)?),
+        Aggregate(_) => aggregate::new(call)?,
         kind => {
             return Err(ExprError::UnsupportedFunction(format!(
                 "{}({}) -> {}",
diff --git a/src/expr/impl/Cargo.toml b/src/expr/impl/Cargo.toml
index bee2e4eb10c0..a8c66be8a228 100644
--- a/src/expr/impl/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/expr/impl/Cargo.toml
@@ -32,8 +32,10 @@ hex = "0.4"
 icelake = { workspace = true }
 itertools = "0.12"
 jsonbb = "0.1.2"
+linkme = { version = "0.3", features = ["used_linker"] }
 md5 = "0.7"
 num-traits = "0.2"
+openssl = { version = "0.10", features = ["vendored"] }
 regex = "1"
 risingwave_common = { workspace = true }
 risingwave_expr = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/src/expr/impl/src/lib.rs b/src/expr/impl/src/lib.rs
index e9e3cc2b55ad..a47754cb4e82 100644
--- a/src/expr/impl/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/expr/impl/src/lib.rs
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #![feature(test)]
 #![feature(iter_array_chunks)]
 #![feature(result_flattening)]
+#![feature(used_with_arg)]
 
 mod aggregate;
 mod scalar;
diff --git a/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/case.rs b/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/case.rs
index 64a68b987f86..99ec8cb880dd 100644
--- a/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/case.rs
+++ b/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/case.rs
@@ -133,6 +133,35 @@ impl ConstantLookupExpression {
             operand,
         }
     }
+
+    /// Evaluate the fallback arm with the given input
+    async fn eval_fallback(&self, input: &OwnedRow) -> Result<Datum> {
+        let Some(ref fallback) = self.fallback else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        let Ok(res) = fallback.eval_row(input).await else {
+            bail!("failed to evaluate the input for fallback arm");
+        };
+        Ok(res)
+    }
+
+    /// The actual lookup & evaluation logic
+    /// used in both `eval_row` & `eval`
+    async fn lookup(&self, datum: Datum, input: &OwnedRow) -> Result<Datum> {
+        if datum.is_none() {
+            return self.eval_fallback(input).await;
+        }
+
+        if let Some(expr) = self.arms.get(datum.as_ref().unwrap()) {
+            let Ok(res) = expr.eval_row(input).await else {
+                bail!("failed to evaluate the input for normal arm");
+            };
+            Ok(res)
+        } else {
+            // Fallback arm goes here
+            self.eval_fallback(input).await
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[async_trait::async_trait]
@@ -162,16 +191,11 @@ impl Expression for ConstantLookupExpression {
             // rather than from `eval_result`
             let owned_row = row.into_owned_row();
 
-            if let Some(expr) = self.arms.get(datum.as_ref().unwrap()) {
-                builder.append(expr.eval_row(&owned_row).await.unwrap().as_ref());
+            // Lookup and evaluate the current input datum
+            if let Ok(datum) = self.lookup(datum, &owned_row).await {
+                builder.append(datum.as_ref());
             } else {
-                // Otherwise this should goes to the fallback arm
-                // The fallback arm should also be const
-                if let Some(ref fallback) = self.fallback {
-                    builder.append(fallback.eval_row(&owned_row).await.unwrap().as_ref());
-                } else {
-                    builder.append_null();
-                }
+                bail!("failed to lookup and evaluate the expression in `eval`");
             }
         }
 
@@ -180,15 +204,7 @@ impl Expression for ConstantLookupExpression {
 
     async fn eval_row(&self, input: &OwnedRow) -> Result<Datum> {
         let datum = self.operand.eval_row(input).await?;
-
-        if let Some(expr) = self.arms.get(datum.as_ref().unwrap()) {
-            expr.eval_row(input).await
-        } else {
-            let Some(ref expr) = self.fallback else {
-                return Ok(None);
-            };
-            expr.eval_row(input).await
-        }
+        self.lookup(datum, input).await
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/encrypt.rs b/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/encrypt.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2c7dd89ed980
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/encrypt.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+// Copyright 2024 RisingWave Labs
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::sync::LazyLock;
+
+use openssl::error::ErrorStack;
+use openssl::symm::{Cipher, Crypter, Mode as CipherMode};
+use regex::Regex;
+use risingwave_expr::{function, CryptographyError, CryptographyStage, ExprError, Result};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+enum Algorithm {
+    Aes,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+enum Mode {
+    Cbc,
+    Ecb,
+}
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+enum Padding {
+    Pkcs,
+    None,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct CipherConfig {
+    algorithm: Algorithm,
+    mode: Mode,
+    cipher: Cipher,
+    padding: Padding,
+    crypt_key: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+/// Because `Cipher` is not `Debug`, we include algorithm, key length and mode manually.
+impl std::fmt::Debug for CipherConfig {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("CipherConfig")
+            .field("algorithm", &self.algorithm)
+            .field("key_len", &self.crypt_key.len())
+            .field("mode", &self.mode)
+            .field("padding", &self.padding)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+static CIPHER_CONFIG_RE: LazyLock<Regex> =
+    LazyLock::new(|| Regex::new(r"^(aes)(?:-(cbc|ecb))?(?:/pad:(pkcs|none))?$").unwrap());
+
+impl CipherConfig {
+    fn parse_cipher_config(key: &[u8], input: &str) -> Result<CipherConfig> {
+        let Some(caps) = CIPHER_CONFIG_RE.captures(input) else {
+            return Err(ExprError::InvalidParam {
+                name: "mode",
+                reason: format!(
+                    "invalid mode: {}, expect pattern algorithm[-mode][/pad:padding]",
+                    input
+                )
+                .into(),
+            });
+        };
+
+        let algorithm = match caps.get(1).map(|s| s.as_str()) {
+            Some("aes") => Algorithm::Aes,
+            algo => {
+                return Err(ExprError::InvalidParam {
+                    name: "mode",
+                    reason: format!("expect aes for algorithm, but got: {:?}", algo).into(),
+                })
+            }
+        };
+
+        let mode = match caps.get(2).map(|m| m.as_str()) {
+            Some("cbc") | None => Mode::Cbc, // Default to Cbc if not specified
+            Some("ecb") => Mode::Ecb,
+            Some(mode) => {
+                return Err(ExprError::InvalidParam {
+                    name: "mode",
+                    reason: format!("expect cbc or ecb for mode, but got: {}", mode).into(),
+                })
+            }
+        };
+
+        let padding = match caps.get(3).map(|m| m.as_str()) {
+            Some("pkcs") | None => Padding::Pkcs, // Default to Pkcs if not specified
+            Some("none") => Padding::None,
+            Some(padding) => {
+                return Err(ExprError::InvalidParam {
+                    name: "mode",
+                    reason: format!("expect pkcs or none for padding, but got: {}", padding).into(),
+                })
+            }
+        };
+
+        let cipher = match (&algorithm, key.len(), &mode) {
+            (Algorithm::Aes, 16, Mode::Cbc) => Cipher::aes_128_cbc(),
+            (Algorithm::Aes, 16, Mode::Ecb) => Cipher::aes_128_ecb(),
+            (Algorithm::Aes, 24, Mode::Cbc) => Cipher::aes_192_cbc(),
+            (Algorithm::Aes, 24, Mode::Ecb) => Cipher::aes_192_ecb(),
+            (Algorithm::Aes, 32, Mode::Cbc) => Cipher::aes_256_cbc(),
+            (Algorithm::Aes, 32, Mode::Ecb) => Cipher::aes_256_ecb(),
+            (Algorithm::Aes, n, Mode::Cbc | Mode::Ecb) => {
+                return Err(ExprError::InvalidParam {
+                    name: "key",
+                    reason: format!("invalid key length: {}, expect 16, 24 or 32", n).into(),
+                })
+            }
+        };
+
+        Ok(CipherConfig {
+            algorithm,
+            mode,
+            cipher,
+            padding,
+            crypt_key: key.to_vec(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn eval(&self, input: &[u8], stage: CryptographyStage) -> Result<Box<[u8]>> {
+        let operation = match stage {
+            CryptographyStage::Encrypt => CipherMode::Encrypt,
+            CryptographyStage::Decrypt => CipherMode::Decrypt,
+        };
+        self.eval_inner(input, operation).map_err(|reason| {
+            ExprError::Cryptography(Box::new(CryptographyError { stage, reason }))
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn eval_inner(
+        &self,
+        input: &[u8],
+        operation: CipherMode,
+    ) -> std::result::Result<Box<[u8]>, ErrorStack> {
+        let mut decrypter = Crypter::new(self.cipher, operation, self.crypt_key.as_ref(), None)?;
+        let enable_padding = match self.padding {
+            Padding::Pkcs => true,
+            Padding::None => false,
+        };
+        decrypter.pad(enable_padding);
+        let mut decrypt = vec![0; input.len() + self.cipher.block_size()];
+        let count = decrypter.update(input, &mut decrypt)?;
+        let rest = decrypter.finalize(&mut decrypt[count..])?;
+        decrypt.truncate(count + rest);
+        Ok(decrypt.into())
+    }
+}
+
+/// from [pg doc](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgcrypto.html#PGCRYPTO-RAW-ENC-FUNCS)
+#[function(
+    "decrypt(bytea, bytea, varchar) -> bytea",
+    prebuild = "CipherConfig::parse_cipher_config($1, $2)?"
+)]
+pub fn decrypt(data: &[u8], config: &CipherConfig) -> Result<Box<[u8]>> {
+    config.eval(data, CryptographyStage::Decrypt)
+}
+
+#[function(
+    "encrypt(bytea, bytea, varchar) -> bytea",
+    prebuild = "CipherConfig::parse_cipher_config($1, $2)?"
+)]
+pub fn encrypt(data: &[u8], config: &CipherConfig) -> Result<Box<[u8]>> {
+    config.eval(data, CryptographyStage::Encrypt)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_decrypt() {
+        let data = b"hello world";
+        let mode = "aes";
+
+        let config = CipherConfig::parse_cipher_config(
+            b"\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\x09\x0A\x0B\x0C\x0D\x0E\x0F" as &[u8],
+            mode,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let encrypted = encrypt(data, &config).unwrap();
+
+        let decrypted = decrypt(&encrypted, &config).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(decrypted, (*data).into());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn encrypt_testcase() {
+        let encrypt_wrapper = |data: &[u8], key: &[u8], mode: &str| -> Result<Box<[u8]>> {
+            let config = CipherConfig::parse_cipher_config(key, mode)?;
+            encrypt(data, &config)
+        };
+        let decrypt_wrapper = |data: &[u8], key: &[u8], mode: &str| -> Result<Box<[u8]>> {
+            let config = CipherConfig::parse_cipher_config(key, mode)?;
+            decrypt(data, &config)
+        };
+        let key = b"\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\x09\x0a\x0b\x0c\x0d\x0e\x0f";
+
+        let encrypted = encrypt_wrapper(
+            b"\x00\x11\x22\x33\x44\x55\x66\x77\x88\x99\xaa\xbb\xcc\xdd\xee\xff",
+            key,
+            "aes-ecb/pad:none",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let decrypted = decrypt_wrapper(&encrypted, key, "aes-ecb/pad:none").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            decrypted,
+            (*b"\x00\x11\x22\x33\x44\x55\x66\x77\x88\x99\xaa\xbb\xcc\xdd\xee\xff").into()
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_cipher_config() {
+        let key = b"\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\x09\x0a\x0b\x0c\x0d\x0e\x0f";
+
+        let mode_1 = "aes-ecb/pad:none";
+        let config = CipherConfig::parse_cipher_config(key, mode_1).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(config.algorithm, Algorithm::Aes);
+        assert_eq!(config.mode, Mode::Ecb);
+        assert_eq!(config.padding, Padding::None);
+
+        let mode_2 = "aes-cbc/pad:pkcs";
+        let config = CipherConfig::parse_cipher_config(key, mode_2).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(config.algorithm, Algorithm::Aes);
+        assert_eq!(config.mode, Mode::Cbc);
+        assert_eq!(config.padding, Padding::Pkcs);
+
+        let mode_3 = "aes";
+        let config = CipherConfig::parse_cipher_config(key, mode_3).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(config.algorithm, Algorithm::Aes);
+        assert_eq!(config.mode, Mode::Cbc);
+        assert_eq!(config.padding, Padding::Pkcs);
+
+        let mode_4 = "cbc";
+        assert!(CipherConfig::parse_cipher_config(key, mode_4).is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/make_time.rs b/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/make_time.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..add875929919
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/make_time.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+// Copyright 2024 RisingWave Labs
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use chrono::{NaiveDate, NaiveDateTime, NaiveTime};
+use risingwave_common::types::{Date, FloatExt, Time, Timestamp, Timestamptz, F64};
+use risingwave_expr::expr_context::TIME_ZONE;
+use risingwave_expr::{capture_context, function, ExprError, Result};
+
+use crate::scalar::timestamptz::timestamp_at_time_zone;
+
+pub fn make_naive_date(mut year: i32, month: i32, day: i32) -> Result<NaiveDate> {
+    if year == 0 {
+        return Err(ExprError::InvalidParam {
+            name: "year, month, day",
+            reason: format!("invalid date: {}-{}-{}", year, month, day).into(),
+        });
+    }
+    if year < 0 {
+        year += 1
+    }
+    NaiveDate::from_ymd_opt(year, month as u32, day as u32).ok_or_else(|| ExprError::InvalidParam {
+        name: "year, month, day",
+        reason: format!("invalid date: {}-{}-{}", year, month, day).into(),
+    })
+}
+
+fn make_naive_time(hour: i32, min: i32, sec: F64) -> Result<NaiveTime> {
+    if !sec.is_finite() || sec.0.is_sign_negative() {
+        return Err(ExprError::InvalidParam {
+            name: "sec",
+            reason: format!("invalid sec: {}", sec).into(),
+        });
+    }
+    let sec_u32 = sec.0.trunc() as u32;
+    let microsecond_u32 = ((sec.0 - sec.0.trunc()) * 1_000_000.0).round_ties_even() as u32;
+    NaiveTime::from_hms_micro_opt(hour as u32, min as u32, sec_u32, microsecond_u32).ok_or_else(
+        || ExprError::InvalidParam {
+            name: "hour, min, sec",
+            reason: format!("invalid time: {}:{}:{}", hour, min, sec).into(),
+        },
+    )
+}
+
+// year int, month int, day int
+#[function("make_date(int4, int4, int4) -> date")]
+pub fn make_date(year: i32, month: i32, day: i32) -> Result<Date> {
+    Ok(Date(make_naive_date(year, month, day)?))
+}
+
+// hour int, min int, sec double precision
+#[function("make_time(int4, int4, float8) -> time")]
+pub fn make_time(hour: i32, min: i32, sec: F64) -> Result<Time> {
+    Ok(Time(make_naive_time(hour, min, sec)?))
+}
+
+// year int, month int, day int, hour int, min int, sec double precision
+#[function("make_timestamp(int4, int4, int4, int4, int4, float8) -> timestamp")]
+pub fn make_timestamp(
+    year: i32,
+    month: i32,
+    day: i32,
+    hour: i32,
+    min: i32,
+    sec: F64,
+) -> Result<Timestamp> {
+    Ok(Timestamp(NaiveDateTime::new(
+        make_naive_date(year, month, day)?,
+        make_naive_time(hour, min, sec)?,
+    )))
+}
+
+// year int, month int, day int, hour int, min int, sec double precision
+#[function("make_timestamptz(int4, int4, int4, int4, int4, float8) -> timestamptz")]
+pub fn make_timestamptz(
+    year: i32,
+    month: i32,
+    day: i32,
+    hour: i32,
+    min: i32,
+    sec: F64,
+) -> Result<Timestamptz> {
+    make_timestamptz_impl_captured(year, month, day, hour, min, sec)
+}
+
+// year int, month int, day int, hour int, min int, sec double precision, timezone text
+#[function("make_timestamptz(int4, int4, int4, int4, int4, float8, varchar) -> timestamptz")]
+pub fn make_timestamptz_with_time_zone(
+    year: i32,
+    month: i32,
+    day: i32,
+    hour: i32,
+    min: i32,
+    sec: F64,
+    time_zone: &str,
+) -> Result<Timestamptz> {
+    make_timestamptz_impl(time_zone, year, month, day, hour, min, sec)
+}
+
+#[capture_context(TIME_ZONE)]
+fn make_timestamptz_impl(
+    time_zone: &str,
+    year: i32,
+    month: i32,
+    day: i32,
+    hour: i32,
+    min: i32,
+    sec: F64,
+) -> Result<Timestamptz> {
+    let naive_date_time = NaiveDateTime::new(
+        make_naive_date(year, month, day)?,
+        make_naive_time(hour, min, sec)?,
+    );
+    timestamp_at_time_zone(Timestamp(naive_date_time), time_zone)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use chrono::{NaiveDate, NaiveDateTime, NaiveTime};
+    use risingwave_common::types::{Date, Timestamp};
+
+    /// This test is to testify that our `Date` expressess a year `-X` as `X+1 BC`, while `Timestamp` expresses it as `-X`.
+    /// Can be removed if we change the `ToText` implementation of `Date` or `Timestamp`.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_naive_date_and_time() {
+        let year = -1973;
+        let month = 2;
+        let day = 2;
+        let hour = 12;
+        let min = 34;
+        let sec: f64 = 56.789;
+        let naive_date = NaiveDate::from_ymd_opt(year, month as u32, day as u32).unwrap();
+        let naive_time = NaiveTime::from_hms_micro_opt(
+            hour as u32,
+            min as u32,
+            sec.trunc() as u32,
+            ((sec - sec.trunc()) * 1_000_000.0).round() as u32,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(naive_date.to_string(), String::from("-1973-02-02"));
+        let date = Date(naive_date);
+        assert_eq!(date.to_string(), String::from("1974-02-02 BC"));
+        assert_eq!(naive_time.to_string(), String::from("12:34:56.789"));
+        let date_time = Timestamp(NaiveDateTime::new(naive_date, naive_time));
+        assert_eq!(
+            date_time.to_string(),
+            String::from("-1973-02-02 12:34:56.789")
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/make_timestamptz.rs b/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/make_timestamptz.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 967eba94f440..000000000000
--- a/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/make_timestamptz.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 RisingWave Labs
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-use chrono::{NaiveDate, NaiveDateTime, NaiveTime};
-use risingwave_common::types::{FloatExt, Timestamp, Timestamptz, F64};
-use risingwave_expr::expr_context::TIME_ZONE;
-use risingwave_expr::{capture_context, function, ExprError, Result};
-
-use crate::scalar::timestamptz::timestamp_at_time_zone;
-
-// year int, month int, day int, hour int, min int, sec double precision
-#[function("make_timestamptz(int4, int4, int4, int4, int4, float8) -> timestamptz")]
-pub fn make_timestamptz(
-    year: i32,
-    month: i32,
-    day: i32,
-    hour: i32,
-    min: i32,
-    sec: F64,
-) -> Result<Timestamptz> {
-    make_timestamptz_impl_captured(year, month, day, hour, min, sec)
-}
-
-// year int, month int, day int, hour int, min int, sec double precision, timezone text
-#[function("make_timestamptz(int4, int4, int4, int4, int4, float8, varchar) -> timestamptz")]
-pub fn make_timestamptz_with_time_zone(
-    year: i32,
-    month: i32,
-    day: i32,
-    hour: i32,
-    min: i32,
-    sec: F64,
-    time_zone: &str,
-) -> Result<Timestamptz> {
-    make_timestamptz_impl(time_zone, year, month, day, hour, min, sec)
-}
-
-#[capture_context(TIME_ZONE)]
-fn make_timestamptz_impl(
-    time_zone: &str,
-    year: i32,
-    month: i32,
-    day: i32,
-    hour: i32,
-    min: i32,
-    sec: F64,
-) -> Result<Timestamptz> {
-    if !sec.is_finite() || sec.0.is_sign_negative() {
-        return Err(ExprError::InvalidParam {
-            name: "sec",
-            reason: "invalid sec".into(),
-        });
-    }
-    let sec_u32 = sec.0.trunc() as u32;
-    let microsecond_u32 = ((sec.0 - sec.0.trunc()) * 1_000_000.0).round_ties_even() as u32;
-    let naive_date_time = NaiveDateTime::new(
-        NaiveDate::from_ymd_opt(year, month as u32, day as u32).ok_or_else(|| {
-            ExprError::InvalidParam {
-                name: "year, month, day",
-                reason: "invalid date".into(),
-            }
-        })?,
-        NaiveTime::from_hms_micro_opt(hour as u32, min as u32, sec_u32, microsecond_u32)
-            .ok_or_else(|| ExprError::InvalidParam {
-                name: "hour, min, sec",
-                reason: "invalid time".into(),
-            })?,
-    );
-
-    timestamp_at_time_zone(Timestamp(naive_date_time), time_zone)
-}
diff --git a/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/mod.rs b/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/mod.rs
index bc925e3f2831..c5dc3defc57b 100644
--- a/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/mod.rs
+++ b/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/mod.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ mod jsonb_object;
 mod jsonb_path;
 mod length;
 mod lower;
-mod make_timestamptz;
+mod make_time;
 mod md5;
 mod overlay;
 mod position;
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ mod to_char;
 mod to_jsonb;
 mod vnode;
 pub use to_jsonb::*;
+mod encrypt;
 mod external;
 mod to_timestamp;
 mod translate;
diff --git a/src/expr/macro/src/gen.rs b/src/expr/macro/src/gen.rs
index b7a8cd642450..89033ccdbd71 100644
--- a/src/expr/macro/src/gen.rs
+++ b/src/expr/macro/src/gen.rs
@@ -126,12 +126,12 @@ impl FunctionAttr {
         let deprecated = self.deprecated;
 
         Ok(quote! {
-            #[risingwave_expr::codegen::ctor]
-            fn #ctor_name() {
+            #[risingwave_expr::codegen::linkme::distributed_slice(risingwave_expr::sig::FUNCTIONS)]
+            fn #ctor_name() -> risingwave_expr::sig::FuncSign {
                 use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, DataTypeName};
-                use risingwave_expr::sig::{_register, FuncSign, SigDataType, FuncBuilder};
+                use risingwave_expr::sig::{FuncSign, SigDataType, FuncBuilder};
 
-                unsafe { _register(FuncSign {
+                FuncSign {
                     name: risingwave_pb::expr::expr_node::Type::#pb_type.into(),
                     inputs_type: vec![#(#args),*],
                     variadic: #variadic,
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ impl FunctionAttr {
                     build: FuncBuilder::Scalar(#build_fn),
                     type_infer: #type_infer_fn,
                     deprecated: #deprecated,
-                }) };
+                }
             }
         })
     }
@@ -615,12 +615,12 @@ impl FunctionAttr {
         let deprecated = self.deprecated;
 
         Ok(quote! {
-            #[risingwave_expr::codegen::ctor]
-            fn #ctor_name() {
+            #[risingwave_expr::codegen::linkme::distributed_slice(risingwave_expr::sig::FUNCTIONS)]
+            fn #ctor_name() -> risingwave_expr::sig::FuncSign {
                 use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, DataTypeName};
-                use risingwave_expr::sig::{_register, FuncSign, SigDataType, FuncBuilder};
+                use risingwave_expr::sig::{FuncSign, SigDataType, FuncBuilder};
 
-                unsafe { _register(FuncSign {
+                FuncSign {
                     name: risingwave_expr::aggregate::AggKind::#pb_type.into(),
                     inputs_type: vec![#(#args),*],
                     variadic: false,
@@ -633,7 +633,7 @@ impl FunctionAttr {
                     },
                     type_infer: #type_infer_fn,
                     deprecated: #deprecated,
-                }) };
+                }
             }
         })
     }
@@ -946,12 +946,12 @@ impl FunctionAttr {
         let deprecated = self.deprecated;
 
         Ok(quote! {
-            #[risingwave_expr::codegen::ctor]
-            fn #ctor_name() {
+            #[risingwave_expr::codegen::linkme::distributed_slice(risingwave_expr::sig::FUNCTIONS)]
+            fn #ctor_name() -> risingwave_expr::sig::FuncSign {
                 use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, DataTypeName};
-                use risingwave_expr::sig::{_register, FuncSign, SigDataType, FuncBuilder};
+                use risingwave_expr::sig::{FuncSign, SigDataType, FuncBuilder};
 
-                unsafe { _register(FuncSign {
+                FuncSign {
                     name: risingwave_pb::expr::table_function::Type::#pb_type.into(),
                     inputs_type: vec![#(#args),*],
                     variadic: false,
@@ -959,7 +959,7 @@ impl FunctionAttr {
                     build: FuncBuilder::Table(#build_fn),
                     type_infer: #type_infer_fn,
                     deprecated: #deprecated,
-                }) };
+                }
             }
         })
     }
diff --git a/src/frontend/Cargo.toml b/src/frontend/Cargo.toml
index 7e6ff16ac8cf..bf4dd37c233b 100644
--- a/src/frontend/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/frontend/Cargo.toml
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ base64 = "0.21"
 bk-tree = "0.5.0"
 bytes = "1"
 clap = { version = "4", features = ["derive"] }
-ctor = "0.2"
 downcast-rs = "1.2"
 dyn-clone = "1.0.14"
 easy-ext = "1"
@@ -38,7 +37,9 @@ fixedbitset = "0.4.2"
 futures = { version = "0.3", default-features = false, features = ["alloc"] }
 futures-async-stream = { workspace = true }
 iana-time-zone = "0.1"
+icelake = { workspace = true }
 itertools = "0.12"
+linkme = { version = "0.3", features = ["used_linker"] }
 maplit = "1"
 md5 = "0.7.0"
 num-integer = "0.1"
diff --git a/src/frontend/planner_test/src/lib.rs b/src/frontend/planner_test/src/lib.rs
index f3c7d9250ec4..f7ce8cc04a95 100644
--- a/src/frontend/planner_test/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/planner_test/src/lib.rs
@@ -833,6 +833,7 @@ impl TestCase {
                     format_desc,
                     false,
                     None,
+                    None,
                 ) {
                     Ok(sink_plan) => {
                         ret.sink_plan = Some(explain_plan(&sink_plan.into()));
diff --git a/src/frontend/planner_test/tests/testdata/input/over_window_function.yaml b/src/frontend/planner_test/tests/testdata/input/over_window_function.yaml
index bfa3bd0f9d6c..4406089b273b 100644
--- a/src/frontend/planner_test/tests/testdata/input/over_window_function.yaml
+++ b/src/frontend/planner_test/tests/testdata/input/over_window_function.yaml
@@ -134,13 +134,17 @@
     create table t(x int, y int);
     select x, y, max(x) over(PARTITION BY y ORDER BY x RANGE 100 PRECEDING) from t;
   expected_outputs:
-    - binder_error
+    - logical_plan
+    - stream_plan
+    - batch_plan
 - id: aggregate with over clause, range frame definition with between
   sql: |
     create table t(x int, y int);
     select x, y, max(x) over(PARTITION BY y ORDER BY x RANGE BETWEEN 100 PRECEDING and UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) from t;
   expected_outputs:
-    - binder_error
+    - logical_plan
+    - stream_plan
+    - batch_plan
 - id: aggregate with over clause, unbounded range, with ORDER BY
   sql: |
     create table t(x int, y int);
@@ -547,3 +551,43 @@
   expected_outputs:
     - optimized_logical_plan_for_stream
     - optimized_logical_plan_for_batch
+
+# Range frames
+- sql: |
+    create table t (i int, bi bigint, d decimal, f float, da date, t time, ts timestamp, tstz timestamptz, itv interval);
+    select
+        count(*) over (partition by 1::int order by i range 1 preceding) as col1,
+        count(*) over (partition by 1::int order by bi range 1 preceding) as col2,
+        count(*) over (partition by 1::int order by d range 1.5 preceding) as col3,
+        count(*) over (partition by 1::int order by f range 1.5 preceding) as col4,
+        -- count(*) over (partition by 1::int order by da range '1 day' preceding) as col5, -- `date` not supported yet
+        -- count(*) over (partition by 1::int order by t range '1 min' preceding) as col6, -- `time` not supported yet
+        count(*) over (partition by 1::int order by ts range '1 day 1 hour' preceding) as col7,
+        count(*) over (partition by 1::int order by tstz range '1 min' preceding) as col8
+    from t;
+  expected_outputs:
+    - logical_plan
+    - optimized_logical_plan_for_stream
+    - stream_plan
+    - batch_plan
+- sql: |
+    create table t (i int, bi bigint, d decimal, f float, da date, t time, ts timestamp, tstz timestamptz, itv interval);
+    select
+        count(*) over (partition by 1::int order by da range '1 day' preceding) -- `date` not supported yet
+    from t;
+  expected_outputs:
+    - binder_error
+- sql: |
+    create table t (i int, bi bigint, d decimal, f float, da date, t time, ts timestamp, tstz timestamptz, itv interval);
+    select
+        count(*) over (partition by 1::int order by t range '1 min' preceding) -- `time` not supported yet
+    from t;
+  expected_outputs:
+    - binder_error
+- sql: |
+    create table t (i int, bi bigint, d decimal, f float, da date, t time, ts timestamp, tstz timestamptz, itv interval);
+    select
+        count(*) over (partition by 1::int order by tstz range '1 day 1 hour' preceding) -- `timestamptz` +/- 'x month x day' not supported yet
+    from t;
+  expected_outputs:
+    - binder_error
diff --git a/src/frontend/planner_test/tests/testdata/input/sink.yaml b/src/frontend/planner_test/tests/testdata/input/sink.yaml
index 70a09e211a4a..f9241cdc7c9a 100644
--- a/src/frontend/planner_test/tests/testdata/input/sink.yaml
+++ b/src/frontend/planner_test/tests/testdata/input/sink.yaml
@@ -81,3 +81,76 @@
     explain create sink sk1 from t2 emit on window close with (connector='blackhole');
   expected_outputs:
     - explain_output
+- id: create_mock_iceberg_sink_append_only_with_sparse_partition
+  sql: |
+    create table t1 (v1 int, v2 bigint, v3 varchar, v4 time);
+    explain create sink s1 as select v1 as v1, v2 as v2, v3 as v3, v4 as v4 from t1 WITH (
+      connector = 'iceberg',
+      type = 'append-only',
+      force_append_only = 'true',
+      catalog.type = 'mock',
+      database.name = 'demo_db',
+      table.name = 'sparse_table',
+      warehouse.path = 's3://icebergdata/demo',
+      s3.endpoint = 'http://127.0.0.1:9301',
+      s3.region = 'us-east-1',
+      s3.access.key = 'hummockadmin',
+      s3.secret.key = 'hummockadmin'
+    );
+  expected_outputs:
+    - explain_output
+- id: create_mock_iceberg_sink_append_only_with_range_partition
+  sql: |
+    create table t1 (v1 date, v2 timestamp, v3 timestamp with time zone, v4 timestamp);
+    explain create sink s1 as select v1 as v1, v2 as v2, v3 as v3, v4 as v4 from t1 WITH (
+      connector = 'iceberg',
+      type = 'append-only',
+      force_append_only = 'true',
+      catalog.type = 'mock',
+      database.name = 'demo_db',
+      table.name = 'range_table',
+      warehouse.path = 's3://icebergdata/demo',
+      s3.endpoint = 'http://127.0.0.1:9301',
+      s3.region = 'us-east-1',
+      s3.access.key = 'hummockadmin',
+      s3.secret.key = 'hummockadmin'
+    );
+  expected_outputs:
+    - explain_output
+- id: create_mock_iceberg_sink_upsert_with_sparse_partition
+  sql: |
+    create table t1 (v1 int, v2 bigint, v3 varchar, v4 time);
+    explain create sink s1 as select v1 as v1, v2 as v2, v3 as v3, v4 as v4 from t1 WITH (
+      connector = 'iceberg',
+      type = 'upsert',
+      catalog.type = 'mock',
+      database.name = 'demo_db',
+      table.name = 'sparse_table',
+      warehouse.path = 's3://icebergdata/demo',
+      s3.endpoint = 'http://127.0.0.1:9301',
+      s3.region = 'us-east-1',
+      s3.access.key = 'hummockadmin',
+      s3.secret.key = 'hummockadmin',
+      primary_key = 'v1'
+    );
+  expected_outputs:
+    - explain_output
+- id: create_mock_iceberg_sink_upsert_with_range_partition
+  sql: |
+    create table t1 (v1 date, v2 timestamp, v3 timestamp with time zone, v4 timestamp);
+    explain create sink s1 as select v1 as v1, v2 as v2, v3 as v3, v4 as v4 from t1 WITH (
+      connector = 'iceberg',
+      type = 'upsert',
+      catalog.type = 'mock',
+      database.name = 'demo_db',
+      table.name = 'range_table',
+      warehouse.path = 's3://icebergdata/demo',
+      s3.endpoint = 'http://127.0.0.1:9301',
+      s3.region = 'us-east-1',
+      s3.access.key = 'hummockadmin',
+      s3.secret.key = 'hummockadmin',
+      primary_key = 'v1'
+    );
+  expected_outputs:
+    - explain_output
+
diff --git a/src/frontend/planner_test/tests/testdata/output/over_window_function.yaml b/src/frontend/planner_test/tests/testdata/output/over_window_function.yaml
index 444297bf30a7..6999cdeededf 100644
--- a/src/frontend/planner_test/tests/testdata/output/over_window_function.yaml
+++ b/src/frontend/planner_test/tests/testdata/output/over_window_function.yaml
@@ -259,22 +259,42 @@
   sql: |
     create table t(x int, y int);
     select x, y, max(x) over(PARTITION BY y ORDER BY x RANGE 100 PRECEDING) from t;
-  binder_error: |
-    Failed to bind expression: max(x) OVER (PARTITION BY y ORDER BY x RANGE 100 PRECEDING)
-
-    Caused by:
-      Feature is not yet implemented: window frame in `RANGE` mode is not supported yet
-    Tracking issue: https://github.com/risingwavelabs/risingwave/issues/9124
+  logical_plan: |-
+    LogicalProject { exprs: [t.x, t.y, max] }
+    └─LogicalOverWindow { window_functions: [max(t.x) OVER(PARTITION BY t.y ORDER BY t.x ASC RANGE BETWEEN 100 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)] }
+      └─LogicalProject { exprs: [t.x, t.y, t._row_id] }
+        └─LogicalScan { table: t, columns: [t.x, t.y, t._row_id] }
+  batch_plan: |-
+    BatchExchange { order: [], dist: Single }
+    └─BatchOverWindow { window_functions: [max(t.x) OVER(PARTITION BY t.y ORDER BY t.x ASC RANGE BETWEEN 100 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)] }
+      └─BatchExchange { order: [t.y ASC, t.x ASC], dist: HashShard(t.y) }
+        └─BatchSort { order: [t.y ASC, t.x ASC] }
+          └─BatchScan { table: t, columns: [t.x, t.y], distribution: SomeShard }
+  stream_plan: |-
+    StreamMaterialize { columns: [x, y, t._row_id(hidden), max], stream_key: [t._row_id, y], pk_columns: [t._row_id, y], pk_conflict: NoCheck }
+    └─StreamOverWindow { window_functions: [max(t.x) OVER(PARTITION BY t.y ORDER BY t.x ASC RANGE BETWEEN 100 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)] }
+      └─StreamExchange { dist: HashShard(t.y) }
+        └─StreamTableScan { table: t, columns: [t.x, t.y, t._row_id], pk: [t._row_id], dist: UpstreamHashShard(t._row_id) }
 - id: aggregate with over clause, range frame definition with between
   sql: |
     create table t(x int, y int);
     select x, y, max(x) over(PARTITION BY y ORDER BY x RANGE BETWEEN 100 PRECEDING and UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) from t;
-  binder_error: |
-    Failed to bind expression: max(x) OVER (PARTITION BY y ORDER BY x RANGE BETWEEN 100 PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING)
-
-    Caused by:
-      Feature is not yet implemented: window frame in `RANGE` mode is not supported yet
-    Tracking issue: https://github.com/risingwavelabs/risingwave/issues/9124
+  logical_plan: |-
+    LogicalProject { exprs: [t.x, t.y, max] }
+    └─LogicalOverWindow { window_functions: [max(t.x) OVER(PARTITION BY t.y ORDER BY t.x ASC RANGE BETWEEN 100 PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING)] }
+      └─LogicalProject { exprs: [t.x, t.y, t._row_id] }
+        └─LogicalScan { table: t, columns: [t.x, t.y, t._row_id] }
+  batch_plan: |-
+    BatchExchange { order: [], dist: Single }
+    └─BatchOverWindow { window_functions: [max(t.x) OVER(PARTITION BY t.y ORDER BY t.x ASC RANGE BETWEEN 100 PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING)] }
+      └─BatchExchange { order: [t.y ASC, t.x ASC], dist: HashShard(t.y) }
+        └─BatchSort { order: [t.y ASC, t.x ASC] }
+          └─BatchScan { table: t, columns: [t.x, t.y], distribution: SomeShard }
+  stream_plan: |-
+    StreamMaterialize { columns: [x, y, t._row_id(hidden), max], stream_key: [t._row_id, y], pk_columns: [t._row_id, y], pk_conflict: NoCheck }
+    └─StreamOverWindow { window_functions: [max(t.x) OVER(PARTITION BY t.y ORDER BY t.x ASC RANGE BETWEEN 100 PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING)] }
+      └─StreamExchange { dist: HashShard(t.y) }
+        └─StreamTableScan { table: t, columns: [t.x, t.y, t._row_id], pk: [t._row_id], dist: UpstreamHashShard(t._row_id) }
 - id: aggregate with over clause, unbounded range, with ORDER BY
   sql: |
     create table t(x int, y int);
@@ -1115,3 +1135,108 @@
     └─LogicalOverWindow { window_functions: [count() OVER(PARTITION BY 1:Int32 ORDER BY t.b ASC ROWS BETWEEN 10 FOLLOWING AND 1 FOLLOWING)] }
       └─LogicalProject { exprs: [t.b, 1:Int32] }
         └─LogicalScan { table: t, columns: [t.b] }
+- sql: |
+    create table t (i int, bi bigint, d decimal, f float, da date, t time, ts timestamp, tstz timestamptz, itv interval);
+    select
+        count(*) over (partition by 1::int order by i range 1 preceding) as col1,
+        count(*) over (partition by 1::int order by bi range 1 preceding) as col2,
+        count(*) over (partition by 1::int order by d range 1.5 preceding) as col3,
+        count(*) over (partition by 1::int order by f range 1.5 preceding) as col4,
+        -- count(*) over (partition by 1::int order by da range '1 day' preceding) as col5, -- `date` not supported yet
+        -- count(*) over (partition by 1::int order by t range '1 min' preceding) as col6, -- `time` not supported yet
+        count(*) over (partition by 1::int order by ts range '1 day 1 hour' preceding) as col7,
+        count(*) over (partition by 1::int order by tstz range '1 min' preceding) as col8
+    from t;
+  logical_plan: |-
+    LogicalProject { exprs: [count, count, count, count, count, count] }
+    └─LogicalOverWindow { window_functions: [count() OVER(PARTITION BY 1:Int32 ORDER BY t.i ASC RANGE BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW), count() OVER(PARTITION BY 1:Int32 ORDER BY t.bi ASC RANGE BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW), count() OVER(PARTITION BY 1:Int32 ORDER BY t.d ASC RANGE BETWEEN 1.5 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW), count() OVER(PARTITION BY 1:Int32 ORDER BY t.f ASC RANGE BETWEEN 1.5 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW), count() OVER(PARTITION BY 1:Int32 ORDER BY t.ts ASC RANGE BETWEEN 1 day 01:00:00 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW), count() OVER(PARTITION BY 1:Int32 ORDER BY t.tstz ASC RANGE BETWEEN 00:01:00 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)] }
+      └─LogicalProject { exprs: [t.i, t.bi, t.d, t.f, t.da, t.t, t.ts, t.tstz, t.itv, t._row_id, 1:Int32] }
+        └─LogicalScan { table: t, columns: [t.i, t.bi, t.d, t.f, t.da, t.t, t.ts, t.tstz, t.itv, t._row_id] }
+  optimized_logical_plan_for_stream: |-
+    LogicalProject { exprs: [count, count, count, count, count, count] }
+    └─LogicalOverWindow { window_functions: [count() OVER(PARTITION BY 1:Int32 ORDER BY t.tstz ASC RANGE BETWEEN 00:01:00 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)] }
+      └─LogicalProject { exprs: [t.tstz, 1:Int32, count, count, count, count, count] }
+        └─LogicalOverWindow { window_functions: [count() OVER(PARTITION BY 1:Int32 ORDER BY t.ts ASC RANGE BETWEEN 1 day 01:00:00 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)] }
+          └─LogicalProject { exprs: [t.ts, t.tstz, 1:Int32, count, count, count, count] }
+            └─LogicalOverWindow { window_functions: [count() OVER(PARTITION BY 1:Int32 ORDER BY t.f ASC RANGE BETWEEN 1.5 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)] }
+              └─LogicalProject { exprs: [t.f, t.ts, t.tstz, 1:Int32, count, count, count] }
+                └─LogicalOverWindow { window_functions: [count() OVER(PARTITION BY 1:Int32 ORDER BY t.d ASC RANGE BETWEEN 1.5 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)] }
+                  └─LogicalProject { exprs: [t.d, t.f, t.ts, t.tstz, 1:Int32, count, count] }
+                    └─LogicalOverWindow { window_functions: [count() OVER(PARTITION BY 1:Int32 ORDER BY t.bi ASC RANGE BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)] }
+                      └─LogicalProject { exprs: [t.bi, t.d, t.f, t.ts, t.tstz, 1:Int32, count] }
+                        └─LogicalOverWindow { window_functions: [count() OVER(PARTITION BY 1:Int32 ORDER BY t.i ASC RANGE BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)] }
+                          └─LogicalProject { exprs: [t.i, t.bi, t.d, t.f, t.ts, t.tstz, 1:Int32] }
+                            └─LogicalScan { table: t, columns: [t.i, t.bi, t.d, t.f, t.ts, t.tstz] }
+  batch_plan: |-
+    BatchExchange { order: [], dist: Single }
+    └─BatchProject { exprs: [count, count, count, count, count, count] }
+      └─BatchOverWindow { window_functions: [count() OVER(PARTITION BY 1:Int32 ORDER BY t.tstz ASC RANGE BETWEEN 00:01:00 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)] }
+        └─BatchSort { order: [1:Int32 ASC, t.tstz ASC] }
+          └─BatchProject { exprs: [t.tstz, 1:Int32, count, count, count, count, count] }
+            └─BatchOverWindow { window_functions: [count() OVER(PARTITION BY 1:Int32 ORDER BY t.ts ASC RANGE BETWEEN 1 day 01:00:00 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)] }
+              └─BatchSort { order: [1:Int32 ASC, t.ts ASC] }
+                └─BatchProject { exprs: [t.ts, t.tstz, 1:Int32, count, count, count, count] }
+                  └─BatchOverWindow { window_functions: [count() OVER(PARTITION BY 1:Int32 ORDER BY t.f ASC RANGE BETWEEN 1.5 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)] }
+                    └─BatchSort { order: [1:Int32 ASC, t.f ASC] }
+                      └─BatchProject { exprs: [t.f, t.ts, t.tstz, 1:Int32, count, count, count] }
+                        └─BatchOverWindow { window_functions: [count() OVER(PARTITION BY 1:Int32 ORDER BY t.d ASC RANGE BETWEEN 1.5 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)] }
+                          └─BatchSort { order: [1:Int32 ASC, t.d ASC] }
+                            └─BatchProject { exprs: [t.d, t.f, t.ts, t.tstz, 1:Int32, count, count] }
+                              └─BatchOverWindow { window_functions: [count() OVER(PARTITION BY 1:Int32 ORDER BY t.bi ASC RANGE BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)] }
+                                └─BatchSort { order: [1:Int32 ASC, t.bi ASC] }
+                                  └─BatchProject { exprs: [t.bi, t.d, t.f, t.ts, t.tstz, 1:Int32, count] }
+                                    └─BatchOverWindow { window_functions: [count() OVER(PARTITION BY 1:Int32 ORDER BY t.i ASC RANGE BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)] }
+                                      └─BatchExchange { order: [1:Int32 ASC, t.i ASC], dist: HashShard(1:Int32) }
+                                        └─BatchSort { order: [1:Int32 ASC, t.i ASC] }
+                                          └─BatchProject { exprs: [t.i, t.bi, t.d, t.f, t.ts, t.tstz, 1:Int32] }
+                                            └─BatchScan { table: t, columns: [t.i, t.bi, t.d, t.f, t.ts, t.tstz], distribution: SomeShard }
+  stream_plan: |-
+    StreamMaterialize { columns: [col1, col2, col3, col4, col7, col8, t._row_id(hidden), 1:Int32(hidden)], stream_key: [t._row_id, 1:Int32], pk_columns: [t._row_id, 1:Int32], pk_conflict: NoCheck }
+    └─StreamProject { exprs: [count, count, count, count, count, count, t._row_id, 1:Int32] }
+      └─StreamOverWindow { window_functions: [count() OVER(PARTITION BY 1:Int32 ORDER BY t.tstz ASC RANGE BETWEEN 00:01:00 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)] }
+        └─StreamProject { exprs: [t.tstz, 1:Int32, count, count, count, count, count, t._row_id] }
+          └─StreamOverWindow { window_functions: [count() OVER(PARTITION BY 1:Int32 ORDER BY t.ts ASC RANGE BETWEEN 1 day 01:00:00 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)] }
+            └─StreamProject { exprs: [t.ts, t.tstz, 1:Int32, count, count, count, count, t._row_id] }
+              └─StreamOverWindow { window_functions: [count() OVER(PARTITION BY 1:Int32 ORDER BY t.f ASC RANGE BETWEEN 1.5 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)] }
+                └─StreamProject { exprs: [t.f, t.ts, t.tstz, 1:Int32, count, count, count, t._row_id] }
+                  └─StreamOverWindow { window_functions: [count() OVER(PARTITION BY 1:Int32 ORDER BY t.d ASC RANGE BETWEEN 1.5 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)] }
+                    └─StreamProject { exprs: [t.d, t.f, t.ts, t.tstz, 1:Int32, count, count, t._row_id] }
+                      └─StreamOverWindow { window_functions: [count() OVER(PARTITION BY 1:Int32 ORDER BY t.bi ASC RANGE BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)] }
+                        └─StreamProject { exprs: [t.bi, t.d, t.f, t.ts, t.tstz, 1:Int32, count, t._row_id] }
+                          └─StreamOverWindow { window_functions: [count() OVER(PARTITION BY 1:Int32 ORDER BY t.i ASC RANGE BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)] }
+                            └─StreamExchange { dist: HashShard(1:Int32) }
+                              └─StreamProject { exprs: [t.i, t.bi, t.d, t.f, t.ts, t.tstz, 1:Int32, t._row_id] }
+                                └─StreamTableScan { table: t, columns: [t.i, t.bi, t.d, t.f, t.ts, t.tstz, t._row_id], pk: [t._row_id], dist: UpstreamHashShard(t._row_id) }
+- sql: |
+    create table t (i int, bi bigint, d decimal, f float, da date, t time, ts timestamp, tstz timestamptz, itv interval);
+    select
+        count(*) over (partition by 1::int order by da range '1 day' preceding) -- `date` not supported yet
+    from t;
+  binder_error: |
+    Failed to bind expression: count(*) OVER (PARTITION BY CAST(1 AS INT) ORDER BY da RANGE '1 day' PRECEDING)
+
+    Caused by:
+      Feature is not yet implemented: `RANGE` frame with offset of type `date` is not implemented yet, please manually cast the `ORDER BY` column to `timestamp`
+    No tracking issue yet. Feel free to submit a feature request at https://github.com/risingwavelabs/risingwave/issues/new?labels=type%2Ffeature&template=feature_request.yml
+- sql: |
+    create table t (i int, bi bigint, d decimal, f float, da date, t time, ts timestamp, tstz timestamptz, itv interval);
+    select
+        count(*) over (partition by 1::int order by t range '1 min' preceding) -- `time` not supported yet
+    from t;
+  binder_error: |
+    Failed to bind expression: count(*) OVER (PARTITION BY CAST(1 AS INT) ORDER BY t RANGE '1 min' PRECEDING)
+
+    Caused by:
+      Feature is not yet implemented: `RANGE` frame with offset of type `time without time zone` is not implemented yet, please manually cast the `ORDER BY` column to `timestamp`
+    No tracking issue yet. Feel free to submit a feature request at https://github.com/risingwavelabs/risingwave/issues/new?labels=type%2Ffeature&template=feature_request.yml
+- sql: |
+    create table t (i int, bi bigint, d decimal, f float, da date, t time, ts timestamp, tstz timestamptz, itv interval);
+    select
+        count(*) over (partition by 1::int order by tstz range '1 day 1 hour' preceding) -- `timestamptz` +/- 'x month x day' not supported yet
+    from t;
+  binder_error: |
+    Failed to bind expression: count(*) OVER (PARTITION BY CAST(1 AS INT) ORDER BY tstz RANGE '1 day 1 hour' PRECEDING)
+
+    Caused by these errors (recent errors listed first):
+      1: Expr error
+      2: for frame order column of type `timestamptz`, offset should not have non-zero `month` and `day`
diff --git a/src/frontend/planner_test/tests/testdata/output/sink.yaml b/src/frontend/planner_test/tests/testdata/output/sink.yaml
index e2aadf7ee85f..f733646a905a 100644
--- a/src/frontend/planner_test/tests/testdata/output/sink.yaml
+++ b/src/frontend/planner_test/tests/testdata/output/sink.yaml
@@ -56,16 +56,18 @@
     ├── columns:
     │   ┌── kv_log_store_epoch: bigint
     │   ├── kv_log_store_seq_id: integer
+    │   ├── kv_log_store_vnode: smallint
     │   ├── kv_log_store_row_op: smallint
     │   ├── v1: integer
     │   ├── v2: double precision
     │   ├── v3: character varying
     │   ├── v5: numeric
     │   └── t1.v4: bigint
-    ├── primary key: [ $0 ASC, $1 ASC ]
-    ├── value indices: [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ]
-    ├── distribution key: [ 3, 4 ]
-    └── read pk prefix len hint: 2
+    ├── primary key: [ $0 ASC, $1 ASC, $2 ASC ]
+    ├── value indices: [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ]
+    ├── distribution key: [ 4, 5 ]
+    ├── read pk prefix len hint: 3
+    └── vnode column idx: 2
 
     Table 1
     ├── columns: [ vnode: smallint, v3: character varying, v4: bigint, t1_backfill_finished: boolean, t1_row_count: bigint ]
@@ -106,15 +108,17 @@
     ├── columns:
     │   ┌── kv_log_store_epoch: bigint
     │   ├── kv_log_store_seq_id: integer
+    │   ├── kv_log_store_vnode: smallint
     │   ├── kv_log_store_row_op: smallint
     │   ├── v1: integer
     │   ├── v2: double precision
     │   ├── v3: character varying
     │   └── v5: numeric
-    ├── primary key: [ $0 ASC, $1 ASC ]
-    ├── value indices: [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ]
-    ├── distribution key: [ 5, 6 ]
-    └── read pk prefix len hint: 2
+    ├── primary key: [ $0 ASC, $1 ASC, $2 ASC ]
+    ├── value indices: [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ]
+    ├── distribution key: [ 6, 7 ]
+    ├── read pk prefix len hint: 3
+    └── vnode column idx: 2
 
     Table 1
     ├── columns: [ vnode: smallint, v1: integer, v2: double precision, t1_backfill_finished: boolean, t1_row_count: bigint ]
@@ -172,3 +176,83 @@
     StreamSink { type: upsert, columns: [a, b, t2._row_id(hidden)], pk: [t2._row_id] }
     └─StreamEowcSort { sort_column: t2.b }
       └─StreamTableScan { table: t2, columns: [a, b, _row_id] }
+- id: create_mock_iceberg_sink_append_only_with_sparse_partition
+  sql: |
+    create table t1 (v1 int, v2 bigint, v3 varchar, v4 time);
+    explain create sink s1 as select v1 as v1, v2 as v2, v3 as v3, v4 as v4 from t1 WITH (
+      connector = 'iceberg',
+      type = 'append-only',
+      force_append_only = 'true',
+      catalog.type = 'mock',
+      database.name = 'demo_db',
+      table.name = 'sparse_table',
+      warehouse.path = 's3://icebergdata/demo',
+      s3.endpoint = 'http://127.0.0.1:9301',
+      s3.region = 'us-east-1',
+      s3.access.key = 'hummockadmin',
+      s3.secret.key = 'hummockadmin'
+    );
+  explain_output: |
+    StreamSink { type: append-only, columns: [v1, v2, v3, v4, t1._row_id(hidden)] }
+    └─StreamExchange { dist: HashShard($expr1) }
+      └─StreamProject { exprs: [t1.v1, t1.v2, t1.v3, t1.v4, t1._row_id, Row(t1.v1, IcebergTransform('bucket[1]':Varchar, t1.v2), IcebergTransform('truncate[1]':Varchar, t1.v3), null:Int32) as $expr1] }
+        └─StreamTableScan { table: t1, columns: [v1, v2, v3, v4, _row_id] }
+- id: create_mock_iceberg_sink_append_only_with_range_partition
+  sql: |
+    create table t1 (v1 date, v2 timestamp, v3 timestamp with time zone, v4 timestamp);
+    explain create sink s1 as select v1 as v1, v2 as v2, v3 as v3, v4 as v4 from t1 WITH (
+      connector = 'iceberg',
+      type = 'append-only',
+      force_append_only = 'true',
+      catalog.type = 'mock',
+      database.name = 'demo_db',
+      table.name = 'range_table',
+      warehouse.path = 's3://icebergdata/demo',
+      s3.endpoint = 'http://127.0.0.1:9301',
+      s3.region = 'us-east-1',
+      s3.access.key = 'hummockadmin',
+      s3.secret.key = 'hummockadmin'
+    );
+  explain_output: |
+    StreamSink { type: append-only, columns: [v1, v2, v3, v4, t1._row_id(hidden)] }
+    └─StreamTableScan { table: t1, columns: [v1, v2, v3, v4, _row_id] }
+- id: create_mock_iceberg_sink_upsert_with_sparse_partition
+  sql: |
+    create table t1 (v1 int, v2 bigint, v3 varchar, v4 time);
+    explain create sink s1 as select v1 as v1, v2 as v2, v3 as v3, v4 as v4 from t1 WITH (
+      connector = 'iceberg',
+      type = 'upsert',
+      catalog.type = 'mock',
+      database.name = 'demo_db',
+      table.name = 'sparse_table',
+      warehouse.path = 's3://icebergdata/demo',
+      s3.endpoint = 'http://127.0.0.1:9301',
+      s3.region = 'us-east-1',
+      s3.access.key = 'hummockadmin',
+      s3.secret.key = 'hummockadmin',
+      primary_key = 'v1'
+    );
+  explain_output: |
+    StreamSink { type: upsert, columns: [v1, v2, v3, v4, t1._row_id(hidden)], pk: [t1._row_id] }
+    └─StreamExchange { dist: HashShard($expr1) }
+      └─StreamProject { exprs: [t1.v1, t1.v2, t1.v3, t1.v4, t1._row_id, Row(t1.v1, IcebergTransform('bucket[1]':Varchar, t1.v2), IcebergTransform('truncate[1]':Varchar, t1.v3), null:Int32) as $expr1] }
+        └─StreamTableScan { table: t1, columns: [v1, v2, v3, v4, _row_id] }
+- id: create_mock_iceberg_sink_upsert_with_range_partition
+  sql: |
+    create table t1 (v1 date, v2 timestamp, v3 timestamp with time zone, v4 timestamp);
+    explain create sink s1 as select v1 as v1, v2 as v2, v3 as v3, v4 as v4 from t1 WITH (
+      connector = 'iceberg',
+      type = 'upsert',
+      catalog.type = 'mock',
+      database.name = 'demo_db',
+      table.name = 'range_table',
+      warehouse.path = 's3://icebergdata/demo',
+      s3.endpoint = 'http://127.0.0.1:9301',
+      s3.region = 'us-east-1',
+      s3.access.key = 'hummockadmin',
+      s3.secret.key = 'hummockadmin',
+      primary_key = 'v1'
+    );
+  explain_output: |
+    StreamSink { type: upsert, columns: [v1, v2, v3, v4, t1._row_id(hidden)], pk: [t1._row_id] }
+    └─StreamTableScan { table: t1, columns: [v1, v2, v3, v4, _row_id] }
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/binder/expr/function.rs b/src/frontend/src/binder/expr/function.rs
index efd7e3f0e423..bb6e4ee14c33 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/binder/expr/function.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/binder/expr/function.rs
@@ -23,11 +23,12 @@ use risingwave_common::array::ListValue;
 use risingwave_common::catalog::{INFORMATION_SCHEMA_SCHEMA_NAME, PG_CATALOG_SCHEMA_NAME};
 use risingwave_common::error::{ErrorCode, Result, RwError};
 use risingwave_common::session_config::USER_NAME_WILD_CARD;
-use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, ScalarImpl, Timestamptz};
+use risingwave_common::types::{data_types, DataType, ScalarImpl, Timestamptz};
 use risingwave_common::{bail_not_implemented, current_cluster_version, no_function};
 use risingwave_expr::aggregate::{agg_kinds, AggKind};
 use risingwave_expr::window_function::{
-    Frame, FrameBound, FrameBounds, FrameExclusion, RowsFrameBounds, WindowFuncKind,
+    Frame, FrameBound, FrameBounds, FrameExclusion, RangeFrameBounds, RangeFrameOffset,
+    RowsFrameBounds, WindowFuncKind,
 };
 use risingwave_sqlparser::ast::{
     self, Function, FunctionArg, FunctionArgExpr, Ident, WindowFrameBound, WindowFrameExclusion,
@@ -572,6 +573,8 @@ impl Binder {
         Ok((vec![], args, order_by))
     }
 
+    /// Bind window function calls according to PostgreSQL syntax.
+    /// See <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-expressions.html#SYNTAX-WINDOW-FUNCTIONS> for syntax detail.
     pub(super) fn bind_window_function(
         &mut self,
         kind: WindowFuncKind,
@@ -611,34 +614,76 @@ impl Binder {
             };
             let bounds = match frame.units {
                 WindowFrameUnits::Rows => {
-                    let convert_bound = |bound| match bound {
-                        WindowFrameBound::CurrentRow => FrameBound::CurrentRow,
-                        WindowFrameBound::Preceding(None) => FrameBound::UnboundedPreceding,
-                        WindowFrameBound::Preceding(Some(offset)) => {
-                            FrameBound::Preceding(offset as usize)
+                    let (start, end) =
+                        self.bind_window_frame_usize_bounds(frame.start_bound, frame.end_bound)?;
+                    FrameBounds::Rows(RowsFrameBounds { start, end })
+                }
+                WindowFrameUnits::Range => {
+                    let order_by_expr = order_by
+                        .sort_exprs
+                        .iter()
+                        // for `RANGE` frame, there should be exactly one `ORDER BY` column
+                        .exactly_one()
+                        .map_err(|_| {
+                            ErrorCode::InvalidInputSyntax(
+                                "there should be exactly one ordering column for `RANGE` frame"
+                                    .to_string(),
+                            )
+                        })?;
+                    let order_data_type = order_by_expr.expr.return_type();
+                    let order_type = order_by_expr.order_type;
+
+                    let offset_data_type = match &order_data_type {
+                        // for numeric ordering columns, `offset` should be the same type
+                        // NOTE: actually in PG it can be a larger type, but we don't support this here
+                        t @ data_types::range_frame_numeric!() => t.clone(),
+                        // for datetime ordering columns, `offset` should be interval
+                        t @ data_types::range_frame_datetime!() => {
+                            if matches!(t, DataType::Date | DataType::Time) {
+                                bail_not_implemented!(
+                                    "`RANGE` frame with offset of type `{}` is not implemented yet, please manually cast the `ORDER BY` column to `timestamp`",
+                                    t
+                                );
+                            }
+                            DataType::Interval
                         }
-                        WindowFrameBound::Following(None) => FrameBound::UnboundedFollowing,
-                        WindowFrameBound::Following(Some(offset)) => {
-                            FrameBound::Following(offset as usize)
+                        // other types are not supported
+                        t => {
+                            return Err(ErrorCode::NotSupported(
+                                format!(
+                                    "`RANGE` frame with offset of type `{}` is not supported",
+                                    t
+                                ),
+                                "Please re-consider the `ORDER BY` column".to_string(),
+                            )
+                            .into())
                         }
                     };
-                    let start = convert_bound(frame.start_bound);
-                    let end = if let Some(end_bound) = frame.end_bound {
-                        convert_bound(end_bound)
-                    } else {
-                        FrameBound::CurrentRow
-                    };
-                    FrameBounds::Rows(RowsFrameBounds { start, end })
+
+                    let (start, end) = self.bind_window_frame_scalar_impl_bounds(
+                        frame.start_bound,
+                        frame.end_bound,
+                        &offset_data_type,
+                    )?;
+                    FrameBounds::Range(RangeFrameBounds {
+                        order_data_type,
+                        order_type,
+                        offset_data_type,
+                        start: start.map(RangeFrameOffset::new),
+                        end: end.map(RangeFrameOffset::new),
+                    })
                 }
-                WindowFrameUnits::Range | WindowFrameUnits::Groups => {
+                WindowFrameUnits::Groups => {
                     bail_not_implemented!(
                         issue = 9124,
-                        "window frame in `{}` mode is not supported yet",
-                        frame.units
+                        "window frame in `GROUPS` mode is not supported yet",
                     );
                 }
             };
+
+            // Validate the frame bounds, may return `ExprError` to user if the bounds given are not valid.
             bounds.validate()?;
+
             Some(Frame { bounds, exclusion })
         } else {
             None
@@ -646,6 +691,102 @@ impl Binder {
         Ok(WindowFunction::new(kind, partition_by, order_by, inputs, frame)?.into())
     }
 
+    fn bind_window_frame_usize_bounds(
+        &mut self,
+        start: WindowFrameBound,
+        end: Option<WindowFrameBound>,
+    ) -> Result<(FrameBound<usize>, FrameBound<usize>)> {
+        let mut convert_offset = |offset: Box<ast::Expr>| -> Result<usize> {
+            let offset = self
+                .bind_window_frame_bound_offset(*offset, DataType::Int64)?
+                .into_int64();
+            if offset < 0 {
+                return Err(ErrorCode::InvalidInputSyntax(
+                    "offset in window frame bounds must be non-negative".to_string(),
+                )
+                .into());
+            }
+            Ok(offset as usize)
+        };
+        let mut convert_bound = |bound| -> Result<FrameBound<usize>> {
+            Ok(match bound {
+                WindowFrameBound::CurrentRow => FrameBound::CurrentRow,
+                WindowFrameBound::Preceding(None) => FrameBound::UnboundedPreceding,
+                WindowFrameBound::Preceding(Some(offset)) => {
+                    FrameBound::Preceding(convert_offset(offset)?)
+                }
+                WindowFrameBound::Following(None) => FrameBound::UnboundedFollowing,
+                WindowFrameBound::Following(Some(offset)) => {
+                    FrameBound::Following(convert_offset(offset)?)
+                }
+            })
+        };
+        let start = convert_bound(start)?;
+        let end = if let Some(end_bound) = end {
+            convert_bound(end_bound)?
+        } else {
+            FrameBound::CurrentRow
+        };
+        Ok((start, end))
+    }
+
+    fn bind_window_frame_scalar_impl_bounds(
+        &mut self,
+        start: WindowFrameBound,
+        end: Option<WindowFrameBound>,
+        offset_data_type: &DataType,
+    ) -> Result<(FrameBound<ScalarImpl>, FrameBound<ScalarImpl>)> {
+        let mut convert_bound = |bound| -> Result<FrameBound<_>> {
+            Ok(match bound {
+                WindowFrameBound::CurrentRow => FrameBound::CurrentRow,
+                WindowFrameBound::Preceding(None) => FrameBound::UnboundedPreceding,
+                WindowFrameBound::Preceding(Some(offset)) => FrameBound::Preceding(
+                    self.bind_window_frame_bound_offset(*offset, offset_data_type.clone())?,
+                ),
+                WindowFrameBound::Following(None) => FrameBound::UnboundedFollowing,
+                WindowFrameBound::Following(Some(offset)) => FrameBound::Following(
+                    self.bind_window_frame_bound_offset(*offset, offset_data_type.clone())?,
+                ),
+            })
+        };
+        let start = convert_bound(start)?;
+        let end = if let Some(end_bound) = end {
+            convert_bound(end_bound)?
+        } else {
+            FrameBound::CurrentRow
+        };
+        Ok((start, end))
+    }
+
+    fn bind_window_frame_bound_offset(
+        &mut self,
+        offset: ast::Expr,
+        cast_to: DataType,
+    ) -> Result<ScalarImpl> {
+        let mut offset = self.bind_expr(offset)?;
+        if !offset.is_const() {
+            return Err(ErrorCode::InvalidInputSyntax(
+                "offset in window frame bounds must be constant".to_string(),
+            )
+            .into());
+        }
+        if offset.cast_implicit_mut(cast_to.clone()).is_err() {
+            return Err(ErrorCode::InvalidInputSyntax(format!(
+                "offset in window frame bounds must be castable to {}",
+                cast_to
+            ))
+            .into());
+        }
+        let offset = offset.fold_const()?;
+        let Some(offset) = offset else {
+            return Err(ErrorCode::InvalidInputSyntax(
+                "offset in window frame bounds must not be NULL".to_string(),
+            )
+            .into());
+        };
+        Ok(offset)
+    }
+
     fn bind_builtin_scalar_function(
         &mut self,
         function_name: &str,
@@ -824,6 +965,9 @@ impl Binder {
                 ),
                 ("date_trunc", raw_call(ExprType::DateTrunc)),
                 ("date_part", raw_call(ExprType::DatePart)),
+                ("make_date", raw_call(ExprType::MakeDate)),
+                ("make_time", raw_call(ExprType::MakeTime)),
+                ("make_timestamp", raw_call(ExprType::MakeTimestamp)),
                 ("to_date", raw_call(ExprType::CharToDate)),
                 ("make_timestamptz", raw_call(ExprType::MakeTimestamptz)),
                 // string
@@ -877,6 +1021,8 @@ impl Binder {
                 ("sha256", raw_call(ExprType::Sha256)),
                 ("sha384", raw_call(ExprType::Sha384)),
                 ("sha512", raw_call(ExprType::Sha512)),
+                ("encrypt", raw_call(ExprType::Encrypt)),
+                ("decrypt", raw_call(ExprType::Decrypt)),
                 ("left", raw_call(ExprType::Left)),
                 ("right", raw_call(ExprType::Right)),
                 ("int8send", raw_call(ExprType::PgwireSend)),
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/catalog/system_catalog/mod.rs b/src/frontend/src/catalog/system_catalog/mod.rs
index ddd8f70bcced..52462d9111ad 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/catalog/system_catalog/mod.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/catalog/system_catalog/mod.rs
@@ -212,19 +212,18 @@ fn infer_dummy_view_sql(columns: &[SystemCatalogColumnsDef<'_>]) -> String {
 }
 
 fn extract_parallelism_from_table_state(state: &TableFragmentState) -> String {
-    let parallelism = match state
+    match state
         .parallelism
         .as_ref()
         .and_then(|parallelism| parallelism.parallelism.as_ref())
     {
-        None => "unknown".to_string(),
-        Some(PbParallelism::Auto(_)) => "auto".to_string(),
+        Some(PbParallelism::Auto(_)) | Some(PbParallelism::Adaptive(_)) => "adaptive".to_string(),
         Some(PbParallelism::Fixed(PbFixedParallelism { parallelism })) => {
             format!("fixed({parallelism})")
         }
         Some(PbParallelism::Custom(_)) => "custom".to_string(),
-    };
-    parallelism
+        None => "unknown".to_string(),
+    }
 }
 
 /// get acl items of `object` in string, ignore public.
@@ -297,12 +296,13 @@ pub fn get_sys_views_in_schema(schema_name: &str) -> Option<Vec<Arc<ViewCatalog>
 
 /// The global registry of all builtin catalogs.
 pub static SYS_CATALOGS: LazyLock<SystemCatalog> = LazyLock::new(|| {
-    // SAFETY: this function is called after all `#[ctor]` functions are called.
     let mut table_by_schema_name = HashMap::new();
     let mut table_name_by_id = HashMap::new();
     let mut view_by_schema_name = HashMap::new();
-    tracing::info!("found {} catalogs", unsafe { SYS_CATALOGS_INIT.len() });
-    for (id, catalog) in unsafe { SYS_CATALOGS_INIT.drain(..) } {
+    tracing::info!("found {} catalogs", SYS_CATALOGS_SLICE.len());
+    for catalog in SYS_CATALOGS_SLICE {
+        let (id, catalog) = catalog();
+        assert!(id < NON_RESERVED_SYS_CATALOG_ID as u32);
         match catalog {
             BuiltinCatalog::Table(table) => {
                 let sys_table: SystemTableCatalog = table.into();
@@ -328,28 +328,19 @@ pub static SYS_CATALOGS: LazyLock<SystemCatalog> = LazyLock::new(|| {
     }
 });
 
-pub static mut SYS_CATALOGS_INIT: Vec<(u32, BuiltinCatalog)> = vec![];
-
-/// Register the catalog to global registry.
-///
-/// Note: The function is used by macro generated code. Don't call it directly.
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub(super) unsafe fn _register(id: u32, builtin_catalog: BuiltinCatalog) {
-    assert!(id < NON_RESERVED_SYS_CATALOG_ID as u32);
-
-    SYS_CATALOGS_INIT.push((id, builtin_catalog));
-}
+#[linkme::distributed_slice]
+pub static SYS_CATALOGS_SLICE: [fn() -> (u32, BuiltinCatalog)];
 
 macro_rules! prepare_sys_catalog {
     ($( { $builtin_catalog:expr $(, $func:ident $($await:ident)?)? } ),* $(,)?) => {
-        paste::paste! {
-            $(
-                #[ctor::ctor]
-                unsafe fn [<register_${index()}>]() {
-                    _register((${index()} + 1) as u32, $builtin_catalog);
+        $(
+            const _: () = {
+                #[linkme::distributed_slice(crate::catalog::system_catalog::SYS_CATALOGS_SLICE)]
+                fn catalog() -> (u32, BuiltinCatalog) {
+                    (${index()} as u32 + 1, $builtin_catalog)
                 }
-            )*
-        }
+            };
+        )*
 
         #[async_trait]
         impl SysCatalogReader for SysCatalogReaderImpl {
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/catalog/system_catalog/rw_catalog/rw_columns.rs b/src/frontend/src/catalog/system_catalog/rw_catalog/rw_columns.rs
index c6369d6fae81..b2675de86923 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/catalog/system_catalog/rw_catalog/rw_columns.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/catalog/system_catalog/rw_catalog/rw_columns.rs
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ impl SysCatalogReaderImpl {
 
         Ok(schemas
             .flat_map(|schema| {
+                // view columns
                 let view_rows = schema.iter_view().flat_map(|view| {
                     view.columns.iter().enumerate().map(|(index, column)| {
                         OwnedRow::new(vec![
@@ -64,6 +65,7 @@ impl SysCatalogReaderImpl {
                     })
                 });
 
+                // sink columns
                 let sink_rows = schema
                     .iter_sink()
                     .flat_map(|sink| {
@@ -87,7 +89,8 @@ impl SysCatalogReaderImpl {
                     })
                     .chain(view_rows);
 
-                let rows = schema
+                // pg_catalog columns
+                let catalog_rows = schema
                     .iter_system_tables()
                     .flat_map(|table| {
                         table
@@ -111,7 +114,8 @@ impl SysCatalogReaderImpl {
                     })
                     .chain(sink_rows);
 
-                schema
+                // table columns
+                let table_rows = schema
                     .iter_valid_table()
                     .flat_map(|table| {
                         table
@@ -137,7 +141,34 @@ impl SysCatalogReaderImpl {
                                 ])
                             })
                     })
-                    .chain(rows)
+                    .chain(catalog_rows);
+
+                // source columns
+                schema
+                    .iter_source()
+                    .flat_map(|source| {
+                        source
+                            .columns
+                            .iter()
+                            .enumerate()
+                            .map(move |(index, column)| {
+                                OwnedRow::new(vec![
+                                    Some(ScalarImpl::Int32(source.id as i32)),
+                                    Some(ScalarImpl::Utf8(column.name().into())),
+                                    Some(ScalarImpl::Int32(index as i32 + 1)),
+                                    Some(ScalarImpl::Bool(column.is_hidden)),
+                                    Some(ScalarImpl::Bool(
+                                        source.pk_col_ids.contains(&column.column_id()),
+                                    )),
+                                    Some(ScalarImpl::Bool(false)),
+                                    Some(ScalarImpl::Utf8(column.data_type().to_string().into())),
+                                    Some(ScalarImpl::Int32(column.data_type().to_oid())),
+                                    Some(ScalarImpl::Int16(column.data_type().type_len())),
+                                    Some(ScalarImpl::Utf8(column.data_type().pg_name().into())),
+                                ])
+                            })
+                    })
+                    .chain(table_rows)
             })
             .collect_vec())
     }
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/expr/pure.rs b/src/frontend/src/expr/pure.rs
index b87c6d18feb1..c50f1cc2460b 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/expr/pure.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/expr/pure.rs
@@ -63,6 +63,9 @@ impl ExprVisitor for ImpureAnalyzer {
             | expr_node::Type::ToTimestamp
             | expr_node::Type::AtTimeZone
             | expr_node::Type::DateTrunc
+            | expr_node::Type::MakeDate
+            | expr_node::Type::MakeTime
+            | expr_node::Type::MakeTimestamp
             | expr_node::Type::ToTimestamp1
             | expr_node::Type::CharToDate
             | expr_node::Type::CastWithTimeZone
@@ -216,6 +219,8 @@ impl ExprVisitor for ImpureAnalyzer {
             | expr_node::Type::Sha256
             | expr_node::Type::Sha384
             | expr_node::Type::Sha512
+            | expr_node::Type::Decrypt
+            | expr_node::Type::Encrypt
             | expr_node::Type::Tand
             | expr_node::Type::ArrayPositions
             | expr_node::Type::StringToArray
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/handler/alter_parallelism.rs b/src/frontend/src/handler/alter_parallelism.rs
index 586725c56488..2e1f1facea0f 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/handler/alter_parallelism.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/handler/alter_parallelism.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@
 use pgwire::pg_response::StatementType;
 use risingwave_common::bail;
 use risingwave_common::error::{ErrorCode, Result};
-use risingwave_pb::meta::table_parallelism::{AutoParallelism, FixedParallelism, PbParallelism};
+use risingwave_pb::meta::table_parallelism::{
+    AdaptiveParallelism, FixedParallelism, PbParallelism,
+};
 use risingwave_pb::meta::{PbTableParallelism, TableParallelism};
 use risingwave_sqlparser::ast::{ObjectName, SetVariableValue, SetVariableValueSingle, Value};
 use risingwave_sqlparser::keywords::Keyword;
@@ -107,8 +109,8 @@ pub async fn handle_alter_parallelism(
 }
 
 fn extract_table_parallelism(parallelism: SetVariableValue) -> Result<TableParallelism> {
-    let auto_parallelism = PbTableParallelism {
-        parallelism: Some(PbParallelism::Auto(AutoParallelism {})),
+    let adaptive_parallelism = PbTableParallelism {
+        parallelism: Some(PbParallelism::Adaptive(AdaptiveParallelism {})),
     };
 
     // If the target parallelism is set to 0/auto/default, we would consider it as auto parallelism.
@@ -116,22 +118,22 @@ fn extract_table_parallelism(parallelism: SetVariableValue) -> Result<TableParal
         SetVariableValue::Single(SetVariableValueSingle::Ident(ident))
             if ident
                 .real_value()
-                .eq_ignore_ascii_case(&Keyword::AUTO.to_string()) =>
+                .eq_ignore_ascii_case(&Keyword::ADAPTIVE.to_string()) =>
         {
-            auto_parallelism
+            adaptive_parallelism
         }
 
-        SetVariableValue::Default => auto_parallelism,
+        SetVariableValue::Default => adaptive_parallelism,
         SetVariableValue::Single(SetVariableValueSingle::Literal(Value::Number(v))) => {
             let fixed_parallelism = v.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| {
                 ErrorCode::InvalidInputSyntax(format!(
-                    "target parallelism must be a valid number or auto: {}",
+                    "target parallelism must be a valid number or adaptive: {}",
                     e.as_report()
                 ))
             })?;
 
             if fixed_parallelism == 0 {
-                auto_parallelism
+                adaptive_parallelism
             } else {
                 PbTableParallelism {
                     parallelism: Some(PbParallelism::Fixed(FixedParallelism {
@@ -143,7 +145,7 @@ fn extract_table_parallelism(parallelism: SetVariableValue) -> Result<TableParal
 
         _ => {
             return Err(ErrorCode::InvalidInputSyntax(
-                "target parallelism must be a valid number or auto".to_string(),
+                "target parallelism must be a valid number or adaptive".to_string(),
             )
             .into());
         }
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/handler/alter_source_column.rs b/src/frontend/src/handler/alter_source_column.rs
index 290ca6a78501..bc9781689c41 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/handler/alter_source_column.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/handler/alter_source_column.rs
@@ -58,6 +58,13 @@ pub async fn handle_alter_source_column(
         (db.id(), schema.id(), (**source).clone())
     };
 
+    if catalog.associated_table_id.is_some() {
+        Err(ErrorCode::NotSupported(
+            "alter table with connector with ALTER SOURCE statement".to_string(),
+            "try to use ALTER TABLE instead".to_string(),
+        ))?
+    };
+
     // Currently only allow source without schema registry
     let SourceStruct { encode, .. } = extract_source_struct(&catalog.info)?;
     match encode {
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/handler/create_function.rs b/src/frontend/src/handler/create_function.rs
index 10a7fab06267..0a8329e54be0 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/handler/create_function.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/handler/create_function.rs
@@ -24,9 +24,7 @@ use risingwave_expr::expr::get_or_create_wasm_runtime;
 use risingwave_object_store::object::{build_remote_object_store, ObjectStoreConfig};
 use risingwave_pb::catalog::function::{Kind, ScalarFunction, TableFunction};
 use risingwave_pb::catalog::Function;
-use risingwave_sqlparser::ast::{
-    CreateFunctionBody, FunctionDefinition, ObjectName, OperateFunctionArg,
-};
+use risingwave_sqlparser::ast::{CreateFunctionBody, ObjectName, OperateFunctionArg};
 use risingwave_storage::monitor::ObjectStoreMetrics;
 use risingwave_udf::ArrowFlightUdfClient;
 
@@ -54,7 +52,7 @@ pub async fn handle_create_function(
         Some(lang) => {
             let lang = lang.real_value().to_lowercase();
             match &*lang {
-                "python" | "java" | "wasm" | "javascript" => lang,
+                "python" | "java" | "wasm" | "rust" | "javascript" => lang,
                 _ => {
                     return Err(ErrorCode::InvalidParameterValue(format!(
                         "language {} is not supported",
@@ -134,12 +132,12 @@ pub async fn handle_create_function(
                 )
                 .into());
             };
-            let Some(FunctionDefinition::SingleQuotedDef(id)) = params.as_ else {
+            let Some(as_) = params.as_ else {
                 return Err(
                     ErrorCode::InvalidParameterValue("AS must be specified".to_string()).into(),
                 );
             };
-            identifier = id;
+            identifier = as_.into_string();
 
             // check UDF server
             {
@@ -173,16 +171,56 @@ pub async fn handle_create_function(
         }
         "javascript" => {
             identifier = function_name.to_string();
-            body = Some(match params.as_ {
-                Some(FunctionDefinition::SingleQuotedDef(s)) => s,
-                Some(FunctionDefinition::DoubleDollarDef(s)) => s,
-                _ => {
-                    return Err(ErrorCode::InvalidParameterValue(
-                        "AS must be specified".to_string(),
-                    )
-                    .into())
-                }
-            });
+            body = Some(
+                params
+                    .as_
+                    .ok_or_else(|| ErrorCode::InvalidParameterValue("AS must be specified".into()))?
+                    .into_string(),
+            );
+        }
+        "rust" => {
+            identifier = wasm_identifier(
+                &function_name,
+                &arg_types,
+                &return_type,
+                matches!(kind, Kind::Table(_)),
+            );
+            if params.using.is_some() {
+                return Err(ErrorCode::InvalidParameterValue(
+                    "USING is not supported for rust function".to_string(),
+                )
+                .into());
+            }
+            let function_body = params
+                .as_
+                .ok_or_else(|| ErrorCode::InvalidParameterValue("AS must be specified".into()))?
+                .into_string();
+            let script = format!("#[arrow_udf::function(\"{identifier}\")]\n{function_body}");
+            body = Some(function_body.clone());
+
+            let wasm_binary =
+                tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || arrow_udf_wasm::build::build("", &script))
+                    .await?
+                    .context("failed to build rust function")?;
+
+            // below is the same as `wasm` language
+            let runtime = arrow_udf_wasm::Runtime::new(&wasm_binary)?;
+            check_wasm_function(&runtime, &identifier)?;
+
+            let system_params = session.env().meta_client().get_system_params().await?;
+            let object_name = format!("{:?}.wasm", md5::compute(&wasm_binary));
+            upload_wasm_binary(
+                system_params.wasm_storage_url(),
+                &object_name,
+                wasm_binary.into(),
+            )
+            .await?;
+
+            link = Some(format!(
+                "{}/{}",
+                system_params.wasm_storage_url(),
+                object_name
+            ));
         }
         "wasm" => {
             identifier = wasm_identifier(
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/handler/create_sink.rs b/src/frontend/src/handler/create_sink.rs
index f3d905357155..e2e9388e8186 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/handler/create_sink.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/handler/create_sink.rs
@@ -17,16 +17,18 @@ use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::sync::{Arc, LazyLock};
 
 use anyhow::Context;
+use arrow_schema::DataType as ArrowDataType;
 use either::Either;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use maplit::{convert_args, hashmap};
 use pgwire::pg_response::{PgResponse, StatementType};
 use risingwave_common::catalog::{ConnectionId, DatabaseId, SchemaId, UserId};
 use risingwave_common::error::{ErrorCode, Result, RwError};
-use risingwave_common::types::Datum;
+use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, Datum};
 use risingwave_common::util::value_encoding::DatumFromProtoExt;
 use risingwave_common::{bail, catalog};
 use risingwave_connector::sink::catalog::{SinkCatalog, SinkFormatDesc, SinkType};
+use risingwave_connector::sink::iceberg::{IcebergConfig, ICEBERG_SINK};
 use risingwave_connector::sink::{
     CONNECTOR_TYPE_KEY, SINK_TYPE_OPTION, SINK_USER_FORCE_APPEND_ONLY_OPTION, SINK_WITHOUT_BACKFILL,
 };
@@ -43,6 +45,7 @@ use risingwave_sqlparser::ast::{
 use risingwave_sqlparser::parser::Parser;
 
 use super::create_mv::get_column_names;
+use super::create_source::UPSTREAM_SOURCE_KEY;
 use super::RwPgResponse;
 use crate::binder::Binder;
 use crate::catalog::catalog_service::CatalogReadGuard;
@@ -52,13 +55,15 @@ use crate::handler::create_table::{generate_stream_graph_for_table, ColumnIdGene
 use crate::handler::privilege::resolve_query_privileges;
 use crate::handler::util::SourceSchemaCompatExt;
 use crate::handler::HandlerArgs;
-use crate::optimizer::plan_node::{generic, Explain, LogicalSource, StreamProject};
+use crate::optimizer::plan_node::{
+    generic, IcebergPartitionInfo, LogicalSource, PartitionComputeInfo, StreamProject,
+};
 use crate::optimizer::{OptimizerContext, OptimizerContextRef, PlanRef, RelationCollectorVisitor};
 use crate::scheduler::streaming_manager::CreatingStreamingJobInfo;
 use crate::session::SessionImpl;
 use crate::stream_fragmenter::build_graph;
 use crate::utils::resolve_privatelink_in_with_option;
-use crate::{Planner, TableCatalog, WithOptions};
+use crate::{Explain, Planner, TableCatalog, WithOptions};
 
 pub fn gen_sink_query_from_name(from_name: ObjectName) -> Result<Query> {
     let table_factor = TableFactor::Table {
@@ -98,6 +103,7 @@ pub fn gen_sink_plan(
     session: &SessionImpl,
     context: OptimizerContextRef,
     stmt: CreateSinkStatement,
+    partition_info: Option<PartitionComputeInfo>,
 ) -> Result<SinkPlanContext> {
     let db_name = session.database();
     let (sink_schema_name, sink_table_name) =
@@ -227,6 +233,7 @@ pub fn gen_sink_plan(
         format_desc,
         without_backfill,
         target_table,
+        partition_info,
     )?;
     let sink_desc = sink_plan.sink_desc().clone();
 
@@ -291,6 +298,96 @@ pub fn gen_sink_plan(
     })
 }
 
+// This function is used to return partition compute info for a sink. More details refer in `PartitionComputeInfo`.
+// Return:
+// `Some(PartitionComputeInfo)` if the sink need to compute partition.
+// `None` if the sink does not need to compute partition.
+pub async fn get_partition_compute_info(
+    with_options: &WithOptions,
+) -> Result<Option<PartitionComputeInfo>> {
+    let properties = HashMap::from_iter(with_options.clone().into_inner().into_iter());
+    let Some(connector) = properties.get(UPSTREAM_SOURCE_KEY) else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+    match connector.as_str() {
+        ICEBERG_SINK => {
+            let iceberg_config = IcebergConfig::from_hashmap(properties)?;
+            get_partition_compute_info_for_iceberg(&iceberg_config).await
+        }
+        _ => Ok(None),
+    }
+}
+
+async fn get_partition_compute_info_for_iceberg(
+    iceberg_config: &IcebergConfig,
+) -> Result<Option<PartitionComputeInfo>> {
+    let table = iceberg_config.load_table().await?;
+    let Some(partition_spec) = table.current_table_metadata().current_partition_spec().ok() else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+
+    if partition_spec.is_unpartitioned() {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+
+    // Separate the partition spec into two parts: sparse partition and range partition.
+    // Sparse partition means that the data distribution is more sparse at a given time.
+    // Range partition means that the data distribution is likely same at a given time.
+    // Only compute the partition and shuffle by them for the sparse partition.
+    let has_sparse_partition = partition_spec.fields.iter().any(|f| match f.transform {
+        // Sparse partition
+        icelake::types::Transform::Identity
+        | icelake::types::Transform::Truncate(_)
+        | icelake::types::Transform::Bucket(_) => true,
+        // Range partition
+        icelake::types::Transform::Year
+        | icelake::types::Transform::Month
+        | icelake::types::Transform::Day
+        | icelake::types::Transform::Hour
+        | icelake::types::Transform::Void => false,
+    });
+
+    if !has_sparse_partition {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+
+    let arrow_type: ArrowDataType = table
+        .current_partition_type()
+        .map_err(|err| RwError::from(ErrorCode::SinkError(err.into())))?
+        .try_into()
+        .map_err(|_| {
+            RwError::from(ErrorCode::SinkError(
+                "Fail to convert iceberg partition type to arrow type".into(),
+            ))
+        })?;
+    let Some(schema) = table.current_table_metadata().current_schema().ok() else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+    let partition_fields = partition_spec
+        .fields
+        .iter()
+        .map(|f| {
+            let source_f = schema
+                .look_up_field_by_id(f.source_column_id)
+                .ok_or(RwError::from(ErrorCode::SinkError(
+                    "Fail to look up iceberg partition field".into(),
+                )))?;
+            Ok((source_f.name.clone(), f.transform))
+        })
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+
+    let DataType::Struct(partition_type) = arrow_type.into() else {
+        return Err(RwError::from(ErrorCode::SinkError(
+            "Partition type of iceberg should be a struct type".into(),
+        )));
+    };
+
+    Ok(Some(PartitionComputeInfo::Iceberg(IcebergPartitionInfo {
+        partition_type,
+        partition_fields,
+    })))
+}
+
 pub async fn handle_create_sink(
     handle_args: HandlerArgs,
     stmt: CreateSinkStatement,
@@ -305,6 +402,8 @@ pub async fn handle_create_sink(
         return Ok(resp);
     }
 
+    let partition_info = get_partition_compute_info(&handle_args.with_options).await?;
+
     let (sink, graph, target_table_catalog) = {
         let context = Rc::new(OptimizerContext::from_handler_args(handle_args));
 
@@ -313,7 +412,7 @@ pub async fn handle_create_sink(
             sink_plan: plan,
             sink_catalog: sink,
             target_table_catalog,
-        } = gen_sink_plan(&session, context.clone(), stmt)?;
+        } = gen_sink_plan(&session, context.clone(), stmt, partition_info)?;
 
         let has_order_by = !query.order_by.is_empty();
         if has_order_by {
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/handler/create_table.rs b/src/frontend/src/handler/create_table.rs
index 2ee247880191..ee871bc68702 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/handler/create_table.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/handler/create_table.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
 use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::str::FromStr;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use anyhow::anyhow;
@@ -33,6 +34,7 @@ use risingwave_connector::source;
 use risingwave_connector::source::cdc::external::{
     DATABASE_NAME_KEY, SCHEMA_NAME_KEY, TABLE_NAME_KEY,
 };
+use risingwave_connector::source::cdc::CDC_BACKFILL_ENABLE_KEY;
 use risingwave_pb::catalog::source::OptionalAssociatedTableId;
 use risingwave_pb::catalog::{PbSource, PbTable, StreamSourceInfo, Table, WatermarkDesc};
 use risingwave_pb::ddl_service::TableJobType;
@@ -808,10 +810,20 @@ pub(crate) fn gen_create_table_plan_for_cdc_source(
 
     tracing::debug!(?cdc_table_desc, "create cdc table");
 
+    // disable backfill if 'snapshot=false'
+    let disable_backfill = match context.with_options().get(CDC_BACKFILL_ENABLE_KEY) {
+        None => false,
+        Some(v) => {
+            !(bool::from_str(v)
+                .map_err(|_| anyhow!("Invalid value for {}", CDC_BACKFILL_ENABLE_KEY))?)
+        }
+    };
+
     let logical_scan = LogicalCdcScan::create(
         external_table_name,
         Rc::new(cdc_table_desc),
         context.clone(),
+        disable_backfill,
     );
 
     let scan_node: PlanRef = logical_scan.into();
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/handler/explain.rs b/src/frontend/src/handler/explain.rs
index b7981cf7aec6..e5489bf258f8 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/handler/explain.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/handler/explain.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ use thiserror_ext::AsReport;
 
 use super::create_index::gen_create_index_plan;
 use super::create_mv::gen_create_mv_plan;
-use super::create_sink::gen_sink_plan;
+use super::create_sink::{gen_sink_plan, get_partition_compute_info};
 use super::create_table::ColumnIdGenerator;
 use super::query::gen_batch_plan_by_statement;
 use super::util::SourceSchemaCompatExt;
@@ -88,6 +88,13 @@ async fn do_handle_explain(
                 let context = plan.ctx();
                 (Ok(plan), context)
             }
+            Statement::CreateSink { stmt } => {
+                let partition_info = get_partition_compute_info(context.with_options()).await?;
+                let plan = gen_sink_plan(&session, context.into(), stmt, partition_info)
+                    .map(|plan| plan.sink_plan)?;
+                let context = plan.ctx();
+                (Ok(plan), context)
+            }
 
             // For other queries without `await` point, we can keep a copy of reference to the
             // `OptimizerContext` even if the planning fails. This enables us to log the partial
@@ -122,10 +129,6 @@ async fn do_handle_explain(
                             "A created VIEW is just an alias. Instead, use EXPLAIN on the queries which reference the view.".into()
                         ).into());
                     }
-                    Statement::CreateSink { stmt } => {
-                        gen_sink_plan(&session, context.clone(), stmt).map(|plan| plan.sink_plan)
-                    }
-
                     Statement::CreateIndex {
                         name,
                         table_name,
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/handler/variable.rs b/src/frontend/src/handler/variable.rs
index c317bfde004b..dd633449050c 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/handler/variable.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/handler/variable.rs
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ use risingwave_common::session_config::{ConfigReporter, SESSION_CONFIG_LIST_SEP}
 use risingwave_common::system_param::is_mutable;
 use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, ScalarRefImpl};
 use risingwave_sqlparser::ast::{Ident, SetTimeZoneValue, SetVariableValue, Value};
+use risingwave_sqlparser::keywords::Keyword;
 
 use super::RwPgResponse;
 use crate::handler::HandlerArgs;
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ pub fn handle_set(
         .eq_ignore_ascii_case("streaming_parallelism")
         && string_val
             .as_ref()
-            .map(|val| val.eq_ignore_ascii_case("auto"))
+            .map(|val| val.eq_ignore_ascii_case(Keyword::ADAPTIVE.to_string().as_str()))
             .unwrap_or(false)
     {
         string_val = None;
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/lib.rs b/src/frontend/src/lib.rs
index f78591a4d8c4..805221327f01 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/lib.rs
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 #![feature(error_generic_member_access)]
 #![feature(round_ties_even)]
 #![feature(iterator_try_collect)]
+#![feature(used_with_arg)]
 #![recursion_limit = "256"]
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -105,6 +106,8 @@ pub struct FrontendOpts {
     #[clap(long, env = "RW_META_ADDR", default_value = "http://127.0.0.1:5690")]
     pub meta_addr: MetaAddressStrategy,
 
+    /// We will start a http server at this address via `MetricsManager`.
+    /// Then the prometheus instance will poll the metrics from this address.
     #[clap(
         long,
         env = "RW_PROMETHEUS_LISTENER_ADDR",
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/mod.rs b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/mod.rs
index 8eca9de358fe..e27220feb279 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/mod.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/mod.rs
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ use self::heuristic_optimizer::ApplyOrder;
 use self::plan_node::generic::{self, PhysicalPlanRef};
 use self::plan_node::{
     stream_enforce_eowc_requirement, BatchProject, Convention, LogicalProject, LogicalSource,
-    StreamDml, StreamMaterialize, StreamProject, StreamRowIdGen, StreamSink, StreamWatermarkFilter,
-    ToStreamContext,
+    PartitionComputeInfo, StreamDml, StreamMaterialize, StreamProject, StreamRowIdGen, StreamSink,
+    StreamWatermarkFilter, ToStreamContext,
 };
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 use self::plan_visitor::InputRefValidator;
@@ -774,6 +774,7 @@ impl PlanRoot {
     }
 
     /// Optimize and generate a create sink plan.
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
     pub fn gen_sink_plan(
         &mut self,
         sink_name: String,
@@ -785,6 +786,7 @@ impl PlanRoot {
         format_desc: Option<SinkFormatDesc>,
         without_backfill: bool,
         target_table: Option<TableId>,
+        partition_info: Option<PartitionComputeInfo>,
     ) -> Result<StreamSink> {
         let stream_scan_type = if without_backfill {
             StreamScanType::UpstreamOnly
@@ -815,6 +817,7 @@ impl PlanRoot {
             definition,
             properties,
             format_desc,
+            partition_info,
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_expr_rewriter/cse_rewriter.rs b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_expr_rewriter/cse_rewriter.rs
index f050f000d02d..37a053ce966d 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_expr_rewriter/cse_rewriter.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_expr_rewriter/cse_rewriter.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 // distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.use std::collections::HashMap;
+// limitations under the License.
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/batch_exchange.rs b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/batch_exchange.rs
index 5927dce27449..cd0f6ef8e1e0 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/batch_exchange.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/batch_exchange.rs
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ use crate::optimizer::property::{Distribution, DistributionDisplay, Order, Order
 pub struct BatchExchange {
     pub base: PlanBase<Batch>,
     input: PlanRef,
+    // sequential means each tasks of the exchange node will be executed sequentially.
+    // Currently, it is used to avoid spawn too many tasks for limit operator.
     sequential: bool,
 }
 
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/generic/cdc_scan.rs b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/generic/cdc_scan.rs
index 22d37bba5e55..f742238de891 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/generic/cdc_scan.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/generic/cdc_scan.rs
@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@ pub struct CdcScan {
     #[educe(PartialEq(ignore))]
     #[educe(Hash(ignore))]
     pub ctx: OptimizerContextRef,
+
+    pub disable_backfill: bool,
 }
 
 impl CdcScan {
@@ -102,12 +104,14 @@ impl CdcScan {
         output_col_idx: Vec<usize>, // the column index in the table
         cdc_table_desc: Rc<CdcTableDesc>,
         ctx: OptimizerContextRef,
+        disable_backfill: bool,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             table_name,
             output_col_idx,
             cdc_table_desc,
             ctx,
+            disable_backfill,
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/logical_cdc_scan.rs b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/logical_cdc_scan.rs
index a6787d43b8e2..a65d297b0681 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/logical_cdc_scan.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/logical_cdc_scan.rs
@@ -60,12 +60,14 @@ impl LogicalCdcScan {
         table_name: String, // explain-only
         cdc_table_desc: Rc<CdcTableDesc>,
         ctx: OptimizerContextRef,
+        disable_backfill: bool,
     ) -> Self {
         generic::CdcScan::new(
             table_name,
             (0..cdc_table_desc.columns.len()).collect(),
             cdc_table_desc,
             ctx,
+            disable_backfill,
         )
         .into()
     }
@@ -94,6 +96,7 @@ impl LogicalCdcScan {
             output_col_idx,
             self.core.cdc_table_desc.clone(),
             self.base.ctx().clone(),
+            self.core.disable_backfill,
         )
         .into()
     }
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/logical_over_window.rs b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/logical_over_window.rs
index b70b1a82b132..a1d3909b54d0 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/logical_over_window.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/logical_over_window.rs
@@ -713,12 +713,10 @@ impl PredicatePushdown for LogicalOverWindow {
 
 impl ToBatch for LogicalOverWindow {
     fn to_batch(&self) -> Result<PlanRef> {
-        if !self.core.funcs_have_same_partition_and_order() {
-            return Err(ErrorCode::InvalidInputSyntax(
-                "All window functions must have the same PARTITION BY and ORDER BY".to_string(),
-            )
-            .into());
-        }
+        assert!(
+            self.core.funcs_have_same_partition_and_order(),
+            "must apply OverWindowSplitRule before generating physical plan"
+        );
 
         // TODO(rc): Let's not introduce too many cases at once. Later we may decide to support
         // empty PARTITION BY by simply removing the following check.
@@ -744,18 +742,16 @@ impl ToStream for LogicalOverWindow {
     fn to_stream(&self, ctx: &mut ToStreamContext) -> Result<PlanRef> {
         use super::stream::prelude::*;
 
+        assert!(
+            self.core.funcs_have_same_partition_and_order(),
+            "must apply OverWindowSplitRule before generating physical plan"
+        );
+
         let stream_input = self.core.input.to_stream(ctx)?;
 
         if ctx.emit_on_window_close() {
             // Emit-On-Window-Close case
 
-            if !self.core.funcs_have_same_partition_and_order() {
-                return Err(ErrorCode::InvalidInputSyntax(
-                    "All window functions must have the same PARTITION BY and ORDER BY".to_string(),
-                )
-                .into());
-            }
-
             let order_by = &self.window_functions()[0].order_by;
             if order_by.len() != 1 || order_by[0].order_type != OrderType::ascending() {
                 return Err(ErrorCode::InvalidInputSyntax(
@@ -797,13 +793,6 @@ impl ToStream for LogicalOverWindow {
         } else {
             // General (Emit-On-Update) case
 
-            if !self.core.funcs_have_same_partition_and_order() {
-                return Err(ErrorCode::InvalidInputSyntax(
-                    "All window functions must have the same PARTITION BY and ORDER BY".to_string(),
-                )
-                .into());
-            }
-
             // TODO(rc): Let's not introduce too many cases at once. Later we may decide to support
             // empty PARTITION BY by simply removing the following check.
             let partition_key_indices = self.window_functions()[0]
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/mod.rs b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/mod.rs
index a0475c4ae092..248bb59f4edd 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/mod.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/mod.rs
@@ -943,7 +943,7 @@ pub use stream_project_set::StreamProjectSet;
 pub use stream_row_id_gen::StreamRowIdGen;
 pub use stream_share::StreamShare;
 pub use stream_simple_agg::StreamSimpleAgg;
-pub use stream_sink::StreamSink;
+pub use stream_sink::{IcebergPartitionInfo, PartitionComputeInfo, StreamSink};
 pub use stream_sort::StreamEowcSort;
 pub use stream_source::StreamSource;
 pub use stream_stateless_simple_agg::StreamStatelessSimpleAgg;
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/stream_cdc_table_scan.rs b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/stream_cdc_table_scan.rs
index bbce650a7cd4..064882423de4 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/stream_cdc_table_scan.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/stream_cdc_table_scan.rs
@@ -199,7 +199,6 @@ impl StreamCdcTableScan {
             node_body: Some(PbNodeBody::CdcFilter(CdcFilterNode {
                 search_condition: Some(filter_expr.to_expr_proto()),
                 upstream_source_id,
-                upstream_column_ids: vec![], // not used,
             })),
         };
 
@@ -256,6 +255,7 @@ impl StreamCdcTableScan {
             state_table: Some(catalog),
             cdc_table_desc: Some(self.core.cdc_table_desc.to_protobuf()),
             rate_limit: self.base.ctx().overwrite_options().streaming_rate_limit,
+            disable_backfill: self.core.disable_backfill,
         });
 
         // plan: merge -> filter -> exchange(simple) -> stream_scan
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/stream_sink.rs b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/stream_sink.rs
index 8f7abc66fb45..27c2e34cd60d 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/stream_sink.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/stream_sink.rs
@@ -17,27 +17,36 @@ use std::io::{Error, ErrorKind};
 
 use anyhow::anyhow;
 use fixedbitset::FixedBitSet;
+use icelake::types::Transform;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use pretty_xmlish::{Pretty, XmlNode};
 use risingwave_common::catalog::{ColumnCatalog, Field, TableId};
-use risingwave_common::constants::log_store::v1::{KV_LOG_STORE_PREDEFINED_COLUMNS, PK_ORDERING};
+use risingwave_common::constants::log_store::v2::{
+    KV_LOG_STORE_PREDEFINED_COLUMNS, PK_ORDERING, VNODE_COLUMN_INDEX,
+};
 use risingwave_common::error::{ErrorCode, Result};
 use risingwave_common::session_config::sink_decouple::SinkDecouple;
+use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, StructType};
+use risingwave_common::util::iter_util::ZipEqDebug;
 use risingwave_connector::match_sink_name_str;
 use risingwave_connector::sink::catalog::desc::SinkDesc;
 use risingwave_connector::sink::catalog::{SinkFormat, SinkFormatDesc, SinkId, SinkType};
+use risingwave_connector::sink::iceberg::ICEBERG_SINK;
 use risingwave_connector::sink::trivial::TABLE_SINK;
 use risingwave_connector::sink::{
     SinkError, CONNECTOR_TYPE_KEY, SINK_TYPE_APPEND_ONLY, SINK_TYPE_DEBEZIUM, SINK_TYPE_OPTION,
     SINK_TYPE_UPSERT, SINK_USER_FORCE_APPEND_ONLY_OPTION,
 };
+use risingwave_pb::expr::expr_node::Type;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::stream_node::PbNodeBody;
+use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::SinkLogStoreType;
 
 use super::derive::{derive_columns, derive_pk};
-use super::generic::GenericPlanRef;
+use super::generic::{self, GenericPlanRef};
 use super::stream::prelude::*;
 use super::utils::{childless_record, Distill, IndicesDisplay, TableCatalogBuilder};
-use super::{ExprRewritable, PlanBase, PlanRef, StreamNode};
+use super::{ExprRewritable, PlanBase, PlanRef, StreamNode, StreamProject};
+use crate::expr::{ExprImpl, FunctionCall, InputRef};
 use crate::optimizer::plan_node::expr_visitable::ExprVisitable;
 use crate::optimizer::plan_node::PlanTreeNodeUnary;
 use crate::optimizer::property::{Distribution, Order, RequiredDist};
@@ -46,17 +55,131 @@ use crate::{TableCatalog, WithOptions};
 
 const DOWNSTREAM_PK_KEY: &str = "primary_key";
 
+/// ## Why we need `PartitionComputeInfo`?
+///
+/// For some sink, it will write the data into different file based on the partition value. E.g. iceberg sink(<https://iceberg.apache.org/spec/#partitioning>)
+/// For this kind of sink, the file num can be reduced if we can shuffle the data based on the partition value. More details can be found in <https://github.com/risingwavelabs/rfcs/pull/77>.
+/// So if the `PartitionComputeInfo` provided, we will create a `StreamProject` node to compute the partition value and shuffle the data based on the partition value before the sink.
+///
+/// ## What is `PartitionComputeInfo`?
+/// The `PartitionComputeInfo` contains the information about partition compute. The stream sink will use
+/// these information to create the corresponding expression in `StreamProject` node.
+///
+/// #TODO
+/// Maybe we should move this in sink?
+pub enum PartitionComputeInfo {
+    Iceberg(IcebergPartitionInfo),
+}
+
+impl PartitionComputeInfo {
+    pub fn convert_to_expression(self, columns: &[ColumnCatalog]) -> Result<ExprImpl> {
+        match self {
+            PartitionComputeInfo::Iceberg(info) => info.convert_to_expression(columns),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct IcebergPartitionInfo {
+    pub partition_type: StructType,
+    // (partition_field_name, partition_field_transform)
+    pub partition_fields: Vec<(String, Transform)>,
+}
+
+impl IcebergPartitionInfo {
+    #[inline]
+    fn transform_to_expression(
+        transform: &Transform,
+        col_id: usize,
+        columns: &[ColumnCatalog],
+        result_type: DataType,
+    ) -> Result<ExprImpl> {
+        match transform {
+            Transform::Identity => {
+                if columns[col_id].column_desc.data_type != result_type {
+                    return Err(ErrorCode::SinkError(Box::new(Error::new(
+                        ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
+                        format!(
+                            "The partition field {} has type {}, but the partition field is {}",
+                            columns[col_id].column_desc.name,
+                            columns[col_id].column_desc.data_type,
+                            result_type
+                        ),
+                    )))
+                    .into());
+                }
+                Ok(ExprImpl::InputRef(
+                    InputRef::new(col_id, result_type).into(),
+                ))
+            }
+            Transform::Void => Ok(ExprImpl::literal_null(result_type)),
+            _ => Ok(ExprImpl::FunctionCall(
+                FunctionCall::new_unchecked(
+                    Type::IcebergTransform,
+                    vec![
+                        ExprImpl::literal_varchar(transform.to_string()),
+                        ExprImpl::InputRef(
+                            InputRef::new(col_id, columns[col_id].column_desc.data_type.clone())
+                                .into(),
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    result_type,
+                )
+                .into(),
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn convert_to_expression(self, columns: &[ColumnCatalog]) -> Result<ExprImpl> {
+        let child_exprs = self
+            .partition_fields
+            .into_iter()
+            .zip_eq_debug(self.partition_type.iter())
+            .map(|((field_name, transform), (_, result_type))| {
+                let col_id = find_column_idx_by_name(columns, &field_name)?;
+                Self::transform_to_expression(&transform, col_id, columns, result_type.clone())
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+
+        Ok(ExprImpl::FunctionCall(
+            FunctionCall::new_unchecked(
+                Type::Row,
+                child_exprs,
+                DataType::Struct(self.partition_type),
+            )
+            .into(),
+        ))
+    }
+}
+#[inline]
+fn find_column_idx_by_name(columns: &[ColumnCatalog], col_name: &str) -> Result<usize> {
+    columns
+            .iter()
+            .position(|col| col.column_desc.name == col_name)
+            .ok_or_else(|| {
+                ErrorCode::SinkError(Box::new(Error::new(
+                    ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
+                    format!("Sink primary key column not found: {}. Please use ',' as the delimiter for different primary key columns.", col_name)
+                )))
+                .into()
+            })
+}
+
 /// [`StreamSink`] represents a table/connector sink at the very end of the graph.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub struct StreamSink {
     pub base: PlanBase<Stream>,
     input: PlanRef,
     sink_desc: SinkDesc,
+    default_log_store_type: SinkLogStoreType,
 }
 
 impl StreamSink {
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn new(input: PlanRef, sink_desc: SinkDesc) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(
+        input: PlanRef,
+        sink_desc: SinkDesc,
+        default_log_store_type: SinkLogStoreType,
+    ) -> Self {
         let base = input
             .plan_base()
             .into_stream()
@@ -66,6 +189,7 @@ impl StreamSink {
             base,
             input,
             sink_desc,
+            default_log_store_type,
         }
     }
 
@@ -87,6 +211,7 @@ impl StreamSink {
         definition: String,
         properties: WithOptions,
         format_desc: Option<SinkFormatDesc>,
+        partition_info: Option<PartitionComputeInfo>,
     ) -> Result<Self> {
         let columns = derive_columns(input.schema(), out_names, &user_cols)?;
         let (input, sink) = Self::derive_sink_desc(
@@ -101,13 +226,14 @@ impl StreamSink {
             definition,
             properties,
             format_desc,
+            partition_info,
         )?;
 
         let unsupported_sink =
             |sink: &str| Err(SinkError::Config(anyhow!("unsupported sink type {}", sink)));
 
         // check and ensure that the sink connector is specified and supported
-        match sink.properties.get(CONNECTOR_TYPE_KEY) {
+        let default_sink_decouple = match sink.properties.get(CONNECTOR_TYPE_KEY) {
             Some(connector) => {
                 match_sink_name_str!(
                     connector.to_lowercase().as_str(),
@@ -117,25 +243,64 @@ impl StreamSink {
                         if connector == TABLE_SINK && sink.target_table.is_none() {
                             unsupported_sink(TABLE_SINK)
                         } else {
-                            Ok(())
+                            Ok(SinkType::default_sink_decouple(&sink))
                         }
                     },
                     |other: &str| unsupported_sink(other)
-                )?;
+                )?
             }
             None => {
                 return Err(
                     SinkError::Config(anyhow!("connector not specified when create sink")).into(),
                 );
             }
-        }
+        };
 
-        Ok(Self::new(input, sink))
+        let default_log_store_type = if default_sink_decouple {
+            SinkLogStoreType::KvLogStore
+        } else {
+            SinkLogStoreType::InMemoryLogStore
+        };
+
+        Ok(Self::new(input, sink, default_log_store_type))
+    }
+
+    fn derive_iceberg_sink_distribution(
+        input: PlanRef,
+        partition_info: Option<PartitionComputeInfo>,
+        columns: &[ColumnCatalog],
+    ) -> Result<(RequiredDist, PlanRef, Option<usize>)> {
+        // For here, we need to add the plan node to compute the partition value, and add it as a extra column.
+        if let Some(partition_info) = partition_info {
+            let input_fields = input.schema().fields();
+
+            let mut exprs: Vec<_> = input_fields
+                .iter()
+                .enumerate()
+                .map(|(idx, field)| InputRef::new(idx, field.data_type.clone()).into())
+                .collect();
+
+            // Add the partition compute expression to the end of the exprs
+            exprs.push(partition_info.convert_to_expression(columns)?);
+            let partition_col_idx = exprs.len() - 1;
+            let project = StreamProject::new(generic::Project::new(exprs.clone(), input));
+            Ok((
+                RequiredDist::shard_by_key(project.schema().len(), &[partition_col_idx]),
+                project.into(),
+                Some(partition_col_idx),
+            ))
+        } else {
+            Ok((
+                RequiredDist::shard_by_key(input.schema().len(), input.expect_stream_key()),
+                input,
+                None,
+            ))
+        }
     }
 
     #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
     fn derive_sink_desc(
-        input: PlanRef,
+        mut input: PlanRef,
         user_distributed_by: RequiredDist,
         name: String,
         db_name: String,
@@ -146,12 +311,14 @@ impl StreamSink {
         definition: String,
         properties: WithOptions,
         format_desc: Option<SinkFormatDesc>,
+        partition_info: Option<PartitionComputeInfo>,
     ) -> Result<(PlanRef, SinkDesc)> {
         let sink_type =
             Self::derive_sink_type(input.append_only(), &properties, format_desc.as_ref())?;
         let (pk, _) = derive_pk(input.clone(), user_order_by, &columns);
-        let downstream_pk = Self::parse_downstream_pk(&columns, properties.get(DOWNSTREAM_PK_KEY))?;
-
+        let mut downstream_pk =
+            Self::parse_downstream_pk(&columns, properties.get(DOWNSTREAM_PK_KEY))?;
+        let mut extra_partition_col_idx = None;
         let required_dist = match input.distribution() {
             Distribution::Single => RequiredDist::single(),
             _ => {
@@ -171,6 +338,21 @@ impl StreamSink {
                         // lock contentions
                         RequiredDist::hash_shard(downstream_pk.as_slice())
                     }
+                    Some(s) if s == ICEBERG_SINK => {
+                        // If user doesn't specify the downstream primary key, we use the stream key as the pk.
+                        if sink_type.is_upsert() && downstream_pk.is_empty() {
+                            downstream_pk = pk.iter().map(|k| k.column_index).collect_vec();
+                        }
+                        let (required_dist, new_input, partition_col_idx) =
+                            Self::derive_iceberg_sink_distribution(
+                                input,
+                                partition_info,
+                                &columns,
+                            )?;
+                        input = new_input;
+                        extra_partition_col_idx = partition_col_idx;
+                        required_dist
+                    }
                     _ => {
                         assert_matches!(user_distributed_by, RequiredDist::Any);
                         if downstream_pk.is_empty() {
@@ -206,6 +388,7 @@ impl StreamSink {
             sink_type,
             format_desc,
             target_table,
+            extra_partition_col_idx,
         };
         Ok((input, sink_desc))
     }
@@ -312,19 +495,7 @@ impl StreamSink {
                     if trimmed_key.is_empty() {
                         continue;
                     }
-                    match columns
-                        .iter()
-                        .position(|col| col.column_desc.name == trimmed_key)
-                    {
-                        Some(index) => downstream_pk_indices.push(index),
-                        None => {
-                            return Err(ErrorCode::SinkError(Box::new(Error::new(
-                                ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
-                                format!("Sink primary key column not found: {}. Please use ',' as the delimiter for different primary key columns.", trimmed_key),
-                            )))
-                            .into());
-                        }
-                    }
+                    downstream_pk_indices.push(find_column_idx_by_name(columns, trimmed_key)?);
                 }
                 Ok(downstream_pk_indices)
             }
@@ -351,13 +522,27 @@ impl StreamSink {
             value_indices.push(indice);
         }
 
+        table_catalog_builder.set_vnode_col_idx(VNODE_COLUMN_INDEX);
+
         for (i, ordering) in PK_ORDERING.iter().enumerate() {
             table_catalog_builder.add_order_column(i, *ordering);
         }
 
         let read_prefix_len_hint = table_catalog_builder.get_current_pk_len();
 
-        let payload_indices = table_catalog_builder.extend_columns(&self.sink_desc().columns);
+        let payload_indices = table_catalog_builder.extend_columns(
+            &self
+                .sink_desc()
+                .columns
+                .iter()
+                .map(|column| {
+                    // make payload hidden column visible in kv log store batch query
+                    let mut column = column.clone();
+                    column.is_hidden = false;
+                    column
+                })
+                .collect_vec(),
+        );
 
         value_indices.extend(payload_indices);
         table_catalog_builder.set_value_indices(value_indices);
@@ -381,7 +566,7 @@ impl PlanTreeNodeUnary for StreamSink {
     }
 
     fn clone_with_input(&self, input: PlanRef) -> Self {
-        Self::new(input, self.sink_desc.clone())
+        Self::new(input, self.sink_desc.clone(), self.default_log_store_type)
         // TODO(nanderstabel): Add assertions (assert_eq!)
     }
 }
@@ -435,24 +620,7 @@ impl StreamNode for StreamSink {
             sink_desc: Some(self.sink_desc.to_proto()),
             table: Some(table.to_internal_table_prost()),
             log_store_type: match self.base.ctx().session_ctx().config().sink_decouple() {
-                SinkDecouple::Default => {
-                    let enable_sink_decouple =
-                        match_sink_name_str!(
-                        self.sink_desc.properties.get(CONNECTOR_TYPE_KEY).expect(
-                            "have checked connector is contained when create the `StreamSink`"
-                        ).to_lowercase().as_str(),
-                        SinkTypeName,
-                        SinkTypeName::default_sink_decouple(&self.sink_desc),
-                        |_unsupported| unreachable!(
-                            "have checked connector is supported when create the `StreamSink`"
-                        )
-                    );
-                    if enable_sink_decouple {
-                        SinkLogStoreType::KvLogStore as i32
-                    } else {
-                        SinkLogStoreType::InMemoryLogStore as i32
-                    }
-                }
+                SinkDecouple::Default => self.default_log_store_type as i32,
                 SinkDecouple::Enable => SinkLogStoreType::KvLogStore as i32,
                 SinkDecouple::Disable => SinkLogStoreType::InMemoryLogStore as i32,
             },
@@ -463,3 +631,98 @@ impl StreamNode for StreamSink {
 impl ExprRewritable for StreamSink {}
 
 impl ExprVisitable for StreamSink {}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use icelake::types::Transform;
+    use risingwave_common::catalog::{ColumnCatalog, ColumnDesc, ColumnId};
+    use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, StructType};
+    use risingwave_common::util::iter_util::ZipEqDebug;
+    use risingwave_pb::expr::expr_node::Type;
+
+    use super::IcebergPartitionInfo;
+    use crate::expr::{Expr, ExprImpl};
+
+    fn create_column_catalog() -> Vec<ColumnCatalog> {
+        vec![
+            ColumnCatalog {
+                column_desc: ColumnDesc::named("v1", ColumnId::new(1), DataType::Int32),
+                is_hidden: false,
+            },
+            ColumnCatalog {
+                column_desc: ColumnDesc::named("v2", ColumnId::new(2), DataType::Timestamptz),
+                is_hidden: false,
+            },
+            ColumnCatalog {
+                column_desc: ColumnDesc::named("v3", ColumnId::new(2), DataType::Timestamp),
+                is_hidden: false,
+            },
+        ]
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn test_iceberg_convert_to_expression() {
+        let partition_type = StructType::new(vec![
+            ("f1", DataType::Int32),
+            ("f2", DataType::Int32),
+            ("f3", DataType::Int32),
+            ("f4", DataType::Int32),
+            ("f5", DataType::Int32),
+            ("f6", DataType::Int32),
+            ("f7", DataType::Int32),
+            ("f8", DataType::Int32),
+            ("f9", DataType::Int32),
+        ]);
+        let partition_fields = vec![
+            ("v1".into(), Transform::Identity),
+            ("v1".into(), Transform::Bucket(10)),
+            ("v1".into(), Transform::Truncate(3)),
+            ("v2".into(), Transform::Year),
+            ("v2".into(), Transform::Month),
+            ("v3".into(), Transform::Day),
+            ("v3".into(), Transform::Hour),
+            ("v1".into(), Transform::Void),
+            ("v3".into(), Transform::Void),
+        ];
+        let partition_info = IcebergPartitionInfo {
+            partition_type: partition_type.clone(),
+            partition_fields: partition_fields.clone(),
+        };
+        let catalog = create_column_catalog();
+        let actual_expr = partition_info.convert_to_expression(&catalog).unwrap();
+        let actual_expr = actual_expr.as_function_call().unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            actual_expr.return_type(),
+            DataType::Struct(partition_type.clone())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(actual_expr.inputs().len(), partition_fields.len());
+        assert_eq!(actual_expr.func_type(), Type::Row);
+
+        for ((expr, (_, transform)), (_, expect_type)) in actual_expr
+            .inputs()
+            .iter()
+            .zip_eq_debug(partition_fields.iter())
+            .zip_eq_debug(partition_type.iter())
+        {
+            match transform {
+                Transform::Identity => {
+                    assert!(expr.is_input_ref());
+                    assert_eq!(expr.return_type(), *expect_type);
+                }
+                Transform::Void => {
+                    assert!(expr.is_literal());
+                    assert_eq!(expr.return_type(), *expect_type);
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    let expr = expr.as_function_call().unwrap();
+                    assert_eq!(expr.func_type(), Type::IcebergTransform);
+                    assert_eq!(expr.inputs().len(), 2);
+                    assert_eq!(
+                        expr.inputs()[0],
+                        ExprImpl::literal_varchar(transform.to_string())
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/rule/over_window_to_agg_and_join_rule.rs b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/rule/over_window_to_agg_and_join_rule.rs
index ac236d0a2e6f..279d495e4681 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/rule/over_window_to_agg_and_join_rule.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/rule/over_window_to_agg_and_join_rule.rs
@@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ impl Rule for OverWindowToAggAndJoinRule {
         let over_window = plan.as_logical_over_window()?;
         let window_functions = over_window.window_functions();
         if window_functions.iter().any(|window| {
-            !window.order_by.is_empty()
-                || !window.frame.bounds.start_is_unbounded()
-                || !window.frame.bounds.end_is_unbounded()
+            !(window.order_by.is_empty()
+                && window.frame.bounds.start_is_unbounded()
+                && window.frame.bounds.end_is_unbounded())
         }) {
             return None;
         }
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/scheduler/distributed/stage.rs b/src/frontend/src/scheduler/distributed/stage.rs
index 5d5d6755b27d..9585e18713d5 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/scheduler/distributed/stage.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/scheduler/distributed/stage.rs
@@ -935,12 +935,12 @@ impl StageRunner {
                 let exchange_sources = child_stage.all_exchange_sources_for(task_id);
 
                 match &execution_plan_node.node {
-                    NodeBody::Exchange(_exchange_node) => PlanNodePb {
+                    NodeBody::Exchange(exchange_node) => PlanNodePb {
                         children: vec![],
                         identity,
                         node_body: Some(NodeBody::Exchange(ExchangeNode {
                             sources: exchange_sources,
-                            sequential: true,
+                            sequential: exchange_node.sequential,
                             input_schema: execution_plan_node.schema.clone(),
                         })),
                     },
@@ -950,7 +950,7 @@ impl StageRunner {
                         node_body: Some(NodeBody::MergeSortExchange(MergeSortExchangeNode {
                             exchange: Some(ExchangeNode {
                                 sources: exchange_sources,
-                                sequential: true,
+                                sequential: false,
                                 input_schema: execution_plan_node.schema.clone(),
                             }),
                             column_orders: sort_merge_exchange_node.column_orders.clone(),
diff --git a/src/meta/model_v2/migration/src/lib.rs b/src/meta/model_v2/migration/src/lib.rs
index 6b8a2b01c2d4..c021942bcbad 100644
--- a/src/meta/model_v2/migration/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/meta/model_v2/migration/src/lib.rs
@@ -16,3 +16,33 @@ impl MigratorTrait for Migrator {
         ]
     }
 }
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! assert_not_has_tables {
+    ($manager:expr, $( $table:ident ),+) => {
+        $(
+            assert!(
+                !$manager
+                    .has_table($table::Table.to_string())
+                    .await?
+            );
+        )+
+    };
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! drop_tables {
+    ($manager:expr, $( $table:ident ),+) => {
+        $(
+            $manager
+                .drop_table(
+                    sea_orm_migration::prelude::Table::drop()
+                        .table($table::Table)
+                        .if_exists()
+                        .cascade()
+                        .to_owned(),
+                )
+                .await?;
+        )+
+    };
+}
diff --git a/src/meta/model_v2/migration/src/m20230908_072257_init.rs b/src/meta/model_v2/migration/src/m20230908_072257_init.rs
index bf8cb8c0fc1e..63250bb46c7e 100644
--- a/src/meta/model_v2/migration/src/m20230908_072257_init.rs
+++ b/src/meta/model_v2/migration/src/m20230908_072257_init.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 use sea_orm_migration::prelude::{Index as MigrationIndex, Table as MigrationTable, *};
 
+use crate::{assert_not_has_tables, drop_tables};
+
 #[derive(DeriveMigrationName)]
 pub struct Migration;
 
@@ -7,38 +9,30 @@ pub struct Migration;
 impl MigrationTrait for Migration {
     async fn up(&self, manager: &SchemaManager) -> Result<(), DbErr> {
         // 1. check if the table exists.
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(Cluster::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(Worker::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(WorkerProperty::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(User::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(UserPrivilege::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(Database::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(Schema::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(StreamingJob::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(Fragment::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(Actor::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(
-            !manager
-                .has_table(ActorDispatcher::Table.to_string())
-                .await?
-        );
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(Table::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(Source::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(Sink::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(Connection::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(View::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(Index::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(Function::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(Object::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(
-            !manager
-                .has_table(ObjectDependency::Table.to_string())
-                .await?
-        );
-        assert!(
-            !manager
-                .has_table(SystemParameter::Table.to_string())
-                .await?
+        assert_not_has_tables!(
+            manager,
+            Cluster,
+            Worker,
+            WorkerProperty,
+            User,
+            UserPrivilege,
+            Database,
+            Schema,
+            StreamingJob,
+            Fragment,
+            Actor,
+            ActorDispatcher,
+            Table,
+            Source,
+            Sink,
+            Connection,
+            View,
+            Index,
+            Function,
+            Object,
+            ObjectDependency,
+            SystemParameter,
+            CatalogVersion
         );
 
         // 2. create tables.
@@ -334,6 +328,7 @@ impl MigrationTrait for Migration {
                     .col(ColumnDef::new(StreamingJob::JobStatus).string().not_null())
                     .col(ColumnDef::new(StreamingJob::CreateType).string().not_null())
                     .col(ColumnDef::new(StreamingJob::Timezone).string())
+                    .col(ColumnDef::new(StreamingJob::Parallelism).json().not_null())
                     .foreign_key(
                         &mut ForeignKey::create()
                             .name("FK_streaming_job_object_id")
@@ -395,6 +390,7 @@ impl MigrationTrait for Migration {
                     .col(ColumnDef::new(Actor::Status).string().not_null())
                     .col(ColumnDef::new(Actor::Splits).json())
                     .col(ColumnDef::new(Actor::ParallelUnitId).integer().not_null())
+                    .col(ColumnDef::new(Actor::WorkerId).integer().not_null())
                     .col(ColumnDef::new(Actor::UpstreamActorIds).json())
                     .col(ColumnDef::new(Actor::VnodeBitmap).json())
                     .col(ColumnDef::new(Actor::ExprContext).json().not_null())
@@ -742,6 +738,24 @@ impl MigrationTrait for Migration {
                     .to_owned(),
             )
             .await?;
+        manager
+            .create_table(
+                crate::Table::create()
+                    .table(CatalogVersion::Table)
+                    .col(
+                        ColumnDef::new(CatalogVersion::Name)
+                            .string()
+                            .not_null()
+                            .primary_key(),
+                    )
+                    .col(
+                        ColumnDef::new(CatalogVersion::Version)
+                            .big_integer()
+                            .not_null(),
+                    )
+                    .to_owned(),
+            )
+            .await?;
 
         // 3. create indexes.
         manager
@@ -836,22 +850,6 @@ impl MigrationTrait for Migration {
     }
 
     async fn down(&self, manager: &SchemaManager) -> Result<(), DbErr> {
-        macro_rules! drop_tables {
-            ($manager:expr, $( $table:ident ),+) => {
-                $(
-                    $manager
-                        .drop_table(
-                            MigrationTable::drop()
-                                .table($table::Table)
-                                .if_exists()
-                                .cascade()
-                                .to_owned(),
-                        )
-                        .await?;
-                )+
-            };
-        }
-
         // drop tables cascade.
         drop_tables!(
             manager,
@@ -875,7 +873,8 @@ impl MigrationTrait for Migration {
             Function,
             Object,
             ObjectDependency,
-            SystemParameter
+            SystemParameter,
+            CatalogVersion
         );
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -968,6 +967,7 @@ enum Actor {
     Status,
     Splits,
     ParallelUnitId,
+    WorkerId,
     UpstreamActorIds,
     VnodeBitmap,
     ExprContext,
@@ -994,6 +994,7 @@ enum StreamingJob {
     JobStatus,
     Timezone,
     CreateType,
+    Parallelism,
 }
 
 #[derive(DeriveIden)]
@@ -1136,3 +1137,10 @@ enum SystemParameter {
     IsMutable,
     Description,
 }
+
+#[derive(DeriveIden)]
+enum CatalogVersion {
+    Table,
+    Name,
+    Version,
+}
diff --git a/src/meta/model_v2/migration/src/m20231008_020431_hummock.rs b/src/meta/model_v2/migration/src/m20231008_020431_hummock.rs
index 5f1f26b3e21d..b90e088da1f1 100644
--- a/src/meta/model_v2/migration/src/m20231008_020431_hummock.rs
+++ b/src/meta/model_v2/migration/src/m20231008_020431_hummock.rs
@@ -1,22 +1,13 @@
 use sea_orm_migration::prelude::*;
 
+use crate::{assert_not_has_tables, drop_tables};
+
 #[derive(DeriveMigrationName)]
 pub struct Migration;
 
 #[async_trait::async_trait]
 impl MigrationTrait for Migration {
     async fn up(&self, manager: &SchemaManager) -> Result<(), DbErr> {
-        macro_rules! assert_not_has_tables {
-            ($manager:expr, $( $table:ident ),+) => {
-                $(
-                    assert!(
-                        !$manager
-                            .has_table($table::Table.to_string())
-                            .await?
-                    );
-                )+
-            };
-        }
         assert_not_has_tables!(
             manager,
             CompactionTask,
@@ -25,7 +16,8 @@ impl MigrationTrait for Migration {
             HummockPinnedVersion,
             HummockPinnedSnapshot,
             HummockVersionDelta,
-            HummockVersionStats
+            HummockVersionStats,
+            HummockSequence
         );
 
         manager
@@ -196,21 +188,6 @@ impl MigrationTrait for Migration {
     }
 
     async fn down(&self, manager: &SchemaManager) -> Result<(), DbErr> {
-        macro_rules! drop_tables {
-            ($manager:expr, $( $table:ident ),+) => {
-                $(
-                    $manager
-                        .drop_table(
-                            Table::drop()
-                                .table($table::Table)
-                                .if_exists()
-                                .cascade()
-                                .to_owned(),
-                        )
-                        .await?;
-                )+
-            };
-        }
         drop_tables!(
             manager,
             CompactionTask,
diff --git a/src/meta/model_v2/src/actor.rs b/src/meta/model_v2/src/actor.rs
index 1bfcf7183c4d..2ebafd23a51a 100644
--- a/src/meta/model_v2/src/actor.rs
+++ b/src/meta/model_v2/src/actor.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@
 use risingwave_pb::meta::table_fragments::actor_status::PbActorState;
 use sea_orm::entity::prelude::*;
 
-use crate::{ActorId, ActorUpstreamActors, ConnectorSplits, ExprContext, FragmentId, VnodeBitmap};
+use crate::{
+    ActorId, ActorUpstreamActors, ConnectorSplits, ExprContext, FragmentId, VnodeBitmap, WorkerId,
+};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, EnumIter, DeriveActiveEnum)]
 #[sea_orm(rs_type = "String", db_type = "String(None)")]
@@ -54,6 +56,7 @@ pub struct Model {
     pub status: ActorStatus,
     pub splits: Option<ConnectorSplits>,
     pub parallel_unit_id: i32,
+    pub worker_id: WorkerId,
     pub upstream_actor_ids: ActorUpstreamActors,
     pub vnode_bitmap: Option<VnodeBitmap>,
     pub expr_context: ExprContext,
diff --git a/src/meta/model_v2/src/catalog_version.rs b/src/meta/model_v2/src/catalog_version.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..53c6f9109635
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/meta/model_v2/src/catalog_version.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// Copyright 2024 RisingWave Labs
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use sea_orm::entity::prelude::*;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, EnumIter, DeriveActiveEnum)]
+#[sea_orm(rs_type = "String", db_type = "String(None)")]
+pub enum VersionCategory {
+    #[sea_orm(string_value = "NOTIFICATION")]
+    Notification,
+    #[sea_orm(string_value = "TABLE_REVISION")]
+    TableRevision,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, DeriveEntityModel, Eq)]
+#[sea_orm(table_name = "catalog_version")]
+pub struct Model {
+    #[sea_orm(primary_key, auto_increment = false)]
+    pub name: VersionCategory,
+    pub version: i64,
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, EnumIter, DeriveRelation)]
+pub enum Relation {}
+
+impl ActiveModelBehavior for ActiveModel {}
diff --git a/src/meta/model_v2/src/lib.rs b/src/meta/model_v2/src/lib.rs
index 572e59c82035..8c85cad2a659 100644
--- a/src/meta/model_v2/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/meta/model_v2/src/lib.rs
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ pub mod prelude;
 
 pub mod actor;
 pub mod actor_dispatcher;
+pub mod catalog_version;
 pub mod cluster;
 pub mod compaction_config;
 pub mod compaction_status;
@@ -226,3 +227,11 @@ derive_from_json_struct!(
     FragmentVnodeMapping,
     risingwave_pb::common::ParallelUnitMapping
 );
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, FromJsonQueryResult, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum StreamingParallelism {
+    Adaptive,
+    Fixed(usize),
+}
+
+impl Eq for StreamingParallelism {}
diff --git a/src/meta/model_v2/src/prelude.rs b/src/meta/model_v2/src/prelude.rs
index b1cc5c54ff34..6a5316b0e422 100644
--- a/src/meta/model_v2/src/prelude.rs
+++ b/src/meta/model_v2/src/prelude.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 pub use super::actor::Entity as Actor;
 pub use super::actor_dispatcher::Entity as ActorDispatcher;
+pub use super::catalog_version::Entity as CatalogVersion;
 pub use super::cluster::Entity as Cluster;
 pub use super::compaction_config::Entity as CompactionConfig;
 pub use super::compaction_status::Entity as CompactionStatus;
diff --git a/src/meta/model_v2/src/streaming_job.rs b/src/meta/model_v2/src/streaming_job.rs
index b78f637a838c..bbb6ac332f2e 100644
--- a/src/meta/model_v2/src/streaming_job.rs
+++ b/src/meta/model_v2/src/streaming_job.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 use sea_orm::entity::prelude::*;
 
-use crate::{CreateType, JobStatus};
+use crate::{CreateType, JobStatus, StreamingParallelism};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, DeriveEntityModel, Eq)]
 #[sea_orm(table_name = "streaming_job")]
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ pub struct Model {
     pub job_status: JobStatus,
     pub create_type: CreateType,
     pub timezone: Option<String>,
+    pub parallelism: StreamingParallelism,
 }
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, EnumIter, DeriveRelation)]
diff --git a/src/meta/model_v2/src/table.rs b/src/meta/model_v2/src/table.rs
index 446c928718cf..f0d83cb2d847 100644
--- a/src/meta/model_v2/src/table.rs
+++ b/src/meta/model_v2/src/table.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ use crate::{
     SourceId, TableId, TableVersion,
 };
 
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, EnumIter, DeriveActiveEnum)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Eq, EnumIter, DeriveActiveEnum)]
 #[sea_orm(rs_type = "String", db_type = "String(None)")]
 pub enum TableType {
     #[sea_orm(string_value = "TABLE")]
diff --git a/src/meta/node/src/lib.rs b/src/meta/node/src/lib.rs
index fb5365edf3e8..1fe65aaaf163 100644
--- a/src/meta/node/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/meta/node/src/lib.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ use risingwave_common_heap_profiling::HeapProfiler;
 use risingwave_meta::*;
 use risingwave_meta_service::*;
 pub use rpc::{ElectionClient, ElectionMember, EtcdElectionClient};
-use server::{rpc_serve, MetaStoreSqlBackend};
+use server::rpc_serve;
 
 use crate::manager::MetaOpts;
 
@@ -59,8 +59,10 @@ pub struct MetaNodeOpts {
     #[clap(long, env = "RW_DASHBOARD_HOST")]
     dashboard_host: Option<String>,
 
-    #[clap(long, env = "RW_PROMETHEUS_HOST")]
-    pub prometheus_host: Option<String>,
+    /// We will start a http server at this address via `MetricsManager`.
+    /// Then the prometheus instance will poll the metrics from this address.
+    #[clap(long, env = "RW_PROMETHEUS_HOST", alias = "prometheus-host")]
+    pub prometheus_listener_addr: Option<String>,
 
     #[clap(long, env = "RW_ETCD_ENDPOINTS", default_value_t = String::from(""))]
     etcd_endpoints: String,
@@ -84,7 +86,9 @@ pub struct MetaNodeOpts {
     #[clap(long, env = "RW_DASHBOARD_UI_PATH")]
     dashboard_ui_path: Option<String>,
 
-    /// For dashboard service to fetch cluster info.
+    /// The HTTP REST-API address of the Prometheus instance associated to this cluster.
+    /// This address is used to serve PromQL queries to Prometheus.
+    /// It is also used by Grafana Dashboard Service to fetch metrics and visualize them.
     #[clap(long, env = "RW_PROMETHEUS_ENDPOINT")]
     prometheus_endpoint: Option<String>,
 
@@ -196,7 +200,7 @@ pub fn start(opts: MetaNodeOpts) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send>> {
         info!("> version: {} ({})", RW_VERSION, GIT_SHA);
         let listen_addr = opts.listen_addr.parse().unwrap();
         let dashboard_addr = opts.dashboard_host.map(|x| x.parse().unwrap());
-        let prometheus_addr = opts.prometheus_host.map(|x| x.parse().unwrap());
+        let prometheus_addr = opts.prometheus_listener_addr.map(|x| x.parse().unwrap());
         let backend = match config.meta.backend {
             MetaBackend::Etcd => MetaStoreBackend::Etcd {
                 endpoints: opts
@@ -213,10 +217,10 @@ pub fn start(opts: MetaNodeOpts) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send>> {
                 },
             },
             MetaBackend::Mem => MetaStoreBackend::Mem,
+            MetaBackend::Sql => MetaStoreBackend::Sql {
+                endpoint: opts.sql_endpoint.expect("sql endpoint is required"),
+            },
         };
-        let sql_backend = opts
-            .sql_endpoint
-            .map(|endpoint| MetaStoreSqlBackend { endpoint });
 
         validate_config(&config);
 
@@ -273,15 +277,13 @@ pub fn start(opts: MetaNodeOpts) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send>> {
         let (mut join_handle, leader_lost_handle, shutdown_send) = rpc_serve(
             add_info,
             backend,
-            sql_backend,
             max_heartbeat_interval,
             config.meta.meta_leader_lease_secs,
             MetaOpts {
                 enable_recovery: !config.meta.disable_recovery,
-                enable_scale_in_when_recovery: config.meta.enable_scale_in_when_recovery,
-                enable_automatic_parallelism_control: config
+                disable_automatic_parallelism_control: config
                     .meta
-                    .enable_automatic_parallelism_control,
+                    .disable_automatic_parallelism_control,
                 in_flight_barrier_nums,
                 max_idle_ms,
                 compaction_deterministic_test: config.meta.enable_compaction_deterministic,
diff --git a/src/meta/node/src/server.rs b/src/meta/node/src/server.rs
index 71486dbece5c..bd61debc3bf7 100644
--- a/src/meta/node/src/server.rs
+++ b/src/meta/node/src/server.rs
@@ -22,22 +22,26 @@ use futures::future::join_all;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use otlp_embedded::TraceServiceServer;
 use regex::Regex;
+use risingwave_common::config::MetaBackend;
 use risingwave_common::monitor::connection::{RouterExt, TcpConfig};
 use risingwave_common::system_param::reader::SystemParamsRead;
 use risingwave_common::telemetry::manager::TelemetryManager;
 use risingwave_common::telemetry::telemetry_env_enabled;
 use risingwave_common_service::metrics_manager::MetricsManager;
 use risingwave_common_service::tracing::TracingExtractLayer;
+use risingwave_meta::barrier::StreamRpcManager;
 use risingwave_meta::controller::catalog::CatalogController;
 use risingwave_meta::controller::cluster::ClusterController;
 use risingwave_meta::manager::MetadataManager;
 use risingwave_meta::rpc::intercept::MetricsMiddlewareLayer;
 use risingwave_meta::rpc::ElectionClientRef;
+use risingwave_meta::MetaStoreBackend;
 use risingwave_meta_model_migration::{Migrator, MigratorTrait};
 use risingwave_meta_service::backup_service::BackupServiceImpl;
 use risingwave_meta_service::cloud_service::CloudServiceImpl;
 use risingwave_meta_service::cluster_service::ClusterServiceImpl;
 use risingwave_meta_service::ddl_service::DdlServiceImpl;
+use risingwave_meta_service::event_log_service::EventLogServiceImpl;
 use risingwave_meta_service::health_service::HealthServiceImpl;
 use risingwave_meta_service::heartbeat_service::HeartbeatServiceImpl;
 use risingwave_meta_service::hummock_service::HummockServiceImpl;
@@ -50,6 +54,7 @@ use risingwave_meta_service::stream_service::StreamServiceImpl;
 use risingwave_meta_service::system_params_service::SystemParamsServiceImpl;
 use risingwave_meta_service::telemetry_service::TelemetryInfoServiceImpl;
 use risingwave_meta_service::user_service::UserServiceImpl;
+use risingwave_meta_service::AddressInfo;
 use risingwave_pb::backup_service::backup_service_server::BackupServiceServer;
 use risingwave_pb::cloud_service::cloud_service_server::CloudServiceServer;
 use risingwave_pb::connector_service::sink_coordination_service_server::SinkCoordinationServiceServer;
@@ -57,6 +62,7 @@ use risingwave_pb::ddl_service::ddl_service_server::DdlServiceServer;
 use risingwave_pb::health::health_server::HealthServer;
 use risingwave_pb::hummock::hummock_manager_service_server::HummockManagerServiceServer;
 use risingwave_pb::meta::cluster_service_server::ClusterServiceServer;
+use risingwave_pb::meta::event_log_service_server::EventLogServiceServer;
 use risingwave_pb::meta::heartbeat_service_server::HeartbeatServiceServer;
 use risingwave_pb::meta::meta_member_service_server::MetaMemberServiceServer;
 use risingwave_pb::meta::notification_service_server::NotificationServiceServer;
@@ -101,58 +107,15 @@ use crate::storage::{
 use crate::stream::{GlobalStreamManager, SourceManager};
 use crate::telemetry::{MetaReportCreator, MetaTelemetryInfoFetcher};
 use crate::{hummock, serving, MetaError, MetaResult};
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct MetaStoreSqlBackend {
-    pub(crate) endpoint: String,
-}
-
-use risingwave_meta::MetaStoreBackend;
-use risingwave_meta_service::event_log_service::EventLogServiceImpl;
-use risingwave_meta_service::AddressInfo;
-use risingwave_pb::meta::event_log_service_server::EventLogServiceServer;
 
 pub async fn rpc_serve(
     address_info: AddressInfo,
     meta_store_backend: MetaStoreBackend,
-    meta_store_sql_backend: Option<MetaStoreSqlBackend>,
     max_cluster_heartbeat_interval: Duration,
     lease_interval_secs: u64,
     opts: MetaOpts,
     init_system_params: SystemParams,
 ) -> MetaResult<(JoinHandle<()>, Option<JoinHandle<()>>, WatchSender<()>)> {
-    let meta_store_sql = match meta_store_sql_backend {
-        Some(backend) => {
-            let mut options = sea_orm::ConnectOptions::new(backend.endpoint);
-            options
-                .max_connections(20)
-                .connect_timeout(Duration::from_secs(10))
-                .idle_timeout(Duration::from_secs(30));
-            let conn = sea_orm::Database::connect(options).await?;
-            Some(SqlMetaStore::new(conn))
-        }
-        None => None,
-    };
-
-    let mut election_client = if let Some(sql_store) = &meta_store_sql {
-        let id = address_info.advertise_addr.clone();
-        let conn = sql_store.conn.clone();
-        let election_client: ElectionClientRef = match conn.get_database_backend() {
-            DbBackend::Sqlite => {
-                Arc::new(SqlBackendElectionClient::new(id, SqliteDriver::new(conn)))
-            }
-            DbBackend::Postgres => {
-                Arc::new(SqlBackendElectionClient::new(id, PostgresDriver::new(conn)))
-            }
-            DbBackend::MySql => Arc::new(SqlBackendElectionClient::new(id, MySqlDriver::new(conn))),
-        };
-
-        election_client.init().await?;
-
-        Some(election_client)
-    } else {
-        None
-    };
-
     match meta_store_backend {
         MetaStoreBackend::Etcd {
             endpoints,
@@ -170,28 +133,26 @@ pub async fn rpc_serve(
                     .context("failed to connect etcd")?;
             let meta_store = EtcdMetaStore::new(client).into_ref();
 
-            if election_client.is_none() {
-                // `with_keep_alive` option will break the long connection in election client.
-                let mut election_options = ConnectOptions::default();
-                if let Some((username, password)) = &credentials {
-                    election_options = election_options.with_user(username, password)
-                }
-
-                election_client = Some(Arc::new(
-                    EtcdElectionClient::new(
-                        endpoints,
-                        Some(election_options),
-                        auth_enabled,
-                        address_info.advertise_addr.clone(),
-                    )
-                    .await?,
-                ));
+            // `with_keep_alive` option will break the long connection in election client.
+            let mut election_options = ConnectOptions::default();
+            if let Some((username, password)) = &credentials {
+                election_options = election_options.with_user(username, password)
             }
 
+            let election_client: ElectionClientRef = Arc::new(
+                EtcdElectionClient::new(
+                    endpoints,
+                    Some(election_options),
+                    auth_enabled,
+                    address_info.advertise_addr.clone(),
+                )
+                .await?,
+            );
+
             rpc_serve_with_store(
-                meta_store,
-                election_client,
-                meta_store_sql,
+                Some(meta_store),
+                Some(election_client),
+                None,
                 address_info,
                 max_cluster_heartbeat_interval,
                 lease_interval_secs,
@@ -202,9 +163,53 @@ pub async fn rpc_serve(
         MetaStoreBackend::Mem => {
             let meta_store = MemStore::new().into_ref();
             rpc_serve_with_store(
-                meta_store,
-                election_client,
-                meta_store_sql,
+                Some(meta_store),
+                None,
+                None,
+                address_info,
+                max_cluster_heartbeat_interval,
+                lease_interval_secs,
+                opts,
+                init_system_params,
+            )
+        }
+        MetaStoreBackend::Sql { endpoint } => {
+            let max_connection = if DbBackend::Sqlite.is_prefix_of(&endpoint) {
+                // Due to the fact that Sqlite is prone to the error "(code: 5) database is locked" under concurrent access,
+                // here we forcibly specify the number of connections as 1.
+                1
+            } else {
+                10
+            };
+
+            let mut options = sea_orm::ConnectOptions::new(endpoint);
+            options
+                .max_connections(max_connection)
+                .connect_timeout(Duration::from_secs(10))
+                .idle_timeout(Duration::from_secs(30));
+            let conn = sea_orm::Database::connect(options).await?;
+            let meta_store_sql = SqlMetaStore::new(conn);
+
+            // Init election client.
+            let id = address_info.advertise_addr.clone();
+            let conn = meta_store_sql.conn.clone();
+            let election_client: ElectionClientRef = match conn.get_database_backend() {
+                DbBackend::Sqlite => {
+                    Arc::new(SqlBackendElectionClient::new(id, SqliteDriver::new(conn)))
+                }
+                DbBackend::Postgres => {
+                    Arc::new(SqlBackendElectionClient::new(id, PostgresDriver::new(conn)))
+                }
+                DbBackend::MySql => {
+                    Arc::new(SqlBackendElectionClient::new(id, MySqlDriver::new(conn)))
+                }
+            };
+            election_client.init().await?;
+
+            rpc_serve_with_store(
+                None,
+                Some(election_client),
+                Some(meta_store_sql),
                 address_info,
                 max_cluster_heartbeat_interval,
                 lease_interval_secs,
@@ -217,7 +222,7 @@ pub async fn rpc_serve(
 
 #[expect(clippy::type_complexity)]
 pub fn rpc_serve_with_store(
-    meta_store: MetaStoreRef,
+    meta_store: Option<MetaStoreRef>,
     election_client: Option<ElectionClientRef>,
     meta_store_sql: Option<SqlMetaStore>,
     address_info: AddressInfo,
@@ -372,7 +377,7 @@ pub async fn start_service_as_election_follower(
 /// ## Returns
 /// Returns an error if the service initialization failed
 pub async fn start_service_as_election_leader(
-    meta_store: MetaStoreRef,
+    meta_store: Option<MetaStoreRef>,
     meta_store_sql: Option<SqlMetaStore>,
     address_info: AddressInfo,
     max_cluster_heartbeat_interval: Duration,
@@ -397,14 +402,7 @@ pub async fn start_service_as_election_leader(
     )
     .await?;
 
-    let system_params_manager = env.system_params_manager_ref();
-    let mut system_params_reader = system_params_manager.get_params().await;
-
-    // Using new reader instead if the controller is set.
-    let system_params_controller = env.system_params_controller_ref();
-    if let Some(ctl) = &system_params_controller {
-        system_params_reader = ctl.get_params().await;
-    }
+    let system_params_reader = env.system_params_reader().await;
 
     let data_directory = system_params_reader.data_directory();
     if !is_correct_data_directory(data_directory) {
@@ -537,6 +535,8 @@ pub async fn start_service_as_election_leader(
     let (sink_manager, shutdown_handle) = SinkCoordinatorManager::start_worker();
     let mut sub_tasks = vec![shutdown_handle];
 
+    let stream_rpc_manager = StreamRpcManager::new(env.clone());
+
     let barrier_manager = GlobalBarrierManager::new(
         scheduled_barriers,
         env.clone(),
@@ -545,6 +545,7 @@ pub async fn start_service_as_election_leader(
         source_manager.clone(),
         sink_manager.clone(),
         meta_metrics.clone(),
+        stream_rpc_manager.clone(),
     );
 
     {
@@ -561,6 +562,7 @@ pub async fn start_service_as_election_leader(
             barrier_scheduler.clone(),
             source_manager.clone(),
             hummock_manager.clone(),
+            stream_rpc_manager,
         )
         .unwrap(),
     );
@@ -651,8 +653,8 @@ pub async fn start_service_as_election_leader(
     let backup_srv = BackupServiceImpl::new(backup_manager);
     let telemetry_srv = TelemetryInfoServiceImpl::new(meta_store.clone(), env.sql_meta_store());
     let system_params_srv = SystemParamsServiceImpl::new(
-        system_params_manager.clone(),
-        system_params_controller.clone(),
+        env.system_params_manager_ref(),
+        env.system_params_controller_ref(),
     );
     let serving_srv =
         ServingServiceImpl::new(serving_vnode_mapping.clone(), metadata_manager.clone());
@@ -681,17 +683,17 @@ pub async fn start_service_as_election_leader(
         hummock_manager.clone(),
         meta_metrics.clone(),
     ));
-    if let Some(system_params_ctl) = system_params_controller {
+    if let Some(system_params_ctl) = env.system_params_controller_ref() {
         sub_tasks.push(SystemParamsController::start_params_notifier(
             system_params_ctl,
         ));
     } else {
         sub_tasks.push(SystemParamsManager::start_params_notifier(
-            system_params_manager.clone(),
+            env.system_params_manager_ref().unwrap(),
         ));
     }
     sub_tasks.push(HummockManager::hummock_timer_task(hummock_manager.clone()));
-    sub_tasks.push(HummockManager::compaction_event_loop(
+    sub_tasks.extend(HummockManager::compaction_event_loop(
         hummock_manager,
         compactor_streams_change_rx,
     ));
@@ -718,7 +720,7 @@ pub async fn start_service_as_election_leader(
         sub_tasks.push(task);
         sub_tasks.push(GlobalBarrierManager::start(barrier_manager));
 
-        if env.opts.enable_automatic_parallelism_control {
+        if !env.opts.disable_automatic_parallelism_control {
             sub_tasks.push(stream_manager.start_auto_parallelism_monitor());
         }
     }
@@ -742,7 +744,10 @@ pub async fn start_service_as_election_leader(
         Arc::new(MetaTelemetryInfoFetcher::new(env.cluster_id().clone())),
         Arc::new(MetaReportCreator::new(
             metadata_manager.clone(),
-            meta_store.meta_store_type(),
+            meta_store
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(|m| m.meta_store_type())
+                .unwrap_or(MetaBackend::Sql),
         )),
     );
 
@@ -787,8 +792,10 @@ pub async fn start_service_as_election_leader(
     // Persist params before starting services so that invalid params that cause meta node
     // to crash will not be persisted.
     if meta_store_sql.is_none() {
-        system_params_manager.flush_params().await?;
-        env.cluster_id().put_at_meta_store(&meta_store).await?;
+        env.system_params_manager().unwrap().flush_params().await?;
+        env.cluster_id()
+            .put_at_meta_store(meta_store.as_ref().unwrap())
+            .await?;
     }
 
     tracing::info!("Assigned cluster id {:?}", *env.cluster_id());
diff --git a/src/meta/service/src/scale_service.rs b/src/meta/service/src/scale_service.rs
index acfca997d804..33270fc2204f 100644
--- a/src/meta/service/src/scale_service.rs
+++ b/src/meta/service/src/scale_service.rs
@@ -15,9 +15,11 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
+use risingwave_common::catalog;
 use risingwave_meta::manager::MetadataManager;
 use risingwave_meta::model::TableParallelism;
 use risingwave_meta::stream::{ScaleController, ScaleControllerRef, TableRevision};
+use risingwave_meta_model_v2::FragmentId;
 use risingwave_pb::common::WorkerType;
 use risingwave_pb::meta::scale_service_server::ScaleService;
 use risingwave_pb::meta::{
@@ -38,7 +40,7 @@ pub struct ScaleServiceImpl {
     source_manager: SourceManagerRef,
     stream_manager: GlobalStreamManagerRef,
     barrier_manager: BarrierManagerRef,
-    scale_controller: Option<ScaleControllerRef>,
+    scale_controller: ScaleControllerRef,
 }
 
 impl ScaleServiceImpl {
@@ -48,14 +50,13 @@ impl ScaleServiceImpl {
         stream_manager: GlobalStreamManagerRef,
         barrier_manager: BarrierManagerRef,
     ) -> Self {
-        let scale_controller = match &metadata_manager {
-            MetadataManager::V1(_) => Some(Arc::new(ScaleController::new(
-                &metadata_manager,
-                source_manager.clone(),
-                stream_manager.env.clone(),
-            ))),
-            MetadataManager::V2(_) => None,
-        };
+        let scale_controller = Arc::new(ScaleController::new(
+            &metadata_manager,
+            source_manager.clone(),
+            stream_manager.stream_rpc_manager.clone(),
+            stream_manager.env.clone(),
+        ));
+
         Self {
             metadata_manager,
             source_manager,
@@ -68,7 +69,8 @@ impl ScaleServiceImpl {
     async fn get_revision(&self) -> TableRevision {
         match &self.metadata_manager {
             MetadataManager::V1(mgr) => mgr.fragment_manager.get_revision().await,
-            MetadataManager::V2(_) => unimplemented!("support table revision in v2"),
+            // todo, support table revision in meta model v2
+            MetadataManager::V2(_) => Default::default(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -141,10 +143,6 @@ impl ScaleService for ScaleServiceImpl {
     ) -> Result<Response<RescheduleResponse>, Status> {
         self.barrier_manager.check_status_running().await?;
 
-        let MetadataManager::V1(mgr) = &self.metadata_manager else {
-            unimplemented!("only available in v1");
-        };
-
         let RescheduleRequest {
             reschedules,
             revision,
@@ -163,19 +161,36 @@ impl ScaleService for ScaleServiceImpl {
         }
 
         let table_parallelisms = {
-            let guard = mgr.fragment_manager.get_fragment_read_guard().await;
-
-            let mut table_parallelisms = HashMap::new();
-            for (table_id, table) in guard.table_fragments() {
-                if table
-                    .fragment_ids()
-                    .any(|fragment_id| reschedules.contains_key(&fragment_id))
-                {
-                    table_parallelisms.insert(*table_id, TableParallelism::Custom);
+            match &self.metadata_manager {
+                MetadataManager::V1(mgr) => {
+                    let guard = mgr.fragment_manager.get_fragment_read_guard().await;
+
+                    let mut table_parallelisms = HashMap::new();
+                    for (table_id, table) in guard.table_fragments() {
+                        if table
+                            .fragment_ids()
+                            .any(|fragment_id| reschedules.contains_key(&fragment_id))
+                        {
+                            table_parallelisms.insert(*table_id, TableParallelism::Custom);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    table_parallelisms
                 }
-            }
+                MetadataManager::V2(mgr) => {
+                    let streaming_job_ids = mgr
+                        .catalog_controller
+                        .get_fragment_job_id(
+                            reschedules.keys().map(|id| *id as FragmentId).collect(),
+                        )
+                        .await?;
 
-            table_parallelisms
+                    streaming_job_ids
+                        .into_iter()
+                        .map(|id| (catalog::TableId::new(id as _), TableParallelism::Custom))
+                        .collect()
+                }
+            }
         };
 
         self.stream_manager
@@ -240,11 +255,8 @@ impl ScaleService for ScaleServiceImpl {
             .policy
             .ok_or_else(|| Status::invalid_argument("policy is required"))?;
 
-        let Some(scale_controller) = &self.scale_controller else {
-            return Err(Status::unimplemented(
-                "reschedule plan is not supported in v2",
-            ));
-        };
+        let scale_controller = &self.scale_controller;
+
         let plan = scale_controller.get_reschedule_plan(policy).await?;
 
         let next_revision = self.get_revision().await;
diff --git a/src/meta/service/src/stream_service.rs b/src/meta/service/src/stream_service.rs
index 5b81c8333bf7..7d57adaf3522 100644
--- a/src/meta/service/src/stream_service.rs
+++ b/src/meta/service/src/stream_service.rs
@@ -17,9 +17,10 @@ use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use risingwave_common::catalog::TableId;
 use risingwave_meta::manager::MetadataManager;
+use risingwave_meta::model;
 use risingwave_meta::model::ActorId;
 use risingwave_meta::stream::ThrottleConfig;
-use risingwave_meta_model_v2::SourceId;
+use risingwave_meta_model_v2::{SourceId, StreamingParallelism};
 use risingwave_pb::meta::cancel_creating_jobs_request::Jobs;
 use risingwave_pb::meta::list_table_fragments_response::{
     ActorInfo, FragmentInfo, TableFragmentInfo,
@@ -280,11 +281,18 @@ impl StreamManagerService for StreamServiceImpl {
                 let job_states = mgr.catalog_controller.list_streaming_job_states().await?;
                 job_states
                     .into_iter()
-                    .map(|(table_id, state)| {
+                    .map(|(table_id, state, parallelism)| {
+                        let parallelism = match parallelism {
+                            StreamingParallelism::Adaptive => model::TableParallelism::Adaptive,
+                            StreamingParallelism::Fixed(n) => {
+                                model::TableParallelism::Fixed(n as _)
+                            }
+                        };
+
                         list_table_fragment_states_response::TableFragmentState {
                             table_id: table_id as _,
                             state: PbState::from(state) as _,
-                            parallelism: None, // TODO: support parallelism.
+                            parallelism: Some(parallelism.into()),
                         }
                     })
                     .collect_vec()
diff --git a/src/meta/service/src/system_params_service.rs b/src/meta/service/src/system_params_service.rs
index fb4a59c0c287..9d1e3ad3969f 100644
--- a/src/meta/service/src/system_params_service.rs
+++ b/src/meta/service/src/system_params_service.rs
@@ -23,13 +23,13 @@ use crate::controller::system_param::SystemParamsControllerRef;
 use crate::manager::SystemParamsManagerRef;
 
 pub struct SystemParamsServiceImpl {
-    system_params_manager: SystemParamsManagerRef,
+    system_params_manager: Option<SystemParamsManagerRef>,
     system_params_controller: Option<SystemParamsControllerRef>,
 }
 
 impl SystemParamsServiceImpl {
     pub fn new(
-        system_params_manager: SystemParamsManagerRef,
+        system_params_manager: Option<SystemParamsManagerRef>,
         system_params_controller: Option<SystemParamsControllerRef>,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -48,7 +48,11 @@ impl SystemParamsService for SystemParamsServiceImpl {
         let params = if let Some(ctl) = &self.system_params_controller {
             ctl.get_pb_params().await
         } else {
-            self.system_params_manager.get_pb_params().await
+            self.system_params_manager
+                .as_ref()
+                .unwrap()
+                .get_pb_params()
+                .await
         };
 
         Ok(Response::new(GetSystemParamsResponse {
@@ -65,6 +69,8 @@ impl SystemParamsService for SystemParamsServiceImpl {
             ctl.set_param(&req.param, req.value).await?
         } else {
             self.system_params_manager
+                .as_ref()
+                .unwrap()
                 .set_param(&req.param, req.value)
                 .await?
         };
diff --git a/src/meta/service/src/telemetry_service.rs b/src/meta/service/src/telemetry_service.rs
index 963f0884a30e..6670fe148138 100644
--- a/src/meta/service/src/telemetry_service.rs
+++ b/src/meta/service/src/telemetry_service.rs
@@ -24,12 +24,12 @@ use crate::storage::MetaStoreRef;
 use crate::MetaResult;
 
 pub struct TelemetryInfoServiceImpl {
-    meta_store: MetaStoreRef,
+    meta_store: Option<MetaStoreRef>,
     sql_meta_store: Option<SqlMetaStore>,
 }
 
 impl TelemetryInfoServiceImpl {
-    pub fn new(meta_store: MetaStoreRef, sql_meta_store: Option<SqlMetaStore>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(meta_store: Option<MetaStoreRef>, sql_meta_store: Option<SqlMetaStore>) -> Self {
         Self {
             meta_store,
             sql_meta_store,
@@ -42,10 +42,12 @@ impl TelemetryInfoServiceImpl {
             return Ok(cluster.map(|c| c.cluster_id.to_string().into()));
         }
 
-        Ok(ClusterId::from_meta_store(&self.meta_store)
-            .await
-            .ok()
-            .flatten())
+        Ok(
+            ClusterId::from_meta_store(self.meta_store.as_ref().unwrap())
+                .await
+                .ok()
+                .flatten(),
+        )
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/meta/src/backup_restore/utils.rs b/src/meta/src/backup_restore/utils.rs
index 0e40085a2b97..48eec28f4ffe 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/backup_restore/utils.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/backup_restore/utils.rs
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ pub async fn get_meta_store(opts: RestoreOpts) -> BackupResult<MetaStoreBackendI
             },
         },
         MetaBackend::Mem => MetaStoreBackend::Mem,
+        MetaBackend::Sql => panic!("not supported"),
     };
     match meta_store_backend {
         MetaStoreBackend::Etcd {
@@ -79,6 +80,7 @@ pub async fn get_meta_store(opts: RestoreOpts) -> BackupResult<MetaStoreBackendI
             Ok(MetaStoreBackendImpl::Etcd(EtcdMetaStore::new(client)))
         }
         MetaStoreBackend::Mem => Ok(MetaStoreBackendImpl::Mem(MemStore::new())),
+        MetaStoreBackend::Sql { .. } => panic!("not supported"),
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/meta/src/barrier/command.rs b/src/meta/src/barrier/command.rs
index 6ece437ffb2d..6b1b73d6ca69 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/barrier/command.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/barrier/command.rs
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ use risingwave_common::catalog::TableId;
 use risingwave_common::hash::ActorMapping;
 use risingwave_connector::source::SplitImpl;
 use risingwave_hummock_sdk::HummockEpoch;
+use risingwave_pb::meta::table_fragments::PbActorStatus;
 use risingwave_pb::meta::PausedReason;
 use risingwave_pb::source::{ConnectorSplit, ConnectorSplits};
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::barrier::BarrierKind;
@@ -31,12 +32,11 @@ use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::throttle_mutation::RateLimit;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::update_mutation::*;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::{
     AddMutation, BarrierMutation, CombinedMutation, Dispatcher, Dispatchers, FragmentTypeFlag,
-    PauseMutation, ResumeMutation, SourceChangeSplitMutation, StopMutation, ThrottleMutation,
-    UpdateMutation,
+    PauseMutation, ResumeMutation, SourceChangeSplitMutation, StopMutation, StreamActor,
+    ThrottleMutation, UpdateMutation,
 };
-use risingwave_pb::stream_service::{DropActorsRequest, WaitEpochCommitRequest};
+use risingwave_pb::stream_service::WaitEpochCommitRequest;
 use thiserror_ext::AsReport;
-use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use super::info::{ActorDesc, CommandActorChanges, InflightActorInfo};
 use super::trace::TracedEpoch;
@@ -76,6 +76,8 @@ pub struct Reschedule {
     /// Whether this fragment is injectable. The injectable means whether the fragment contains
     /// any executors that are able to receive barrier.
     pub injectable: bool,
+
+    pub newly_created_actors: Vec<(StreamActor, PbActorStatus)>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -478,18 +480,15 @@ impl CommandContext {
                 ),
 
                 Command::RescheduleFragment { reschedules, .. } => {
-                    let MetadataManager::V1(mgr) = &self.barrier_manager_context.metadata_manager
-                    else {
-                        unimplemented!("implement scale functions in v2");
-                    };
+                    let metadata_manager = &self.barrier_manager_context.metadata_manager;
+
                     let mut dispatcher_update = HashMap::new();
                     for reschedule in reschedules.values() {
                         for &(upstream_fragment_id, dispatcher_id) in
                             &reschedule.upstream_fragment_dispatcher_ids
                         {
                             // Find the actors of the upstream fragment.
-                            let upstream_actor_ids = mgr
-                                .fragment_manager
+                            let upstream_actor_ids = metadata_manager
                                 .get_running_actors_of_fragment(upstream_fragment_id)
                                 .await?;
 
@@ -527,8 +526,7 @@ impl CommandContext {
                     for (&fragment_id, reschedule) in reschedules {
                         for &downstream_fragment_id in &reschedule.downstream_fragment_ids {
                             // Find the actors of the downstream fragment.
-                            let downstream_actor_ids = mgr
-                                .fragment_manager
+                            let downstream_actor_ids = metadata_manager
                                 .get_running_actors_of_fragment(downstream_fragment_id)
                                 .await?;
 
@@ -740,27 +738,16 @@ impl CommandContext {
 
     /// Clean up actors in CNs if needed, used by drop, cancel and reschedule commands.
     async fn clean_up(&self, actors: Vec<ActorId>) -> MetaResult<()> {
-        let futures = self.info.node_map.values().map(|node| {
-            let request_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
-            let actor_ids = actors.clone();
-
-            async move {
-                let client = self
-                    .barrier_manager_context
-                    .env
-                    .stream_client_pool()
-                    .get(node)
-                    .await?;
-                let request = DropActorsRequest {
-                    request_id,
-                    actor_ids,
-                };
-                client.drop_actors(request).await
-            }
-        });
-
-        try_join_all(futures).await?;
-        Ok(())
+        self.barrier_manager_context
+            .stream_rpc_manager
+            .drop_actors(
+                &self.info.node_map,
+                self.info
+                    .node_map
+                    .keys()
+                    .map(|worker_id| (*worker_id, actors.clone())),
+            )
+            .await
     }
 
     pub async fn wait_epoch_commit(&self, epoch: HummockEpoch) -> MetaResult<()> {
@@ -968,8 +955,6 @@ impl CommandContext {
                 self.clean_up(removed_actors).await?;
                 self.barrier_manager_context
                     .scale_controller
-                    .as_ref()
-                    .unwrap()
                     .post_apply_reschedule(reschedules, table_parallelism)
                     .await?;
             }
diff --git a/src/meta/src/barrier/mod.rs b/src/meta/src/barrier/mod.rs
index 088456004539..9de6df91fed3 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/barrier/mod.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/barrier/mod.rs
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ mod state;
 mod trace;
 
 pub use self::command::{Command, ReplaceTablePlan, Reschedule};
+pub use self::rpc::StreamRpcManager;
 pub use self::schedule::BarrierScheduler;
 pub use self::trace::TracedEpoch;
 
@@ -143,12 +144,14 @@ pub struct GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
 
     source_manager: SourceManagerRef,
 
-    scale_controller: Option<ScaleControllerRef>,
+    scale_controller: ScaleControllerRef,
 
     sink_manager: SinkCoordinatorManager,
 
     metrics: Arc<MetaMetrics>,
 
+    stream_rpc_manager: StreamRpcManager,
+
     env: MetaSrvEnv,
 }
 
@@ -381,6 +384,7 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManager {
         source_manager: SourceManagerRef,
         sink_manager: SinkCoordinatorManager,
         metrics: Arc<MetaMetrics>,
+        stream_rpc_manager: StreamRpcManager,
     ) -> Self {
         let enable_recovery = env.opts.enable_recovery;
         let in_flight_barrier_nums = env.opts.in_flight_barrier_nums;
@@ -394,14 +398,13 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManager {
 
         let tracker = CreateMviewProgressTracker::new();
 
-        let scale_controller = match &metadata_manager {
-            MetadataManager::V1(_) => Some(Arc::new(ScaleController::new(
-                &metadata_manager,
-                source_manager.clone(),
-                env.clone(),
-            ))),
-            MetadataManager::V2(_) => None,
-        };
+        let scale_controller = Arc::new(ScaleController::new(
+            &metadata_manager,
+            source_manager.clone(),
+            stream_rpc_manager.clone(),
+            env.clone(),
+        ));
+
         let context = GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
             status: Arc::new(Mutex::new(BarrierManagerStatus::Starting)),
             metadata_manager,
@@ -411,6 +414,7 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManager {
             sink_manager,
             metrics,
             tracker: Arc::new(Mutex::new(tracker)),
+            stream_rpc_manager,
             env: env.clone(),
         };
 
@@ -462,6 +466,7 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManager {
             } else {
                 self.env
                     .system_params_manager()
+                    .unwrap()
                     .set_param(PAUSE_ON_NEXT_BOOTSTRAP_KEY, Some("false".to_owned()))
                     .await?;
             }
@@ -915,7 +920,7 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
     /// Resolve actor information from cluster, fragment manager and `ChangedTableId`.
     /// We use `changed_table_id` to modify the actors to be sent or collected. Because these actor
     /// will create or drop before this barrier flow through them.
-    async fn resolve_actor_info(&self) -> InflightActorInfo {
+    async fn resolve_actor_info(&self) -> MetaResult<InflightActorInfo> {
         let info = match &self.metadata_manager {
             MetadataManager::V1(mgr) => {
                 let all_nodes = mgr
@@ -932,21 +937,13 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
                     .list_active_streaming_workers()
                     .await
                     .unwrap();
-                let pu_mappings = all_nodes
-                    .iter()
-                    .flat_map(|node| node.parallel_units.iter().map(|pu| (pu.id, pu.clone())))
-                    .collect();
-                let all_actor_infos = mgr
-                    .catalog_controller
-                    .load_all_actors(&pu_mappings)
-                    .await
-                    .unwrap();
+                let all_actor_infos = mgr.catalog_controller.load_all_actors().await?;
 
                 InflightActorInfo::resolve(all_nodes, all_actor_infos)
             }
         };
 
-        info
+        Ok(info)
     }
 
     pub async fn get_ddl_progress(&self) -> Vec<DdlProgress> {
diff --git a/src/meta/src/barrier/recovery.rs b/src/meta/src/barrier/recovery.rs
index 1958ab03a166..d6fae40f44d2 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/barrier/recovery.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/barrier/recovery.rs
@@ -17,25 +17,19 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
 use anyhow::{anyhow, Context};
-use futures::future::try_join_all;
-use futures::stream::FuturesUnordered;
-use futures::TryStreamExt;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use risingwave_common::catalog::TableId;
 use risingwave_hummock_sdk::compaction_group::StateTableId;
+use risingwave_meta_model_v2::StreamingParallelism;
 use risingwave_pb::common::ActorInfo;
 use risingwave_pb::meta::PausedReason;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::barrier::BarrierKind;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::barrier_mutation::Mutation;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::AddMutation;
-use risingwave_pb::stream_service::{
-    BroadcastActorInfoTableRequest, BuildActorsRequest, ForceStopActorsRequest, UpdateActorsRequest,
-};
 use thiserror_ext::AsReport;
 use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 use tokio_retry::strategy::{jitter, ExponentialBackoff};
 use tracing::{debug, warn, Instrument};
-use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use super::TracedEpoch;
 use crate::barrier::command::CommandContext;
@@ -373,16 +367,14 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
 
                     // Resolve actor info for recovery. If there's no actor to recover, most of the
                     // following steps will be no-op, while the compute nodes will still be reset.
-                    let mut info = if self.env.opts.enable_scale_in_when_recovery {
-                        let info = self.resolve_actor_info().await;
-                        let scaled = self.scale_actors(&info).await.inspect_err(|err| {
+                    let mut info = if !self.env.opts.disable_automatic_parallelism_control {
+                        self.scale_actors().await.inspect_err(|err| {
                             warn!(error = %err.as_report(), "scale actors failed");
                         })?;
-                        if scaled {
-                            self.resolve_actor_info().await
-                        } else {
-                            info
-                        }
+
+                        self.resolve_actor_info().await.inspect_err(|err| {
+                            warn!(error = %err.as_report(), "resolve actor info failed");
+                        })?
                     } else {
                         // Migrate actors in expired CN to newly joined one.
                         self.migrate_actors().await.inspect_err(|err| {
@@ -396,7 +388,9 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
                     })?;
 
                     if self.pre_apply_drop_cancel(scheduled_barriers).await? {
-                        info = self.resolve_actor_info().await;
+                        info = self.resolve_actor_info().await.inspect_err(|err| {
+                            warn!(error = %err.as_report(), "resolve actor info failed");
+                        })?;
                     }
 
                     // update and build all actors.
@@ -514,8 +508,7 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
             .collect();
         if expired_parallel_units.is_empty() {
             debug!("no expired parallel units, skipping.");
-            let info = self.resolve_actor_info().await;
-            return Ok(info);
+            return self.resolve_actor_info().await;
         }
 
         debug!("start migrate actors.");
@@ -537,8 +530,7 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
                 .list_active_parallel_units()
                 .await?
                 .into_iter()
-                .map(|pu| pu.id as i32)
-                .filter(|pu| !inuse_parallel_units.contains(pu))
+                .filter(|pu| !inuse_parallel_units.contains(&(pu.id as i32)))
                 .collect_vec();
             if !new_parallel_units.is_empty() {
                 debug!("new parallel units found: {:#?}", new_parallel_units);
@@ -546,9 +538,9 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
                     if let Some(from) = to_migrate_parallel_units.pop() {
                         debug!(
                             "plan to migrate from parallel unit {} to {}",
-                            from, target_parallel_unit
+                            from, target_parallel_unit.id
                         );
-                        inuse_parallel_units.insert(target_parallel_unit);
+                        inuse_parallel_units.insert(target_parallel_unit.id as i32);
                         plan.insert(from, target_parallel_unit);
                     } else {
                         break 'discovery;
@@ -566,15 +558,15 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
         mgr.catalog_controller.migrate_actors(plan).await?;
 
         debug!("migrate actors succeed.");
-        let info = self.resolve_actor_info().await;
-        Ok(info)
+
+        self.resolve_actor_info().await
     }
 
     /// Migrate actors in expired CNs to newly joined ones, return true if any actor is migrated.
     async fn migrate_actors_v1(&self) -> MetaResult<InflightActorInfo> {
         let mgr = self.metadata_manager.as_v1_ref();
 
-        let info = self.resolve_actor_info().await;
+        let info = self.resolve_actor_info().await?;
 
         // 1. get expired workers.
         let expired_workers: HashSet<WorkerId> = info
@@ -595,35 +587,137 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
             .migrate_fragment_actors(&migration_plan)
             .await?;
         // 3. remove the migration plan.
-        migration_plan.delete(self.env.meta_store()).await?;
+        migration_plan.delete(self.env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
         debug!("migrate actors succeed.");
 
-        let info = self.resolve_actor_info().await;
-        Ok(info)
+        self.resolve_actor_info().await
     }
 
-    async fn scale_actors(&self, info: &InflightActorInfo) -> MetaResult<bool> {
+    async fn scale_actors(&self) -> MetaResult<()> {
         match &self.metadata_manager {
-            MetadataManager::V1(_) => self.scale_actors_v1(info).await,
-            MetadataManager::V2(_) => self.scale_actors_v2(info),
+            MetadataManager::V1(_) => self.scale_actors_v1().await,
+            MetadataManager::V2(_) => self.scale_actors_v2().await,
         }
     }
 
-    fn scale_actors_v2(&self, _info: &InflightActorInfo) -> MetaResult<bool> {
-        let _mgr = self.metadata_manager.as_v2_ref();
-        unimplemented!("implement auto-scale funcs in sql backend")
+    async fn scale_actors_v2(&self) -> MetaResult<()> {
+        let mgr = self.metadata_manager.as_v2_ref();
+        debug!("start resetting actors distribution");
+
+        let table_parallelisms: HashMap<_, _> = {
+            let streaming_parallelisms = mgr
+                .catalog_controller
+                .get_all_streaming_parallelisms()
+                .await?;
+
+            streaming_parallelisms
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|(table_id, parallelism)| {
+                    // no custom for sql backend
+                    let table_parallelism = match parallelism {
+                        StreamingParallelism::Adaptive => TableParallelism::Adaptive,
+                        StreamingParallelism::Fixed(n) => TableParallelism::Fixed(n),
+                    };
+
+                    (table_id as u32, table_parallelism)
+                })
+                .collect()
+        };
+
+        let workers = mgr
+            .cluster_controller
+            .list_active_streaming_workers()
+            .await?;
+
+        let schedulable_worker_ids = workers
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|worker| {
+                !worker
+                    .property
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .map(|p| p.is_unschedulable)
+                    .unwrap_or(false)
+            })
+            .map(|worker| worker.id)
+            .collect();
+
+        let plan = self
+            .scale_controller
+            .generate_table_resize_plan(TableResizePolicy {
+                worker_ids: schedulable_worker_ids,
+                table_parallelisms: table_parallelisms.clone(),
+            })
+            .await?;
+
+        let table_parallelisms: HashMap<_, _> = table_parallelisms
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(table_id, parallelism)| {
+                debug_assert_ne!(parallelism, TableParallelism::Custom);
+                (TableId::new(table_id), parallelism)
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        let mut compared_table_parallelisms = table_parallelisms.clone();
+
+        // skip reschedule if no reschedule is generated.
+        let reschedule_fragment = if plan.is_empty() {
+            HashMap::new()
+        } else {
+            let (reschedule_fragment, _) = self
+                .scale_controller
+                .prepare_reschedule_command(
+                    plan,
+                    RescheduleOptions {
+                        resolve_no_shuffle_upstream: true,
+                    },
+                    Some(&mut compared_table_parallelisms),
+                )
+                .await?;
+
+            reschedule_fragment
+        };
+
+        // Because custom parallelism doesn't exist, this function won't result in a no-shuffle rewrite for table parallelisms.
+        debug_assert_eq!(compared_table_parallelisms, table_parallelisms);
+
+        if let Err(e) = self
+            .scale_controller
+            .post_apply_reschedule(&reschedule_fragment, &table_parallelisms)
+            .await
+        {
+            tracing::error!(
+                error = %e.as_report(),
+                "failed to apply reschedule for offline scaling in recovery",
+            );
+
+            return Err(e);
+        }
+
+        debug!("scaling-in actors succeed.");
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    async fn scale_actors_v1(&self, info: &InflightActorInfo) -> MetaResult<bool> {
+    async fn scale_actors_v1(&self) -> MetaResult<()> {
+        let info = self.resolve_actor_info().await?;
+
         let mgr = self.metadata_manager.as_v1_ref();
         debug!("start resetting actors distribution");
 
+        if info.actor_location_map.is_empty() {
+            debug!("empty cluster, skipping");
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
         let current_parallelism = info
             .node_map
             .values()
             .flat_map(|worker_node| worker_node.parallel_units.iter())
             .count();
 
+        if current_parallelism == 0 {
+            return Err(anyhow!("no available parallel units for auto scaling").into());
+        }
+
         /// We infer the new parallelism strategy based on the prior level of parallelism of the table.
         /// If the parallelism strategy is Fixed or Auto, we won't make any modifications.
         /// For Custom, we'll assess the parallelism of the core fragment;
@@ -639,12 +733,12 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
                 if let Some(fragment) = derive_from_fragment {
                     let fragment_parallelism = fragment.get_actors().len();
                     if fragment_parallelism >= current_parallelism {
-                        TableParallelism::Auto
+                        TableParallelism::Adaptive
                     } else {
                         TableParallelism::Fixed(fragment_parallelism)
                     }
                 } else {
-                    TableParallelism::Auto
+                    TableParallelism::Adaptive
                 }
             } else {
                 table.assigned_parallelism
@@ -685,8 +779,6 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
 
         let plan = self
             .scale_controller
-            .as_ref()
-            .unwrap()
             .generate_table_resize_plan(TableResizePolicy {
                 worker_ids: schedulable_worker_ids,
                 table_parallelisms: table_parallelisms.clone(),
@@ -703,26 +795,26 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
 
         let mut compared_table_parallelisms = table_parallelisms.clone();
 
-        let (reschedule_fragment, applied_reschedules) = self
-            .scale_controller
-            .as_ref()
-            .unwrap()
-            .prepare_reschedule_command(
-                plan,
-                RescheduleOptions {
-                    resolve_no_shuffle_upstream: true,
-                },
-                Some(&mut compared_table_parallelisms),
-            )
-            .await?;
+        // skip reschedule if no reschedule is generated.
+        let (reschedule_fragment, applied_reschedules) = if plan.is_empty() {
+            (HashMap::new(), HashMap::new())
+        } else {
+            self.scale_controller
+                .prepare_reschedule_command(
+                    plan,
+                    RescheduleOptions {
+                        resolve_no_shuffle_upstream: true,
+                    },
+                    Some(&mut compared_table_parallelisms),
+                )
+                .await?
+        };
 
         // Because custom parallelism doesn't exist, this function won't result in a no-shuffle rewrite for table parallelisms.
         debug_assert_eq!(compared_table_parallelisms, table_parallelisms);
 
         if let Err(e) = self
             .scale_controller
-            .as_ref()
-            .unwrap()
             .post_apply_reschedule(&reschedule_fragment, &table_parallelisms)
             .await
         {
@@ -739,7 +831,7 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
         }
 
         debug!("scaling-in actors succeed.");
-        Ok(true)
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     /// This function will generate a migration plan, which includes the mapping for all expired and
@@ -750,7 +842,7 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
     ) -> MetaResult<MigrationPlan> {
         let mgr = self.metadata_manager.as_v1_ref();
 
-        let mut cached_plan = MigrationPlan::get(self.env.meta_store()).await?;
+        let mut cached_plan = MigrationPlan::get(self.env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
 
         let all_worker_parallel_units = mgr.fragment_manager.all_worker_parallel_units().await;
 
@@ -847,7 +939,7 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
             new_plan.parallel_unit_plan
         );
 
-        new_plan.insert(self.env.meta_store()).await?;
+        new_plan.insert(self.env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
         Ok(new_plan)
     }
 
@@ -890,31 +982,19 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
             return Err(anyhow!("actors dropped during update").into());
         }
 
-        info.actor_map.iter().map(|(node_id, actors)| {
-            let node_actors = all_node_actors.remove(node_id).unwrap_or_default();
-            let node = info.node_map.get(node_id).unwrap();
-            let actor_infos = actor_infos.clone();
-
-            async move {
-                let client = self.env.stream_client_pool().get(node).await?;
-                client
-                    .broadcast_actor_info_table(BroadcastActorInfoTableRequest {
-                        info: actor_infos,
-                    })
-                    .await?;
-
-                let request_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
-                tracing::debug!(request_id = request_id.as_str(), actors = ?actors, "update actors");
-                client
-                    .update_actors(UpdateActorsRequest {
-                        request_id,
-                        actors: node_actors,
-                    })
-                    .await?;
-
-                Ok(()) as MetaResult<()>
-            }
-        }).collect::<FuturesUnordered<_>>().try_collect::<()>().await?;
+        self.stream_rpc_manager
+            .broadcast_update_actor_info(
+                &info.node_map,
+                info.actor_map.keys().cloned(),
+                actor_infos.into_iter(),
+                info.actor_map.keys().map(|node_id| {
+                    (
+                        *node_id,
+                        all_node_actors.remove(node_id).unwrap_or_default(),
+                    )
+                }),
+            )
+            .await?;
 
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -926,26 +1006,14 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
             return Ok(());
         }
 
-        info.actor_map
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(node_id, actors)| async move {
-                let actors = actors.iter().cloned().collect();
-                let node = info.node_map.get(node_id).unwrap();
-                let client = self.env.stream_client_pool().get(node).await?;
-
-                let request_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
-                tracing::debug!(request_id = request_id.as_str(), actors = ?actors, "build actors");
-                client
-                    .build_actors(BuildActorsRequest {
-                        request_id,
-                        actor_id: actors,
-                    })
-                    .await?;
-
-                Ok(()) as MetaResult<_>
-            })
-            .collect::<FuturesUnordered<_>>()
-            .try_collect::<()>()
+        self.stream_rpc_manager
+            .build_actors(
+                &info.node_map,
+                info.actor_map.iter().map(|(node_id, actors)| {
+                    let actors = actors.iter().cloned().collect();
+                    (*node_id, actors)
+                }),
+            )
             .await?;
 
         Ok(())
@@ -953,17 +1021,11 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
 
     /// Reset all compute nodes by calling `force_stop_actors`.
     async fn reset_compute_nodes(&self, info: &InflightActorInfo) -> MetaResult<()> {
-        let futures = info.node_map.values().map(|worker_node| async move {
-            let client = self.env.stream_client_pool().get(worker_node).await?;
-            debug!(worker = ?worker_node.id, "force stop actors");
-            client
-                .force_stop_actors(ForceStopActorsRequest {
-                    request_id: Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
-                })
-                .await
-        });
+        debug!(worker = ?info.node_map.keys().collect_vec(), "force stop actors");
+        self.stream_rpc_manager
+            .force_stop_actors(info.node_map.values())
+            .await?;
 
-        try_join_all(futures).await?;
         debug!("all compute nodes have been reset.");
 
         Ok(())
diff --git a/src/meta/src/barrier/rpc.rs b/src/meta/src/barrier/rpc.rs
index 55c9fce4c408..670ee7cf1092 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/barrier/rpc.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/barrier/rpc.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::future::Future;
-use std::ops::Deref;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use anyhow::anyhow;
@@ -24,10 +23,16 @@ use futures::stream::FuturesUnordered;
 use futures::{FutureExt, StreamExt};
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use risingwave_common::bail;
+use risingwave_common::hash::ActorId;
 use risingwave_common::util::tracing::TracingContext;
-use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::{Barrier, BarrierMutation};
-use risingwave_pb::stream_service::{BarrierCompleteRequest, InjectBarrierRequest};
-use risingwave_rpc_client::StreamClientPoolRef;
+use risingwave_pb::common::{ActorInfo, WorkerNode};
+use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::{Barrier, BarrierMutation, StreamActor};
+use risingwave_pb::stream_service::{
+    BarrierCompleteRequest, BroadcastActorInfoTableRequest, BuildActorsRequest, DropActorsRequest,
+    ForceStopActorsRequest, InjectBarrierRequest, UpdateActorsRequest,
+};
+use risingwave_rpc_client::error::RpcError;
+use risingwave_rpc_client::StreamClient;
 use rw_futures_util::pending_on_none;
 use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 use uuid::Uuid;
@@ -77,17 +82,21 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
     ) -> BarrierCompletionFuture {
         let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
         let prev_epoch = command_context.prev_epoch.value().0;
-        let result = self.inject_barrier_inner(command_context.clone()).await;
+        let result = self
+            .stream_rpc_manager
+            .inject_barrier(command_context.clone())
+            .await;
         match result {
             Ok(node_need_collect) => {
                 // todo: the collect handler should be abort when recovery.
-                tokio::spawn(Self::collect_barrier(
-                    self.env.clone(),
-                    node_need_collect,
-                    self.env.stream_client_pool_ref(),
-                    command_context,
-                    tx,
-                ));
+                tokio::spawn({
+                    let stream_rpc_manager = self.stream_rpc_manager.clone();
+                    async move {
+                        stream_rpc_manager
+                            .collect_barrier(node_need_collect, command_context, tx)
+                            .await
+                    }
+                });
             }
             Err(e) => {
                 let _ = tx.send(BarrierCompletion {
@@ -104,9 +113,11 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
             },
         })
     }
+}
 
+impl StreamRpcManager {
     /// Send inject-barrier-rpc to stream service and wait for its response before returns.
-    async fn inject_barrier_inner(
+    async fn inject_barrier(
         &self,
         command_context: Arc<CommandContext>,
     ) -> MetaResult<HashMap<WorkerId, bool>> {
@@ -114,38 +125,44 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
         let mutation = command_context.to_mutation().await?;
         let info = command_context.info.clone();
         let mut node_need_collect = HashMap::new();
-        let inject_futures = info.node_map.iter().filter_map(|(node_id, node)| {
-            let actor_ids_to_send = info.actor_ids_to_send(node_id).collect_vec();
-            let actor_ids_to_collect = info.actor_ids_to_collect(node_id).collect_vec();
-            if actor_ids_to_collect.is_empty() {
-                // No need to send or collect barrier for this node.
-                assert!(actor_ids_to_send.is_empty());
-                node_need_collect.insert(*node_id, false);
-                None
-            } else {
-                node_need_collect.insert(*node_id, true);
-                let mutation = mutation.clone();
-                let request_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
-                let barrier = Barrier {
-                    epoch: Some(risingwave_pb::data::Epoch {
-                        curr: command_context.curr_epoch.value().0,
-                        prev: command_context.prev_epoch.value().0,
-                    }),
-                    mutation: mutation.clone().map(|_| BarrierMutation { mutation }),
-                    tracing_context: TracingContext::from_span(command_context.curr_epoch.span())
+        self.make_request(
+            info.node_map.iter().filter_map(|(node_id, node)| {
+                let actor_ids_to_send = info.actor_ids_to_send(node_id).collect_vec();
+                let actor_ids_to_collect = info.actor_ids_to_collect(node_id).collect_vec();
+                if actor_ids_to_collect.is_empty() {
+                    // No need to send or collect barrier for this node.
+                    assert!(actor_ids_to_send.is_empty());
+                    node_need_collect.insert(*node_id, false);
+                    None
+                } else {
+                    node_need_collect.insert(*node_id, true);
+                    let mutation = mutation.clone();
+                    let barrier = Barrier {
+                        epoch: Some(risingwave_pb::data::Epoch {
+                            curr: command_context.curr_epoch.value().0,
+                            prev: command_context.prev_epoch.value().0,
+                        }),
+                        mutation: mutation.clone().map(|_| BarrierMutation { mutation }),
+                        tracing_context: TracingContext::from_span(
+                            command_context.curr_epoch.span(),
+                        )
                         .to_protobuf(),
-                    kind: command_context.kind as i32,
-                    passed_actors: vec![],
-                };
-                async move {
-                    let client = self.env.stream_client_pool().get(node).await?;
-
-                    let request = InjectBarrierRequest {
-                        request_id,
-                        barrier: Some(barrier),
-                        actor_ids_to_send,
-                        actor_ids_to_collect,
+                        kind: command_context.kind as i32,
+                        passed_actors: vec![],
                     };
+                    Some((
+                        node,
+                        InjectBarrierRequest {
+                            request_id: Self::new_request_id(),
+                            barrier: Some(barrier),
+                            actor_ids_to_send,
+                            actor_ids_to_collect,
+                        },
+                    ))
+                }
+            }),
+            |client, request| {
+                async move {
                     tracing::debug!(
                         target: "events::meta::barrier::inject_barrier",
                         ?request, "inject barrier request"
@@ -154,10 +171,10 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
                     // This RPC returns only if this worker node has injected this barrier.
                     client.inject_barrier(request).await
                 }
-                .into()
-            }
-        });
-        try_join_all(inject_futures).await.inspect_err(|e| {
+            },
+        )
+        .await
+        .inspect_err(|e| {
             // Record failure in event log.
             use risingwave_pb::meta::event_log;
             use thiserror_ext::AsReport;
@@ -175,9 +192,8 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
 
     /// Send barrier-complete-rpc and wait for responses from all CNs
     async fn collect_barrier(
-        env: MetaSrvEnv,
+        &self,
         node_need_collect: HashMap<WorkerId, bool>,
-        client_pool_ref: StreamClientPoolRef,
         command_context: Arc<CommandContext>,
         barrier_complete_tx: oneshot::Sender<BarrierCompletion>,
     ) {
@@ -186,34 +202,34 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
             TracingContext::from_span(command_context.prev_epoch.span()).to_protobuf();
 
         let info = command_context.info.clone();
-        let client_pool = client_pool_ref.deref();
-        let collect_futures = info.node_map.iter().filter_map(|(node_id, node)| {
-            if !*node_need_collect.get(node_id).unwrap() {
-                // No need to send or collect barrier for this node.
-                None
-            } else {
-                let request_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
-                let tracing_context = tracing_context.clone();
-                async move {
-                    let client = client_pool.get(node).await?;
-                    let request = BarrierCompleteRequest {
-                        request_id,
-                        prev_epoch,
-                        tracing_context,
-                    };
-                    tracing::debug!(
-                        target: "events::meta::barrier::barrier_complete",
-                        ?request, "barrier complete"
-                    );
+        let result = self
+            .broadcast(
+                info.node_map.iter().filter_map(|(node_id, node)| {
+                    if !*node_need_collect.get(node_id).unwrap() {
+                        // No need to send or collect barrier for this node.
+                        None
+                    } else {
+                        Some(node)
+                    }
+                }),
+                |client| {
+                    let tracing_context = tracing_context.clone();
+                    async move {
+                        let request = BarrierCompleteRequest {
+                            request_id: Self::new_request_id(),
+                            prev_epoch,
+                            tracing_context,
+                        };
+                        tracing::debug!(
+                            target: "events::meta::barrier::barrier_complete",
+                            ?request, "barrier complete"
+                        );
 
-                    // This RPC returns only if this worker node has collected this barrier.
-                    client.barrier_complete(request).await
-                }
-                .into()
-            }
-        });
-
-        let result = try_join_all(collect_futures)
+                        // This RPC returns only if this worker node has collected this barrier.
+                        client.barrier_complete(request).await
+                    }
+                },
+            )
             .await
             .inspect_err(|e| {
                 // Record failure in event log.
@@ -224,7 +240,8 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
                     cur_epoch: command_context.curr_epoch.value().0,
                     error: e.to_report_string(),
                 };
-                env.event_log_manager_ref()
+                self.env
+                    .event_log_manager_ref()
                     .add_event_logs(vec![event_log::Event::CollectBarrierFail(event)]);
             })
             .map_err(Into::into);
@@ -233,3 +250,144 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
             .inspect_err(|_| tracing::warn!(prev_epoch, "failed to notify barrier completion"));
     }
 }
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct StreamRpcManager {
+    env: MetaSrvEnv,
+}
+
+impl StreamRpcManager {
+    pub fn new(env: MetaSrvEnv) -> Self {
+        Self { env }
+    }
+
+    async fn make_request<REQ, RSP, Fut: Future<Output = Result<RSP, RpcError>> + 'static>(
+        &self,
+        request: impl Iterator<Item = (&WorkerNode, REQ)>,
+        f: impl Fn(StreamClient, REQ) -> Fut,
+    ) -> MetaResult<Vec<RSP>> {
+        let pool = self.env.stream_client_pool();
+        let f = &f;
+        Ok(try_join_all(request.map(|(node, input)| async move {
+            let client = pool.get(node).await?;
+            f(client, input).await
+        }))
+        .await?)
+    }
+
+    async fn broadcast<RSP, Fut: Future<Output = Result<RSP, RpcError>> + 'static>(
+        &self,
+        nodes: impl Iterator<Item = &WorkerNode>,
+        f: impl Fn(StreamClient) -> Fut,
+    ) -> MetaResult<Vec<RSP>> {
+        self.make_request(nodes.map(|node| (node, ())), |client, ()| f(client))
+            .await
+    }
+
+    fn new_request_id() -> String {
+        Uuid::new_v4().to_string()
+    }
+
+    pub async fn build_actors(
+        &self,
+        node_map: &HashMap<WorkerId, WorkerNode>,
+        node_actors: impl Iterator<Item = (WorkerId, Vec<ActorId>)>,
+    ) -> MetaResult<()> {
+        self.make_request(
+            node_actors.map(|(worker_id, actors)| (node_map.get(&worker_id).unwrap(), actors)),
+            |client, actors| async move {
+                let request_id = Self::new_request_id();
+                tracing::debug!(request_id = request_id.as_str(), actors = ?actors, "build actors");
+                client
+                    .build_actors(BuildActorsRequest {
+                        request_id,
+                        actor_id: actors,
+                    })
+                    .await
+            },
+        )
+        .await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Broadcast and update actor info in CN.
+    /// `node_actors_to_create` must be a subset of `broadcast_worker_ids`.
+    pub async fn broadcast_update_actor_info(
+        &self,
+        worker_nodes: &HashMap<WorkerId, WorkerNode>,
+        broadcast_worker_ids: impl Iterator<Item = WorkerId>,
+        actor_infos_to_broadcast: impl Iterator<Item = ActorInfo>,
+        node_actors_to_create: impl Iterator<Item = (WorkerId, Vec<StreamActor>)>,
+    ) -> MetaResult<()> {
+        let actor_infos = actor_infos_to_broadcast.collect_vec();
+        let mut node_actors_to_create = node_actors_to_create.collect::<HashMap<_, _>>();
+        self.make_request(
+            broadcast_worker_ids
+                .map(|worker_id| {
+                    let node = worker_nodes.get(&worker_id).unwrap();
+                    let actors = node_actors_to_create.remove(&worker_id);
+                    (node, actors)
+                }),
+            |client, actors| {
+                let info = actor_infos.clone();
+                async move {
+                    client
+                        .broadcast_actor_info_table(BroadcastActorInfoTableRequest { info })
+                        .await?;
+                    if let Some(actors) = actors {
+                        let request_id = Self::new_request_id();
+                        let actor_ids = actors.iter().map(|actor| actor.actor_id).collect_vec();
+                        tracing::debug!(request_id = request_id.as_str(), actors = ?actor_ids, "update actors");
+                        client
+                            .update_actors(UpdateActorsRequest { request_id, actors })
+                            .await?;
+                    }
+                    Ok(())
+                }
+            },
+        )
+        .await?;
+        assert!(
+            node_actors_to_create.is_empty(),
+            "remaining uncreated actors: {:?}",
+            node_actors_to_create
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub async fn drop_actors(
+        &self,
+        node_map: &HashMap<WorkerId, WorkerNode>,
+        node_actors: impl Iterator<Item = (WorkerId, Vec<ActorId>)>,
+    ) -> MetaResult<()> {
+        self.make_request(
+            node_actors
+                .map(|(worker_id, actor_ids)| (node_map.get(&worker_id).unwrap(), actor_ids)),
+            |client, actor_ids| async move {
+                client
+                    .drop_actors(DropActorsRequest {
+                        request_id: Self::new_request_id(),
+                        actor_ids,
+                    })
+                    .await
+            },
+        )
+        .await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub async fn force_stop_actors(
+        &self,
+        nodes: impl Iterator<Item = &WorkerNode>,
+    ) -> MetaResult<()> {
+        self.broadcast(nodes, |client| async move {
+            client
+                .force_stop_actors(ForceStopActorsRequest {
+                    request_id: Self::new_request_id(),
+                })
+                .await
+        })
+        .await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/meta/src/controller/catalog.rs b/src/meta/src/controller/catalog.rs
index 75ef08c92278..8d34e4076c1e 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/controller/catalog.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/controller/catalog.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,8 @@ use risingwave_meta_model_v2::{
     connection, database, function, index, object, object_dependency, schema, sink, source,
     streaming_job, table, user_privilege, view, ActorId, ColumnCatalogArray, ConnectionId,
     CreateType, DatabaseId, FragmentId, FunctionId, IndexId, JobStatus, ObjectId,
-    PrivateLinkService, Property, SchemaId, SourceId, StreamSourceInfo, TableId, UserId,
+    PrivateLinkService, Property, SchemaId, SourceId, StreamSourceInfo, StreamingParallelism,
+    TableId, UserId,
 };
 use risingwave_pb::catalog::table::PbTableType;
 use risingwave_pb::catalog::{
@@ -55,9 +56,9 @@ use crate::controller::utils::{
     check_connection_name_duplicate, check_database_name_duplicate,
     check_function_signature_duplicate, check_relation_name_duplicate, check_schema_name_duplicate,
     ensure_object_id, ensure_object_not_refer, ensure_schema_empty, ensure_user_id,
-    get_fragment_mappings, get_referring_objects, get_referring_objects_cascade,
-    get_user_privilege, list_user_info_by_ids, resolve_source_register_info_for_jobs,
-    PartialObject,
+    get_fragment_mappings, get_fragment_mappings_by_jobs, get_referring_objects,
+    get_referring_objects_cascade, get_user_privilege, list_user_info_by_ids,
+    resolve_source_register_info_for_jobs, PartialObject,
 };
 use crate::controller::ObjectModel;
 use crate::manager::{Catalog, MetaSrvEnv, NotificationVersion, IGNORED_NOTIFICATION_VERSION};
@@ -266,6 +267,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
             .into_tuple()
             .all(&txn)
             .await?;
+        let fragment_mappings = get_fragment_mappings_by_jobs(&txn, streaming_jobs).await?;
 
         // The schema and objects in the database will be delete cascade.
         let res = Object::delete_by_id(database_id).exec(&txn).await?;
@@ -286,6 +288,8 @@ impl CatalogController {
                 }),
             )
             .await;
+        self.notify_fragment_mapping(NotificationOperation::Delete, fragment_mappings)
+            .await;
         Ok((
             ReleaseContext {
                 state_table_ids,
@@ -1013,18 +1017,6 @@ impl CatalogController {
                         .await?;
                 }
 
-                if !index_ids.is_empty() {
-                    let index_objs = Index::find()
-                        .find_also_related(Object)
-                        .filter(index::Column::IndexId.is_in(index_ids))
-                        .all(&txn)
-                        .await?;
-                    for (index, index_obj) in index_objs {
-                        relations.push(PbRelationInfo::Index(
-                            ObjectModel(index, index_obj.unwrap()).into(),
-                        ));
-                    }
-                }
                 if !table_ids.is_empty() {
                     let table_objs = Table::find()
                         .find_also_related(Object)
@@ -1037,6 +1029,19 @@ impl CatalogController {
                         ));
                     }
                 }
+                // FIXME: frontend will update index/primary table from cache, requires apply updates of indexes after tables.
+                if !index_ids.is_empty() {
+                    let index_objs = Index::find()
+                        .find_also_related(Object)
+                        .filter(index::Column::IndexId.is_in(index_ids))
+                        .all(&txn)
+                        .await?;
+                    for (index, index_obj) in index_objs {
+                        relations.push(PbRelationInfo::Index(
+                            ObjectModel(index, index_obj.unwrap()).into(),
+                        ));
+                    }
+                }
             }
             ObjectType::Source => {
                 let source = Source::find_by_id(object_id)
@@ -1126,10 +1131,6 @@ impl CatalogController {
         if obj.schema_id == Some(new_schema) {
             return Ok(IGNORED_NOTIFICATION_VERSION);
         }
-
-        let mut obj = obj.into_active_model();
-        obj.schema_id = Set(Some(new_schema));
-        let obj = obj.update(&txn).await?;
         let database_id = obj.database_id.unwrap();
 
         let mut relations = vec![];
@@ -1140,9 +1141,16 @@ impl CatalogController {
                     .await?
                     .ok_or_else(|| MetaError::catalog_id_not_found("table", object_id))?;
                 check_relation_name_duplicate(&table.name, database_id, new_schema, &txn).await?;
+                let (associated_src_id, table_type) =
+                    (table.optional_associated_source_id, table.table_type);
+
+                let mut obj = obj.into_active_model();
+                obj.schema_id = Set(Some(new_schema));
+                let obj = obj.update(&txn).await?;
+                relations.push(PbRelationInfo::Table(ObjectModel(table, obj).into()));
 
                 // associated source.
-                if let Some(associated_source_id) = table.optional_associated_source_id {
+                if let Some(associated_source_id) = associated_src_id {
                     let src_obj = object::ActiveModel {
                         oid: Set(associated_source_id as _),
                         schema_id: Set(Some(new_schema)),
@@ -1163,7 +1171,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
                 let (index_ids, (index_names, mut table_ids)): (
                     Vec<IndexId>,
                     (Vec<String>, Vec<TableId>),
-                ) = if table.table_type == TableType::Table {
+                ) = if table_type == TableType::Table {
                     Index::find()
                         .select_only()
                         .columns([
@@ -1181,7 +1189,6 @@ impl CatalogController {
                 } else {
                     (vec![], (vec![], vec![]))
                 };
-                relations.push(PbRelationInfo::Table(ObjectModel(table, obj).into()));
 
                 // internal tables.
                 let internal_tables: Vec<TableId> = Table::find()
@@ -1215,18 +1222,6 @@ impl CatalogController {
                         .await?;
                 }
 
-                if !index_ids.is_empty() {
-                    let index_objs = Index::find()
-                        .find_also_related(Object)
-                        .filter(index::Column::IndexId.is_in(index_ids))
-                        .all(&txn)
-                        .await?;
-                    for (index, index_obj) in index_objs {
-                        relations.push(PbRelationInfo::Index(
-                            ObjectModel(index, index_obj.unwrap()).into(),
-                        ));
-                    }
-                }
                 if !table_ids.is_empty() {
                     let table_objs = Table::find()
                         .find_also_related(Object)
@@ -1239,6 +1234,18 @@ impl CatalogController {
                         ));
                     }
                 }
+                if !index_ids.is_empty() {
+                    let index_objs = Index::find()
+                        .find_also_related(Object)
+                        .filter(index::Column::IndexId.is_in(index_ids))
+                        .all(&txn)
+                        .await?;
+                    for (index, index_obj) in index_objs {
+                        relations.push(PbRelationInfo::Index(
+                            ObjectModel(index, index_obj.unwrap()).into(),
+                        ));
+                    }
+                }
             }
             ObjectType::Source => {
                 let source = Source::find_by_id(object_id)
@@ -1246,6 +1253,10 @@ impl CatalogController {
                     .await?
                     .ok_or_else(|| MetaError::catalog_id_not_found("source", object_id))?;
                 check_relation_name_duplicate(&source.name, database_id, new_schema, &txn).await?;
+
+                let mut obj = obj.into_active_model();
+                obj.schema_id = Set(Some(new_schema));
+                let obj = obj.update(&txn).await?;
                 relations.push(PbRelationInfo::Source(ObjectModel(source, obj).into()));
             }
             ObjectType::Sink => {
@@ -1254,6 +1265,10 @@ impl CatalogController {
                     .await?
                     .ok_or_else(|| MetaError::catalog_id_not_found("sink", object_id))?;
                 check_relation_name_duplicate(&sink.name, database_id, new_schema, &txn).await?;
+
+                let mut obj = obj.into_active_model();
+                obj.schema_id = Set(Some(new_schema));
+                let obj = obj.update(&txn).await?;
                 relations.push(PbRelationInfo::Sink(ObjectModel(sink, obj).into()));
 
                 // internal tables.
@@ -1293,6 +1308,10 @@ impl CatalogController {
                     .await?
                     .ok_or_else(|| MetaError::catalog_id_not_found("view", object_id))?;
                 check_relation_name_duplicate(&view.name, database_id, new_schema, &txn).await?;
+
+                let mut obj = obj.into_active_model();
+                obj.schema_id = Set(Some(new_schema));
+                let obj = obj.update(&txn).await?;
                 relations.push(PbRelationInfo::View(ObjectModel(view, obj).into()));
             }
             ObjectType::Function => {
@@ -1300,9 +1319,19 @@ impl CatalogController {
                     .one(&txn)
                     .await?
                     .ok_or_else(|| MetaError::catalog_id_not_found("function", object_id))?;
-                let pb_function: PbFunction = ObjectModel(function, obj).into();
+
+                let mut pb_function: PbFunction = ObjectModel(function, obj).into();
+                pb_function.schema_id = new_schema as _;
                 check_function_signature_duplicate(&pb_function, &txn).await?;
 
+                object::ActiveModel {
+                    oid: Set(object_id),
+                    schema_id: Set(Some(new_schema)),
+                    ..Default::default()
+                }
+                .update(&txn)
+                .await?;
+
                 txn.commit().await?;
                 let version = self
                     .notify_frontend(
@@ -1317,9 +1346,19 @@ impl CatalogController {
                     .one(&txn)
                     .await?
                     .ok_or_else(|| MetaError::catalog_id_not_found("connection", object_id))?;
-                let pb_connection: PbConnection = ObjectModel(connection, obj).into();
+
+                let mut pb_connection: PbConnection = ObjectModel(connection, obj).into();
+                pb_connection.schema_id = new_schema as _;
                 check_connection_name_duplicate(&pb_connection, &txn).await?;
 
+                object::ActiveModel {
+                    oid: Set(object_id),
+                    schema_id: Set(Some(new_schema)),
+                    ..Default::default()
+                }
+                .update(&txn)
+                .await?;
+
                 txn.commit().await?;
                 let version = self
                     .notify_frontend(
@@ -1332,6 +1371,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
             _ => unreachable!("not supported object type: {:?}", object_type),
         }
 
+        txn.commit().await?;
         let version = self
             .notify_frontend(
                 Operation::Update,
@@ -1425,7 +1465,16 @@ impl CatalogController {
             DropMode::Cascade => get_referring_objects_cascade(object_id, &txn).await?,
             DropMode::Restrict => {
                 ensure_object_not_refer(object_type, object_id, &txn).await?;
-                vec![]
+                if obj.obj_type == ObjectType::Table {
+                    let indexes = get_referring_objects(object_id, &txn).await?;
+                    assert!(
+                        indexes.iter().all(|obj| obj.obj_type == ObjectType::Index),
+                        "only index could be dropped in restrict mode"
+                    );
+                    indexes
+                } else {
+                    vec![]
+                }
             }
         };
         assert!(
@@ -1439,11 +1488,15 @@ impl CatalogController {
 
         let to_drop_table_ids = to_drop_objects
             .iter()
-            .filter(|obj| obj.obj_type == ObjectType::Table)
+            .filter(|obj| obj.obj_type == ObjectType::Table || obj.obj_type == ObjectType::Index)
             .map(|obj| obj.oid);
         let mut to_drop_streaming_jobs = to_drop_objects
             .iter()
-            .filter(|obj| obj.obj_type == ObjectType::Table || obj.obj_type == ObjectType::Sink)
+            .filter(|obj| {
+                obj.obj_type == ObjectType::Table
+                    || obj.obj_type == ObjectType::Sink
+                    || obj.obj_type == ObjectType::Index
+            })
             .map(|obj| obj.oid)
             .collect_vec();
 
@@ -1478,11 +1531,6 @@ impl CatalogController {
         }
 
         let mut to_drop_state_table_ids = to_drop_table_ids.clone().collect_vec();
-        let to_drop_index_ids = to_drop_objects
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|obj| obj.obj_type == ObjectType::Index)
-            .map(|obj| obj.oid)
-            .collect_vec();
 
         // Add associated sources.
         let mut to_drop_source_ids: Vec<SourceId> = Table::find()
@@ -1506,16 +1554,6 @@ impl CatalogController {
             to_drop_source_ids.push(object_id);
         }
 
-        // add internal tables.
-        let index_table_ids: Vec<TableId> = Index::find()
-            .select_only()
-            .column(index::Column::IndexTableId)
-            .filter(index::Column::IndexId.is_in(to_drop_index_ids))
-            .into_tuple()
-            .all(&txn)
-            .await?;
-        to_drop_streaming_jobs.extend(index_table_ids);
-
         if !to_drop_streaming_jobs.is_empty() {
             let to_drop_internal_table_objs: Vec<PartialObject> = Object::find()
                 .select_only()
@@ -1536,7 +1574,8 @@ impl CatalogController {
         }
 
         let (source_fragments, removed_actors) =
-            resolve_source_register_info_for_jobs(&txn, to_drop_streaming_jobs).await?;
+            resolve_source_register_info_for_jobs(&txn, to_drop_streaming_jobs.clone()).await?;
+        let fragment_mappings = get_fragment_mappings_by_jobs(&txn, to_drop_streaming_jobs).await?;
 
         // Find affect users with privileges on all this objects.
         let to_update_user_ids: Vec<UserId> = UserPrivilege::find()
@@ -1565,58 +1604,70 @@ impl CatalogController {
 
         // notify about them.
         self.notify_users_update(user_infos).await;
-        let relations = to_drop_objects
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|obj| match obj.obj_type {
-                ObjectType::Table => PbRelation {
+        let mut relations = vec![];
+        for obj in to_drop_objects {
+            match obj.obj_type {
+                ObjectType::Table => relations.push(PbRelation {
                     relation_info: Some(PbRelationInfo::Table(PbTable {
                         id: obj.oid as _,
                         schema_id: obj.schema_id.unwrap() as _,
                         database_id: obj.database_id.unwrap() as _,
                         ..Default::default()
                     })),
-                },
-                ObjectType::Source => PbRelation {
+                }),
+                ObjectType::Source => relations.push(PbRelation {
                     relation_info: Some(PbRelationInfo::Source(PbSource {
                         id: obj.oid as _,
                         schema_id: obj.schema_id.unwrap() as _,
                         database_id: obj.database_id.unwrap() as _,
                         ..Default::default()
                     })),
-                },
-                ObjectType::Sink => PbRelation {
+                }),
+                ObjectType::Sink => relations.push(PbRelation {
                     relation_info: Some(PbRelationInfo::Sink(PbSink {
                         id: obj.oid as _,
                         schema_id: obj.schema_id.unwrap() as _,
                         database_id: obj.database_id.unwrap() as _,
                         ..Default::default()
                     })),
-                },
-                ObjectType::View => PbRelation {
+                }),
+                ObjectType::View => relations.push(PbRelation {
                     relation_info: Some(PbRelationInfo::View(PbView {
                         id: obj.oid as _,
                         schema_id: obj.schema_id.unwrap() as _,
                         database_id: obj.database_id.unwrap() as _,
                         ..Default::default()
                     })),
-                },
-                ObjectType::Index => PbRelation {
-                    relation_info: Some(PbRelationInfo::Index(PbIndex {
-                        id: obj.oid as _,
-                        schema_id: obj.schema_id.unwrap() as _,
-                        database_id: obj.database_id.unwrap() as _,
-                        ..Default::default()
-                    })),
-                },
+                }),
+                ObjectType::Index => {
+                    relations.push(PbRelation {
+                        relation_info: Some(PbRelationInfo::Index(PbIndex {
+                            id: obj.oid as _,
+                            schema_id: obj.schema_id.unwrap() as _,
+                            database_id: obj.database_id.unwrap() as _,
+                            ..Default::default()
+                        })),
+                    });
+                    relations.push(PbRelation {
+                        relation_info: Some(PbRelationInfo::Table(PbTable {
+                            id: obj.oid as _,
+                            schema_id: obj.schema_id.unwrap() as _,
+                            database_id: obj.database_id.unwrap() as _,
+                            ..Default::default()
+                        })),
+                    });
+                }
                 _ => unreachable!("only relations will be dropped."),
-            })
-            .collect_vec();
+            }
+        }
         let version = self
             .notify_frontend(
                 NotificationOperation::Delete,
                 NotificationInfo::RelationGroup(PbRelationGroup { relations }),
             )
             .await;
+        self.notify_fragment_mapping(NotificationOperation::Delete, fragment_mappings)
+            .await;
 
         Ok((
             ReleaseContext {
@@ -1729,9 +1780,12 @@ impl CatalogController {
                     .one(&txn)
                     .await?
                     .unwrap();
+                let obj = obj.unwrap();
                 let old_name = relation.name.clone();
                 relation.name = object_name.into();
-                relation.definition = alter_relation_rename(&relation.definition, object_name);
+                if obj.obj_type != ObjectType::View {
+                    relation.definition = alter_relation_rename(&relation.definition, object_name);
+                }
                 let active_model = $table::ActiveModel {
                     $identity: Set(relation.$identity),
                     name: Set(object_name.into()),
@@ -1740,9 +1794,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
                 };
                 active_model.update(&txn).await?;
                 to_update_relations.push(PbRelation {
-                    relation_info: Some(PbRelationInfo::$entity(
-                        ObjectModel(relation, obj.unwrap()).into(),
-                    )),
+                    relation_info: Some(PbRelationInfo::$entity(ObjectModel(relation, obj).into())),
                 });
                 old_name
             }};
@@ -1761,6 +1813,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
                     .unwrap();
                 index.name = object_name.into();
                 let index_table_id = index.index_table_id;
+                let old_name = rename_relation!(Table, table, table_id, index_table_id);
 
                 // the name of index and its associated table is the same.
                 let active_model = index::ActiveModel {
@@ -1774,7 +1827,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
                         ObjectModel(index, obj.unwrap()).into(),
                     )),
                 });
-                rename_relation!(Table, table, table_id, index_table_id)
+                old_name
             }
             _ => unreachable!("only relation name can be altered."),
         };
@@ -2081,6 +2134,26 @@ impl CatalogController {
             .collect())
     }
 
+    pub async fn get_all_streaming_parallelisms(
+        &self,
+    ) -> MetaResult<HashMap<ObjectId, StreamingParallelism>> {
+        let inner = self.inner.read().await;
+
+        let job_parallelisms = StreamingJob::find()
+            .select_only()
+            .columns([
+                streaming_job::Column::JobId,
+                streaming_job::Column::Parallelism,
+            ])
+            .into_tuple::<(ObjectId, StreamingParallelism)>()
+            .all(&inner.db)
+            .await?;
+
+        Ok(job_parallelisms
+            .into_iter()
+            .collect::<HashMap<ObjectId, StreamingParallelism>>())
+    }
+
     pub async fn get_table_name_type_mapping(
         &self,
     ) -> MetaResult<HashMap<TableId, (String, String)>> {
diff --git a/src/meta/src/controller/cluster.rs b/src/meta/src/controller/cluster.rs
index 042993bd5bd4..622a3efa6b56 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/controller/cluster.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/controller/cluster.rs
@@ -109,7 +109,11 @@ impl ClusterController {
         let meta_store = env
             .sql_meta_store()
             .expect("sql meta store is not initialized");
-        let inner = ClusterControllerInner::new(meta_store.conn).await?;
+        let inner = ClusterControllerInner::new(
+            meta_store.conn,
+            env.opts.disable_automatic_parallelism_control,
+        )
+        .await?;
         Ok(Self {
             env,
             max_heartbeat_interval,
@@ -460,13 +464,17 @@ pub struct ClusterControllerInner {
     /// Record for tracking available machine ids, one is available.
     available_transactional_ids: VecDeque<TransactionId>,
     worker_extra_info: HashMap<WorkerId, WorkerExtraInfo>,
+    disable_automatic_parallelism_control: bool,
 }
 
 impl ClusterControllerInner {
     pub const MAX_WORKER_REUSABLE_ID_BITS: usize = 10;
     pub const MAX_WORKER_REUSABLE_ID_COUNT: usize = 1 << Self::MAX_WORKER_REUSABLE_ID_BITS;
 
-    pub async fn new(db: DatabaseConnection) -> MetaResult<Self> {
+    pub async fn new(
+        db: DatabaseConnection,
+        disable_automatic_parallelism_control: bool,
+    ) -> MetaResult<Self> {
         let workers: Vec<(WorkerId, Option<TransactionId>)> = Worker::find()
             .select_only()
             .column(worker::Column::WorkerId)
@@ -492,6 +500,7 @@ impl ClusterControllerInner {
             db,
             available_transactional_ids,
             worker_extra_info,
+            disable_automatic_parallelism_control,
         })
     }
 
@@ -598,14 +607,25 @@ impl ClusterControllerInner {
 
                 match new_parallelism.cmp(&current_parallelism.len()) {
                     Ordering::Less => {
-                        // Warn and keep the original parallelism if the worker registered with a
-                        // smaller parallelism.
-                        tracing::warn!(
-                            "worker {} parallelism is less than current, current is {}, but received {}",
-                            worker.worker_id,
-                            current_parallelism.len(),
-                            new_parallelism
-                        );
+                        if !self.disable_automatic_parallelism_control {
+                            // Handing over to the subsequent recovery loop for a forced reschedule.
+                            tracing::info!(
+                                "worker {} parallelism reduced from {} to {}",
+                                worker.worker_id,
+                                current_parallelism.len(),
+                                new_parallelism
+                            );
+                            current_parallelism.truncate(new_parallelism);
+                        } else {
+                            // Warn and keep the original parallelism if the worker registered with a
+                            // smaller parallelism.
+                            tracing::warn!(
+                                "worker {} parallelism is less than current, current is {}, but received {}",
+                                worker.worker_id,
+                                current_parallelism.len(),
+                                new_parallelism
+                            );
+                        }
                     }
                     Ordering::Greater => {
                         tracing::info!(
diff --git a/src/meta/src/controller/fragment.rs b/src/meta/src/controller/fragment.rs
index d5e50c6fecfe..4f7fb469aec9 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/controller/fragment.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/controller/fragment.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ use risingwave_meta_model_v2::prelude::{Actor, ActorDispatcher, Fragment, Sink,
 use risingwave_meta_model_v2::{
     actor, actor_dispatcher, fragment, object, sink, streaming_job, ActorId, ConnectorSplits,
     ExprContext, FragmentId, FragmentVnodeMapping, I32Array, JobStatus, ObjectId, SinkId, SourceId,
-    StreamNode, TableId, VnodeBitmap, WorkerId,
+    StreamNode, StreamingParallelism, TableId, VnodeBitmap, WorkerId,
 };
 use risingwave_pb::common::PbParallelUnit;
 use risingwave_pb::meta::subscribe_response::{
@@ -50,10 +50,11 @@ use sea_orm::{
 
 use crate::controller::catalog::{CatalogController, CatalogControllerInner};
 use crate::controller::utils::{
-    find_stream_source, get_actor_dispatchers, get_parallel_unit_mapping, FragmentDesc,
-    PartialActorLocation, PartialFragmentStateTables,
+    find_stream_source, get_actor_dispatchers, FragmentDesc, PartialActorLocation,
+    PartialFragmentStateTables,
 };
 use crate::manager::{ActorInfos, LocalNotification};
+use crate::model::TableParallelism;
 use crate::stream::SplitAssignment;
 use crate::{MetaError, MetaResult};
 
@@ -237,12 +238,11 @@ impl CatalogController {
                 )
             })?;
 
-            let parallel_unit_id = status
+            let (worker_id, parallel_unit_id) = status
                 .parallel_unit
                 .as_ref()
-                .map(|parallel_unit| parallel_unit.id)
-                .expect("no parallel unit id found in actor_status")
-                as _;
+                .map(|pu| (pu.worker_node_id as WorkerId, pu.id as i32))
+                .expect("no parallel unit id found in actor_status");
 
             assert_eq!(
                 pb_upstream_actor_id
@@ -263,6 +263,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
                 status: status.get_state().unwrap().into(),
                 splits,
                 parallel_unit_id,
+                worker_id,
                 upstream_actor_ids: upstream_actors.into(),
                 vnode_bitmap: pb_vnode_bitmap.map(VnodeBitmap),
                 expr_context: ExprContext(pb_expr_context),
@@ -310,7 +311,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
             Vec<actor::Model>,
             HashMap<ActorId, Vec<actor_dispatcher::Model>>,
         )>,
-        parallel_units_map: &HashMap<u32, PbParallelUnit>,
+        parallelism: StreamingParallelism,
     ) -> MetaResult<PbTableFragments> {
         let mut pb_fragments = HashMap::new();
         let mut pb_actor_splits = HashMap::new();
@@ -318,7 +319,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
 
         for (fragment, actors, actor_dispatcher) in fragments {
             let (fragment, fragment_actor_status, fragment_actor_splits) =
-                Self::compose_fragment(fragment, actors, actor_dispatcher, parallel_units_map)?;
+                Self::compose_fragment(fragment, actors, actor_dispatcher)?;
 
             pb_fragments.insert(fragment.fragment_id, fragment);
 
@@ -333,8 +334,13 @@ impl CatalogController {
             actor_status: pb_actor_status,
             actor_splits: pb_actor_splits,
             ctx: Some(ctx.unwrap_or_default()),
-            // TODO(peng): fix this for model v2
-            parallelism: None,
+            parallelism: Some(
+                match parallelism {
+                    StreamingParallelism::Adaptive => TableParallelism::Adaptive,
+                    StreamingParallelism::Fixed(n) => TableParallelism::Fixed(n as _),
+                }
+                .into(),
+            ),
         };
 
         Ok(table_fragments)
@@ -345,7 +351,6 @@ impl CatalogController {
         fragment: fragment::Model,
         actors: Vec<actor::Model>,
         mut actor_dispatcher: HashMap<ActorId, Vec<actor_dispatcher::Model>>,
-        parallel_units_map: &HashMap<u32, PbParallelUnit>,
     ) -> MetaResult<(
         PbFragment,
         HashMap<u32, PbActorStatus>,
@@ -384,6 +389,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
                 fragment_id,
                 status,
                 parallel_unit_id,
+                worker_id,
                 splits,
                 upstream_actor_ids,
                 vnode_bitmap,
@@ -427,12 +433,10 @@ impl CatalogController {
             pb_actor_status.insert(
                 actor_id as _,
                 PbActorStatus {
-                    parallel_unit: Some(
-                        parallel_units_map
-                            .get(&(parallel_unit_id as _))
-                            .unwrap()
-                            .clone(),
-                    ),
+                    parallel_unit: Some(PbParallelUnit {
+                        id: parallel_unit_id as _,
+                        worker_node_id: worker_id as _,
+                    }),
                     state: PbActorState::from(status) as _,
                 },
             );
@@ -576,6 +580,23 @@ impl CatalogController {
         Ok(upstream_job_counts)
     }
 
+    pub async fn get_fragment_job_id(
+        &self,
+        fragment_ids: Vec<FragmentId>,
+    ) -> MetaResult<Vec<ObjectId>> {
+        let inner = self.inner.read().await;
+
+        let object_ids: Vec<ObjectId> = Fragment::find()
+            .select_only()
+            .column(fragment::Column::JobId)
+            .filter(fragment::Column::FragmentId.is_in(fragment_ids))
+            .into_tuple()
+            .all(&inner.db)
+            .await?;
+
+        Ok(object_ids)
+    }
+
     pub async fn get_job_fragments_by_id(&self, job_id: ObjectId) -> MetaResult<PbTableFragments> {
         let inner = self.inner.read().await;
         let fragment_actors = Fragment::find()
@@ -607,23 +628,25 @@ impl CatalogController {
             fragment_info.push((fragment, actors, dispatcher_info));
         }
 
-        let parallel_units_map = get_parallel_unit_mapping(&inner.db).await?;
         Self::compose_table_fragments(
             job_id as _,
             job_info.job_status.into(),
             job_info.timezone.map(|tz| PbStreamContext { timezone: tz }),
             fragment_info,
-            &parallel_units_map,
+            job_info.parallelism.clone(),
         )
     }
 
-    pub async fn list_streaming_job_states(&self) -> MetaResult<Vec<(ObjectId, JobStatus)>> {
+    pub async fn list_streaming_job_states(
+        &self,
+    ) -> MetaResult<Vec<(ObjectId, JobStatus, StreamingParallelism)>> {
         let inner = self.inner.read().await;
-        let job_states: Vec<(ObjectId, JobStatus)> = StreamingJob::find()
+        let job_states: Vec<(ObjectId, JobStatus, StreamingParallelism)> = StreamingJob::find()
             .select_only()
             .columns([
                 streaming_job::Column::JobId,
                 streaming_job::Column::JobStatus,
+                streaming_job::Column::Parallelism,
             ])
             .into_tuple()
             .all(&inner.db)
@@ -682,7 +705,6 @@ impl CatalogController {
     pub async fn table_fragments(&self) -> MetaResult<BTreeMap<ObjectId, PbTableFragments>> {
         let inner = self.inner.read().await;
         let jobs = StreamingJob::find().all(&inner.db).await?;
-        let parallel_units_map = get_parallel_unit_mapping(&inner.db).await?;
         let mut table_fragments = BTreeMap::new();
         for job in jobs {
             let fragment_actors = Fragment::find()
@@ -715,7 +737,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
                     job.job_status.into(),
                     job.timezone.map(|tz| PbStreamContext { timezone: tz }),
                     fragment_info,
-                    &parallel_units_map,
+                    job.parallelism.clone(),
                 )?,
             );
         }
@@ -815,15 +837,12 @@ impl CatalogController {
 
     /// Used in [`crate::barrier::GlobalBarrierManager`], load all running actor that need to be sent or
     /// collected
-    pub async fn load_all_actors(
-        &self,
-        parallel_units_map: &HashMap<u32, PbParallelUnit>,
-    ) -> MetaResult<ActorInfos> {
+    pub async fn load_all_actors(&self) -> MetaResult<ActorInfos> {
         let inner = self.inner.read().await;
-        let actor_info: Vec<(ActorId, i32, i32)> = Actor::find()
+        let actor_info: Vec<(ActorId, WorkerId, i32)> = Actor::find()
             .select_only()
             .column(actor::Column::ActorId)
-            .column(actor::Column::ParallelUnitId)
+            .column(actor::Column::WorkerId)
             .column(fragment::Column::FragmentTypeMask)
             .join(JoinType::InnerJoin, actor::Relation::Fragment.def())
             .filter(actor::Column::Status.eq(ActorStatus::Running))
@@ -834,19 +853,14 @@ impl CatalogController {
         let mut actor_maps = HashMap::new();
         let mut barrier_inject_actor_maps = HashMap::new();
 
-        for (actor_id, parallel_unit_id, type_mask) in actor_info {
-            // FIXME: since worker might have gone, it's not safe to unwrap here.
-            let worker_id = parallel_units_map
-                .get(&(parallel_unit_id as _))
-                .unwrap()
-                .worker_node_id;
+        for (actor_id, worker_id, type_mask) in actor_info {
             actor_maps
-                .entry(worker_id)
+                .entry(worker_id as _)
                 .or_insert_with(Vec::new)
                 .push(actor_id as _);
             if Self::is_injectable(type_mask as _) {
                 barrier_inject_actor_maps
-                    .entry(worker_id)
+                    .entry(worker_id as _)
                     .or_insert_with(Vec::new)
                     .push(actor_id as _);
             }
@@ -858,14 +872,18 @@ impl CatalogController {
         })
     }
 
-    pub async fn migrate_actors(&self, plan: HashMap<i32, i32>) -> MetaResult<()> {
+    pub async fn migrate_actors(&self, plan: HashMap<i32, PbParallelUnit>) -> MetaResult<()> {
         let inner = self.inner.read().await;
         let txn = inner.db.begin().await?;
         for (from_pu_id, to_pu_id) in &plan {
             Actor::update_many()
                 .col_expr(
                     actor::Column::ParallelUnitId,
-                    Expr::value(Value::Int(Some(*to_pu_id))),
+                    Expr::value(Value::Int(Some(to_pu_id.id as i32))),
+                )
+                .col_expr(
+                    actor::Column::WorkerId,
+                    Expr::value(Value::Int(Some(to_pu_id.worker_node_id as WorkerId))),
                 )
                 .filter(actor::Column::ParallelUnitId.eq(*from_pu_id))
                 .exec(&txn)
@@ -884,7 +902,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
         for (fragment_id, vnode_mapping) in &mut fragment_mapping {
             vnode_mapping.0.data.iter_mut().for_each(|id| {
                 if let Some(new_id) = plan.get(&(*id as i32)) {
-                    *id = *new_id as u32;
+                    *id = new_id.id;
                 }
             });
             fragment::ActiveModel {
@@ -930,7 +948,6 @@ impl CatalogController {
         include_inactive: bool,
     ) -> MetaResult<HashMap<WorkerId, Vec<PbStreamActor>>> {
         let inner = self.inner.read().await;
-        let parallel_units_map = get_parallel_unit_mapping(&inner.db).await?;
         let fragment_actors = if include_inactive {
             Fragment::find()
                 .find_with_related(Actor)
@@ -963,7 +980,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
             }
 
             let (table_fragments, actor_status, _) =
-                Self::compose_fragment(fragment, actors, dispatcher_info, &parallel_units_map)?;
+                Self::compose_fragment(fragment, actors, dispatcher_info)?;
             for actor in table_fragments.actors {
                 let node_id = actor_status[&actor.actor_id]
                     .get_parallel_unit()
@@ -984,10 +1001,9 @@ impl CatalogController {
         job_ids: Vec<ObjectId>,
     ) -> MetaResult<BTreeMap<WorkerId, Vec<ActorId>>> {
         let inner = self.inner.read().await;
-        let parallel_units_map = get_parallel_unit_mapping(&inner.db).await?;
-        let actor_pu: Vec<(ActorId, i32)> = Actor::find()
+        let actor_workers: Vec<(ActorId, WorkerId)> = Actor::find()
             .select_only()
-            .columns([actor::Column::ActorId, actor::Column::ParallelUnitId])
+            .columns([actor::Column::ActorId, actor::Column::WorkerId])
             .join(JoinType::InnerJoin, actor::Relation::Fragment.def())
             .filter(fragment::Column::JobId.is_in(job_ids))
             .into_tuple()
@@ -995,11 +1011,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
             .await?;
 
         let mut worker_actors = BTreeMap::new();
-        for (actor_id, pu_id) in actor_pu {
-            let worker_id = parallel_units_map
-                .get(&(pu_id as _))
-                .unwrap()
-                .worker_node_id as WorkerId;
+        for (actor_id, worker_id) in actor_workers {
             worker_actors
                 .entry(worker_id)
                 .or_insert_with(Vec::new)
@@ -1094,7 +1106,6 @@ impl CatalogController {
             }
         }
 
-        let parallel_units_map = get_parallel_unit_mapping(&inner.db).await?;
         let mut root_fragments = HashMap::new();
         for (_, fragment) in fragments {
             let actors = fragment.find_related(Actor).all(&inner.db).await?;
@@ -1106,7 +1117,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
 
             root_fragments.insert(
                 fragment.job_id,
-                Self::compose_fragment(fragment, actors, actor_dispatchers, &parallel_units_map)?.0,
+                Self::compose_fragment(fragment, actors, actor_dispatchers)?.0,
             );
         }
 
@@ -1134,7 +1145,6 @@ impl CatalogController {
             .collect();
 
         let inner = self.inner.read().await;
-        let parallel_units_map = get_parallel_unit_mapping(&inner.db).await?;
         let mut chain_fragments = vec![];
         for (fragment_id, dispatch_strategy) in downstream_dispatches {
             let mut fragment_actors = Fragment::find_by_id(fragment_id)
@@ -1151,8 +1161,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
                 actors.iter().map(|actor| actor.actor_id).collect(),
             )
             .await?;
-            let fragment =
-                Self::compose_fragment(fragment, actors, actor_dispatchers, &parallel_units_map)?.0;
+            let fragment = Self::compose_fragment(fragment, actors, actor_dispatchers)?.0;
             chain_fragments.push((dispatch_strategy, fragment));
         }
 
@@ -1242,7 +1251,6 @@ impl CatalogController {
         }
         assert_eq!(fragments.len(), 1);
 
-        let parallel_units_map = get_parallel_unit_mapping(&inner.db).await?;
         let fragment = fragments.pop().unwrap();
         let actor_with_dispatchers = fragment
             .find_related(Actor)
@@ -1256,7 +1264,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
             actors.push(actor);
         }
 
-        Ok(Self::compose_fragment(fragment, actors, actor_dispatchers, &parallel_units_map)?.0)
+        Ok(Self::compose_fragment(fragment, actors, actor_dispatchers)?.0)
     }
 }
 
@@ -1303,7 +1311,7 @@ mod tests {
         (0..count)
             .map(|parallel_unit_id| ParallelUnit {
                 id: parallel_unit_id,
-                ..Default::default()
+                worker_node_id: 0,
             })
             .collect_vec()
     }
@@ -1480,11 +1488,6 @@ mod tests {
             })
             .collect();
 
-        let parallel_units_map = parallel_units
-            .iter()
-            .map(|parallel_unit| (parallel_unit.id, parallel_unit.clone()))
-            .collect();
-
         let actors = (0..actor_count)
             .map(|actor_id| {
                 let parallel_unit_id = actor_id as ParallelUnitId;
@@ -1509,6 +1512,7 @@ mod tests {
                     status: ActorStatus::Running,
                     splits: actor_splits,
                     parallel_unit_id: parallel_unit_id as i32,
+                    worker_id: 0,
                     upstream_actor_ids: ActorUpstreamActors(actor_upstream_actor_ids),
                     vnode_bitmap,
                     expr_context: ExprContext(PbExprContext {
@@ -1559,7 +1563,6 @@ mod tests {
             fragment.clone(),
             actors.clone(),
             actor_dispatchers.clone(),
-            &parallel_units_map,
         )
         .unwrap();
 
@@ -1596,6 +1599,7 @@ mod tests {
                 status,
                 splits,
                 parallel_unit_id,
+                worker_id: _,
                 upstream_actor_ids,
                 vnode_bitmap,
                 expr_context,
diff --git a/src/meta/src/controller/streaming_job.rs b/src/meta/src/controller/streaming_job.rs
index c7547632e610..7b9426ec7855 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/controller/streaming_job.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/controller/streaming_job.rs
@@ -12,41 +12,54 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
 
 use itertools::Itertools;
+use risingwave_common::buffer::Bitmap;
+use risingwave_common::hash::{ActorMapping, ParallelUnitId, ParallelUnitMapping};
 use risingwave_common::util::column_index_mapping::ColIndexMapping;
 use risingwave_common::util::stream_graph_visitor::visit_stream_node;
 use risingwave_meta_model_v2::actor::ActorStatus;
+use risingwave_meta_model_v2::actor_dispatcher::DispatcherType;
 use risingwave_meta_model_v2::object::ObjectType;
 use risingwave_meta_model_v2::prelude::{
-    Actor, ActorDispatcher, Fragment, Index, Object, ObjectDependency, Source, Table,
+    Actor, ActorDispatcher, Fragment, Index, Object, ObjectDependency, Source,
+    StreamingJob as StreamingJobModel, Table,
 };
 use risingwave_meta_model_v2::{
     actor, actor_dispatcher, fragment, index, object, object_dependency, sink, source,
     streaming_job, table, ActorId, ActorUpstreamActors, CreateType, DatabaseId, ExprNodeArray,
-    FragmentId, I32Array, IndexId, JobStatus, ObjectId, SchemaId, SourceId, StreamNode, TableId,
-    TableVersion, UserId,
+    FragmentId, I32Array, IndexId, JobStatus, ObjectId, SchemaId, SourceId, StreamNode,
+    StreamingParallelism, TableId, TableVersion, UserId,
 };
 use risingwave_pb::catalog::source::PbOptionalAssociatedTableId;
 use risingwave_pb::catalog::table::{PbOptionalAssociatedSourceId, PbTableVersion};
 use risingwave_pb::catalog::{PbCreateType, PbTable};
 use risingwave_pb::meta::relation::PbRelationInfo;
 use risingwave_pb::meta::subscribe_response::{
-    Info as NotificationInfo, Operation as NotificationOperation,
+    Info as NotificationInfo, Operation as NotificationOperation, Operation,
+};
+use risingwave_pb::meta::table_fragments::PbActorStatus;
+use risingwave_pb::meta::{
+    FragmentParallelUnitMapping, PbRelation, PbRelationGroup, PbTableFragments,
 };
-use risingwave_pb::meta::{PbRelation, PbRelationGroup, PbTableFragments};
 use risingwave_pb::source::{PbConnectorSplit, PbConnectorSplits};
+use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::stream_fragment_graph::Parallelism;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::stream_node::PbNodeBody;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::update_mutation::PbMergeUpdate;
-use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::{PbDispatcher, PbFragmentTypeFlag};
+use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::{
+    PbDispatcher, PbDispatcherType, PbFragmentTypeFlag, PbStreamActor,
+};
 use sea_orm::sea_query::SimpleExpr;
 use sea_orm::ActiveValue::Set;
 use sea_orm::{
     ActiveEnum, ActiveModelTrait, ColumnTrait, DatabaseTransaction, EntityTrait, IntoActiveModel,
-    ModelTrait, NotSet, PaginatorTrait, QueryFilter, QuerySelect, TransactionTrait,
+    JoinType, ModelTrait, NotSet, PaginatorTrait, QueryFilter, QuerySelect, RelationTrait,
+    TransactionTrait,
 };
 
+use crate::barrier::Reschedule;
 use crate::controller::catalog::CatalogController;
 use crate::controller::rename::ReplaceTableExprRewriter;
 use crate::controller::utils::{
@@ -55,7 +68,7 @@ use crate::controller::utils::{
 };
 use crate::controller::ObjectModel;
 use crate::manager::{NotificationVersion, SinkId, StreamingJob};
-use crate::model::StreamContext;
+use crate::model::{StreamContext, TableParallelism};
 use crate::stream::SplitAssignment;
 use crate::{MetaError, MetaResult};
 
@@ -68,6 +81,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
         schema_id: Option<SchemaId>,
         create_type: PbCreateType,
         ctx: &StreamContext,
+        streaming_parallelism: StreamingParallelism,
     ) -> MetaResult<ObjectId> {
         let obj = Self::create_object(txn, obj_type, owner_id, database_id, schema_id).await?;
         let job = streaming_job::ActiveModel {
@@ -75,6 +89,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
             job_status: Set(JobStatus::Initial),
             create_type: Set(create_type.into()),
             timezone: Set(ctx.timezone.clone()),
+            parallelism: Set(streaming_parallelism),
         };
         job.insert(txn).await?;
 
@@ -85,11 +100,17 @@ impl CatalogController {
         &self,
         streaming_job: &mut StreamingJob,
         ctx: &StreamContext,
+        parallelism: &Option<Parallelism>,
     ) -> MetaResult<()> {
         let inner = self.inner.write().await;
         let txn = inner.db.begin().await?;
         let create_type = streaming_job.create_type();
 
+        let streaming_parallelism = match parallelism {
+            None => StreamingParallelism::Adaptive,
+            Some(n) => StreamingParallelism::Fixed(n.parallelism as _),
+        };
+
         ensure_user_id(streaming_job.owner() as _, &txn).await?;
         ensure_object_id(ObjectType::Database, streaming_job.database_id() as _, &txn).await?;
         ensure_object_id(ObjectType::Schema, streaming_job.schema_id() as _, &txn).await?;
@@ -111,6 +132,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
                     Some(table.schema_id as _),
                     create_type,
                     ctx,
+                    streaming_parallelism,
                 )
                 .await?;
                 table.id = job_id as _;
@@ -126,6 +148,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
                     Some(sink.schema_id as _),
                     create_type,
                     ctx,
+                    streaming_parallelism,
                 )
                 .await?;
                 sink.id = job_id as _;
@@ -141,6 +164,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
                     Some(table.schema_id as _),
                     create_type,
                     ctx,
+                    streaming_parallelism,
                 )
                 .await?;
                 table.id = job_id as _;
@@ -175,6 +199,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
                     Some(index.schema_id as _),
                     create_type,
                     ctx,
+                    streaming_parallelism,
                 )
                 .await?;
                 // to be compatible with old implementation.
@@ -204,6 +229,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
                     Some(src.schema_id as _),
                     create_type,
                     ctx,
+                    streaming_parallelism,
                 )
                 .await?;
                 src.id = job_id as _;
@@ -446,6 +472,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
         streaming_job: &StreamingJob,
         ctx: &StreamContext,
         version: &PbTableVersion,
+        default_parallelism: &Option<NonZeroUsize>,
     ) -> MetaResult<ObjectId> {
         let id = streaming_job.id();
         let inner = self.inner.write().await;
@@ -464,6 +491,11 @@ impl CatalogController {
             return Err(MetaError::permission_denied("table version is stale"));
         }
 
+        let parallelism = match default_parallelism {
+            None => StreamingParallelism::Adaptive,
+            Some(n) => StreamingParallelism::Fixed(n.get() as _),
+        };
+
         // 2. create streaming object for new replace table.
         let obj_id = Self::create_streaming_job_obj(
             &txn,
@@ -473,6 +505,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
             Some(streaming_job.schema_id() as _),
             PbCreateType::Foreground,
             ctx,
+            parallelism,
         )
         .await?;
 
@@ -510,6 +543,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
 
         let table = table::ActiveModel::from(table).update(&txn).await?;
 
+        // let old_fragment_mappings = get_fragment_mappings(&txn, job_id).await?;
         // 1. replace old fragments/actors with new ones.
         Fragment::delete_many()
             .filter(fragment::Column::JobId.eq(job_id))
@@ -667,6 +701,11 @@ impl CatalogController {
 
         txn.commit().await?;
 
+        // FIXME: Do not notify frontend currently, because frontend nodes might refer to old table
+        // catalog and need to access the old fragment. Let frontend nodes delete the old fragment
+        // when they receive table catalog change.
+        // self.notify_fragment_mapping(NotificationOperation::Delete, old_fragment_mappings)
+        //     .await;
         self.notify_fragment_mapping(NotificationOperation::Add, fragment_mapping)
             .await;
         let version = self
@@ -831,4 +870,342 @@ impl CatalogController {
 
         Ok(fragment_actors)
     }
+
+    pub async fn post_apply_reschedules(
+        &self,
+        reschedules: HashMap<FragmentId, Reschedule>,
+        table_parallelism_assignment: HashMap<
+            risingwave_common::catalog::TableId,
+            TableParallelism,
+        >,
+    ) -> MetaResult<()> {
+        fn update_actors(
+            actors: &mut Vec<ActorId>,
+            to_remove: &HashSet<ActorId>,
+            to_create: &Vec<ActorId>,
+        ) {
+            let actor_id_set: HashSet<_> = actors.iter().copied().collect();
+            for actor_id in to_create {
+                debug_assert!(!actor_id_set.contains(actor_id));
+            }
+            for actor_id in to_remove {
+                debug_assert!(actor_id_set.contains(actor_id));
+            }
+
+            actors.retain(|actor_id| !to_remove.contains(actor_id));
+            actors.extend_from_slice(to_create);
+        }
+
+        let new_created_actors: HashSet<_> = reschedules
+            .values()
+            .flat_map(|reschedule| {
+                reschedule
+                    .added_actors
+                    .values()
+                    .flatten()
+                    .map(|actor_id| *actor_id as ActorId)
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        let inner = self.inner.write().await;
+
+        let txn = inner.db.begin().await?;
+
+        let mut fragment_mapping_to_notify = vec![];
+
+        // for assert only
+        let mut assert_dispatcher_update_checker = HashSet::new();
+
+        for (
+            fragment_id,
+            Reschedule {
+                added_actors,
+                removed_actors,
+                vnode_bitmap_updates,
+                actor_splits,
+                injectable: _,
+                newly_created_actors,
+                upstream_fragment_dispatcher_ids,
+                upstream_dispatcher_mapping,
+                downstream_fragment_ids,
+            },
+        ) in reschedules
+        {
+            // drop removed actors
+            Actor::delete_many()
+                .filter(
+                    actor::Column::ActorId
+                        .is_in(removed_actors.iter().map(|id| *id as ActorId).collect_vec()),
+                )
+                .exec(&txn)
+                .await?;
+
+            // newly created actor
+            let mut new_actors = vec![];
+            let mut new_actor_dispatchers = vec![];
+
+            for (
+                PbStreamActor {
+                    actor_id,
+                    fragment_id,
+                    mut nodes,
+                    dispatcher,
+                    upstream_actor_id,
+                    vnode_bitmap,
+                    expr_context,
+                    ..
+                },
+                // actor_status
+                PbActorStatus {
+                    parallel_unit,
+                    state: _,
+                },
+            ) in newly_created_actors
+            {
+                let mut actor_upstreams = BTreeMap::<FragmentId, BTreeSet<ActorId>>::new();
+
+                if let Some(nodes) = &mut nodes {
+                    visit_stream_node(nodes, |node| {
+                        if let PbNodeBody::Merge(node) = node {
+                            actor_upstreams
+                                .entry(node.upstream_fragment_id as FragmentId)
+                                .or_default()
+                                .extend(node.upstream_actor_id.iter().map(|id| *id as ActorId));
+                        }
+                    });
+                }
+
+                let actor_upstreams: BTreeMap<FragmentId, Vec<ActorId>> = actor_upstreams
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|(k, v)| (k, v.into_iter().collect()))
+                    .collect();
+
+                debug_assert_eq!(
+                    actor_upstreams
+                        .values()
+                        .flatten()
+                        .cloned()
+                        .sorted()
+                        .collect_vec(),
+                    upstream_actor_id
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|actor_id| *actor_id as i32)
+                        .sorted()
+                        .collect_vec()
+                );
+
+                let actor_upstreams = ActorUpstreamActors(actor_upstreams);
+                let parallel_unit = parallel_unit.unwrap();
+
+                let splits = actor_splits
+                    .get(&actor_id)
+                    .map(|splits| splits.iter().map(PbConnectorSplit::from).collect_vec());
+
+                new_actors.push(actor::ActiveModel {
+                    actor_id: Set(actor_id as _),
+                    fragment_id: Set(fragment_id as _),
+                    status: Set(ActorStatus::Running),
+                    splits: Set(splits.map(|splits| PbConnectorSplits { splits }.into())),
+                    parallel_unit_id: Set(parallel_unit.id as _),
+                    worker_id: Set(parallel_unit.worker_node_id as _),
+                    upstream_actor_ids: Set(actor_upstreams),
+                    vnode_bitmap: Set(vnode_bitmap.map(|bitmap| bitmap.into())),
+                    expr_context: Set(expr_context.unwrap().into()),
+                });
+
+                for PbDispatcher {
+                    r#type: dispatcher_type,
+                    dist_key_indices,
+                    output_indices,
+                    hash_mapping,
+                    dispatcher_id,
+                    downstream_actor_id,
+                } in dispatcher
+                {
+                    new_actor_dispatchers.push(actor_dispatcher::ActiveModel {
+                        id: Default::default(),
+                        actor_id: Set(actor_id as _),
+                        dispatcher_type: Set(PbDispatcherType::try_from(dispatcher_type)
+                            .unwrap()
+                            .into()),
+                        dist_key_indices: Set(dist_key_indices.into()),
+                        output_indices: Set(output_indices.into()),
+                        hash_mapping: Set(hash_mapping.map(|mapping| mapping.into())),
+                        dispatcher_id: Set(dispatcher_id as _),
+                        downstream_actor_ids: Set(downstream_actor_id.into()),
+                    })
+                }
+            }
+
+            if !new_actors.is_empty() {
+                Actor::insert_many(new_actors).exec(&txn).await?;
+            }
+
+            if !new_actor_dispatchers.is_empty() {
+                ActorDispatcher::insert_many(new_actor_dispatchers)
+                    .exec(&txn)
+                    .await?;
+            }
+
+            // actor update
+            for (actor_id, bitmap) in vnode_bitmap_updates {
+                let actor = Actor::find_by_id(actor_id as ActorId)
+                    .one(&txn)
+                    .await?
+                    .ok_or_else(|| MetaError::catalog_id_not_found("actor", actor_id))?;
+
+                let mut actor = actor.into_active_model();
+                actor.vnode_bitmap = Set(Some(bitmap.to_protobuf().into()));
+                actor.update(&txn).await?;
+            }
+
+            // fragment update
+            let fragment = Fragment::find_by_id(fragment_id)
+                .one(&txn)
+                .await?
+                .ok_or_else(|| MetaError::catalog_id_not_found("fragment", fragment_id))?;
+
+            let fragment_actors = fragment.find_related(Actor).all(&txn).await?;
+
+            let mut actor_to_parallel_unit = HashMap::with_capacity(fragment_actors.len());
+            let mut actor_to_vnode_bitmap = HashMap::with_capacity(fragment_actors.len());
+            for actor in &fragment_actors {
+                actor_to_parallel_unit.insert(actor.actor_id as u32, actor.parallel_unit_id as _);
+                if let Some(vnode_bitmap) = &actor.vnode_bitmap {
+                    let bitmap = Bitmap::from(vnode_bitmap.inner_ref());
+                    actor_to_vnode_bitmap.insert(actor.actor_id as u32, bitmap);
+                }
+            }
+
+            let vnode_mapping = if actor_to_vnode_bitmap.is_empty() {
+                let parallel_unit = *actor_to_parallel_unit.values().exactly_one().unwrap();
+                ParallelUnitMapping::new_single(parallel_unit as ParallelUnitId)
+            } else {
+                // Generate the parallel unit mapping from the fragment's actor bitmaps.
+                assert_eq!(actor_to_vnode_bitmap.len(), actor_to_parallel_unit.len());
+                ActorMapping::from_bitmaps(&actor_to_vnode_bitmap)
+                    .to_parallel_unit(&actor_to_parallel_unit)
+            }
+            .to_protobuf();
+
+            let mut fragment = fragment.into_active_model();
+            fragment.vnode_mapping = Set(vnode_mapping.clone().into());
+            fragment.update(&txn).await?;
+
+            fragment_mapping_to_notify.push(FragmentParallelUnitMapping {
+                fragment_id: fragment_id as u32,
+                mapping: Some(vnode_mapping),
+            });
+
+            // for downstream and upstream
+            let removed_actor_ids: HashSet<_> = removed_actors
+                .iter()
+                .map(|actor_id| *actor_id as ActorId)
+                .collect();
+
+            let added_actor_ids = added_actors
+                .values()
+                .flatten()
+                .map(|actor_id| *actor_id as ActorId)
+                .collect_vec();
+
+            // first step, upstream fragment
+            for (upstream_fragment_id, dispatcher_id) in upstream_fragment_dispatcher_ids {
+                let upstream_fragment = Fragment::find_by_id(upstream_fragment_id as FragmentId)
+                    .one(&txn)
+                    .await?
+                    .ok_or_else(|| MetaError::catalog_id_not_found("fragment", fragment_id))?;
+
+                let all_dispatchers = actor_dispatcher::Entity::find()
+                    .join(JoinType::InnerJoin, actor_dispatcher::Relation::Actor.def())
+                    .filter(actor::Column::FragmentId.eq(upstream_fragment.fragment_id))
+                    .filter(actor_dispatcher::Column::DispatcherId.eq(dispatcher_id as i32))
+                    .all(&txn)
+                    .await?;
+
+                for dispatcher in all_dispatchers {
+                    debug_assert!(assert_dispatcher_update_checker.insert(dispatcher.id));
+                    if new_created_actors.contains(&dispatcher.actor_id) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    let mut dispatcher = dispatcher.into_active_model();
+
+                    if dispatcher.dispatcher_type.as_ref() == &DispatcherType::Hash {
+                        dispatcher.hash_mapping =
+                            Set(upstream_dispatcher_mapping.as_ref().map(|m| {
+                                risingwave_meta_model_v2::ActorMapping::from(m.to_protobuf())
+                            }));
+                    } else {
+                        debug_assert!(upstream_dispatcher_mapping.is_none());
+                    }
+
+                    let mut new_downstream_actor_ids =
+                        dispatcher.downstream_actor_ids.as_ref().inner_ref().clone();
+
+                    update_actors(
+                        new_downstream_actor_ids.as_mut(),
+                        &removed_actor_ids,
+                        &added_actor_ids,
+                    );
+
+                    dispatcher.downstream_actor_ids = Set(new_downstream_actor_ids.into());
+                    dispatcher.update(&txn).await?;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // second step, downstream fragment
+            for downstream_fragment_id in downstream_fragment_ids {
+                let actors = Actor::find()
+                    .filter(actor::Column::FragmentId.eq(downstream_fragment_id as FragmentId))
+                    .all(&txn)
+                    .await?;
+
+                for actor in actors {
+                    if new_created_actors.contains(&actor.actor_id) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    let mut actor = actor.into_active_model();
+
+                    let mut new_upstream_actor_ids =
+                        actor.upstream_actor_ids.as_ref().inner_ref().clone();
+
+                    update_actors(
+                        new_upstream_actor_ids.get_mut(&fragment_id).unwrap(),
+                        &removed_actor_ids,
+                        &added_actor_ids,
+                    );
+
+                    actor.upstream_actor_ids = Set(new_upstream_actor_ids.into());
+
+                    actor.update(&txn).await?;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (table_id, parallelism) in table_parallelism_assignment {
+            let mut streaming_job = StreamingJobModel::find_by_id(table_id.table_id() as ObjectId)
+                .one(&txn)
+                .await?
+                .ok_or_else(|| MetaError::catalog_id_not_found("table", table_id))?
+                .into_active_model();
+
+            streaming_job.parallelism = Set(match parallelism {
+                TableParallelism::Adaptive => StreamingParallelism::Adaptive,
+                TableParallelism::Fixed(n) => StreamingParallelism::Fixed(n as _),
+                TableParallelism::Custom => {
+                    unreachable!("sql backend doesn't support custom parallelism")
+                }
+            });
+
+            streaming_job.update(&txn).await?;
+        }
+
+        txn.commit().await?;
+        self.notify_fragment_mapping(Operation::Update, fragment_mapping_to_notify)
+            .await;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/meta/src/controller/system_param.rs b/src/meta/src/controller/system_param.rs
index b97bf0804a95..6802ad17e176 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/controller/system_param.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/controller/system_param.rs
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ impl SystemParamsController {
             .await;
 
         // Sync params to worker nodes.
-        self.notify_workers(&params).await;
+        self.notify_workers(&params);
 
         Ok(params)
     }
@@ -241,8 +241,7 @@ impl SystemParamsController {
                     }
                 }
                 system_params_controller
-                    .notify_workers(&*system_params_controller.params.read().await)
-                    .await;
+                    .notify_workers(&*system_params_controller.params.read().await);
             }
         });
 
@@ -250,16 +249,14 @@ impl SystemParamsController {
     }
 
     // Notify workers of parameter change.
-    async fn notify_workers(&self, params: &PbSystemParams) {
+    // TODO: add system params into snapshot to avoid periodically sync.
+    fn notify_workers(&self, params: &PbSystemParams) {
         self.notification_manager
-            .notify_frontend(Operation::Update, Info::SystemParams(params.clone()))
-            .await;
+            .notify_frontend_without_version(Operation::Update, Info::SystemParams(params.clone()));
         self.notification_manager
-            .notify_compute(Operation::Update, Info::SystemParams(params.clone()))
-            .await;
+            .notify_compute_without_version(Operation::Update, Info::SystemParams(params.clone()));
         self.notification_manager
-            .notify_compactor(Operation::Update, Info::SystemParams(params.clone()))
-            .await;
+            .notify_compute_without_version(Operation::Update, Info::SystemParams(params.clone()));
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/meta/src/controller/utils.rs b/src/meta/src/controller/utils.rs
index 893f8812a86d..53ac3c9616e2 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/controller/utils.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/controller/utils.rs
@@ -23,12 +23,11 @@ use risingwave_meta_model_v2::object::ObjectType;
 use risingwave_meta_model_v2::prelude::*;
 use risingwave_meta_model_v2::{
     actor, actor_dispatcher, connection, database, fragment, function, index, object,
-    object_dependency, schema, sink, source, table, user, user_privilege, view, worker_property,
-    ActorId, DataTypeArray, DatabaseId, FragmentId, FragmentVnodeMapping, I32Array, ObjectId,
-    PrivilegeId, SchemaId, SourceId, StreamNode, UserId, WorkerId,
+    object_dependency, schema, sink, source, table, user, user_privilege, view, ActorId,
+    DataTypeArray, DatabaseId, FragmentId, FragmentVnodeMapping, I32Array, ObjectId, PrivilegeId,
+    SchemaId, SourceId, StreamNode, UserId,
 };
 use risingwave_pb::catalog::{PbConnection, PbFunction};
-use risingwave_pb::common::PbParallelUnit;
 use risingwave_pb::meta::PbFragmentParallelUnitMapping;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::stream_node::NodeBody;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::{PbFragmentTypeFlag, PbStreamNode, StreamSource};
@@ -613,40 +612,6 @@ pub fn extract_grant_obj_id(object: &PbObject) -> ObjectId {
     }
 }
 
-// todo: deprecate parallel units and avoid this query.
-pub async fn get_parallel_unit_mapping<C>(db: &C) -> MetaResult<HashMap<u32, PbParallelUnit>>
-where
-    C: ConnectionTrait,
-{
-    let parallel_units: Vec<(WorkerId, I32Array)> = WorkerProperty::find()
-        .select_only()
-        .columns([
-            worker_property::Column::WorkerId,
-            worker_property::Column::ParallelUnitIds,
-        ])
-        .into_tuple()
-        .all(db)
-        .await?;
-    let parallel_units_map = parallel_units
-        .into_iter()
-        .flat_map(|(worker_id, parallel_unit_ids)| {
-            parallel_unit_ids
-                .into_inner()
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(move |parallel_unit_id| {
-                    (
-                        parallel_unit_id as _,
-                        PbParallelUnit {
-                            id: parallel_unit_id as _,
-                            worker_node_id: worker_id as _,
-                        },
-                    )
-                })
-        })
-        .collect();
-    Ok(parallel_units_map)
-}
-
 pub async fn get_actor_dispatchers<C>(
     db: &C,
     actor_ids: Vec<ActorId>,
@@ -669,7 +634,7 @@ where
     Ok(actor_dispatchers_map)
 }
 
-/// `get_fragment_parallel_unit_mappings` returns the fragment vnode mappings of the given job.
+/// `get_fragment_mappings` returns the fragment vnode mappings of the given job.
 pub async fn get_fragment_mappings<C>(
     db: &C,
     job_id: ObjectId,
@@ -694,6 +659,35 @@ where
         .collect())
 }
 
+/// `get_fragment_mappings_by_jobs` returns the fragment vnode mappings of the given job list.
+pub async fn get_fragment_mappings_by_jobs<C>(
+    db: &C,
+    job_ids: Vec<ObjectId>,
+) -> MetaResult<Vec<PbFragmentParallelUnitMapping>>
+where
+    C: ConnectionTrait,
+{
+    if job_ids.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(vec![]);
+    }
+
+    let fragment_mappings: Vec<(FragmentId, FragmentVnodeMapping)> = Fragment::find()
+        .select_only()
+        .columns([fragment::Column::FragmentId, fragment::Column::VnodeMapping])
+        .filter(fragment::Column::JobId.is_in(job_ids))
+        .into_tuple()
+        .all(db)
+        .await?;
+
+    Ok(fragment_mappings
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|(fragment_id, mapping)| PbFragmentParallelUnitMapping {
+            fragment_id: fragment_id as _,
+            mapping: Some(mapping.into_inner()),
+        })
+        .collect())
+}
+
 /// `get_fragment_actor_ids` returns the fragment actor ids of the given fragments.
 pub async fn get_fragment_actor_ids<C>(
     db: &C,
diff --git a/src/meta/src/hummock/compaction/picker/emergency_compaction_picker.rs b/src/meta/src/hummock/compaction/picker/emergency_compaction_picker.rs
index c6380ef476cc..4efcca28a981 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/hummock/compaction/picker/emergency_compaction_picker.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/hummock/compaction/picker/emergency_compaction_picker.rs
@@ -15,12 +15,13 @@
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use risingwave_pb::hummock::hummock_version::Levels;
-use risingwave_pb::hummock::CompactionConfig;
+use risingwave_pb::hummock::{CompactionConfig, LevelType};
 
 use super::{
     CompactionInput, CompactionPicker, CompactionTaskValidator, LevelCompactionPicker,
     LocalPickerStatistic, TierCompactionPicker,
 };
+use crate::hummock::compaction::picker::intra_compaction_picker::WholeLevelCompactionPicker;
 use crate::hummock::compaction::CompactionDeveloperConfig;
 use crate::hummock::level_handler::LevelHandler;
 
@@ -50,20 +51,65 @@ impl EmergencyCompactionPicker {
         stats: &mut LocalPickerStatistic,
     ) -> Option<CompactionInput> {
         let unused_validator = Arc::new(CompactionTaskValidator::unused());
-
-        let mut base_level_compaction_picker = LevelCompactionPicker::new_with_validator(
-            self.target_level,
-            self.config.clone(),
-            unused_validator.clone(),
-            self.developer_config.clone(),
-        );
-
-        if let Some(ret) =
-            base_level_compaction_picker.pick_compaction(levels, level_handlers, stats)
+        let l0 = levels.l0.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let overlapping_count = l0
+            .sub_levels
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|level| level.level_type == LevelType::Overlapping as i32)
+            .count();
+        let no_overlap_count = l0
+            .sub_levels
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|level| {
+                level.level_type == LevelType::Nonoverlapping as i32
+                    && level.vnode_partition_count == 0
+            })
+            .count();
+        let partitioned_count = l0
+            .sub_levels
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|level| {
+                level.level_type == LevelType::Nonoverlapping as i32
+                    && level.vnode_partition_count > 0
+            })
+            .count();
+        // We trigger `EmergencyCompactionPicker` only when some unexpected condition cause the number of l0 levels increase and the origin strategy
+        // can not compact those data to lower level. But if most of these levels are overlapping level, it is dangerous to compact small data of non-overlapping sub level
+        // to base level, it will cost a lot of compactor resource because of large write-amplification.
+        if (self.config.split_weight_by_vnode == 0 && no_overlap_count > overlapping_count)
+            || (self.config.split_weight_by_vnode > 0
+                && partitioned_count > no_overlap_count
+                && partitioned_count > overlapping_count)
         {
-            return Some(ret);
+            let mut base_level_compaction_picker = LevelCompactionPicker::new_with_validator(
+                self.target_level,
+                self.config.clone(),
+                unused_validator.clone(),
+                self.developer_config.clone(),
+            );
+
+            if let Some(ret) =
+                base_level_compaction_picker.pick_compaction(levels, level_handlers, stats)
+            {
+                return Some(ret);
+            }
         }
+        if self.config.split_weight_by_vnode > 0
+            && no_overlap_count > partitioned_count
+            && no_overlap_count > overlapping_count
+        {
+            let intral_level_compaction_picker =
+                WholeLevelCompactionPicker::new(self.config.clone(), unused_validator.clone());
 
+            if let Some(ret) = intral_level_compaction_picker.pick_whole_level(
+                levels.l0.as_ref().unwrap(),
+                &level_handlers[0],
+                self.config.split_weight_by_vnode,
+                stats,
+            ) {
+                return Some(ret);
+            }
+        }
         let mut tier_compaction_picker =
             TierCompactionPicker::new_with_validator(self.config.clone(), unused_validator);
 
diff --git a/src/meta/src/hummock/compaction/picker/intra_compaction_picker.rs b/src/meta/src/hummock/compaction/picker/intra_compaction_picker.rs
index c61b51ff1567..15cf7e9d01f1 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/hummock/compaction/picker/intra_compaction_picker.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/hummock/compaction/picker/intra_compaction_picker.rs
@@ -108,78 +108,11 @@ impl IntraCompactionPicker {
         partition_count: u32,
         stats: &mut LocalPickerStatistic,
     ) -> Option<CompactionInput> {
-        if partition_count == 0 {
-            return None;
-        }
-        for (idx, level) in l0.sub_levels.iter().enumerate() {
-            if level.level_type() != LevelType::Nonoverlapping
-                || level.vnode_partition_count == partition_count
-            {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            let max_compaction_bytes = std::cmp::max(
-                self.config.max_bytes_for_level_base,
-                self.config.sub_level_max_compaction_bytes
-                    * (self.config.level0_sub_level_compact_level_count as u64),
-            );
-
-            let mut select_input_size = 0;
-
-            let mut select_level_inputs = vec![];
-            let mut total_file_count = 0;
-            let mut wait_enough = false;
-            for next_level in l0.sub_levels.iter().skip(idx) {
-                if select_input_size > max_compaction_bytes
-                    || total_file_count > self.config.level0_max_compact_file_number
-                    || (next_level.vnode_partition_count == partition_count
-                        && select_level_inputs.len() > 1)
-                {
-                    wait_enough = true;
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                if level_handler.is_level_pending_compact(next_level) {
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                select_input_size += next_level.total_file_size;
-                total_file_count += next_level.table_infos.len() as u64;
-
-                select_level_inputs.push(InputLevel {
-                    level_idx: 0,
-                    level_type: next_level.level_type,
-                    table_infos: next_level.table_infos.clone(),
-                });
-            }
-            if !select_level_inputs.is_empty() {
-                let vnode_partition_count =
-                    if select_input_size > self.config.sub_level_max_compaction_bytes / 2 {
-                        partition_count
-                    } else {
-                        0
-                    };
-                let result = CompactionInput {
-                    input_levels: select_level_inputs,
-                    target_sub_level_id: level.sub_level_id,
-                    select_input_size,
-                    total_file_count,
-                    vnode_partition_count,
-                    ..Default::default()
-                };
-                if wait_enough
-                    || self.compaction_task_validator.valid_compact_task(
-                        &result,
-                        ValidationRuleType::Intra,
-                        stats,
-                    )
-                {
-                    return Some(result);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        None
+        let picker = WholeLevelCompactionPicker::new(
+            self.config.clone(),
+            self.compaction_task_validator.clone(),
+        );
+        picker.pick_whole_level(l0, level_handler, partition_count, stats)
     }
 
     fn pick_l0_intra(
@@ -378,6 +311,104 @@ impl IntraCompactionPicker {
     }
 }
 
+pub struct WholeLevelCompactionPicker {
+    config: Arc<CompactionConfig>,
+    compaction_task_validator: Arc<CompactionTaskValidator>,
+}
+
+impl WholeLevelCompactionPicker {
+    pub fn new(
+        config: Arc<CompactionConfig>,
+        compaction_task_validator: Arc<CompactionTaskValidator>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            config,
+            compaction_task_validator,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn pick_whole_level(
+        &self,
+        l0: &OverlappingLevel,
+        level_handler: &LevelHandler,
+        partition_count: u32,
+        stats: &mut LocalPickerStatistic,
+    ) -> Option<CompactionInput> {
+        if partition_count == 0 {
+            return None;
+        }
+        for (idx, level) in l0.sub_levels.iter().enumerate() {
+            if level.level_type() != LevelType::Nonoverlapping
+                || level.vnode_partition_count == partition_count
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let max_compaction_bytes = std::cmp::max(
+                self.config.max_bytes_for_level_base,
+                self.config.sub_level_max_compaction_bytes
+                    * (self.config.level0_sub_level_compact_level_count as u64),
+            );
+
+            let mut select_input_size = 0;
+
+            let mut select_level_inputs = vec![];
+            let mut total_file_count = 0;
+            let mut wait_enough = false;
+            for next_level in l0.sub_levels.iter().skip(idx) {
+                if select_input_size > max_compaction_bytes
+                    || total_file_count > self.config.level0_max_compact_file_number
+                    || (next_level.vnode_partition_count == partition_count
+                        && select_level_inputs.len() > 1)
+                {
+                    wait_enough = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                if level_handler.is_level_pending_compact(next_level) {
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                select_input_size += next_level.total_file_size;
+                total_file_count += next_level.table_infos.len() as u64;
+
+                select_level_inputs.push(InputLevel {
+                    level_idx: 0,
+                    level_type: next_level.level_type,
+                    table_infos: next_level.table_infos.clone(),
+                });
+            }
+            if !select_level_inputs.is_empty() {
+                let vnode_partition_count =
+                    if select_input_size > self.config.sub_level_max_compaction_bytes / 2 {
+                        partition_count
+                    } else {
+                        0
+                    };
+                let result = CompactionInput {
+                    input_levels: select_level_inputs,
+                    target_sub_level_id: level.sub_level_id,
+                    select_input_size,
+                    total_file_count,
+                    vnode_partition_count,
+                    ..Default::default()
+                };
+                if wait_enough
+                    || self.compaction_task_validator.valid_compact_task(
+                        &result,
+                        ValidationRuleType::Intra,
+                        stats,
+                    )
+                {
+                    return Some(result);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        None
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub mod tests {
     use risingwave_pb::hummock::Level;
diff --git a/src/meta/src/hummock/compactor_manager.rs b/src/meta/src/hummock/compactor_manager.rs
index d472fa20037a..8a548d2522e8 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/hummock/compactor_manager.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/hummock/compactor_manager.rs
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ impl CompactorManagerInner {
         use sea_orm::EntityTrait;
         // Retrieve the existing task assignments from metastore.
         let task_assignment: Vec<CompactTaskAssignment> = match env.sql_meta_store() {
-            None => CompactTaskAssignment::list(env.meta_store()).await?,
+            None => CompactTaskAssignment::list(env.meta_store_checked()).await?,
             Some(sql_meta_store) => compaction_task::Entity::find()
                 .all(&sql_meta_store.conn)
                 .await
diff --git a/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/compaction_group_manager.rs b/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/compaction_group_manager.rs
index 51f8e63dd6eb..8db45a228647 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/compaction_group_manager.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/compaction_group_manager.rs
@@ -782,10 +782,10 @@ pub(super) struct CompactionGroupManager {
 }
 
 impl CompactionGroupManager {
-    async fn init<S: MetaStore>(&mut self, meta_store: &S) -> Result<()> {
+    async fn init<S: MetaStore>(&mut self, meta_store: Option<&S>) -> Result<()> {
         let loaded_compaction_groups: BTreeMap<CompactionGroupId, CompactionGroup> =
             match &self.sql_meta_store {
-                None => CompactionGroup::list(meta_store)
+                None => CompactionGroup::list(meta_store.unwrap())
                     .await?
                     .into_iter()
                     .map(|cg| (cg.group_id(), cg))
@@ -811,7 +811,7 @@ impl CompactionGroupManager {
     pub(super) async fn get_or_insert_compaction_group_config<S: MetaStore>(
         &mut self,
         compaction_group_id: CompactionGroupId,
-        meta_store: &S,
+        meta_store: Option<&S>,
     ) -> Result<CompactionGroup> {
         let r = self
             .get_or_insert_compaction_group_configs(&[compaction_group_id], meta_store)
@@ -823,7 +823,7 @@ impl CompactionGroupManager {
     pub(super) async fn get_or_insert_compaction_group_configs<S: MetaStore>(
         &mut self,
         compaction_group_ids: &[CompactionGroupId],
-        meta_store: &S,
+        meta_store: Option<&S>,
     ) -> Result<HashMap<CompactionGroupId, CompactionGroup>> {
         let mut compaction_groups = create_trx_wrapper!(
             self.sql_meta_store,
@@ -862,7 +862,7 @@ impl CompactionGroupManager {
         &mut self,
         compaction_group_ids: &[CompactionGroupId],
         config_to_update: &[MutableConfig],
-        meta_store: &S,
+        meta_store: Option<&S>,
     ) -> Result<Vec<CompactionGroup>> {
         let mut compaction_groups = create_trx_wrapper!(
             self.sql_meta_store,
@@ -894,7 +894,7 @@ impl CompactionGroupManager {
         &mut self,
         group_id: CompactionGroupId,
         config: CompactionConfig,
-        meta_store: &S,
+        meta_store: Option<&S>,
     ) -> Result<()> {
         let insert = create_trx_wrapper!(
             self.sql_meta_store,
@@ -916,7 +916,7 @@ impl CompactionGroupManager {
     async fn purge<S: MetaStore>(
         &mut self,
         existing_groups: HashSet<CompactionGroupId>,
-        meta_store: &S,
+        meta_store: Option<&S>,
     ) -> Result<()> {
         let mut compaction_groups = create_trx_wrapper!(
             self.sql_meta_store,
diff --git a/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/mod.rs b/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/mod.rs
index bab6ef381d95..8984aff7af04 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/mod.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/mod.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ use arc_swap::ArcSwap;
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use fail::fail_point;
 use function_name::named;
-use futures::future::Either;
+use futures::future::{Either, Shared};
 use futures::stream::{BoxStream, FuturesUnordered};
 use futures::{FutureExt, StreamExt};
 use itertools::Itertools;
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ use risingwave_pb::hummock::compact_task::{self, TaskStatus, TaskType};
 use risingwave_pb::hummock::group_delta::DeltaType;
 use risingwave_pb::hummock::rise_ctl_update_compaction_config_request::mutable_config;
 use risingwave_pb::hummock::subscribe_compaction_event_request::{
-    Event as RequestEvent, HeartBeat, PullTask, ReportTask,
+    self, Event as RequestEvent, HeartBeat, PullTask, ReportTask,
 };
 use risingwave_pb::hummock::subscribe_compaction_event_response::{
     Event as ResponseEvent, PullTaskAck,
@@ -67,8 +67,8 @@ use risingwave_pb::hummock::{
 use risingwave_pb::meta::subscribe_response::{Info, Operation};
 use rw_futures_util::{pending_on_none, select_all};
 use thiserror_ext::AsReport;
-use tokio::sync::mpsc::{UnboundedReceiver, UnboundedSender};
-use tokio::sync::oneshot::Sender;
+use tokio::sync::mpsc::{unbounded_channel, UnboundedReceiver, UnboundedSender};
+use tokio::sync::oneshot::{Receiver as OneShotReceiver, Sender};
 use tokio::sync::RwLockWriteGuard;
 use tokio::task::JoinHandle;
 use tokio_stream::wrappers::IntervalStream;
@@ -241,14 +241,6 @@ pub static CANCEL_STATUS_SET: LazyLock<HashSet<TaskStatus>> = LazyLock::new(|| {
     .collect()
 });
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub enum CompactionResumeTrigger {
-    /// The addition (re-subscription) of compactors
-    CompactorAddition { context_id: HummockContextId },
-    /// A compaction task is reported when all compactors are not idle.
-    TaskReport { original_task_num: usize },
-}
-
 pub struct CommitEpochInfo {
     pub sstables: Vec<ExtendedSstableInfo>,
     pub new_table_watermarks: HashMap<risingwave_common::catalog::TableId, TableWatermarks>,
@@ -364,7 +356,7 @@ impl HummockManager {
         // Make sure data dir is not used by another cluster.
         // Skip this check in e2e compaction test, which needs to start a secondary cluster with
         // same bucket
-        if env.cluster_first_launch() && !deterministic_mode {
+        if !deterministic_mode {
             write_exclusive_cluster_id(
                 state_store_dir,
                 env.cluster_id().clone(),
@@ -453,7 +445,7 @@ impl HummockManager {
         let sql_meta_store = self.sql_meta_store();
         let compaction_statuses: BTreeMap<CompactionGroupId, CompactStatus> = match &sql_meta_store
         {
-            None => CompactStatus::list(self.env.meta_store())
+            None => CompactStatus::list(self.env.meta_store_checked())
                 .await?
                 .into_iter()
                 .map(|cg| (cg.compaction_group_id(), cg))
@@ -471,7 +463,7 @@ impl HummockManager {
         }
 
         compaction_guard.compact_task_assignment = match &sql_meta_store {
-            None => CompactTaskAssignment::list(self.env.meta_store())
+            None => CompactTaskAssignment::list(self.env.meta_store_checked())
                 .await?
                 .into_iter()
                 .map(|assigned| (assigned.key().unwrap(), assigned))
@@ -487,7 +479,7 @@ impl HummockManager {
 
         let hummock_version_deltas: BTreeMap<HummockVersionId, HummockVersionDelta> =
             match &sql_meta_store {
-                None => HummockVersionDelta::list(self.env.meta_store())
+                None => HummockVersionDelta::list(self.env.meta_store_checked())
                     .await?
                     .into_iter()
                     .map(|version_delta| (version_delta.id, version_delta))
@@ -536,7 +528,7 @@ impl HummockManager {
             }
         }
         versioning_guard.version_stats = match &sql_meta_store {
-            None => HummockVersionStats::list(self.env.meta_store())
+            None => HummockVersionStats::list(self.env.meta_store_checked())
                 .await?
                 .into_iter()
                 .next(),
@@ -564,7 +556,7 @@ impl HummockManager {
         versioning_guard.hummock_version_deltas = hummock_version_deltas;
 
         versioning_guard.pinned_versions = match &sql_meta_store {
-            None => HummockPinnedVersion::list(self.env.meta_store())
+            None => HummockPinnedVersion::list(self.env.meta_store_checked())
                 .await?
                 .into_iter()
                 .map(|p| (p.context_id, p))
@@ -579,7 +571,7 @@ impl HummockManager {
         };
 
         versioning_guard.pinned_snapshots = match &sql_meta_store {
-            None => HummockPinnedSnapshot::list(self.env.meta_store())
+            None => HummockPinnedSnapshot::list(self.env.meta_store_checked())
                 .await?
                 .into_iter()
                 .map(|p| (p.context_id, p))
@@ -1927,7 +1919,7 @@ impl HummockManager {
         compaction_groups: Vec<PbCompactionGroupInfo>,
     ) -> Result<()> {
         for table in &table_catalogs {
-            table.insert(self.env.meta_store()).await?;
+            table.insert(self.env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
         }
         for group in &compaction_groups {
             assert!(
@@ -2694,18 +2686,37 @@ impl HummockManager {
         *self.group_to_table_vnode_partition.write() = group_to_table_vnode_partition;
     }
 
-    #[named]
     pub fn compaction_event_loop(
         hummock_manager: Arc<Self>,
         mut compactor_streams_change_rx: UnboundedReceiver<(
             u32,
             Streaming<SubscribeCompactionEventRequest>,
         )>,
-    ) -> (JoinHandle<()>, Sender<()>) {
+    ) -> Vec<(JoinHandle<()>, Sender<()>)> {
         let mut compactor_request_streams = FuturesUnordered::new();
         let (shutdown_tx, shutdown_rx) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel();
+        let (shutdown_tx_dedicated, shutdown_rx_dedicated) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel();
         let shutdown_rx_shared = shutdown_rx.shared();
-        let mut compaction_selectors = init_selectors();
+        let shutdown_rx_dedicated_shared = shutdown_rx_dedicated.shared();
+
+        let (tx, rx) = unbounded_channel();
+
+        let mut join_handle_vec = Vec::default();
+
+        let hummock_manager_dedicated = hummock_manager.clone();
+        let compact_task_event_handler_join_handle = tokio::spawn(async move {
+            Self::compact_task_dedicated_event_handler(
+                hummock_manager_dedicated,
+                rx,
+                shutdown_rx_dedicated_shared,
+            )
+            .await;
+        });
+
+        join_handle_vec.push((
+            compact_task_event_handler_join_handle,
+            shutdown_tx_dedicated,
+        ));
 
         let join_handle = tokio::spawn(async move {
             let push_stream =
@@ -2720,10 +2731,10 @@ impl HummockManager {
                 };
 
             let mut event_loop_iteration_now = Instant::now();
+
             loop {
                 let shutdown_rx_shared = shutdown_rx_shared.clone();
-
-                // report
+                let hummock_manager = hummock_manager.clone();
                 hummock_manager
                     .metrics
                     .compaction_event_loop_iteration_latency
@@ -2731,9 +2742,7 @@ impl HummockManager {
                 event_loop_iteration_now = Instant::now();
 
                 tokio::select! {
-                    _ = shutdown_rx_shared => {
-                        return;
-                    },
+                    _ = shutdown_rx_shared => { return; },
 
                     compactor_stream = compactor_streams_change_rx.recv() => {
                         if let Some((context_id, stream)) = compactor_stream {
@@ -2744,23 +2753,20 @@ impl HummockManager {
 
                     result = pending_on_none(compactor_request_streams.next()) => {
                         let mut compactor_alive = true;
-                        let (context_id, compactor_stream_req) = result;
+
+                        let (context_id, compactor_stream_req): (_, (std::option::Option<std::result::Result<SubscribeCompactionEventRequest, _>>, _)) = result;
                         let (event, create_at, stream) = match compactor_stream_req {
                             (Some(Ok(req)), stream) => {
                                 (req.event.unwrap(), req.create_at, stream)
                             }
 
                             (Some(Err(err)), _stream) => {
-                                tracing::warn!(error = %err.as_report(), "compactor {} leaving the cluster with err", context_id);
-                                hummock_manager.compactor_manager
-                                    .remove_compactor(context_id);
+                                tracing::warn!(error = %err.as_report(), "compactor stream {} poll with err, recv stream may be destroyed", context_id);
                                 continue
                             }
 
                             _ => {
-                                tracing::warn!("compactor {} leaving the cluster", context_id);
-                                hummock_manager.compactor_manager
-                                    .remove_compactor(context_id);
+                                tracing::warn!("compactor stream {} poll err, recv stream may be destroyed", context_id);
                                 continue
                             },
                         };
@@ -2778,131 +2784,34 @@ impl HummockManager {
                         }
 
                         match event {
-                            RequestEvent::PullTask(PullTask {
-                                pull_task_count,
-                            }) => {
-                                assert_ne!(0, pull_task_count);
-                                if let Some(compactor) = hummock_manager.compactor_manager.get_compactor(context_id) {
-                                    if let Some((group, task_type)) = hummock_manager.auto_pick_compaction_group_and_type().await {
-                                        let selector: &mut Box<dyn CompactionSelector> = {
-                                            let versioning_guard = read_lock!(hummock_manager, versioning).await;
-                                            let versioning = versioning_guard.deref();
-
-                                            if versioning.write_limit.contains_key(&group) {
-                                                let enable_emergency_picker = match hummock_manager
-                                                    .compaction_group_manager
-                                                    .read()
-                                                    .await
-                                                    .try_get_compaction_group_config(group)
-                                                {
-                                                    Some(config) =>{ config.compaction_config.enable_emergency_picker },
-                                                    None => { unreachable!("compaction-group {} not exist", group) }
-                                                };
-
-                                                if enable_emergency_picker {
-                                                    compaction_selectors.get_mut(&TaskType::Emergency).unwrap()
-                                                } else {
-                                                    compaction_selectors.get_mut(&task_type).unwrap()
-                                                }
-                                            } else {
-                                                compaction_selectors.get_mut(&task_type).unwrap()
-                                            }
-                                        };
-                                        for _ in 0..pull_task_count {
-                                            let compact_task =
-                                                hummock_manager
-                                                .get_compact_task(group, selector)
-                                                .await;
-
-                                            match compact_task {
-                                                Ok(Some(compact_task)) => {
-                                                    let task_id = compact_task.task_id;
-                                                    if let Err(e) = compactor.send_event(
-                                                        ResponseEvent::CompactTask(compact_task)
-                                                    ) {
-                                                        tracing::warn!(
-                                                            error = %e.as_report(),
-                                                            "Failed to send task {} to {}",
-                                                            task_id,
-                                                            compactor.context_id(),
-                                                        );
-
-                                                        compactor_alive = false;
-                                                        break;
-                                                    }
-                                                },
-                                                Ok(None) => {
-                                                    // no compact_task to be picked
-                                                    hummock_manager.compaction_state.unschedule(group, task_type);
-                                                    break;
-                                                }
-                                                Err(err) => {
-                                                    tracing::warn!(error = %err.as_report(), "Failed to get compaction task");
-                                                    break;
-                                                }
-                                            };
-                                        }
-                                    }
-
-                                    // ack to compactor
-                                    if compactor_alive {
-                                        if let Err(e) = compactor.send_event(ResponseEvent::PullTaskAck(PullTaskAck {})){
-                                            tracing::warn!(
-                                                error = %e.as_report(),
-                                                "Failed to send ask to {}",
-                                                context_id,
-                                            );
-
-                                            compactor_alive = false;
-                                        }
-                                    }
-                                } else {
-                                    compactor_alive = false;
-
-                                }
-                            },
-
-                            RequestEvent::ReportTask(ReportTask {
-                                task_id,
-                                task_status,
-                                sorted_output_ssts,
-                                table_stats_change
-                            }) => {
-                                if let Err(e) =  hummock_manager.report_compact_task(task_id, TaskStatus::try_from(task_status).unwrap(), sorted_output_ssts, Some(table_stats_change))
-                                       .await {
-                                        tracing::error!(error = %e.as_report(), "report compact_tack fail");
-                                }
-                            },
-
                             RequestEvent::HeartBeat(HeartBeat {
                                 progress,
                             }) => {
                                 let compactor_manager = hummock_manager.compactor_manager.clone();
                                 let cancel_tasks = compactor_manager.update_task_heartbeats(&progress);
-
-                                // TODO: task cancellation can be batched
-                                for task in cancel_tasks {
-                                    tracing::info!(
-                                        "Task with group_id {} task_id {} with context_id {} has expired due to lack of visible progress",
-                                        task.compaction_group_id,
-                                        task.task_id,
-                                        context_id,
-                                    );
-
-                                    if let Err(e) =
-                                        hummock_manager
-                                        .cancel_compact_task(task.task_id, TaskStatus::HeartbeatCanceled)
-                                        .await
-                                    {
-                                        tracing::error!(
-                                            task_id = task.task_id,
-                                            error = %e.as_report(),
-                                            "Attempt to remove compaction task due to elapsed heartbeat failed. We will continue to track its heartbeat
-                                            until we can successfully report its status."
+                                if let Some(compactor) = compactor_manager.get_compactor(context_id) {
+                                    // TODO: task cancellation can be batched
+                                    for task in cancel_tasks {
+                                        tracing::info!(
+                                            "Task with group_id {} task_id {} with context_id {} has expired due to lack of visible progress",
+                                            task.compaction_group_id,
+                                            task.task_id,
+                                            context_id,
                                         );
-                                    }
 
-                                    if let Some(compactor) = compactor_manager.get_compactor(context_id) {
+                                        if let Err(e) =
+                                            hummock_manager
+                                            .cancel_compact_task(task.task_id, TaskStatus::HeartbeatCanceled)
+                                            .await
+                                        {
+                                            tracing::error!(
+                                                task_id = task.task_id,
+                                                error = %e.as_report(),
+                                                "Attempt to remove compaction task due to elapsed heartbeat failed. We will continue to track its heartbeat
+                                                until we can successfully report its status."
+                                            );
+                                        }
+
                                         // Forcefully cancel the task so that it terminates
                                         // early on the compactor
                                         // node.
@@ -2912,31 +2821,36 @@ impl HummockManager {
                                             context_id,
                                             task.task_id
                                         );
-                                    } else {
-                                        compactor_alive = false;
                                     }
+                                } else {
+                                    // Determine the validity of the compactor streaming rpc. When the compactor no longer exists in the manager, the stream will be removed.
+                                    // Tip: Connectivity to the compactor will be determined through the `send_event` operation. When send fails, it will be removed from the manager
+                                    compactor_alive = false;
                                 }
                             },
 
                             RequestEvent::Register(_) => {
                                 unreachable!()
                             }
-                        }
 
+                            e @ (RequestEvent::PullTask(_) | RequestEvent::ReportTask(_)) => {
+                                let _ = tx.send((context_id, e));
+                            }
+                        }
 
                         if compactor_alive {
                             push_stream(context_id, stream, &mut compactor_request_streams);
                         } else {
-                            tracing::warn!("compactor {} leaving the cluster since it's not alive", context_id);
-                            hummock_manager.compactor_manager
-                                .remove_compactor(context_id);
+                            tracing::warn!("compactor stream {} error, send stream may be destroyed", context_id);
                         }
-                    }
+                    },
                 }
             }
         });
 
-        (join_handle, shutdown_tx)
+        join_handle_vec.push((join_handle, shutdown_tx));
+
+        join_handle_vec
     }
 
     pub fn add_compactor_stream(
@@ -3175,6 +3089,136 @@ impl HummockManager {
 
         Ok(())
     }
+
+    /// dedicated event runtime for CPU/IO bound event
+    #[named]
+    async fn compact_task_dedicated_event_handler(
+        hummock_manager: Arc<HummockManager>,
+        mut rx: UnboundedReceiver<(u32, subscribe_compaction_event_request::Event)>,
+        shutdown_rx_shared: Shared<OneShotReceiver<()>>,
+    ) {
+        let mut compaction_selectors = init_selectors();
+
+        tokio::select! {
+            _ = shutdown_rx_shared => {}
+
+            _ = async {
+                while let Some((context_id, event)) = rx.recv().await {
+                    match event {
+                        RequestEvent::PullTask(PullTask { pull_task_count }) => {
+                            assert_ne!(0, pull_task_count);
+                            if let Some(compactor) =
+                                hummock_manager.compactor_manager.get_compactor(context_id)
+                            {
+                                if let Some((group, task_type)) =
+                                    hummock_manager.auto_pick_compaction_group_and_type().await
+                                {
+                                    let selector: &mut Box<dyn CompactionSelector> = {
+                                        let versioning_guard =
+                                            read_lock!(hummock_manager, versioning).await;
+                                        let versioning = versioning_guard.deref();
+
+                                        if versioning.write_limit.contains_key(&group) {
+                                            let enable_emergency_picker = match hummock_manager
+                                                .compaction_group_manager
+                                                .read()
+                                                .await
+                                                .try_get_compaction_group_config(group)
+                                            {
+                                                Some(config) => {
+                                                    config.compaction_config.enable_emergency_picker
+                                                }
+                                                None => {
+                                                    unreachable!("compaction-group {} not exist", group)
+                                                }
+                                            };
+
+                                            if enable_emergency_picker {
+                                                compaction_selectors
+                                                    .get_mut(&TaskType::Emergency)
+                                                    .unwrap()
+                                            } else {
+                                                compaction_selectors.get_mut(&task_type).unwrap()
+                                            }
+                                        } else {
+                                            compaction_selectors.get_mut(&task_type).unwrap()
+                                        }
+                                    };
+                                    for _ in 0..pull_task_count {
+                                        let compact_task =
+                                            hummock_manager.get_compact_task(group, selector).await;
+
+                                        match compact_task {
+                                            Ok(Some(compact_task)) => {
+                                                let task_id = compact_task.task_id;
+                                                if let Err(e) = compactor.send_event(
+                                                    ResponseEvent::CompactTask(compact_task),
+                                                ) {
+                                                    tracing::warn!(
+                                                        error = %e.as_report(),
+                                                        "Failed to send task {} to {}",
+                                                        task_id,
+                                                        compactor.context_id(),
+                                                    );
+
+                                                    hummock_manager.compactor_manager.remove_compactor(context_id);
+                                                    break;
+                                                }
+                                            }
+                                            Ok(None) => {
+                                                // no compact_task to be picked
+                                                hummock_manager
+                                                    .compaction_state
+                                                    .unschedule(group, task_type);
+                                                break;
+                                            }
+                                            Err(err) => {
+                                                tracing::warn!(error = %err.as_report(), "Failed to get compaction task");
+                                                break;
+                                            }
+                                        };
+                                    }
+                                }
+
+                                // ack to compactor
+                                if let Err(e) =
+                                    compactor.send_event(ResponseEvent::PullTaskAck(PullTaskAck {}))
+                                {
+                                    tracing::warn!(
+                                        error = %e.as_report(),
+                                        "Failed to send ask to {}",
+                                        context_id,
+                                    );
+                                    hummock_manager.compactor_manager.remove_compactor(context_id);
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        RequestEvent::ReportTask(ReportTask {
+                            task_id,
+                            task_status,
+                            sorted_output_ssts,
+                            table_stats_change,
+                        }) => {
+                            if let Err(e) = hummock_manager
+                                .report_compact_task(
+                                    task_id,
+                                    TaskStatus::try_from(task_status).unwrap(),
+                                    sorted_output_ssts,
+                                    Some(table_stats_change),
+                                )
+                                .await
+                            {
+                                tracing::error!(error = %e.as_report(), "report compact_tack fail")
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        _ => unreachable!(),
+                    }
+                }
+            } => {}
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 // This structure describes how hummock handles sst switching in a compaction group. A better sst cut will result in better data alignment, which in turn will improve the efficiency of the compaction.
diff --git a/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/tests.rs b/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/tests.rs
index 0921e4d2351d..877be8919262 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/tests.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/tests.rs
@@ -101,7 +101,9 @@ fn get_compaction_group_object_ids(
 
 async fn list_pinned_snapshot_from_meta_store(env: &MetaSrvEnv) -> Vec<HummockPinnedSnapshot> {
     match env.sql_meta_store() {
-        None => HummockPinnedSnapshot::list(env.meta_store()).await.unwrap(),
+        None => HummockPinnedSnapshot::list(env.meta_store_checked())
+            .await
+            .unwrap(),
         Some(sql_meta_store) => {
             use risingwave_meta_model_v2::hummock_pinned_snapshot;
             use sea_orm::EntityTrait;
@@ -118,7 +120,9 @@ async fn list_pinned_snapshot_from_meta_store(env: &MetaSrvEnv) -> Vec<HummockPi
 
 async fn list_pinned_version_from_meta_store(env: &MetaSrvEnv) -> Vec<HummockPinnedVersion> {
     match env.sql_meta_store() {
-        None => HummockPinnedVersion::list(env.meta_store()).await.unwrap(),
+        None => HummockPinnedVersion::list(env.meta_store_checked())
+            .await
+            .unwrap(),
         Some(sql_meta_store) => {
             use risingwave_meta_model_v2::hummock_pinned_version;
             use sea_orm::EntityTrait;
diff --git a/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/utils.rs b/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/utils.rs
index 9ddc9699cb5e..07c26d7a2424 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/utils.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/utils.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ macro_rules! commit_multi_var {
                         $(
                             $val_txn.as_v1_ref().apply_to_txn(&mut trx).await?;
                         )*
-                        $meta_store.txn(trx).await?;
+                        $meta_store.unwrap().txn(trx).await?;
                         $(
                             $val_txn.into_v1().commit();
                         )*
diff --git a/src/meta/src/lib.rs b/src/meta/src/lib.rs
index 69d75fb40d79..bce4f082db4c 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/lib.rs
@@ -58,4 +58,7 @@ pub enum MetaStoreBackend {
         credentials: Option<(String, String)>,
     },
     Mem,
+    Sql {
+        endpoint: String,
+    },
 }
diff --git a/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/database.rs b/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/database.rs
index 1117544e0f21..d060a610b6fd 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/database.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/database.rs
@@ -83,15 +83,15 @@ pub struct DatabaseManager {
 
 impl DatabaseManager {
     pub async fn new(env: MetaSrvEnv) -> MetaResult<Self> {
-        let databases = Database::list(env.meta_store()).await?;
-        let schemas = Schema::list(env.meta_store()).await?;
-        let sources = Source::list(env.meta_store()).await?;
-        let sinks = Sink::list(env.meta_store()).await?;
-        let tables = Table::list(env.meta_store()).await?;
-        let indexes = Index::list(env.meta_store()).await?;
-        let views = View::list(env.meta_store()).await?;
-        let functions = Function::list(env.meta_store()).await?;
-        let connections = Connection::list(env.meta_store()).await?;
+        let databases = Database::list(env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
+        let schemas = Schema::list(env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
+        let sources = Source::list(env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
+        let sinks = Sink::list(env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
+        let tables = Table::list(env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
+        let indexes = Index::list(env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
+        let views = View::list(env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
+        let functions = Function::list(env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
+        let connections = Connection::list(env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
 
         let mut relation_ref_count = HashMap::new();
 
diff --git a/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/fragment.rs b/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/fragment.rs
index 559cef397c25..fdae16efe5a7 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/fragment.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/fragment.rs
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ pub type FragmentManagerRef = Arc<FragmentManager>;
 
 impl FragmentManager {
     pub async fn new(env: MetaSrvEnv) -> MetaResult<Self> {
-        let table_fragments = TableFragments::list(env.meta_store()).await?;
+        let table_fragments = TableFragments::list(env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
 
         // `expr_context` of `StreamActor` is introduced in 1.6.0.
         // To ensure compatibility, we fill it for table fragments that were created with older versions.
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ impl FragmentManager {
             .map(|tf| (tf.table_id(), tf.fill_expr_context()))
             .collect();
 
-        let table_revision = TableRevision::get(env.meta_store()).await?;
+        let table_revision = TableRevision::get(env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
 
         Ok(Self {
             env,
@@ -1491,4 +1491,8 @@ impl FragmentManager {
             .await
             .running_fragment_parallelisms(id_filter)
     }
+
+    pub async fn count_streaming_job(&self) -> usize {
+        self.core.read().await.table_fragments().len()
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/mod.rs b/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/mod.rs
index 4d0476f5d488..33990548f01b 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/mod.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/mod.rs
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ macro_rules! commit_meta_with_trx {
                     $val_txn.apply_to_txn(&mut $trx).await?;
                 )*
                 // Commit to meta store
-                $manager.env.meta_store().txn($trx).await?;
+                $manager.env.meta_store_checked().txn($trx).await?;
                 // Upon successful commit, commit the change to in-mem meta
                 $(
                     $val_txn.commit();
@@ -3399,7 +3399,7 @@ impl CatalogManager {
                     ..Default::default()
                 };
 
-                default_user.insert(self.env.meta_store()).await?;
+                default_user.insert(self.env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
                 core.user_info.insert(default_user.id, default_user);
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/user.rs b/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/user.rs
index 851016ec0e60..456dd116b9da 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/user.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/user.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ pub struct UserManager {
 
 impl UserManager {
     pub async fn new(env: MetaSrvEnv, database: &DatabaseManager) -> MetaResult<Self> {
-        let users = UserInfo::list(env.meta_store()).await?;
+        let users = UserInfo::list(env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
         let user_info = BTreeMap::from_iter(users.into_iter().map(|user| (user.id, user)));
 
         let mut user_manager = Self {
diff --git a/src/meta/src/manager/cluster.rs b/src/meta/src/manager/cluster.rs
index 27a97167d3e4..38e1ff3ca8f3 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/manager/cluster.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/manager/cluster.rs
@@ -112,6 +112,7 @@ impl ClusterManager {
         let mut core = self.core.write().await;
 
         if let Some(worker) = core.get_worker_by_host_mut(host_address.clone()) {
+            tracing::info!("worker {} re-joined the cluster", worker.worker_id());
             worker.update_resource(Some(resource));
             worker.update_started_at(timestamp_now_sec());
             if let Some(property) = &mut property {
@@ -149,7 +150,7 @@ impl ClusterManager {
                     new_worker.worker_node.parallel_units.extend(parallel_units);
                 }
                 Ordering::Greater => {
-                    if self.env.opts.enable_scale_in_when_recovery {
+                    if !self.env.opts.disable_automatic_parallelism_control {
                         // Handing over to the subsequent recovery loop for a forced reschedule.
                         tracing::info!(
                             "worker {} parallelism reduced from {} to {}",
@@ -186,7 +187,7 @@ impl ClusterManager {
             }
 
             new_worker.update_expire_at(self.max_heartbeat_interval);
-            new_worker.insert(self.env.meta_store()).await?;
+            new_worker.insert(self.env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
             *worker = new_worker;
             return Ok(worker.to_protobuf());
         }
@@ -230,18 +231,31 @@ impl ClusterManager {
         worker.update_started_at(timestamp_now_sec());
         worker.update_resource(Some(resource));
         // Persist worker node.
-        worker.insert(self.env.meta_store()).await?;
+        worker.insert(self.env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
         // Update core.
         core.add_worker_node(worker);
+
+        tracing::info!(
+            "new worker {} from {}:{} joined cluster",
+            worker_id,
+            host_address.get_host(),
+            host_address.get_port()
+        );
+
         Ok(worker_node)
     }
 
     pub async fn activate_worker_node(&self, host_address: HostAddress) -> MetaResult<()> {
         let mut core = self.core.write().await;
         let mut worker = core.get_worker_by_host_checked(host_address.clone())?;
+
+        let worker_id = worker.worker_id();
+
+        tracing::info!("worker {} activating", worker_id);
+
         if worker.worker_node.state != State::Running as i32 {
             worker.worker_node.state = State::Running as i32;
-            worker.insert(self.env.meta_store()).await?;
+            worker.insert(self.env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
             core.update_worker_node(worker.clone());
         }
 
@@ -258,6 +272,8 @@ impl ClusterManager {
             .notify_local_subscribers(LocalNotification::WorkerNodeActivated(worker.worker_node))
             .await;
 
+        tracing::info!("worker {} activated", worker_id);
+
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -292,7 +308,7 @@ impl ClusterManager {
             }
         }
 
-        self.env.meta_store().txn(txn).await?;
+        self.env.meta_store_checked().txn(txn).await?;
 
         for var_txn in var_txns {
             var_txn.commit();
@@ -308,7 +324,7 @@ impl ClusterManager {
         let worker_node = worker.to_protobuf();
 
         // Persist deletion.
-        Worker::delete(self.env.meta_store(), &host_address).await?;
+        Worker::delete(self.env.meta_store_checked(), &host_address).await?;
 
         // Update core.
         core.delete_worker_node(worker);
@@ -536,7 +552,7 @@ impl ClusterManagerCore {
     pub const MAX_WORKER_REUSABLE_ID_COUNT: usize = 1 << Self::MAX_WORKER_REUSABLE_ID_BITS;
 
     async fn new(env: MetaSrvEnv) -> MetaResult<Self> {
-        let meta_store = env.meta_store();
+        let meta_store = env.meta_store_checked();
         let mut workers = Worker::list(meta_store).await?;
 
         let used_transactional_ids: HashSet<_> = workers
@@ -790,8 +806,11 @@ mod tests {
     async fn test_cluster_manager() -> MetaResult<()> {
         let env = MetaSrvEnv::for_test().await;
 
-        let cluster_manager =
-            Arc::new(ClusterManager::new(env, Duration::new(0, 0)).await.unwrap());
+        let cluster_manager = Arc::new(
+            ClusterManager::new(env.clone(), Duration::new(0, 0))
+                .await
+                .unwrap(),
+        );
 
         let mut worker_nodes = Vec::new();
         let worker_count = 5usize;
@@ -878,8 +897,15 @@ mod tests {
             )
             .await
             .unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(worker_node.parallel_units.len(), fake_parallelism + 4);
-        assert_cluster_manager(&cluster_manager, parallel_count + 4).await;
+
+        if !env.opts.disable_automatic_parallelism_control {
+            assert_eq!(worker_node.parallel_units.len(), fake_parallelism - 2);
+            assert_cluster_manager(&cluster_manager, parallel_count - 2).await;
+        } else {
+            // compatibility mode
+            assert_eq!(worker_node.parallel_units.len(), fake_parallelism + 4);
+            assert_cluster_manager(&cluster_manager, parallel_count + 4).await;
+        }
 
         let worker_to_delete_count = 4usize;
         for i in 0..worker_to_delete_count {
diff --git a/src/meta/src/manager/env.rs b/src/meta/src/manager/env.rs
index 26601f6af037..f10138b56e81 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/manager/env.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/manager/env.rs
@@ -45,13 +45,13 @@ use crate::MetaResult;
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct MetaSrvEnv {
     /// id generator manager.
-    id_gen_manager: IdGeneratorManagerRef,
+    id_gen_manager: Option<IdGeneratorManagerRef>,
 
     /// sql id generator manager.
     sql_id_gen_manager: Option<SqlIdGeneratorManagerRef>,
 
     /// meta store.
-    meta_store: MetaStoreRef,
+    meta_store: Option<MetaStoreRef>,
 
     /// sql meta store.
     meta_store_sql: Option<SqlMetaStore>,
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ pub struct MetaSrvEnv {
     event_log_manager: EventLogMangerRef,
 
     /// system param manager.
-    system_params_manager: SystemParamsManagerRef,
+    system_params_manager: Option<SystemParamsManagerRef>,
 
     /// system param controller.
     system_params_controller: Option<SystemParamsControllerRef>,
@@ -76,9 +76,6 @@ pub struct MetaSrvEnv {
     /// Unique identifier of the cluster.
     cluster_id: ClusterId,
 
-    /// Whether the cluster is launched for the first time.
-    cluster_first_launch: bool,
-
     /// Client to connector node. `None` if endpoint unspecified or unable to connect.
     connector_client: Option<ConnectorClient>,
 
@@ -94,11 +91,8 @@ pub struct MetaOpts {
     /// Whether to enable the recovery of the cluster. If disabled, the meta service will exit on
     /// abnormal cases.
     pub enable_recovery: bool,
-    /// Whether to enable the scale-in feature when compute-node is removed.
-    pub enable_scale_in_when_recovery: bool,
-    /// Whether to enable the auto-scaling feature when compute-node is joined.
-    /// The semantics of this configuration will be expanded in the future to control the automatic scaling of the entire cluster.
-    pub enable_automatic_parallelism_control: bool,
+    /// Whether to disable the auto-scaling feature.
+    pub disable_automatic_parallelism_control: bool,
     /// The maximum number of barriers in-flight in the compute nodes.
     pub in_flight_barrier_nums: usize,
     /// After specified seconds of idle (no mview or flush), the process will be exited.
@@ -226,8 +220,7 @@ impl MetaOpts {
     pub fn test(enable_recovery: bool) -> Self {
         Self {
             enable_recovery,
-            enable_scale_in_when_recovery: false,
-            enable_automatic_parallelism_control: false,
+            disable_automatic_parallelism_control: false,
             in_flight_barrier_nums: 40,
             max_idle_ms: 0,
             compaction_deterministic_test: false,
@@ -280,38 +273,50 @@ impl MetaSrvEnv {
     pub async fn new(
         opts: MetaOpts,
         init_system_params: SystemParams,
-        meta_store: MetaStoreRef,
+        meta_store: Option<MetaStoreRef>,
         meta_store_sql: Option<SqlMetaStore>,
     ) -> MetaResult<Self> {
-        // change to sync after refactor `IdGeneratorManager::new` sync.
-        let id_gen_manager = Arc::new(IdGeneratorManager::new(meta_store.clone()).await);
-        let stream_client_pool = Arc::new(StreamClientPool::default());
-        let notification_manager = Arc::new(NotificationManager::new(meta_store.clone()).await);
+        let notification_manager =
+            Arc::new(NotificationManager::new(meta_store.clone(), meta_store_sql.clone()).await);
         let idle_manager = Arc::new(IdleManager::new(opts.max_idle_ms));
-        let (mut cluster_id, cluster_first_launch) =
-            if let Some(id) = ClusterId::from_meta_store(&meta_store).await? {
-                (id, false)
-            } else {
-                (ClusterId::new(), true)
-            };
-        let system_params_manager = Arc::new(
-            SystemParamsManager::new(
-                meta_store.clone(),
-                notification_manager.clone(),
-                init_system_params.clone(),
-                cluster_first_launch,
-            )
-            .await?,
-        );
-        // TODO: remove `cluster_first_launch` and check equality of cluster id stored in hummock to
-        // make sure the data dir of hummock is not used by another cluster.
+        let stream_client_pool = Arc::new(StreamClientPool::default());
+
+        let (id_gen_manager, mut cluster_id, system_params_manager) = match meta_store.clone() {
+            Some(meta_store) => {
+                // change to sync after refactor `IdGeneratorManager::new` sync.
+                let id_gen_manager = Arc::new(IdGeneratorManager::new(meta_store.clone()).await);
+                let (cluster_id, cluster_first_launch) =
+                    if let Some(id) = ClusterId::from_meta_store(&meta_store).await? {
+                        (id, false)
+                    } else {
+                        (ClusterId::new(), true)
+                    };
+                let system_params_manager = Arc::new(
+                    SystemParamsManager::new(
+                        meta_store.clone(),
+                        notification_manager.clone(),
+                        init_system_params.clone(),
+                        cluster_first_launch,
+                    )
+                    .await?,
+                );
+                (
+                    Some(id_gen_manager),
+                    Some(cluster_id),
+                    Some(system_params_manager),
+                )
+            }
+            None => (None, None, None),
+        };
         let system_params_controller = match &meta_store_sql {
             Some(store) => {
-                cluster_id = Cluster::find()
-                    .one(&store.conn)
-                    .await?
-                    .map(|c| c.cluster_id.to_string().into())
-                    .unwrap();
+                cluster_id = Some(
+                    Cluster::find()
+                        .one(&store.conn)
+                        .await?
+                        .map(|c| c.cluster_id.to_string().into())
+                        .unwrap(),
+                );
                 Some(Arc::new(
                     SystemParamsController::new(
                         store.clone(),
@@ -349,8 +354,7 @@ impl MetaSrvEnv {
             event_log_manager,
             system_params_manager,
             system_params_controller,
-            cluster_id,
-            cluster_first_launch,
+            cluster_id: cluster_id.unwrap(),
             connector_client,
             opts: opts.into(),
             hummock_seq,
@@ -358,23 +362,23 @@ impl MetaSrvEnv {
     }
 
     pub fn meta_store_ref(&self) -> MetaStoreRef {
-        self.meta_store.clone()
+        self.meta_store.clone().unwrap()
     }
 
-    pub fn meta_store(&self) -> &MetaStoreRef {
-        &self.meta_store
+    pub fn meta_store_checked(&self) -> &MetaStoreRef {
+        self.meta_store.as_ref().unwrap()
     }
 
-    pub fn sql_meta_store(&self) -> Option<SqlMetaStore> {
-        self.meta_store_sql.clone()
+    pub fn meta_store(&self) -> Option<&MetaStoreRef> {
+        self.meta_store.as_ref()
     }
 
-    pub fn id_gen_manager_ref(&self) -> IdGeneratorManagerRef {
-        self.id_gen_manager.clone()
+    pub fn sql_meta_store(&self) -> Option<SqlMetaStore> {
+        self.meta_store_sql.clone()
     }
 
     pub fn id_gen_manager(&self) -> &IdGeneratorManager {
-        self.id_gen_manager.deref()
+        self.id_gen_manager.as_ref().unwrap()
     }
 
     pub fn sql_id_gen_manager_ref(&self) -> Option<SqlIdGeneratorManagerRef> {
@@ -401,15 +405,19 @@ impl MetaSrvEnv {
         if let Some(system_ctl) = &self.system_params_controller {
             return system_ctl.get_params().await;
         }
-        self.system_params_manager.get_params().await
+        self.system_params_manager
+            .as_ref()
+            .unwrap()
+            .get_params()
+            .await
     }
 
-    pub fn system_params_manager_ref(&self) -> SystemParamsManagerRef {
+    pub fn system_params_manager_ref(&self) -> Option<SystemParamsManagerRef> {
         self.system_params_manager.clone()
     }
 
-    pub fn system_params_manager(&self) -> &SystemParamsManager {
-        self.system_params_manager.deref()
+    pub fn system_params_manager(&self) -> Option<&SystemParamsManagerRef> {
+        self.system_params_manager.as_ref()
     }
 
     pub fn system_params_controller_ref(&self) -> Option<SystemParamsControllerRef> {
@@ -432,10 +440,6 @@ impl MetaSrvEnv {
         &self.cluster_id
     }
 
-    pub fn cluster_first_launch(&self) -> bool {
-        self.cluster_first_launch
-    }
-
     pub fn connector_client(&self) -> Option<ConnectorClient> {
         self.connector_client.clone()
     }
@@ -455,18 +459,19 @@ impl MetaSrvEnv {
     pub async fn for_test_opts(opts: Arc<MetaOpts>) -> Self {
         use crate::manager::event_log::EventLogManger;
 
-        // change to sync after refactor `IdGeneratorManager::new` sync.
         let meta_store = MemStore::default().into_ref();
         #[cfg(madsim)]
         let meta_store_sql: Option<SqlMetaStore> = None;
         #[cfg(not(madsim))]
         let meta_store_sql = Some(SqlMetaStore::for_test().await);
 
-        let id_gen_manager = Arc::new(IdGeneratorManager::new(meta_store.clone()).await);
-        let notification_manager = Arc::new(NotificationManager::new(meta_store.clone()).await);
+        let id_gen_manager = Some(Arc::new(IdGeneratorManager::new(meta_store.clone()).await));
+        let notification_manager = Arc::new(
+            NotificationManager::new(Some(meta_store.clone()), meta_store_sql.clone()).await,
+        );
         let stream_client_pool = Arc::new(StreamClientPool::default());
         let idle_manager = Arc::new(IdleManager::disabled());
-        let (cluster_id, cluster_first_launch) = (ClusterId::new(), true);
+        let cluster_id = ClusterId::new();
         let system_params_manager = Arc::new(
             SystemParamsManager::new(
                 meta_store.clone(),
@@ -506,16 +511,15 @@ impl MetaSrvEnv {
         Self {
             id_gen_manager,
             sql_id_gen_manager,
-            meta_store,
+            meta_store: Some(meta_store),
             meta_store_sql,
             notification_manager,
             stream_client_pool,
             idle_manager,
             event_log_manager,
-            system_params_manager,
+            system_params_manager: Some(system_params_manager),
             system_params_controller,
             cluster_id,
-            cluster_first_launch,
             connector_client: None,
             opts,
             hummock_seq,
diff --git a/src/meta/src/manager/metadata.rs b/src/meta/src/manager/metadata.rs
index 4606edfb1dd1..be16ec060194 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/manager/metadata.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/manager/metadata.rs
@@ -20,15 +20,16 @@ use risingwave_pb::catalog::{PbSource, PbTable};
 use risingwave_pb::common::worker_node::{PbResource, State};
 use risingwave_pb::common::{HostAddress, PbWorkerNode, PbWorkerType, WorkerType};
 use risingwave_pb::meta::add_worker_node_request::Property as AddNodeProperty;
-use risingwave_pb::meta::table_fragments::{Fragment, PbFragment};
-use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::{PbDispatchStrategy, PbStreamActor};
+use risingwave_pb::meta::table_fragments::{ActorStatus, Fragment, PbFragment};
+use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::{PbDispatchStrategy, PbStreamActor, StreamActor};
 
+use crate::barrier::Reschedule;
 use crate::controller::catalog::CatalogControllerRef;
 use crate::controller::cluster::{ClusterControllerRef, WorkerExtraInfo};
 use crate::manager::{
     CatalogManagerRef, ClusterManagerRef, FragmentManagerRef, StreamingClusterInfo, WorkerId,
 };
-use crate::model::{ActorId, FragmentId, MetadataModel, TableFragments};
+use crate::model::{ActorId, FragmentId, MetadataModel, TableFragments, TableParallelism};
 use crate::stream::SplitAssignment;
 use crate::MetaResult;
 
@@ -189,6 +190,69 @@ impl MetadataManager {
         }
     }
 
+    pub async fn pre_apply_reschedules(
+        &self,
+        created_actors: HashMap<FragmentId, HashMap<ActorId, (StreamActor, ActorStatus)>>,
+    ) -> HashMap<FragmentId, HashSet<ActorId>> {
+        match self {
+            MetadataManager::V1(mgr) => {
+                mgr.fragment_manager
+                    .pre_apply_reschedules(created_actors)
+                    .await
+            }
+
+            // V2 doesn't need to pre apply reschedules.
+            MetadataManager::V2(_) => HashMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub async fn post_apply_reschedules(
+        &self,
+        reschedules: HashMap<FragmentId, Reschedule>,
+        table_parallelism_assignment: HashMap<TableId, TableParallelism>,
+    ) -> MetaResult<()> {
+        match self {
+            MetadataManager::V1(mgr) => {
+                mgr.fragment_manager
+                    .post_apply_reschedules(reschedules, table_parallelism_assignment)
+                    .await
+            }
+            MetadataManager::V2(mgr) => {
+                // temp convert u32 to i32
+                let reschedules = reschedules.into_iter().map(|(k, v)| (k as _, v)).collect();
+
+                mgr.catalog_controller
+                    .post_apply_reschedules(reschedules, table_parallelism_assignment)
+                    .await
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub async fn running_fragment_parallelisms(
+        &self,
+        id_filter: Option<HashSet<FragmentId>>,
+    ) -> MetaResult<HashMap<FragmentId, usize>> {
+        match self {
+            MetadataManager::V1(mgr) => Ok(mgr
+                .fragment_manager
+                .running_fragment_parallelisms(id_filter)
+                .await
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|(k, v)| (k as FragmentId, v))
+                .collect()),
+            MetadataManager::V2(mgr) => {
+                let id_filter = id_filter.map(|ids| ids.into_iter().map(|id| id as _).collect());
+                Ok(mgr
+                    .catalog_controller
+                    .running_fragment_parallelisms(id_filter)
+                    .await?
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|(k, v)| (k as FragmentId, v))
+                    .collect())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Get and filter the "**root**" fragments of the specified relations.
     /// The root fragment is the bottom-most fragment of its fragment graph, and can be a `MView` or a `Source`.
     ///
@@ -433,6 +497,31 @@ impl MetadataManager {
         }
     }
 
+    pub async fn count_streaming_job(&self) -> MetaResult<usize> {
+        match self {
+            MetadataManager::V1(mgr) => Ok(mgr.fragment_manager.count_streaming_job().await),
+            MetadataManager::V2(mgr) => mgr
+                .catalog_controller
+                .list_streaming_job_states()
+                .await
+                .map(|x| x.len()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub async fn drop_streaming_job_by_ids(&self, table_ids: &HashSet<TableId>) -> MetaResult<()> {
+        match self {
+            MetadataManager::V1(mgr) => {
+                mgr.fragment_manager
+                    .drop_table_fragments_vec(table_ids)
+                    .await
+            }
+            MetadataManager::V2(_) => {
+                // Do nothing. Need to refine drop and cancel process.
+                Ok(())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     pub async fn update_source_rate_limit_by_source_id(
         &self,
         source_id: SourceId,
diff --git a/src/meta/src/manager/mod.rs b/src/meta/src/manager/mod.rs
index 4ab91c388792..24c981008425 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/manager/mod.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/manager/mod.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ mod id;
 mod idle;
 mod metadata;
 mod notification;
+mod notification_version;
 pub mod sink_coordination;
 mod streaming_job;
 mod system_param;
diff --git a/src/meta/src/manager/notification.rs b/src/meta/src/manager/notification.rs
index 3132f662cd76..166f35655aa3 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/manager/notification.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/manager/notification.rs
@@ -28,8 +28,10 @@ use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, UnboundedSender};
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 use tonic::Status;
 
+use crate::controller::SqlMetaStore;
 use crate::manager::cluster::WorkerKey;
-use crate::model::{FragmentId, NotificationVersion as Version};
+use crate::manager::notification_version::NotificationVersionGenerator;
+use crate::model::FragmentId;
 use crate::storage::MetaStoreRef;
 
 pub type MessageStatus = Status;
@@ -77,17 +79,22 @@ pub struct NotificationManager {
     core: Arc<Mutex<NotificationManagerCore>>,
     /// Sender used to add a notification into the waiting queue.
     task_tx: UnboundedSender<Task>,
-    /// The current notification version.
-    current_version: Mutex<Version>,
-    meta_store: MetaStoreRef,
+    /// The current notification version generator.
+    version_generator: Mutex<NotificationVersionGenerator>,
 }
 
 impl NotificationManager {
-    pub async fn new(meta_store: MetaStoreRef) -> Self {
+    pub async fn new(
+        meta_store: Option<MetaStoreRef>,
+        meta_store_sql: Option<SqlMetaStore>,
+    ) -> Self {
         // notification waiting queue.
         let (task_tx, mut task_rx) = mpsc::unbounded_channel::<Task>();
         let core = Arc::new(Mutex::new(NotificationManagerCore::new()));
         let core_clone = core.clone();
+        let version_generator = NotificationVersionGenerator::new(meta_store, meta_store_sql)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
 
         tokio::spawn(async move {
             while let Some(task) = task_rx.recv().await {
@@ -105,8 +112,7 @@ impl NotificationManager {
         Self {
             core: core_clone,
             task_tx,
-            current_version: Mutex::new(Version::new(&meta_store).await),
-            meta_store,
+            version_generator: Mutex::new(version_generator),
         }
     }
 
@@ -140,9 +146,9 @@ impl NotificationManager {
         operation: Operation,
         info: Info,
     ) -> NotificationVersion {
-        let mut version_guard = self.current_version.lock().await;
-        version_guard.increase_version(&self.meta_store).await;
-        let version = version_guard.version();
+        let mut version_guard = self.version_generator.lock().await;
+        version_guard.increase_version().await;
+        let version = version_guard.current_version();
         self.notify(target, operation, info, Some(version));
         version
     }
@@ -252,6 +258,10 @@ impl NotificationManager {
         self.notify_without_version(SubscribeType::Hummock.into(), operation, info)
     }
 
+    pub fn notify_compactor_without_version(&self, operation: Operation, info: Info) {
+        self.notify_without_version(SubscribeType::Compactor.into(), operation, info)
+    }
+
     #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test"))]
     pub fn notify_hummock_with_version(
         &self,
@@ -320,8 +330,8 @@ impl NotificationManager {
     }
 
     pub async fn current_version(&self) -> NotificationVersion {
-        let version_guard = self.current_version.lock().await;
-        version_guard.version()
+        let version_guard = self.version_generator.lock().await;
+        version_guard.current_version()
     }
 }
 
@@ -411,7 +421,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_multiple_subscribers_one_worker() {
-        let mgr = NotificationManager::new(MemStore::new().into_ref()).await;
+        let mgr = NotificationManager::new(Some(MemStore::new().into_ref()), None).await;
         let worker_key1 = WorkerKey(HostAddress {
             host: "a".to_string(),
             port: 1,
diff --git a/src/meta/src/manager/notification_version.rs b/src/meta/src/manager/notification_version.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..87ccd3ff7f54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/meta/src/manager/notification_version.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+// Copyright 2024 RisingWave Labs
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use risingwave_meta_model_v2::catalog_version;
+use risingwave_meta_model_v2::catalog_version::VersionCategory;
+use risingwave_meta_model_v2::prelude::CatalogVersion;
+use sea_orm::ActiveValue::Set;
+use sea_orm::{ActiveModelTrait, DatabaseConnection, EntityTrait, TransactionTrait};
+
+use crate::controller::SqlMetaStore;
+use crate::model::NotificationVersion as NotificationModelV1;
+use crate::storage::MetaStoreRef;
+use crate::MetaResult;
+
+pub enum NotificationVersionGenerator {
+    KvGenerator(NotificationModelV1, MetaStoreRef),
+    SqlGenerator(u64, DatabaseConnection),
+}
+
+// TODO: add pre-allocation if necessary
+impl NotificationVersionGenerator {
+    pub async fn new(
+        meta_store: Option<MetaStoreRef>,
+        meta_store_sql: Option<SqlMetaStore>,
+    ) -> MetaResult<Self> {
+        if let Some(sql) = meta_store_sql {
+            let txn = sql.conn.begin().await?;
+            let model = CatalogVersion::find_by_id(VersionCategory::Notification)
+                .one(&txn)
+                .await?;
+            let current_version = model.as_ref().map(|m| m.version).unwrap_or(1) as u64;
+            if model.is_none() {
+                catalog_version::ActiveModel {
+                    name: Set(VersionCategory::Notification),
+                    version: Set(1),
+                }
+                .insert(&txn)
+                .await?;
+                txn.commit().await?;
+            }
+
+            Ok(Self::SqlGenerator(current_version, sql.conn))
+        } else {
+            let meta_store = meta_store.unwrap();
+            let current_version = NotificationModelV1::new(&meta_store).await;
+            Ok(Self::KvGenerator(current_version, meta_store))
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn current_version(&self) -> u64 {
+        match self {
+            NotificationVersionGenerator::KvGenerator(v, _) => v.version(),
+            NotificationVersionGenerator::SqlGenerator(v, _) => *v,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub async fn increase_version(&mut self) {
+        match self {
+            NotificationVersionGenerator::KvGenerator(v, meta_store) => {
+                v.increase_version(meta_store).await
+            }
+            NotificationVersionGenerator::SqlGenerator(v, conn) => {
+                catalog_version::ActiveModel {
+                    name: Set(VersionCategory::Notification),
+                    version: Set((*v + 1) as i64),
+                }
+                .update(conn)
+                .await
+                .unwrap();
+                *v += 1;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/meta/src/manager/system_param/mod.rs b/src/meta/src/manager/system_param/mod.rs
index a7336a10e5de..bdd54d3ed7b5 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/manager/system_param/mod.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/manager/system_param/mod.rs
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ impl SystemParamsManager {
             .await;
 
         // Sync params to worker nodes.
-        self.notify_workers(params).await;
+        self.notify_workers(params);
 
         Ok(params.clone())
     }
@@ -142,9 +142,7 @@ impl SystemParamsManager {
                         return;
                     }
                 }
-                system_params_manager
-                    .notify_workers(&*system_params_manager.params.read().await)
-                    .await;
+                system_params_manager.notify_workers(&*system_params_manager.params.read().await);
             }
         });
 
@@ -152,16 +150,16 @@ impl SystemParamsManager {
     }
 
     // Notify workers of parameter change.
-    async fn notify_workers(&self, params: &SystemParams) {
+    // TODO: add system params into snapshot to avoid periodically sync.
+    fn notify_workers(&self, params: &SystemParams) {
         self.notification_manager
-            .notify_frontend(Operation::Update, Info::SystemParams(params.clone()))
-            .await;
-        self.notification_manager
-            .notify_compute(Operation::Update, Info::SystemParams(params.clone()))
-            .await;
+            .notify_frontend_without_version(Operation::Update, Info::SystemParams(params.clone()));
         self.notification_manager
-            .notify_compactor(Operation::Update, Info::SystemParams(params.clone()))
-            .await;
+            .notify_compute_without_version(Operation::Update, Info::SystemParams(params.clone()));
+        self.notification_manager.notify_compactor_without_version(
+            Operation::Update,
+            Info::SystemParams(params.clone()),
+        );
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/meta/src/model/catalog.rs b/src/meta/src/model/catalog.rs
index 5d0d00a037ec..146bbc2690af 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/model/catalog.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/model/catalog.rs
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_database() -> MetadataModelResult<()> {
         let env = MetaSrvEnv::for_test().await;
-        let store = env.meta_store();
+        let store = env.meta_store_checked();
         let databases = Database::list(store).await?;
         assert!(databases.is_empty());
         assert!(Database::select(store, &0).await.unwrap().is_none());
diff --git a/src/meta/src/model/stream.rs b/src/meta/src/model/stream.rs
index 54993d8fee80..ef55f78493f8 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/model/stream.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/model/stream.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use risingwave_pb::common::{ParallelUnit, ParallelUnitMapping};
 use risingwave_pb::meta::table_fragments::actor_status::ActorState;
 use risingwave_pb::meta::table_fragments::{ActorStatus, Fragment, State};
 use risingwave_pb::meta::table_parallelism::{
-    FixedParallelism, Parallelism, PbAutoParallelism, PbCustomParallelism, PbFixedParallelism,
+    FixedParallelism, Parallelism, PbAdaptiveParallelism, PbCustomParallelism, PbFixedParallelism,
     PbParallelism,
 };
 use risingwave_pb::meta::{PbTableFragments, PbTableParallelism};
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ const TABLE_FRAGMENTS_CF_NAME: &str = "cf/table_fragments";
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub enum TableParallelism {
     /// This is when the system decides the parallelism, based on the available parallel units.
-    Auto,
+    Adaptive,
     /// We set this when the `TableFragments` parallelism is changed.
     /// All fragments which are part of the `TableFragment` will have the same parallelism as this.
     Fixed(usize),
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ impl From<PbTableParallelism> for TableParallelism {
         use Parallelism::*;
         match &value.parallelism {
             Some(Fixed(FixedParallelism { parallelism: n })) => Self::Fixed(*n as usize),
-            Some(Auto(_)) => Self::Auto,
+            Some(Adaptive(_)) | Some(Auto(_)) => Self::Adaptive,
             Some(Custom(_)) => Self::Custom,
             _ => unreachable!(),
         }
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ impl From<TableParallelism> for PbTableParallelism {
         use TableParallelism::*;
 
         let parallelism = match value {
-            Auto => PbParallelism::Auto(PbAutoParallelism {}),
+            Adaptive => PbParallelism::Adaptive(PbAdaptiveParallelism {}),
             Fixed(n) => PbParallelism::Fixed(PbFixedParallelism {
                 parallelism: n as u32,
             }),
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ impl TableFragments {
             fragments,
             &BTreeMap::new(),
             StreamContext::default(),
-            TableParallelism::Auto,
+            TableParallelism::Adaptive,
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/src/meta/src/rpc/ddl_controller.rs b/src/meta/src/rpc/ddl_controller.rs
index bb7ffefb1f3b..52459bce9ddc 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/rpc/ddl_controller.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/rpc/ddl_controller.rs
@@ -1370,7 +1370,7 @@ impl DdlController {
         // actors on the compute nodes.
 
         let table_parallelism = match default_parallelism {
-            None => TableParallelism::Auto,
+            None => TableParallelism::Adaptive,
             Some(parallelism) => TableParallelism::Fixed(parallelism.get()),
         };
 
@@ -1801,7 +1801,7 @@ impl DdlController {
         assert!(dispatchers.is_empty());
 
         let table_parallelism = match default_parallelism {
-            None => TableParallelism::Auto,
+            None => TableParallelism::Adaptive,
             Some(parallelism) => TableParallelism::Fixed(parallelism.get()),
         };
 
diff --git a/src/meta/src/rpc/ddl_controller_v2.rs b/src/meta/src/rpc/ddl_controller_v2.rs
index 946f16078bcf..dd3defd141ae 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/rpc/ddl_controller_v2.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/rpc/ddl_controller_v2.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ impl DdlController {
 
         let ctx = StreamContext::from_protobuf(fragment_graph.get_ctx().unwrap());
         mgr.catalog_controller
-            .create_job_catalog(&mut streaming_job, &ctx)
+            .create_job_catalog(&mut streaming_job, &ctx, &fragment_graph.parallelism)
             .await?;
         let job_id = streaming_job.id();
 
@@ -299,7 +299,12 @@ impl DdlController {
         };
         let dummy_id = mgr
             .catalog_controller
-            .create_job_catalog_for_replace(&streaming_job, &ctx, table.get_version()?)
+            .create_job_catalog_for_replace(
+                &streaming_job,
+                &ctx,
+                table.get_version()?,
+                &fragment_graph.default_parallelism(),
+            )
             .await?;
 
         tracing::debug!(id = streaming_job.id(), "building replace streaming job");
diff --git a/src/meta/src/rpc/metrics.rs b/src/meta/src/rpc/metrics.rs
index 086d8656839f..d2dca20f98ed 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/rpc/metrics.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/rpc/metrics.rs
@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@ impl MetaMetrics {
 
         let actor_info = register_int_gauge_vec_with_registry!(
             "actor_info",
-            "Mapping from actor id to (fragment id, compute node",
+            "Mapping from actor id to (fragment id, compute node)",
             &["actor_id", "fragment_id", "compute_node"],
             registry
         )
diff --git a/src/meta/src/stream/scale.rs b/src/meta/src/stream/scale.rs
index 1d755226b17a..6dd0d1e3b72c 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/stream/scale.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/stream/scale.rs
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ use risingwave_common::buffer::{Bitmap, BitmapBuilder};
 use risingwave_common::catalog::TableId;
 use risingwave_common::hash::{ActorMapping, ParallelUnitId, VirtualNode};
 use risingwave_common::util::iter_util::ZipEqDebug;
+use risingwave_meta_model_v2::StreamingParallelism;
 use risingwave_pb::common::{ActorInfo, ParallelUnit, WorkerNode};
 use risingwave_pb::meta::get_reschedule_plan_request::{Policy, StableResizePolicy};
 use risingwave_pb::meta::subscribe_response::{Info, Operation};
@@ -39,21 +40,14 @@ use risingwave_pb::meta::table_fragments::{self, ActorStatus, Fragment};
 use risingwave_pb::meta::FragmentParallelUnitMappings;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::stream_node::NodeBody;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::{DispatcherType, FragmentTypeFlag, StreamActor, StreamNode};
-use risingwave_pb::stream_service::{
-    BroadcastActorInfoTableRequest, BuildActorsRequest, UpdateActorsRequest,
-};
 use thiserror_ext::AsReport;
 use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 use tokio::sync::oneshot::Receiver;
 use tokio::task::JoinHandle;
 use tokio::time::MissedTickBehavior;
-use uuid::Uuid;
 
-use crate::barrier::{Command, Reschedule};
-use crate::manager::{
-    ClusterManagerRef, FragmentManagerRef, IdCategory, LocalNotification, MetaSrvEnv,
-    MetadataManager, WorkerId,
-};
+use crate::barrier::{Command, Reschedule, StreamRpcManager};
+use crate::manager::{IdCategory, LocalNotification, MetaSrvEnv, MetadataManager, WorkerId};
 use crate::model::{ActorId, DispatcherId, FragmentId, TableFragments, TableParallelism};
 use crate::serving::{
     to_deleted_fragment_parallel_unit_mapping, to_fragment_parallel_unit_mapping,
@@ -61,9 +55,9 @@ use crate::serving::{
 };
 use crate::storage::{MetaStore, MetaStoreError, MetaStoreRef, Transaction, DEFAULT_COLUMN_FAMILY};
 use crate::stream::{GlobalStreamManager, SourceManagerRef};
-use crate::{MetaError, MetaResult};
+use crate::{model, MetaError, MetaResult};
 
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd)]
+#[derive(Default, Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd)]
 pub struct TableRevision(u64);
 
 const TABLE_REVISION_KEY: &[u8] = b"table_revision";
@@ -190,6 +184,11 @@ pub fn rebalance_actor_vnode(
     actors_to_remove: &BTreeSet<ActorId>,
     actors_to_create: &BTreeSet<ActorId>,
 ) -> HashMap<ActorId, Bitmap> {
+    let actor_ids: BTreeSet<_> = actors.iter().map(|actor| actor.actor_id).collect();
+
+    assert_eq!(actors_to_remove.difference(&actor_ids).count(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(actors_to_create.intersection(&actor_ids).count(), 0);
+
     assert!(actors.len() >= actors_to_remove.len());
 
     let target_actor_count = actors.len() - actors_to_remove.len() + actors_to_create.len();
@@ -369,12 +368,12 @@ pub struct RescheduleOptions {
 pub type ScaleControllerRef = Arc<ScaleController>;
 
 pub struct ScaleController {
-    pub(super) fragment_manager: FragmentManagerRef,
-
-    pub cluster_manager: ClusterManagerRef,
+    pub metadata_manager: MetadataManager,
 
     pub source_manager: SourceManagerRef,
 
+    pub stream_rpc_manager: StreamRpcManager,
+
     pub env: MetaSrvEnv,
 }
 
@@ -382,16 +381,14 @@ impl ScaleController {
     pub fn new(
         metadata_manager: &MetadataManager,
         source_manager: SourceManagerRef,
+        stream_rpc_manager: StreamRpcManager,
         env: MetaSrvEnv,
     ) -> Self {
-        match metadata_manager {
-            MetadataManager::V1(mgr) => Self {
-                fragment_manager: mgr.fragment_manager.clone(),
-                cluster_manager: mgr.cluster_manager.clone(),
-                source_manager,
-                env,
-            },
-            MetadataManager::V2(_) => unimplemented!("support v2 in scale controller"),
+        Self {
+            stream_rpc_manager,
+            metadata_manager: metadata_manager.clone(),
+            source_manager,
+            env,
         }
     }
 
@@ -402,11 +399,10 @@ impl ScaleController {
         options: RescheduleOptions,
         table_parallelisms: Option<&mut HashMap<TableId, TableParallelism>>,
     ) -> MetaResult<RescheduleContext> {
-        // Index worker node, used to create actor
         let worker_nodes: HashMap<WorkerId, WorkerNode> = self
-            .cluster_manager
+            .metadata_manager
             .list_active_streaming_compute_nodes()
-            .await
+            .await?
             .into_iter()
             .map(|worker_node| (worker_node.id, worker_node))
             .collect();
@@ -464,7 +460,10 @@ impl ScaleController {
         let mut actor_status = BTreeMap::new();
         let mut fragment_state = HashMap::new();
         let mut fragment_to_table = HashMap::new();
-        for table_fragments in self.fragment_manager.list_table_fragments().await {
+
+        let all_table_fragments = self.list_all_table_fragments().await?;
+
+        for table_fragments in all_table_fragments {
             fragment_state.extend(
                 table_fragments
                     .fragment_ids()
@@ -695,52 +694,35 @@ impl ScaleController {
     async fn create_actors_on_compute_node(
         &self,
         worker_nodes: &HashMap<WorkerId, WorkerNode>,
-        actor_infos_to_broadcast: BTreeMap<u32, ActorInfo>,
+        actor_infos_to_broadcast: BTreeMap<ActorId, ActorInfo>,
         node_actors_to_create: HashMap<WorkerId, Vec<StreamActor>>,
-        broadcast_worker_ids: HashSet<u32>,
+        broadcast_worker_ids: HashSet<WorkerId>,
     ) -> MetaResult<()> {
-        for worker_id in &broadcast_worker_ids {
-            let node = worker_nodes.get(worker_id).unwrap();
-            let client = self.env.stream_client_pool().get(node).await?;
-
-            let actor_infos_to_broadcast = actor_infos_to_broadcast.values().cloned().collect();
-
-            client
-                .to_owned()
-                .broadcast_actor_info_table(BroadcastActorInfoTableRequest {
-                    info: actor_infos_to_broadcast,
-                })
-                .await?;
-        }
-
-        for (node_id, stream_actors) in &node_actors_to_create {
-            let node = worker_nodes.get(node_id).unwrap();
-            let client = self.env.stream_client_pool().get(node).await?;
-            let request_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
-            let request = UpdateActorsRequest {
-                request_id,
-                actors: stream_actors.clone(),
-            };
-
-            client.to_owned().update_actors(request).await?;
-        }
-
-        for (node_id, stream_actors) in node_actors_to_create {
-            let node = worker_nodes.get(&node_id).unwrap();
-            let client = self.env.stream_client_pool().get(node).await?;
-            let request_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
+        self.stream_rpc_manager
+            .broadcast_update_actor_info(
+                worker_nodes,
+                broadcast_worker_ids.into_iter(),
+                actor_infos_to_broadcast.values().cloned(),
+                node_actors_to_create.clone().into_iter(),
+            )
+            .await?;
 
-            client
-                .to_owned()
-                .build_actors(BuildActorsRequest {
-                    request_id,
-                    actor_id: stream_actors
-                        .iter()
-                        .map(|stream_actor| stream_actor.actor_id)
-                        .collect(),
-                })
-                .await?;
-        }
+        self.stream_rpc_manager
+            .build_actors(
+                worker_nodes,
+                node_actors_to_create
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|(node_id, stream_actors)| {
+                        (
+                            *node_id,
+                            stream_actors
+                                .iter()
+                                .map(|stream_actor| stream_actor.actor_id)
+                                .collect_vec(),
+                        )
+                    }),
+            )
+            .await?;
 
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -1291,6 +1273,7 @@ impl ScaleController {
                     downstream_fragment_ids,
                     actor_splits,
                     injectable,
+                    newly_created_actors: vec![],
                 },
             );
         }
@@ -1323,8 +1306,13 @@ impl ScaleController {
             fragment_created_actors.insert(*fragment_id, created_actors);
         }
 
+        for (fragment_id, to_create) in &fragment_created_actors {
+            let reschedule = reschedule_fragment.get_mut(fragment_id).unwrap();
+            reschedule.newly_created_actors = to_create.values().cloned().collect();
+        }
+
         let applied_reschedules = self
-            .fragment_manager
+            .metadata_manager
             .pre_apply_reschedules(fragment_created_actors)
             .await;
 
@@ -1378,11 +1366,19 @@ impl ScaleController {
             }
 
             for created_parallel_unit_id in added_parallel_units {
-                let id = self
-                    .env
-                    .id_gen_manager()
-                    .generate::<{ IdCategory::Actor }>()
-                    .await? as ActorId;
+                let id = match self.env.sql_id_gen_manager_ref() {
+                    None => {
+                        self.env
+                            .id_gen_manager()
+                            .generate::<{ IdCategory::Actor }>()
+                            .await? as ActorId
+                    }
+                    Some(id_gen) => {
+                        let id = id_gen.generate_interval::<{ IdCategory::Actor }>(1);
+
+                        id as ActorId
+                    }
+                };
 
                 actors_to_create.insert(id, *created_parallel_unit_id);
             }
@@ -1554,20 +1550,20 @@ impl ScaleController {
         table_parallelism: &HashMap<TableId, TableParallelism>,
     ) -> MetaResult<()> {
         // Update fragment info after rescheduling in meta store.
-        self.fragment_manager
+        self.metadata_manager
             .post_apply_reschedules(reschedules.clone(), table_parallelism.clone())
             .await?;
 
         // Update serving fragment info after rescheduling in meta store.
         if !reschedules.is_empty() {
             let workers = self
-                .cluster_manager
-                .list_active_serving_compute_nodes()
-                .await;
+                .metadata_manager
+                .list_active_streaming_compute_nodes()
+                .await?;
             let streaming_parallelisms = self
-                .fragment_manager
+                .metadata_manager
                 .running_fragment_parallelisms(Some(reschedules.keys().cloned().collect()))
-                .await;
+                .await?;
             let serving_vnode_mapping = Arc::new(ServingVnodeMapping::default());
             let (upserted, failed) = serving_vnode_mapping.upsert(streaming_parallelisms, &workers);
             if !upserted.is_empty() {
@@ -1624,6 +1620,23 @@ impl ScaleController {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    // FIXME: should be removed
+    async fn list_all_table_fragments(&self) -> MetaResult<Vec<model::TableFragments>> {
+        use crate::model::MetadataModel;
+        let all_table_fragments = match &self.metadata_manager {
+            MetadataManager::V1(mgr) => mgr.fragment_manager.list_table_fragments().await,
+            MetadataManager::V2(mgr) => mgr
+                .catalog_controller
+                .table_fragments()
+                .await?
+                .into_values()
+                .map(model::TableFragments::from_protobuf)
+                .collect(),
+        };
+
+        Ok(all_table_fragments)
+    }
+
     pub async fn generate_table_resize_plan(
         &self,
         policy: TableResizePolicy,
@@ -1634,9 +1647,9 @@ impl ScaleController {
         } = policy;
 
         let workers = self
-            .cluster_manager
+            .metadata_manager
             .list_active_streaming_compute_nodes()
-            .await;
+            .await?;
 
         let unschedulable_worker_ids = Self::filter_unschedulable_workers(&workers);
 
@@ -1665,60 +1678,144 @@ impl ScaleController {
             })
             .collect::<BTreeMap<_, _>>();
 
-        let all_table_fragments = self.fragment_manager.list_table_fragments().await;
+        // index for no shuffle relation
+        let mut no_shuffle_source_fragment_ids = HashSet::new();
+        let mut no_shuffle_target_fragment_ids = HashSet::new();
 
-        // FIXME: only need actor id and dispatcher info, avoid clone it.
-        let mut actor_map = HashMap::new();
+        // index for fragment_id -> distribution_type
+        let mut fragment_distribution_map = HashMap::new();
+        // index for actor -> parallel_unit
         let mut actor_status = HashMap::new();
-        // FIXME: only need fragment distribution info, should avoid clone it.
+        // index for table_id -> [fragment_id]
+        let mut table_fragment_id_map = HashMap::new();
+        // index for fragment_id -> [actor_id]
+        let mut fragment_actor_id_map = HashMap::new();
+
+        // internal helper func for building index
+        fn build_index(
+            no_shuffle_source_fragment_ids: &mut HashSet<FragmentId>,
+            no_shuffle_target_fragment_ids: &mut HashSet<FragmentId>,
+            fragment_distribution_map: &mut HashMap<FragmentId, FragmentDistributionType>,
+            actor_status: &mut HashMap<ActorId, ActorStatus>,
+            table_fragment_id_map: &mut HashMap<u32, HashSet<FragmentId>>,
+            fragment_actor_id_map: &mut HashMap<FragmentId, HashSet<u32>>,
+            table_fragments: &BTreeMap<TableId, TableFragments>,
+        ) {
+            // This is only for assertion purposes and will be removed once the dispatcher_id is guaranteed to always correspond to the downstream fragment_id,
+            // such as through the foreign key constraints in the SQL backend.
+            let mut actor_fragment_id_map_for_check = HashMap::new();
+            for table_fragments in table_fragments.values() {
+                for (fragment_id, fragment) in &table_fragments.fragments {
+                    for actor in &fragment.actors {
+                        debug_assert!(actor_fragment_id_map_for_check
+                            .insert(actor.actor_id, *fragment_id)
+                            .is_none());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
 
-        let mut table_fragment_map = HashMap::new();
-        for table_fragments in all_table_fragments {
-            let table_id = table_fragments.table_id().table_id;
-            for (fragment_id, fragment) in table_fragments.fragments {
-                fragment
-                    .actors
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|actor| (actor.actor_id, actor))
-                    .for_each(|(id, actor)| {
-                        actor_map.insert(id as ActorId, actor.clone());
-                    });
+            for (table_id, table_fragments) in table_fragments {
+                for (fragment_id, fragment) in &table_fragments.fragments {
+                    for actor in &fragment.actors {
+                        fragment_actor_id_map
+                            .entry(*fragment_id)
+                            .or_default()
+                            .insert(actor.actor_id);
+
+                        for dispatcher in &actor.dispatcher {
+                            if dispatcher.r#type() == DispatcherType::NoShuffle {
+                                no_shuffle_source_fragment_ids
+                                    .insert(actor.fragment_id as FragmentId);
+
+                                let downstream_actor_id =
+                                    dispatcher.downstream_actor_id.iter().exactly_one().expect(
+                                        "no shuffle should have exactly one downstream actor id",
+                                    );
+
+                                if let Some(downstream_fragment_id) =
+                                    actor_fragment_id_map_for_check.get(downstream_actor_id)
+                                {
+                                    // dispatcher_id of dispatcher should be exactly same as downstream fragment id
+                                    // but we need to check it to make sure
+                                    debug_assert_eq!(
+                                        *downstream_fragment_id,
+                                        dispatcher.dispatcher_id as FragmentId
+                                    );
+                                } else {
+                                    tracing::warn!(
+                                        "downstream actor id {} not found in fragment_actor_id_map",
+                                        downstream_actor_id
+                                    );
+                                }
 
-                table_fragment_map
-                    .entry(table_id)
-                    .or_insert(HashMap::new())
-                    .insert(fragment_id, fragment);
-            }
+                                no_shuffle_target_fragment_ids
+                                    .insert(dispatcher.dispatcher_id as FragmentId);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
 
-            actor_status.extend(table_fragments.actor_status);
-        }
+                    fragment_distribution_map.insert(*fragment_id, fragment.distribution_type());
 
-        let mut no_shuffle_source_fragment_ids = HashSet::new();
-        let mut no_shuffle_target_fragment_ids = HashSet::new();
+                    table_fragment_id_map
+                        .entry(table_id.table_id())
+                        .or_default()
+                        .insert(*fragment_id);
+                }
 
-        Self::build_no_shuffle_relation_index(
-            &actor_map,
-            &mut no_shuffle_source_fragment_ids,
-            &mut no_shuffle_target_fragment_ids,
-        );
+                actor_status.extend(table_fragments.actor_status.clone());
+            }
+        }
+
+        match &self.metadata_manager {
+            MetadataManager::V1(mgr) => {
+                let guard = mgr.fragment_manager.get_fragment_read_guard().await;
+                build_index(
+                    &mut no_shuffle_source_fragment_ids,
+                    &mut no_shuffle_target_fragment_ids,
+                    &mut fragment_distribution_map,
+                    &mut actor_status,
+                    &mut table_fragment_id_map,
+                    &mut fragment_actor_id_map,
+                    guard.table_fragments(),
+                );
+            }
+            MetadataManager::V2(_) => {
+                let all_table_fragments = self.list_all_table_fragments().await?;
+                let all_table_fragments = all_table_fragments
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|table_fragments| (table_fragments.table_id(), table_fragments))
+                    .collect::<BTreeMap<_, _>>();
+
+                build_index(
+                    &mut no_shuffle_source_fragment_ids,
+                    &mut no_shuffle_target_fragment_ids,
+                    &mut fragment_distribution_map,
+                    &mut actor_status,
+                    &mut table_fragment_id_map,
+                    &mut fragment_actor_id_map,
+                    &all_table_fragments,
+                );
+            }
+        }
 
         let mut target_plan = HashMap::new();
 
         for (table_id, parallelism) in table_parallelisms {
-            let fragment_map = table_fragment_map.remove(&table_id).unwrap();
+            let fragment_map = table_fragment_id_map.remove(&table_id).unwrap();
 
-            for (fragment_id, fragment) in fragment_map {
+            for fragment_id in fragment_map {
                 // Currently, all of our NO_SHUFFLE relation propagations are only transmitted from upstream to downstream.
                 if no_shuffle_target_fragment_ids.contains(&fragment_id) {
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                let fragment_parallel_unit_ids: BTreeSet<_> = fragment
-                    .actors
+                let fragment_parallel_unit_ids: BTreeSet<ParallelUnitId> = fragment_actor_id_map
+                    .get(&fragment_id)
+                    .unwrap()
                     .iter()
-                    .map(|actor| {
+                    .map(|actor_id| {
                         actor_status
-                            .get(&actor.actor_id)
+                            .get(actor_id)
                             .and_then(|status| status.parallel_unit.clone())
                             .unwrap()
                             .id as ParallelUnitId
@@ -1735,7 +1832,7 @@ impl ScaleController {
                     );
                 }
 
-                match fragment.get_distribution_type().unwrap() {
+                match fragment_distribution_map.get(&fragment_id).unwrap() {
                     FragmentDistributionType::Unspecified => unreachable!(),
                     FragmentDistributionType::Single => {
                         let single_parallel_unit_id =
@@ -1767,7 +1864,7 @@ impl ScaleController {
                         );
                     }
                     FragmentDistributionType::Hash => match parallelism {
-                        TableParallelism::Auto => {
+                        TableParallelism::Adaptive => {
                             target_plan.insert(
                                 fragment_id,
                                 Self::diff_parallel_unit_change(
@@ -1825,9 +1922,9 @@ impl ScaleController {
         let mut target_plan = HashMap::with_capacity(fragment_worker_changes.len());
 
         let workers = self
-            .cluster_manager
+            .metadata_manager
             .list_active_streaming_compute_nodes()
-            .await;
+            .await?;
 
         let unschedulable_worker_ids = Self::filter_unschedulable_workers(&workers);
 
@@ -1853,7 +1950,7 @@ impl ScaleController {
             })
             .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>();
 
-        let all_table_fragments = self.fragment_manager.list_table_fragments().await;
+        let all_table_fragments = self.list_all_table_fragments().await?;
 
         // FIXME: only need actor id and dispatcher info, avoid clone it.
         let mut actor_map = HashMap::new();
@@ -2379,16 +2476,10 @@ impl GlobalStreamManager {
         options: RescheduleOptions,
         table_parallelism: Option<HashMap<TableId, TableParallelism>>,
     ) -> MetaResult<()> {
-        let MetadataManager::V1(mgr) = &self.metadata_manager else {
-            unimplemented!("support reschedule in v2");
-        };
-
         let mut table_parallelism = table_parallelism;
 
         let (reschedule_fragment, applied_reschedules) = self
             .scale_controller
-            .as_ref()
-            .unwrap()
             .prepare_reschedule_command(reschedules, options, table_parallelism.as_mut())
             .await?;
 
@@ -2399,13 +2490,20 @@ impl GlobalStreamManager {
             table_parallelism: table_parallelism.unwrap_or_default(),
         };
 
-        let fragment_manager_ref = mgr.fragment_manager.clone();
+        match &self.metadata_manager {
+            MetadataManager::V1(mgr) => {
+                let fragment_manager_ref = mgr.fragment_manager.clone();
 
-        revert_funcs.push(Box::pin(async move {
-            fragment_manager_ref
-                .cancel_apply_reschedules(applied_reschedules)
-                .await;
-        }));
+                revert_funcs.push(Box::pin(async move {
+                    fragment_manager_ref
+                        .cancel_apply_reschedules(applied_reschedules)
+                        .await;
+                }));
+            }
+            MetadataManager::V2(_) => {
+                // meta model v2 does not need to revert
+            }
+        }
 
         tracing::debug!("pausing tick lock in source manager");
         let _source_pause_guard = self.source_manager.paused.lock().await;
@@ -2422,59 +2520,116 @@ impl GlobalStreamManager {
     async fn trigger_parallelism_control(&self) -> MetaResult<()> {
         let _reschedule_job_lock = self.reschedule_lock.write().await;
 
-        let MetadataManager::V1(mgr) = &self.metadata_manager else {
-            unimplemented!("support reschedule in v2");
-        };
+        match &self.metadata_manager {
+            MetadataManager::V1(mgr) => {
+                let table_parallelisms = {
+                    let guard = mgr.fragment_manager.get_fragment_read_guard().await;
 
-        let table_parallelisms = {
-            let guard = mgr.fragment_manager.get_fragment_read_guard().await;
+                    guard
+                        .table_fragments()
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|(table_id, table)| (table_id.table_id, table.assigned_parallelism))
+                        .collect()
+                };
 
-            guard
-                .table_fragments()
-                .iter()
-                .map(|(table_id, table)| (table_id.table_id, table.assigned_parallelism))
-                .collect()
-        };
+                let workers = mgr
+                    .cluster_manager
+                    .list_active_streaming_compute_nodes()
+                    .await;
 
-        let workers = mgr
-            .cluster_manager
-            .list_active_streaming_compute_nodes()
-            .await;
+                let schedulable_worker_ids = workers
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter(|worker| {
+                        !worker
+                            .property
+                            .as_ref()
+                            .map(|p| p.is_unschedulable)
+                            .unwrap_or(false)
+                    })
+                    .map(|worker| worker.id)
+                    .collect();
 
-        let schedulable_worker_ids = workers
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|worker| {
-                !worker
-                    .property
-                    .as_ref()
-                    .map(|p| p.is_unschedulable)
-                    .unwrap_or(false)
-            })
-            .map(|worker| worker.id)
-            .collect();
+                let reschedules = self
+                    .scale_controller
+                    .generate_table_resize_plan(TableResizePolicy {
+                        worker_ids: schedulable_worker_ids,
+                        table_parallelisms,
+                    })
+                    .await?;
 
-        let reschedules = self
-            .scale_controller
-            .as_ref()
-            .unwrap()
-            .generate_table_resize_plan(TableResizePolicy {
-                worker_ids: schedulable_worker_ids,
-                table_parallelisms,
-            })
-            .await?;
+                if reschedules.is_empty() {
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
 
-        if reschedules.is_empty() {
-            return Ok(());
-        }
+                self.reschedule_actors(
+                    reschedules,
+                    RescheduleOptions {
+                        resolve_no_shuffle_upstream: true,
+                    },
+                    None,
+                )
+                .await?;
+            }
+            MetadataManager::V2(mgr) => {
+                let table_parallelisms: HashMap<_, _> = {
+                    let streaming_parallelisms = mgr
+                        .catalog_controller
+                        .get_all_streaming_parallelisms()
+                        .await?;
+
+                    streaming_parallelisms
+                        .into_iter()
+                        .map(|(table_id, parallelism)| {
+                            // no custom for sql backend
+                            let table_parallelism = match parallelism {
+                                StreamingParallelism::Adaptive => TableParallelism::Adaptive,
+                                StreamingParallelism::Fixed(n) => TableParallelism::Fixed(n),
+                            };
+
+                            (table_id as u32, table_parallelism)
+                        })
+                        .collect()
+                };
 
-        self.reschedule_actors(
-            reschedules,
-            RescheduleOptions {
-                resolve_no_shuffle_upstream: true,
-            },
-            None,
-        )
-        .await?;
+                let workers = mgr
+                    .cluster_controller
+                    .list_active_streaming_workers()
+                    .await?;
+
+                let schedulable_worker_ids = workers
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter(|worker| {
+                        !worker
+                            .property
+                            .as_ref()
+                            .map(|p| p.is_unschedulable)
+                            .unwrap_or(false)
+                    })
+                    .map(|worker| worker.id)
+                    .collect();
+
+                let reschedules = self
+                    .scale_controller
+                    .generate_table_resize_plan(TableResizePolicy {
+                        worker_ids: schedulable_worker_ids,
+                        table_parallelisms: table_parallelisms.clone(),
+                    })
+                    .await?;
+
+                if reschedules.is_empty() {
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+
+                self.reschedule_actors(
+                    reschedules,
+                    RescheduleOptions {
+                        resolve_no_shuffle_upstream: true,
+                    },
+                    None,
+                )
+                .await?;
+            }
+        }
 
         Ok(())
     }
diff --git a/src/meta/src/stream/stream_graph/fragment.rs b/src/meta/src/stream/stream_graph/fragment.rs
index ccea576f0393..fdf43532ca62 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/stream/stream_graph/fragment.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/stream/stream_graph/fragment.rs
@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@ pub(super) struct BuildingFragment {
     table_id: Option<u32>,
 
     /// The required columns of each upstream table.
+    ///
+    /// For shared CDC table on source, its `vec![]`, since the upstream source's output schema is fixed.
     upstream_table_columns: HashMap<TableId, Vec<i32>>,
 }
 
@@ -174,10 +176,7 @@ impl BuildingFragment {
                     stream_scan.table_id.into(),
                     stream_scan.upstream_column_ids.clone(),
                 ),
-                NodeBody::CdcFilter(cdc_filter) => (
-                    cdc_filter.upstream_source_id.into(),
-                    cdc_filter.upstream_column_ids.clone(),
-                ),
+                NodeBody::CdcFilter(cdc_filter) => (cdc_filter.upstream_source_id.into(), vec![]),
                 _ => return,
             };
             table_columns
@@ -670,22 +669,8 @@ impl CompleteStreamFragmentGraph {
                                 let nodes = mview_fragment.actors[0].get_nodes().unwrap();
                                 let mview_node =
                                     nodes.get_node_body().unwrap().as_materialize().unwrap();
-                                let all_column_ids = mview_node
-                                    .get_table()
-                                    .unwrap()
-                                    .columns
-                                    .iter()
-                                    .map(|c| c.column_desc.as_ref().unwrap().column_id)
-                                    .collect_vec();
-                                let dist_key_indices: Vec<_> = mview_node
-                                    .table
-                                    .as_ref()
-                                    .unwrap()
-                                    .distribution_key
-                                    .iter()
-                                    .map(|i| *i as u32)
-                                    .collect();
-
+                                let all_column_ids = mview_node.column_ids();
+                                let dist_key_indices = mview_node.dist_key_indices();
                                 let output_indices = output_columns
                                     .iter()
                                     .map(|c| {
@@ -700,27 +685,11 @@ impl CompleteStreamFragmentGraph {
                                     )?;
                                 (dist_key_indices, output_indices)
                             };
-                            let dispatch_strategy = if uses_arrangement_backfill {
-                                if !dist_key_indices.is_empty() {
-                                    DispatchStrategy {
-                                        r#type: DispatcherType::Hash as _,
-                                        dist_key_indices,
-                                        output_indices,
-                                    }
-                                } else {
-                                    DispatchStrategy {
-                                        r#type: DispatcherType::Simple as _,
-                                        dist_key_indices: vec![], // empty for Simple
-                                        output_indices,
-                                    }
-                                }
-                            } else {
-                                DispatchStrategy {
-                                    r#type: DispatcherType::NoShuffle as _,
-                                    dist_key_indices: vec![], // not used for `NoShuffle`
-                                    output_indices,
-                                }
-                            };
+                            let dispatch_strategy = mv_on_mv_dispatch_strategy(
+                                uses_arrangement_backfill,
+                                dist_key_indices,
+                                output_indices,
+                            );
                             let edge = StreamFragmentEdge {
                                 id: EdgeId::UpstreamExternal {
                                     upstream_table_id,
@@ -806,6 +775,34 @@ impl CompleteStreamFragmentGraph {
     }
 }
 
+fn mv_on_mv_dispatch_strategy(
+    uses_arrangement_backfill: bool,
+    dist_key_indices: Vec<u32>,
+    output_indices: Vec<u32>,
+) -> DispatchStrategy {
+    if uses_arrangement_backfill {
+        if !dist_key_indices.is_empty() {
+            DispatchStrategy {
+                r#type: DispatcherType::Hash as _,
+                dist_key_indices,
+                output_indices,
+            }
+        } else {
+            DispatchStrategy {
+                r#type: DispatcherType::Simple as _,
+                dist_key_indices: vec![], // empty for Simple
+                output_indices,
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        DispatchStrategy {
+            r#type: DispatcherType::NoShuffle as _,
+            dist_key_indices: vec![], // not used for `NoShuffle`
+            output_indices,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl CompleteStreamFragmentGraph {
     /// Returns **all** fragment IDs in the complete graph, including the ones that are not in the
     /// building graph.
diff --git a/src/meta/src/stream/stream_manager.rs b/src/meta/src/stream/stream_manager.rs
index 52976d744c20..b098800168fd 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/stream/stream_manager.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/stream/stream_manager.rs
@@ -15,26 +15,20 @@
 use std::collections::{BTreeSet, HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use futures::future::{join_all, try_join_all, BoxFuture};
-use futures::stream::FuturesUnordered;
-use futures::TryStreamExt;
+use futures::future::{join_all, BoxFuture};
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use risingwave_common::catalog::TableId;
 use risingwave_hummock_sdk::compaction_group::StateTableId;
 use risingwave_pb::catalog::{CreateType, Table};
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::update_mutation::MergeUpdate;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::Dispatcher;
-use risingwave_pb::stream_service::{
-    BroadcastActorInfoTableRequest, BuildActorsRequest, DropActorsRequest, UpdateActorsRequest,
-};
 use thiserror_ext::AsReport;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc::Sender;
 use tokio::sync::{oneshot, Mutex, RwLock};
 use tracing::Instrument;
-use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use super::{Locations, RescheduleOptions, ScaleController, ScaleControllerRef, TableResizePolicy};
-use crate::barrier::{BarrierScheduler, Command, ReplaceTablePlan};
+use crate::barrier::{BarrierScheduler, Command, ReplaceTablePlan, StreamRpcManager};
 use crate::hummock::HummockManagerRef;
 use crate::manager::{DdlType, MetaSrvEnv, MetadataManager, StreamingJob};
 use crate::model::{ActorId, TableFragments, TableParallelism};
@@ -201,7 +195,9 @@ pub struct GlobalStreamManager {
 
     pub reschedule_lock: RwLock<()>,
 
-    pub(crate) scale_controller: Option<ScaleControllerRef>,
+    pub(crate) scale_controller: ScaleControllerRef,
+
+    pub stream_rpc_manager: StreamRpcManager,
 }
 
 impl GlobalStreamManager {
@@ -211,15 +207,15 @@ impl GlobalStreamManager {
         barrier_scheduler: BarrierScheduler,
         source_manager: SourceManagerRef,
         hummock_manager: HummockManagerRef,
+        stream_rpc_manager: StreamRpcManager,
     ) -> MetaResult<Self> {
-        let scale_controller = match &metadata_manager {
-            MetadataManager::V1(_) => {
-                let scale_controller =
-                    ScaleController::new(&metadata_manager, source_manager.clone(), env.clone());
-                Some(Arc::new(scale_controller))
-            }
-            MetadataManager::V2(_) => None,
-        };
+        let scale_controller = Arc::new(ScaleController::new(
+            &metadata_manager,
+            source_manager.clone(),
+            stream_rpc_manager.clone(),
+            env.clone(),
+        ));
+
         Ok(Self {
             env,
             metadata_manager,
@@ -229,6 +225,7 @@ impl GlobalStreamManager {
             creating_job_info: Arc::new(CreatingStreamingJobInfo::default()),
             reschedule_lock: RwLock::new(()),
             scale_controller,
+            stream_rpc_manager,
         })
     }
 
@@ -308,28 +305,12 @@ impl GlobalStreamManager {
                                 let node_actors = table_fragments.worker_actor_ids();
                                 let cluster_info =
                                     self.metadata_manager.get_streaming_cluster_info().await?;
-                                let node_actors = node_actors
-                                    .into_iter()
-                                    .map(|(id, actor_ids)| {
-                                        (
-                                            cluster_info.worker_nodes.get(&id).cloned().unwrap(),
-                                            actor_ids,
-                                        )
-                                    })
-                                    .collect_vec();
-                                let futures = node_actors.into_iter().map(|(node, actor_ids)| {
-                                    let request_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
-                                    async move {
-                                        let client =
-                                            self.env.stream_client_pool().get(&node).await?;
-                                        let request = DropActorsRequest {
-                                            request_id,
-                                            actor_ids,
-                                        };
-                                        client.drop_actors(request).await
-                                    }
-                                });
-                                try_join_all(futures).await?;
+                                self.stream_rpc_manager
+                                    .drop_actors(
+                                        &cluster_info.worker_nodes,
+                                        node_actors.into_iter(),
+                                    )
+                                    .await?;
 
                                 if let MetadataManager::V1(mgr) = &self.metadata_manager {
                                     mgr.fragment_manager
@@ -383,8 +364,7 @@ impl GlobalStreamManager {
         // 2. all upstream actors.
         let actor_infos_to_broadcast = building_locations
             .actor_infos()
-            .chain(existing_locations.actor_infos())
-            .collect_vec();
+            .chain(existing_locations.actor_infos());
 
         let building_worker_actors = building_locations.worker_actors();
 
@@ -392,57 +372,28 @@ impl GlobalStreamManager {
         // The first stage does 2 things: broadcast actor info, and send local actor ids to
         // different WorkerNodes. Such that each WorkerNode knows the overall actor
         // allocation, but not actually builds it. We initialize all channels in this stage.
-        building_worker_actors.iter().map(|(worker_id, actors)| {
-            let stream_actors = actors
-                .iter()
-                .map(|actor_id| actor_map[actor_id].clone())
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-            let worker_node = building_locations.worker_locations.get(worker_id).unwrap();
-            let actor_infos_to_broadcast = &actor_infos_to_broadcast;
-            async move {
-                let client = self.env.stream_client_pool().get(worker_node).await?;
-
-                client
-                    .broadcast_actor_info_table(BroadcastActorInfoTableRequest {
-                        info: actor_infos_to_broadcast.clone(),
-                    })
-                    .await?;
-
-                let request_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
-                tracing::debug!(request_id = request_id.as_str(), actors = ?actors, "update actors");
-                client
-                    .update_actors(UpdateActorsRequest {
-                        request_id,
-                        actors: stream_actors.clone(),
-                    })
-                    .await?;
-
-                Ok(()) as MetaResult<_>
-            }
-        }).collect::<FuturesUnordered<_>>().try_collect::<()>().await?;
+        self.stream_rpc_manager
+            .broadcast_update_actor_info(
+                &building_locations.worker_locations,
+                building_worker_actors.keys().cloned(),
+                actor_infos_to_broadcast,
+                building_worker_actors.iter().map(|(worker_id, actors)| {
+                    let stream_actors = actors
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|actor_id| actor_map[actor_id].clone())
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                    (*worker_id, stream_actors)
+                }),
+            )
+            .await?;
 
         // In the second stage, each [`WorkerNode`] builds local actors and connect them with
         // channels.
-        building_worker_actors
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(worker_id, actors)| async move {
-                let worker_node = building_locations.worker_locations.get(worker_id).unwrap();
-
-                let client = self.env.stream_client_pool().get(worker_node).await?;
-
-                let request_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
-                tracing::debug!(request_id = request_id.as_str(), actors = ?actors, "build actors");
-                client
-                    .build_actors(BuildActorsRequest {
-                        request_id,
-                        actor_id: actors.clone(),
-                    })
-                    .await?;
-
-                Ok(()) as MetaResult<()>
-            })
-            .collect::<FuturesUnordered<_>>()
-            .try_collect::<()>()
+        self.stream_rpc_manager
+            .build_actors(
+                &building_locations.worker_locations,
+                building_worker_actors.into_iter(),
+            )
             .await?;
 
         Ok(())
@@ -739,15 +690,12 @@ impl GlobalStreamManager {
         parallelism: TableParallelism,
         deferred: bool,
     ) -> MetaResult<()> {
-        let MetadataManager::V1(mgr) = &self.metadata_manager else {
-            unimplemented!("support alter table parallelism in v2");
-        };
         let _reschedule_job_lock = self.reschedule_lock.write().await;
 
-        let worker_nodes = mgr
-            .cluster_manager
+        let worker_nodes = self
+            .metadata_manager
             .list_active_streaming_compute_nodes()
-            .await;
+            .await?;
 
         let worker_ids = worker_nodes
             .iter()
@@ -764,15 +712,11 @@ impl GlobalStreamManager {
                 parallelism
             );
             self.scale_controller
-                .as_ref()
-                .unwrap()
                 .post_apply_reschedule(&HashMap::new(), &table_parallelism_assignment)
                 .await?;
         } else {
             let reschedules = self
                 .scale_controller
-                .as_ref()
-                .unwrap()
                 .generate_table_resize_plan(TableResizePolicy {
                     worker_ids,
                     table_parallelisms: table_parallelism_assignment
@@ -785,8 +729,6 @@ impl GlobalStreamManager {
             if reschedules.is_empty() {
                 tracing::debug!("empty reschedule plan generated for job {}, set the parallelism directly to {:?}", table_id, parallelism);
                 self.scale_controller
-                    .as_ref()
-                    .unwrap()
                     .post_apply_reschedule(&HashMap::new(), &table_parallelism_assignment)
                     .await?;
             } else {
@@ -836,7 +778,7 @@ mod tests {
     use tonic::{Request, Response, Status};
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::barrier::GlobalBarrierManager;
+    use crate::barrier::{GlobalBarrierManager, StreamRpcManager};
     use crate::hummock::{CompactorManager, HummockManager};
     use crate::manager::sink_coordination::SinkCoordinatorManager;
     use crate::manager::{
@@ -863,7 +805,7 @@ mod tests {
     impl StreamService for FakeStreamService {
         async fn update_actors(
             &self,
-            request: Request<UpdateActorsRequest>,
+            request: Request<risingwave_pb::stream_service::UpdateActorsRequest>,
         ) -> std::result::Result<Response<UpdateActorsResponse>, Status> {
             let req = request.into_inner();
             let mut guard = self.inner.actor_streams.lock().unwrap();
@@ -892,7 +834,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         async fn broadcast_actor_info_table(
             &self,
-            request: Request<BroadcastActorInfoTableRequest>,
+            request: Request<risingwave_pb::stream_service::BroadcastActorInfoTableRequest>,
         ) -> std::result::Result<Response<BroadcastActorInfoTableResponse>, Status> {
             let req = request.into_inner();
             let mut guard = self.inner.actor_infos.lock().unwrap();
@@ -1044,6 +986,8 @@ mod tests {
 
             let (sink_manager, _) = SinkCoordinatorManager::start_worker();
 
+            let stream_rpc_manager = StreamRpcManager::new(env.clone());
+
             let barrier_manager = GlobalBarrierManager::new(
                 scheduled_barriers,
                 env.clone(),
@@ -1052,6 +996,7 @@ mod tests {
                 source_manager.clone(),
                 sink_manager,
                 meta_metrics.clone(),
+                stream_rpc_manager.clone(),
             );
 
             let stream_manager = GlobalStreamManager::new(
@@ -1060,6 +1005,7 @@ mod tests {
                 barrier_scheduler.clone(),
                 source_manager.clone(),
                 hummock_manager,
+                stream_rpc_manager,
             )?;
 
             let (join_handle_2, shutdown_tx_2) = GlobalBarrierManager::start(barrier_manager);
@@ -1104,7 +1050,9 @@ mod tests {
                 let actor_locations = fragments
                     .values()
                     .flat_map(|f| &f.actors)
-                    .map(|a| (a.actor_id, parallel_units[&0].clone()))
+                    .sorted_by(|a, b| a.actor_id.cmp(&b.actor_id))
+                    .enumerate()
+                    .map(|(idx, a)| (a.actor_id, parallel_units[&(idx as u32)].clone()))
                     .collect();
 
                 Locations {
@@ -1122,7 +1070,7 @@ mod tests {
                 fragments,
                 &locations.actor_locations,
                 Default::default(),
-                TableParallelism::Auto,
+                TableParallelism::Adaptive,
             );
             let ctx = CreateStreamingJobContext {
                 building_locations: locations,
@@ -1193,6 +1141,14 @@ mod tests {
         let table_id = TableId::new(0);
         let actors = make_mview_stream_actors(&table_id, 4);
 
+        let StreamingClusterInfo { parallel_units, .. } = services
+            .global_stream_manager
+            .metadata_manager
+            .get_streaming_cluster_info()
+            .await?;
+
+        let parallel_unit_ids = parallel_units.keys().cloned().sorted().collect_vec();
+
         let mut fragments = BTreeMap::default();
         fragments.insert(
             0,
@@ -1202,7 +1158,9 @@ mod tests {
                 distribution_type: FragmentDistributionType::Hash as i32,
                 actors: actors.clone(),
                 state_table_ids: vec![0],
-                vnode_mapping: Some(ParallelUnitMapping::new_single(0).to_protobuf()),
+                vnode_mapping: Some(
+                    ParallelUnitMapping::new_uniform(parallel_unit_ids.into_iter()).to_protobuf(),
+                ),
                 ..Default::default()
             },
         );
diff --git a/src/meta/src/telemetry.rs b/src/meta/src/telemetry.rs
index fdb0ed06fd76..4bf7a2c0ba34 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/telemetry.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/telemetry.rs
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ pub struct MetaTelemetryReport {
     #[serde(flatten)]
     base: TelemetryReportBase,
     node_count: NodeCount,
+    streaming_job_count: u64,
     // At this point, it will always be etcd, but we will enable telemetry when using memory.
     meta_backend: MetaBackend,
 }
@@ -91,6 +92,12 @@ impl TelemetryReportCreator for MetaReportCreator {
             .await
             .map_err(|err| err.as_report().to_string())?;
 
+        let streaming_job_count = self
+            .metadata_manager
+            .count_streaming_job()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| err.as_report().to_string())? as u64;
+
         Ok(MetaTelemetryReport {
             base: TelemetryReportBase {
                 tracking_id,
@@ -106,6 +113,7 @@ impl TelemetryReportCreator for MetaReportCreator {
                 frontend_count: *node_map.get(&WorkerType::Frontend).unwrap_or(&0),
                 compactor_count: *node_map.get(&WorkerType::Compactor).unwrap_or(&0),
             },
+            streaming_job_count,
             meta_backend: self.meta_backend,
         })
     }
diff --git a/src/prost/build.rs b/src/prost/build.rs
index 3af4c9873863..cd65b20d6f19 100644
--- a/src/prost/build.rs
+++ b/src/prost/build.rs
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
         "stream_plan",
         "stream_service",
         "task_service",
+        "telemetry",
         "user",
     ];
     let protos: Vec<String> = proto_files
diff --git a/src/prost/src/lib.rs b/src/prost/src/lib.rs
index 0a503ff99017..82f399d1a3de 100644
--- a/src/prost/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/prost/src/lib.rs
@@ -89,6 +89,9 @@ pub mod java_binding;
 #[cfg_attr(madsim, path = "sim/health.rs")]
 pub mod health;
 #[rustfmt::skip]
+#[path = "sim/telemetry.rs"]
+pub mod telemetry;
+#[rustfmt::skip]
 #[path = "connector_service.serde.rs"]
 pub mod connector_service_serde;
 #[rustfmt::skip]
@@ -151,6 +154,9 @@ pub mod backup_service_serde;
 #[rustfmt::skip]
 #[path = "java_binding.serde.rs"]
 pub mod java_binding_serde;
+#[rustfmt::skip]
+#[path = "telemetry.serde.rs"]
+pub mod telemetry_serde;
 
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Error)]
 #[error("field `{0}` not found")]
@@ -170,6 +176,26 @@ impl FromStr for crate::expr::table_function::PbType {
     }
 }
 
+impl stream_plan::MaterializeNode {
+    pub fn dist_key_indices(&self) -> Vec<u32> {
+        self.get_table()
+            .unwrap()
+            .distribution_key
+            .iter()
+            .map(|i| *i as u32)
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    pub fn column_ids(&self) -> Vec<i32> {
+        self.get_table()
+            .unwrap()
+            .columns
+            .iter()
+            .map(|c| c.get_column_desc().unwrap().column_id)
+            .collect()
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use crate::data::{data_type, DataType};
diff --git a/src/sqlparser/src/ast/mod.rs b/src/sqlparser/src/ast/mod.rs
index f49d2fb8af15..952ce05eb933 100644
--- a/src/sqlparser/src/ast/mod.rs
+++ b/src/sqlparser/src/ast/mod.rs
@@ -814,10 +814,10 @@ impl fmt::Display for WindowFrameUnits {
 pub enum WindowFrameBound {
     /// `CURRENT ROW`
     CurrentRow,
-    /// `<N> PRECEDING` or `UNBOUNDED PRECEDING`
-    Preceding(Option<u64>),
-    /// `<N> FOLLOWING` or `UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING`.
-    Following(Option<u64>),
+    /// `<offset> PRECEDING` or `UNBOUNDED PRECEDING`
+    Preceding(Option<Box<Expr>>),
+    /// `<offset> FOLLOWING` or `UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING`.
+    Following(Option<Box<Expr>>),
 }
 
 impl fmt::Display for WindowFrameBound {
@@ -2642,6 +2642,24 @@ impl fmt::Display for FunctionDefinition {
     }
 }
 
+impl FunctionDefinition {
+    /// Returns the function definition as a string slice.
+    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
+        match self {
+            FunctionDefinition::SingleQuotedDef(s) => s,
+            FunctionDefinition::DoubleDollarDef(s) => s,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the function definition as a string.
+    pub fn into_string(self) -> String {
+        match self {
+            FunctionDefinition::SingleQuotedDef(s) => s,
+            FunctionDefinition::DoubleDollarDef(s) => s,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Return types of a function.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
diff --git a/src/sqlparser/src/keywords.rs b/src/sqlparser/src/keywords.rs
index b73cacaa6a40..a82c1c1c04c6 100644
--- a/src/sqlparser/src/keywords.rs
+++ b/src/sqlparser/src/keywords.rs
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ define_keywords!(
     ABORT,
     ABS,
     ACTION,
+    ADAPTIVE,
     ADD,
     AGGREGATE,
     ALL,
diff --git a/src/sqlparser/src/parser.rs b/src/sqlparser/src/parser.rs
index 9257c28e94d3..87263dff16ee 100644
--- a/src/sqlparser/src/parser.rs
+++ b/src/sqlparser/src/parser.rs
@@ -923,7 +923,7 @@ impl Parser {
         })
     }
 
-    /// Parse `CURRENT ROW` or `{ <positive number> | UNBOUNDED } { PRECEDING | FOLLOWING }`
+    /// Parse `CURRENT ROW` or `{ <non-negative numeric | datetime | interval> | UNBOUNDED } { PRECEDING | FOLLOWING }`
     pub fn parse_window_frame_bound(&mut self) -> Result<WindowFrameBound, ParserError> {
         if self.parse_keywords(&[Keyword::CURRENT, Keyword::ROW]) {
             Ok(WindowFrameBound::CurrentRow)
@@ -931,7 +931,7 @@ impl Parser {
             let rows = if self.parse_keyword(Keyword::UNBOUNDED) {
                 None
             } else {
-                Some(self.parse_literal_uint()?)
+                Some(Box::new(self.parse_expr()?))
             };
             if self.parse_keyword(Keyword::PRECEDING) {
                 Ok(WindowFrameBound::Preceding(rows))
diff --git a/src/storage/compactor/src/lib.rs b/src/storage/compactor/src/lib.rs
index e95ba1ff6a39..2204ffe0af7e 100644
--- a/src/storage/compactor/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/storage/compactor/src/lib.rs
@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ pub struct CompactorOpts {
     #[clap(long, env = "RW_PORT")]
     pub port: Option<u16>,
 
+    /// We will start a http server at this address via `MetricsManager`.
+    /// Then the prometheus instance will poll the metrics from this address.
     #[clap(
         long,
         env = "RW_PROMETHEUS_LISTENER_ADDR",
diff --git a/src/storage/hummock_sdk/src/key.rs b/src/storage/hummock_sdk/src/key.rs
index b65bb2a05ddd..e46cc8b65cfc 100644
--- a/src/storage/hummock_sdk/src/key.rs
+++ b/src/storage/hummock_sdk/src/key.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 use std::borrow::Borrow;
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
 use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::iter::once;
 use std::ops::Bound::*;
 use std::ops::{Bound, Deref, DerefMut, RangeBounds};
 use std::ptr;
@@ -827,11 +828,11 @@ impl<T: AsRef<[u8]> + Ord + Eq> PartialOrd for FullKey<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, T> From<FullKey<&'a [u8]>> for FullKey<T>
+impl<'a, T> From<UserKey<&'a [u8]>> for UserKey<T>
 where
     T: AsRef<[u8]> + CopyFromSlice,
 {
-    fn from(value: FullKey<&'a [u8]>) -> Self {
+    fn from(value: UserKey<&'a [u8]>) -> Self {
         value.copy_into()
     }
 }
@@ -979,40 +980,73 @@ impl<T: AsRef<[u8]> + Ord + Eq> FullKeyTracker<T> {
     /// - Otherwise: return None
     pub fn observe<F>(&mut self, key: FullKey<F>) -> Option<FullKey<T>>
     where
-        FullKey<F>: Into<FullKey<T>>,
+        UserKey<F>: Into<UserKey<T>>,
         F: AsRef<[u8]>,
     {
+        self.observe_multi_version(key.user_key, once(key.epoch_with_gap))
+    }
+
+    /// `epochs` comes from greater to smaller
+    pub fn observe_multi_version<F>(
+        &mut self,
+        user_key: UserKey<F>,
+        mut epochs: impl Iterator<Item = EpochWithGap>,
+    ) -> Option<FullKey<T>>
+    where
+        UserKey<F>: Into<UserKey<T>>,
+        F: AsRef<[u8]>,
+    {
+        let max_epoch_with_gap = epochs.next().expect("non-empty");
+        let min_epoch_with_gap = epochs.fold(
+            max_epoch_with_gap,
+            |prev_epoch_with_gap, curr_epoch_with_gap| {
+                assert!(
+                    prev_epoch_with_gap > curr_epoch_with_gap,
+                    "epoch list not sorted. prev: {:?}, curr: {:?}, user_key: {:?}",
+                    prev_epoch_with_gap,
+                    curr_epoch_with_gap,
+                    user_key
+                );
+                curr_epoch_with_gap
+            },
+        );
         match self
             .latest_full_key
             .user_key
             .as_ref()
-            .cmp(&key.user_key.as_ref())
+            .cmp(&user_key.as_ref())
         {
             Ordering::Less => {
                 // Observe a new user key
 
                 // Reset epochs
-                self.last_observed_epoch_with_gap = key.epoch_with_gap;
+                self.last_observed_epoch_with_gap = min_epoch_with_gap;
 
                 // Take the previous key and set latest key
-                Some(std::mem::replace(&mut self.latest_full_key, key.into()))
+                Some(std::mem::replace(
+                    &mut self.latest_full_key,
+                    FullKey {
+                        user_key: user_key.into(),
+                        epoch_with_gap: min_epoch_with_gap,
+                    },
+                ))
             }
             Ordering::Equal => {
-                if key.epoch_with_gap >= self.last_observed_epoch_with_gap {
+                if max_epoch_with_gap >= self.last_observed_epoch_with_gap {
                     // Epoch from the same user key should be monotonically decreasing
                     panic!(
                         "key {:?} epoch {:?} >= prev epoch {:?}",
-                        key.user_key, key.epoch_with_gap, self.last_observed_epoch_with_gap
+                        user_key, max_epoch_with_gap, self.last_observed_epoch_with_gap
                     );
                 }
-                self.last_observed_epoch_with_gap = key.epoch_with_gap;
+                self.last_observed_epoch_with_gap = min_epoch_with_gap;
                 None
             }
             Ordering::Greater => {
                 // User key should be monotonically increasing
                 panic!(
                     "key {:?} <= prev key {:?}",
-                    key,
+                    user_key,
                     FullKey {
                         user_key: self.latest_full_key.user_key.as_ref(),
                         epoch_with_gap: self.last_observed_epoch_with_gap
diff --git a/src/storage/hummock_test/src/state_store_tests.rs b/src/storage/hummock_test/src/state_store_tests.rs
index 8553c255b537..e52983dc787a 100644
--- a/src/storage/hummock_test/src/state_store_tests.rs
+++ b/src/storage/hummock_test/src/state_store_tests.rs
@@ -1328,14 +1328,10 @@ async fn test_gc_watermark_and_clear_shared_buffer() {
         min_object_id_epoch2,
     );
 
-    hummock_storage.clear_shared_buffer().await.unwrap();
+    drop(local_hummock_storage);
 
-    let read_version = local_hummock_storage.read_version();
+    hummock_storage.clear_shared_buffer().await.unwrap();
 
-    let read_version = read_version.read();
-    assert!(read_version.staging().imm.is_empty());
-    assert!(read_version.staging().sst.is_empty());
-    assert_eq!(read_version.committed().max_committed_epoch(), epoch1);
     assert_eq!(
         hummock_storage
             .sstable_object_id_manager()
diff --git a/src/storage/src/hummock/compactor/shared_buffer_compact.rs b/src/storage/src/hummock/compactor/shared_buffer_compact.rs
index b99ce15c0e68..a06a1eaca676 100644
--- a/src/storage/src/hummock/compactor/shared_buffer_compact.rs
+++ b/src/storage/src/hummock/compactor/shared_buffer_compact.rs
@@ -285,11 +285,12 @@ pub async fn merge_imms_in_memory(
     instance_id: LocalInstanceId,
     imms: Vec<ImmutableMemtable>,
     memory_tracker: Option<MemoryTracker>,
-) -> HummockResult<ImmutableMemtable> {
+) -> ImmutableMemtable {
     let mut kv_count = 0;
     let mut epochs = vec![];
     let mut merged_size = 0;
-    let mut merged_imm_ids = Vec::with_capacity(imms.len());
+    assert!(imms.iter().rev().map(|imm| imm.batch_id()).is_sorted());
+    let max_imm_id = imms[0].batch_id();
 
     let mut imm_iters = Vec::with_capacity(imms.len());
     for imm in imms {
@@ -300,7 +301,6 @@ pub async fn merge_imms_in_memory(
             "should only merge data belonging to the same table"
         );
 
-        merged_imm_ids.push(imm.batch_id());
         epochs.push(imm.min_epoch());
         kv_count += imm.kv_count();
         merged_size += imm.size();
@@ -311,10 +311,10 @@ pub async fn merge_imms_in_memory(
 
     // use merge iterator to merge input imms
     let mut mi = MergeIterator::new(imm_iters);
-    mi.rewind().await?;
+    mi.rewind_no_await();
     assert!(mi.is_valid());
 
-    let first_item_key = mi.current_item().0.clone();
+    let first_item_key = mi.current_key_entry().key.clone();
 
     let mut merged_payload: Vec<SharedBufferVersionedEntry> = Vec::new();
 
@@ -327,44 +327,64 @@ pub async fn merge_imms_in_memory(
     let mut table_key_versions: Vec<(EpochWithGap, HummockValue<Bytes>)> = Vec::new();
 
     while mi.is_valid() {
-        let (key, (epoch_with_gap, value)) = mi.current_item();
-        let full_key = FullKey::new_with_gap_epoch(table_id, key.clone(), *epoch_with_gap);
-        if let Some(last_full_key) = full_key_tracker.observe(full_key) {
+        let key_entry = mi.current_key_entry();
+        let user_key = UserKey {
+            table_id,
+            table_key: key_entry.key.clone(),
+        };
+        if let Some(last_full_key) = full_key_tracker.observe_multi_version(
+            user_key,
+            key_entry
+                .new_values
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(epoch_with_gap, _)| *epoch_with_gap),
+        ) {
             let last_user_key = last_full_key.user_key;
             // `epoch_with_gap` of the `last_full_key` may not reflect the real epoch in the items
             // and should not be used because we use max epoch to initialize the tracker
             let _epoch_with_gap = last_full_key.epoch_with_gap;
 
             // Record kv entries
-            merged_payload.push((last_user_key.table_key, table_key_versions));
+            merged_payload.push(SharedBufferVersionedEntry::new(
+                last_user_key.table_key,
+                table_key_versions,
+            ));
 
             // Reset state before moving onto the new table key
             table_key_versions = vec![];
         }
-        table_key_versions.push((*epoch_with_gap, value.clone()));
-        mi.next().await?;
+        table_key_versions.extend(
+            key_entry
+                .new_values
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(epoch_with_gap, value)| (*epoch_with_gap, value.clone())),
+        );
+        mi.advance_peek_to_next_key();
+        // Since there is no blocking point in this method, but it is cpu intensive, we call this method
+        // to do cooperative scheduling
+        tokio::task::consume_budget().await;
     }
 
     // process the last key
     if !table_key_versions.is_empty() {
-        merged_payload.push((
+        merged_payload.push(SharedBufferVersionedEntry::new(
             full_key_tracker.latest_full_key.user_key.table_key,
             table_key_versions,
         ));
     }
 
-    Ok(SharedBufferBatch {
+    SharedBufferBatch {
         inner: Arc::new(SharedBufferBatchInner::new_with_multi_epoch_batches(
             epochs,
             merged_payload,
             kv_count,
-            merged_imm_ids,
             merged_size,
+            max_imm_id,
             memory_tracker,
         )),
         table_id,
         instance_id,
-    })
+    }
 }
 
 ///  Based on the incoming payload and opts, calculate the sharding method and sstable size of shared buffer compaction.
diff --git a/src/storage/src/hummock/event_handler/hummock_event_handler.rs b/src/storage/src/hummock/event_handler/hummock_event_handler.rs
index cccbb8da242e..615bb293a411 100644
--- a/src/storage/src/hummock/event_handler/hummock_event_handler.rs
+++ b/src/storage/src/hummock/event_handler/hummock_event_handler.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use arc_swap::ArcSwap;
 use await_tree::InstrumentAwait;
+use itertools::Itertools;
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use prometheus::core::{AtomicU64, GenericGauge};
 use risingwave_hummock_sdk::{HummockEpoch, LocalSstableInfo};
@@ -37,7 +38,10 @@ use crate::hummock::event_handler::uploader::{
     default_spawn_merging_task, HummockUploader, SpawnMergingTask, SpawnUploadTask, SyncedData,
     UploadTaskInfo, UploadTaskPayload, UploaderEvent,
 };
-use crate::hummock::event_handler::{HummockEvent, HummockVersionUpdate};
+use crate::hummock::event_handler::{
+    HummockEvent, HummockReadVersionRef, HummockVersionUpdate, ReadOnlyReadVersionMapping,
+    ReadOnlyRwLockRef,
+};
 use crate::hummock::local_version::pinned_version::PinnedVersion;
 use crate::hummock::store::version::{
     HummockReadVersion, StagingData, StagingSstableInfo, VersionUpdate,
@@ -116,7 +120,9 @@ pub struct HummockEventHandler {
     hummock_event_tx: mpsc::UnboundedSender<HummockEvent>,
     hummock_event_rx: mpsc::UnboundedReceiver<HummockEvent>,
     pending_sync_requests: BTreeMap<HummockEpoch, oneshot::Sender<HummockResult<SyncResult>>>,
-    read_version_mapping: Arc<ReadVersionMappingType>,
+    read_version_mapping: Arc<RwLock<ReadVersionMappingType>>,
+    /// A copy of `read_version_mapping` but owned by event handler
+    local_read_version_mapping: HashMap<LocalInstanceId, HummockReadVersionRef>,
 
     version_update_notifier_tx: Arc<tokio::sync::watch::Sender<HummockEpoch>>,
     pinned_version: Arc<ArcSwap<PinnedVersion>>,
@@ -231,6 +237,7 @@ impl HummockEventHandler {
             pinned_version: Arc::new(ArcSwap::from_pointee(pinned_version)),
             write_conflict_detector,
             read_version_mapping,
+            local_read_version_mapping: Default::default(),
             uploader,
             refiller,
             last_instance_id: 0,
@@ -246,8 +253,8 @@ impl HummockEventHandler {
         self.pinned_version.clone()
     }
 
-    pub fn read_version_mapping(&self) -> Arc<ReadVersionMappingType> {
-        self.read_version_mapping.clone()
+    pub fn read_version_mapping(&self) -> ReadOnlyReadVersionMapping {
+        ReadOnlyRwLockRef::new(self.read_version_mapping.clone())
     }
 
     pub fn buffer_tracker(&self) -> &BufferTracker {
@@ -270,7 +277,7 @@ impl HummockEventHandler {
                 // older data first
                 .rev()
                 .for_each(|staging_sstable_info| {
-                    Self::for_each_read_version(&self.read_version_mapping, |read_version| {
+                    self.for_each_read_version(|read_version| {
                         read_version.update(VersionUpdate::Staging(StagingData::Sst(
                             staging_sstable_info.clone(),
                         )))
@@ -308,21 +315,15 @@ impl HummockEventHandler {
 
     /// This function will be performed under the protection of the `read_version_mapping` read
     /// lock, and add write lock on each `read_version` operation
-    fn for_each_read_version<F>(read_version: &Arc<ReadVersionMappingType>, mut f: F)
-    where
-        F: FnMut(&mut HummockReadVersion),
-    {
-        let read_version_mapping_guard = read_version.read();
-
-        read_version_mapping_guard
+    fn for_each_read_version(&self, mut f: impl FnMut(&mut HummockReadVersion)) {
+        self.local_read_version_mapping
             .values()
-            .flat_map(HashMap::values)
-            .for_each(|read_version| f(read_version.write().deref_mut()));
+            .for_each(|read_version: &HummockReadVersionRef| f(read_version.write().deref_mut()));
     }
 
     fn handle_data_spilled(&mut self, staging_sstable_info: StagingSstableInfo) {
         // todo: do some prune for version update
-        Self::for_each_read_version(&self.read_version_mapping, |read_version| {
+        self.for_each_read_version(|read_version| {
             trace!("data_spilled. SST size {}", staging_sstable_info.imm_size());
             read_version.update(VersionUpdate::Staging(StagingData::Sst(
                 staging_sstable_info.clone(),
@@ -401,6 +402,7 @@ impl HummockEventHandler {
             self.uploader.max_synced_epoch(),
             self.uploader.max_sealed_epoch(),
         );
+
         self.uploader.clear();
 
         for (epoch, result_sender) in self.pending_sync_requests.extract_if(|_, _| true) {
@@ -413,11 +415,14 @@ impl HummockEventHandler {
             );
         }
 
-        {
-            Self::for_each_read_version(&self.read_version_mapping, |read_version| {
-                read_version.clear_uncommitted()
-            });
-        }
+        assert!(
+            self.local_read_version_mapping.is_empty(),
+            "read version mapping not empty when clear. remaining tables: {:?}",
+            self.local_read_version_mapping
+                .values()
+                .map(|read_version| read_version.read().table_id())
+                .collect_vec()
+        );
 
         if let Some(sstable_object_id_manager) = &self.sstable_object_id_manager {
             sstable_object_id_manager
@@ -472,7 +477,7 @@ impl HummockEventHandler {
             .store(Arc::new(new_pinned_version.clone()));
 
         {
-            Self::for_each_read_version(&self.read_version_mapping, |read_version| {
+            self.for_each_read_version(|read_version| {
                 read_version.update(VersionUpdate::CommittedSnapshot(new_pinned_version.clone()))
             });
         }
@@ -544,20 +549,20 @@ impl HummockEventHandler {
 
             UploaderEvent::ImmMerged(merge_output) => {
                 // update read version for corresponding table shards
-                let read_guard = self.read_version_mapping.read();
-                if let Some(shards) = read_guard.get(&merge_output.table_id) {
-                    shards.get(&merge_output.instance_id).map_or_else(
-                        || {
-                            warn!(
-                                "handle ImmMerged: table instance not found. table {}, instance {}",
-                                &merge_output.table_id, &merge_output.instance_id
-                            )
-                        },
-                        |read_version| {
-                            read_version.write().update(VersionUpdate::Staging(
-                                StagingData::MergedImmMem(merge_output.merged_imm),
-                            ));
-                        },
+                if let Some(read_version) = self
+                    .local_read_version_mapping
+                    .get(&merge_output.instance_id)
+                {
+                    read_version
+                        .write()
+                        .update(VersionUpdate::Staging(StagingData::MergedImmMem(
+                            merge_output.merged_imm,
+                            merge_output.imm_ids,
+                        )));
+                } else {
+                    warn!(
+                        "handle ImmMerged: table instance not found. table {:?}, instance {}",
+                        &merge_output.table_id, &merge_output.instance_id
                     )
                 }
             }
@@ -589,6 +594,13 @@ impl HummockEventHandler {
             }
 
             HummockEvent::ImmToUploader(imm) => {
+                assert!(
+                    self.local_read_version_mapping
+                        .contains_key(&imm.instance_id),
+                    "add imm from non-existing read version instance: instance_id: {}, table_id {}",
+                    imm.instance_id,
+                    imm.table_id,
+                );
                 self.uploader.add_imm(imm);
                 self.uploader.may_flush();
             }
@@ -611,8 +623,14 @@ impl HummockEventHandler {
                 epoch,
                 opts,
                 table_id,
-                ..
+                instance_id,
             } => {
+                assert!(
+                    self.local_read_version_mapping
+                        .contains_key(&instance_id),
+                    "seal epoch from non-existing read version instance: instance_id: {}, table_id: {}, epoch: {}",
+                    instance_id, table_id, epoch,
+                );
                 if let Some((direction, watermarks)) = opts.table_watermarks {
                     self.uploader
                         .add_table_watermarks(epoch, table_id, watermarks, direction)
@@ -648,6 +666,8 @@ impl HummockEventHandler {
                 );
 
                 {
+                    self.local_read_version_mapping
+                        .insert(instance_id, basic_read_version.clone());
                     let mut read_version_mapping_guard = self.read_version_mapping.write();
 
                     read_version_mapping_guard
@@ -682,6 +702,14 @@ impl HummockEventHandler {
                     "read version deregister: table_id: {}, instance_id: {}",
                     table_id, instance_id
                 );
+                self.local_read_version_mapping
+                    .remove(&instance_id)
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                        panic!(
+                            "DestroyHummockInstance inexist instance table_id {} instance_id {}",
+                            table_id, instance_id
+                        )
+                    });
                 let mut read_version_mapping_guard = self.read_version_mapping.write();
                 let entry = read_version_mapping_guard
                     .get_mut(&table_id)
@@ -768,9 +796,7 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::hummock::event_handler::{HummockEvent, HummockEventHandler};
     use crate::hummock::iterator::test_utils::mock_sstable_store;
     use crate::hummock::local_version::pinned_version::PinnedVersion;
-    use crate::hummock::shared_buffer::shared_buffer_batch::{
-        SharedBufferBatch, SharedBufferBatchInner,
-    };
+    use crate::hummock::shared_buffer::shared_buffer_batch::SharedBufferBatch;
     use crate::hummock::store::version::{StagingData, VersionUpdate};
     use crate::hummock::test_utils::default_opts_for_test;
     use crate::hummock::value::HummockValue;
@@ -813,26 +839,14 @@ mod tests {
                     Err(HummockError::other("".to_string()))
                 })
             }),
-            Arc::new(move |table_id, instance_id, imms, _| {
+            Arc::new(move |_, _, imms, _| {
                 let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel::<()>();
                 let (finish_tx, finish_rx) = oneshot::channel::<()>();
                 spawn_merging_task_tx.send((tx, finish_rx)).unwrap();
                 spawn(async move {
                     rx.await.unwrap();
                     finish_tx.send(()).unwrap();
-                    let first_imm = &imms[0];
-                    Ok(SharedBufferBatch {
-                        inner: Arc::new(SharedBufferBatchInner::new_with_multi_epoch_batches(
-                            first_imm.epochs().clone(),
-                            first_imm.get_payload().iter().cloned().collect_vec(),
-                            100,
-                            imms.iter().map(|imm| imm.batch_id()).collect_vec(),
-                            100,
-                            None,
-                        )),
-                        table_id,
-                        instance_id,
-                    })
+                    imms[0].clone()
                 })
             }),
         );
diff --git a/src/storage/src/hummock/event_handler/mod.rs b/src/storage/src/hummock/event_handler/mod.rs
index ffce8c622fbd..762f91d6a12b 100644
--- a/src/storage/src/hummock/event_handler/mod.rs
+++ b/src/storage/src/hummock/event_handler/mod.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use parking_lot::RwLock;
+use parking_lot::{RwLock, RwLockReadGuard};
 use risingwave_common::catalog::TableId;
 use risingwave_hummock_sdk::HummockEpoch;
 use thiserror_ext::AsReport;
@@ -88,8 +88,7 @@ pub enum HummockEvent {
 
     RegisterReadVersion {
         table_id: TableId,
-        new_read_version_sender:
-            oneshot::Sender<(Arc<RwLock<HummockReadVersion>>, LocalInstanceGuard)>,
+        new_read_version_sender: oneshot::Sender<(HummockReadVersionRef, LocalInstanceGuard)>,
         is_replicated: bool,
     },
 
@@ -173,8 +172,27 @@ impl std::fmt::Debug for HummockEvent {
 }
 
 pub type LocalInstanceId = u64;
-pub type ReadVersionMappingType =
-    RwLock<HashMap<TableId, HashMap<LocalInstanceId, Arc<RwLock<HummockReadVersion>>>>>;
+pub type HummockReadVersionRef = Arc<RwLock<HummockReadVersion>>;
+pub type ReadVersionMappingType = HashMap<TableId, HashMap<LocalInstanceId, HummockReadVersionRef>>;
+pub type ReadOnlyReadVersionMapping = ReadOnlyRwLockRef<ReadVersionMappingType>;
+
+pub struct ReadOnlyRwLockRef<T>(Arc<RwLock<T>>);
+
+impl<T> Clone for ReadOnlyRwLockRef<T> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Self(self.0.clone())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> ReadOnlyRwLockRef<T> {
+    pub fn new(inner: Arc<RwLock<T>>) -> Self {
+        Self(inner)
+    }
+
+    pub fn read(&self) -> RwLockReadGuard<'_, T> {
+        self.0.read()
+    }
+}
 
 pub struct LocalInstanceGuard {
     pub table_id: TableId,
diff --git a/src/storage/src/hummock/event_handler/uploader.rs b/src/storage/src/hummock/event_handler/uploader.rs
index 1aeda293c84b..b8ebc858054a 100644
--- a/src/storage/src/hummock/event_handler/uploader.rs
+++ b/src/storage/src/hummock/event_handler/uploader.rs
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ pub type SpawnMergingTask = Arc<
             LocalInstanceId,
             Vec<ImmutableMemtable>,
             Option<MemoryTracker>,
-        ) -> JoinHandle<HummockResult<ImmutableMemtable>>
+        ) -> JoinHandle<ImmutableMemtable>
         + Send
         + Sync
         + 'static,
@@ -119,6 +119,8 @@ struct UploadingTask {
 }
 
 pub struct MergeImmTaskOutput {
+    /// Input imm ids of the merging task. Larger imm ids at the front.
+    pub imm_ids: Vec<ImmId>,
     pub table_id: TableId,
     pub instance_id: LocalInstanceId,
     pub merged_imm: ImmutableMemtable,
@@ -129,7 +131,17 @@ struct MergingImmTask {
     table_id: TableId,
     instance_id: LocalInstanceId,
     input_imms: Vec<ImmutableMemtable>,
-    join_handle: JoinHandle<HummockResult<ImmutableMemtable>>,
+    join_handle: JoinHandle<ImmutableMemtable>,
+}
+
+impl Debug for MergingImmTask {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("MergingImmTask")
+            .field("table_id", &self.table_id)
+            .field("instance_id", &self.instance_id)
+            .field("input_imms", &self.input_imms)
+            .finish()
+    }
 }
 
 impl MergingImmTask {
@@ -140,6 +152,7 @@ impl MergingImmTask {
         memory_tracker: Option<MemoryTracker>,
         context: &UploaderContext,
     ) -> Self {
+        assert!(imms.iter().rev().map(|imm| imm.batch_id()).is_sorted());
         let input_imms = imms.clone();
         let join_handle = (context.spawn_merging_task)(table_id, instance_id, imms, memory_tracker);
 
@@ -152,19 +165,22 @@ impl MergingImmTask {
     }
 
     /// Poll the result of the merge task
-    fn poll_result(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<HummockResult<ImmutableMemtable>> {
+    fn poll_result(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<ImmutableMemtable> {
         Poll::Ready(match ready!(self.join_handle.poll_unpin(cx)) {
             Ok(task_result) => task_result,
-            Err(err) => Err(HummockError::other(format!(
-                "fail to join imm merge join handle: {}",
-                err.as_report()
-            ))),
+            Err(err) => {
+                panic!(
+                    "failed to join merging task: {:?} {:?}",
+                    err.as_report(),
+                    self
+                );
+            }
         })
     }
 }
 
 impl Future for MergingImmTask {
-    type Output = HummockResult<ImmutableMemtable>;
+    type Output = ImmutableMemtable;
 
     fn poll(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
         self.poll_result(cx)
@@ -510,7 +526,6 @@ impl SealedData {
     }
 
     fn add_merged_imm(&mut self, merged_imm: &ImmutableMemtable) {
-        debug_assert!(merged_imm.is_merged_imm());
         // add merged_imm to merged_imms
         self.merged_imms.push_front(merged_imm.clone());
     }
@@ -573,15 +588,16 @@ impl SealedData {
     fn poll_success_merge_imm(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<MergeImmTaskOutput>> {
         // only poll the oldest merge task if there is any
         if let Some(task) = self.merging_tasks.back_mut() {
-            let merge_result = ready!(task.poll_unpin(cx));
+            let merged_imm = ready!(task.poll_unpin(cx));
 
             // pop the finished task
             let task = self.merging_tasks.pop_back().expect("must exist");
 
             Poll::Ready(Some(MergeImmTaskOutput {
+                imm_ids: task.input_imms.iter().map(|imm| imm.batch_id()).collect(),
                 table_id: task.table_id,
                 instance_id: task.instance_id,
-                merged_imm: merge_result.unwrap(),
+                merged_imm,
             }))
         } else {
             Poll::Ready(None)
@@ -1655,17 +1671,10 @@ mod tests {
             _ = sleep => {
                 println!("sleep timeout")
             }
-            res = &mut task => {
-                match res {
-                    Ok(imm) => {
-                        println!("merging task success");
-                        assert_eq!(table_id, imm.table_id);
-                        assert_eq!(9, imm.kv_count());
-                    }
-                    Err(err) => {
-                        println!("merging task failed: {:?}", err);
-                    }
-                }
+            imm = &mut task => {
+                println!("merging task success");
+                assert_eq!(table_id, imm.table_id);
+                assert_eq!(9, imm.kv_count());
             }
         }
         task.join_handle.abort();
diff --git a/src/storage/src/hummock/iterator/merge_inner.rs b/src/storage/src/hummock/iterator/merge_inner.rs
index eaaac328ce8f..669db4cd3aab 100644
--- a/src/storage/src/hummock/iterator/merge_inner.rs
+++ b/src/storage/src/hummock/iterator/merge_inner.rs
@@ -16,13 +16,14 @@ use std::collections::binary_heap::PeekMut;
 use std::collections::{BinaryHeap, LinkedList};
 use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
 
-use bytes::Bytes;
-use risingwave_hummock_sdk::key::{FullKey, TableKey};
-use risingwave_hummock_sdk::EpochWithGap;
+use futures::FutureExt;
+use risingwave_hummock_sdk::key::FullKey;
 
 use super::Forward;
 use crate::hummock::iterator::{DirectionEnum, HummockIterator, HummockIteratorDirection};
-use crate::hummock::shared_buffer::shared_buffer_batch::SharedBufferBatchIterator;
+use crate::hummock::shared_buffer::shared_buffer_batch::{
+    SharedBufferBatchIterator, SharedBufferVersionedEntry,
+};
 use crate::hummock::value::HummockValue;
 use crate::hummock::HummockResult;
 use crate::monitor::StoreLocalStatistic;
@@ -99,12 +100,12 @@ impl<I: HummockIterator> MergeIterator<I> {
 
 impl MergeIterator<SharedBufferBatchIterator<Forward>> {
     /// Used in `merge_imms_in_memory` to merge immutable memtables.
-    pub fn current_item(&self) -> (&TableKey<Bytes>, &(EpochWithGap, HummockValue<Bytes>)) {
+    pub fn current_key_entry(&self) -> &SharedBufferVersionedEntry {
         self.heap
             .peek()
             .expect("no inner iter for imm merge")
             .iter
-            .current_item()
+            .current_key_entry()
     }
 }
 
@@ -197,6 +198,31 @@ impl<'a, T: Ord> Drop for PeekMutGuard<'a, T> {
     }
 }
 
+impl MergeIterator<SharedBufferBatchIterator<Forward>> {
+    pub(crate) fn advance_peek_to_next_key(&mut self) {
+        let mut node =
+            PeekMutGuard::peek_mut(&mut self.heap, &mut self.unused_iters).expect("no inner iter");
+
+        node.iter.advance_to_next_key();
+
+        if !node.iter.is_valid() {
+            // Put back to `unused_iters`
+            let node = node.pop();
+            self.unused_iters.push_back(node);
+        } else {
+            // This will update the heap top.
+            node.used();
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn rewind_no_await(&mut self) {
+        self.rewind()
+            .now_or_never()
+            .expect("should not pending")
+            .expect("should not err")
+    }
+}
+
 impl<I: HummockIterator> HummockIterator for MergeIterator<I>
 where
     Node<I>: Ord,
diff --git a/src/storage/src/hummock/shared_buffer/shared_buffer_batch.rs b/src/storage/src/hummock/shared_buffer/shared_buffer_batch.rs
index ac400bf4054e..f4c8fce2dea9 100644
--- a/src/storage/src/hummock/shared_buffer/shared_buffer_batch.rs
+++ b/src/storage/src/hummock/shared_buffer/shared_buffer_batch.rs
@@ -48,16 +48,21 @@ pub type SharedBufferBatchId = u64;
 /// A shared buffer may contain data from multiple epochs,
 /// there are multiple versions for a given key (`table_key`), we put those versions into a vector
 /// and sort them in descending order, aka newest to oldest.
-pub type SharedBufferVersionedEntry = (TableKey<Bytes>, Vec<(EpochWithGap, HummockValue<Bytes>)>);
+#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub struct SharedBufferVersionedEntry {
+    pub(crate) key: TableKey<Bytes>,
+    pub(crate) new_values: Vec<(EpochWithGap, HummockValue<Bytes>)>,
+}
+
+impl SharedBufferVersionedEntry {
+    pub fn new(key: TableKey<Bytes>, new_values: Vec<(EpochWithGap, HummockValue<Bytes>)>) -> Self {
+        Self { key, new_values }
+    }
+}
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub(crate) struct SharedBufferBatchInner {
     payload: Vec<SharedBufferVersionedEntry>,
-    /// The list of imm ids that are merged into this batch
-    /// This field is immutable.
-    ///
-    /// Larger imm id at the front.
-    imm_ids: Vec<ImmId>,
     /// The epochs of the data in batch, sorted in ascending order (old to new)
     epochs: Vec<HummockEpoch>,
     kv_count: usize,
@@ -84,13 +89,12 @@ impl SharedBufferBatchInner {
         let epoch_with_gap = EpochWithGap::new(epoch, spill_offset);
         let items = payload
             .into_iter()
-            .map(|(k, v)| (k, vec![(epoch_with_gap, v)]))
+            .map(|(k, v)| SharedBufferVersionedEntry::new(k, vec![(epoch_with_gap, v)]))
             .collect_vec();
 
         let batch_id = SHARED_BUFFER_BATCH_ID_GENERATOR.fetch_add(1, Relaxed);
         SharedBufferBatchInner {
             payload: items,
-            imm_ids: vec![batch_id],
             epochs: vec![epoch],
             kv_count,
             size,
@@ -104,31 +108,27 @@ impl SharedBufferBatchInner {
         epochs: Vec<HummockEpoch>,
         payload: Vec<SharedBufferVersionedEntry>,
         num_items: usize,
-        imm_ids: Vec<ImmId>,
         size: usize,
+        imm_id: ImmId,
         tracker: Option<MemoryTracker>,
     ) -> Self {
         assert!(!payload.is_empty());
-        debug_assert!(payload.iter().is_sorted_by_key(|(key, _)| key));
-        debug_assert!(payload.iter().all(|(_, values)| values
+        debug_assert!(payload.iter().is_sorted_by_key(|entry| &entry.key));
+        debug_assert!(payload.iter().all(|entry| entry
+            .new_values
             .iter()
             .rev()
             .is_sorted_by_key(|(epoch_with_gap, _)| epoch_with_gap)));
-        debug_assert!(!imm_ids.is_empty());
-        debug_assert!(imm_ids.iter().rev().is_sorted());
         debug_assert!(!epochs.is_empty());
         debug_assert!(epochs.is_sorted());
 
-        let max_imm_id = *imm_ids.iter().max().unwrap();
-
         Self {
             payload,
             epochs,
-            imm_ids,
             kv_count: num_items,
             size,
             _tracker: tracker,
-            batch_id: max_imm_id,
+            batch_id: imm_id,
         }
     }
 
@@ -140,11 +140,14 @@ impl SharedBufferBatchInner {
         read_epoch: HummockEpoch,
     ) -> Option<(HummockValue<Bytes>, EpochWithGap)> {
         // Perform binary search on table key to find the corresponding entry
-        if let Ok(i) = self.payload.binary_search_by(|m| (m.0[..]).cmp(*table_key)) {
+        if let Ok(i) = self
+            .payload
+            .binary_search_by(|m| (m.key.as_ref()).cmp(*table_key))
+        {
             let item = &self.payload[i];
-            assert_eq!(item.0.as_ref(), *table_key);
+            assert_eq!(item.key.as_ref(), *table_key);
             // Scan to find the first version <= epoch
-            for (e, v) in &item.1 {
+            for (e, v) in &item.new_values {
                 // skip invisible versions
                 if read_epoch < e.pure_epoch() {
                     continue;
@@ -262,10 +265,6 @@ impl SharedBufferBatch {
         self.table_id
     }
 
-    pub fn is_merged_imm(&self) -> bool {
-        !self.inner.imm_ids.is_empty()
-    }
-
     pub fn min_epoch(&self) -> HummockEpoch {
         *self.inner.epochs.first().unwrap()
     }
@@ -274,11 +273,6 @@ impl SharedBufferBatch {
         *self.inner.epochs.last().unwrap()
     }
 
-    pub fn get_imm_ids(&self) -> &Vec<ImmId> {
-        debug_assert!(!self.inner.imm_ids.is_empty());
-        &self.inner.imm_ids
-    }
-
     pub fn kv_count(&self) -> usize {
         self.inner.kv_count
     }
@@ -295,7 +289,7 @@ impl SharedBufferBatch {
     pub fn range_exists(&self, table_key_range: &TableKeyRange) -> bool {
         self.inner
             .binary_search_by(|m| {
-                let key = &m.0;
+                let key = &m.key;
                 let too_left = match &table_key_range.0 {
                     std::ops::Bound::Included(range_start) => range_start.as_ref() > key.as_ref(),
                     std::ops::Bound::Excluded(range_start) => range_start.as_ref() >= key.as_ref(),
@@ -337,17 +331,17 @@ impl SharedBufferBatch {
 
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn start_table_key(&self) -> TableKey<&[u8]> {
-        TableKey(self.inner.payload.first().expect("non-empty").0.as_ref())
+        TableKey(self.inner.payload.first().expect("non-empty").key.as_ref())
     }
 
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn end_table_key(&self) -> TableKey<&[u8]> {
-        TableKey(self.inner.payload.last().expect("non-empty").0.as_ref())
+        TableKey(self.inner.payload.last().expect("non-empty").key.as_ref())
     }
 
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn raw_largest_key(&self) -> &TableKey<Bytes> {
-        &self.inner.payload.last().expect("non-empty").0
+        &self.inner.payload.last().expect("non-empty").key
     }
 
     /// return inclusive left endpoint, which means that all data in this batch should be larger or
@@ -406,7 +400,7 @@ impl SharedBufferBatch {
             let idx = match self
                 .inner
                 .payload
-                .binary_search_by(|m| (m.0[..]).cmp(seek_key.as_slice()))
+                .binary_search_by(|m| (m.key.as_ref()).cmp(seek_key.as_slice()))
             {
                 Ok(idx) => idx,
                 Err(idx) => idx,
@@ -415,10 +409,10 @@ impl SharedBufferBatch {
                 break;
             }
             let item = &self.inner.payload[idx];
-            if item.0.len() <= VirtualNode::SIZE {
+            if item.key.len() <= VirtualNode::SIZE {
                 break;
             }
-            let current_vnode_id = item.0.vnode_part().to_index();
+            let current_vnode_id = item.key.vnode_part().to_index();
             vnodes.push(current_vnode_id);
             next_vnode_id = current_vnode_id + 1;
         }
@@ -446,7 +440,7 @@ impl SharedBufferBatch {
 /// If there are multiple versions of a key, the iterator will return all versions
 pub struct SharedBufferBatchIterator<D: HummockIteratorDirection> {
     inner: Arc<SharedBufferBatchInner>,
-    current_version_idx: i32,
+    current_value_idx: i32,
     // The index of the current entry in the payload
     current_idx: usize,
     table_id: TableId,
@@ -458,42 +452,53 @@ impl<D: HummockIteratorDirection> SharedBufferBatchIterator<D> {
         Self {
             inner,
             current_idx: 0,
-            current_version_idx: 0,
+            current_value_idx: 0,
             table_id,
             _phantom: Default::default(),
         }
     }
 
     /// Return all values of the current key
-    pub(crate) fn current_versions(&self) -> &Vec<(EpochWithGap, HummockValue<Bytes>)> {
+    pub(crate) fn current_values(&self) -> &Vec<(EpochWithGap, HummockValue<Bytes>)> {
         debug_assert!(self.current_idx < self.inner.len());
         let idx = match D::direction() {
             DirectionEnum::Forward => self.current_idx,
             DirectionEnum::Backward => self.inner.len() - self.current_idx - 1,
         };
-        &self.inner.get(idx).unwrap().1
+        &self.inner[idx].new_values
     }
 
-    fn current_versions_len(&self) -> i32 {
+    fn current_values_len(&self) -> i32 {
         if self.current_idx < self.inner.len() {
-            self.current_versions().len() as i32
+            self.current_values().len() as i32
         } else {
             0
         }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn current_item(&self) -> (&TableKey<Bytes>, &(EpochWithGap, HummockValue<Bytes>)) {
-        assert!(self.is_valid(), "iterator is not valid");
-        let (idx, version_idx) = match D::direction() {
-            DirectionEnum::Forward => (self.current_idx, self.current_version_idx),
+        let (idx, value_idx) = match D::direction() {
+            DirectionEnum::Forward => (self.current_idx, self.current_value_idx),
             DirectionEnum::Backward => (
                 self.inner.len() - self.current_idx - 1,
-                self.current_version_idx,
+                self.current_value_idx,
             ),
         };
-        let cur_entry = self.inner.get(idx).unwrap();
-        let value = &cur_entry.1[version_idx as usize];
-        (&cur_entry.0, value)
+        let cur_entry = &self.inner[idx];
+        (&cur_entry.key, &cur_entry.new_values[value_idx as usize])
+    }
+}
+
+impl SharedBufferBatchIterator<Forward> {
+    pub(crate) fn advance_to_next_key(&mut self) {
+        assert_eq!(self.current_value_idx, 0);
+        self.current_idx += 1;
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn current_key_entry(&self) -> &SharedBufferVersionedEntry {
+        assert!(self.is_valid(), "iterator is not valid");
+        assert_eq!(self.current_value_idx, 0);
+        &self.inner.payload[self.current_idx]
     }
 }
 
@@ -505,19 +510,19 @@ impl<D: HummockIteratorDirection> HummockIterator for SharedBufferBatchIterator<
         match D::direction() {
             DirectionEnum::Forward => {
                 // If the current key has more versions, we need to advance the value index
-                if self.current_version_idx + 1 < self.current_versions_len() {
-                    self.current_version_idx += 1;
+                if self.current_value_idx + 1 < self.current_values_len() {
+                    self.current_value_idx += 1;
                 } else {
                     self.current_idx += 1;
-                    self.current_version_idx = 0;
+                    self.current_value_idx = 0;
                 }
             }
             DirectionEnum::Backward => {
-                if self.current_version_idx > 0 {
-                    self.current_version_idx -= 1;
+                if self.current_value_idx > 0 {
+                    self.current_value_idx -= 1;
                 } else {
                     self.current_idx += 1;
-                    self.current_version_idx = self.current_versions_len() - 1;
+                    self.current_value_idx = self.current_values_len() - 1;
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -538,8 +543,7 @@ impl<D: HummockIteratorDirection> HummockIterator for SharedBufferBatchIterator<
         if self.current_idx >= self.inner.len() {
             return false;
         }
-        self.current_version_idx >= 0
-            && self.current_version_idx < self.current_versions().len() as i32
+        self.current_value_idx >= 0 && self.current_value_idx < self.current_values().len() as i32
     }
 
     async fn rewind(&mut self) -> HummockResult<()> {
@@ -547,10 +551,10 @@ impl<D: HummockIteratorDirection> HummockIterator for SharedBufferBatchIterator<
 
         match D::direction() {
             DirectionEnum::Forward => {
-                self.current_version_idx = 0;
+                self.current_value_idx = 0;
             }
             DirectionEnum::Backward => {
-                self.current_version_idx = self.current_versions_len() - 1;
+                self.current_value_idx = self.current_values_len() - 1;
             }
         }
         Ok(())
@@ -562,7 +566,7 @@ impl<D: HummockIteratorDirection> HummockIterator for SharedBufferBatchIterator<
         // by table key.
         let partition_point = self
             .inner
-            .binary_search_by(|probe| probe.0[..].cmp(*key.user_key.table_key));
+            .binary_search_by(|probe| probe.key.as_ref().cmp(*key.user_key.table_key));
         let seek_key_epoch = key.epoch_with_gap;
         match D::direction() {
             DirectionEnum::Forward => match partition_point {
@@ -570,7 +574,7 @@ impl<D: HummockIteratorDirection> HummockIterator for SharedBufferBatchIterator<
                     self.current_idx = i;
                     // seek to the first version that is <= the seek key epoch
                     let mut idx: i32 = 0;
-                    for (epoch_with_gap, _) in self.current_versions() {
+                    for (epoch_with_gap, _) in self.current_values() {
                         if epoch_with_gap <= &seek_key_epoch {
                             break;
                         }
@@ -579,16 +583,16 @@ impl<D: HummockIteratorDirection> HummockIterator for SharedBufferBatchIterator<
 
                     // Move onto the next key for forward iteration if seek key epoch is smaller
                     // than all versions
-                    if idx >= self.current_versions().len() as i32 {
+                    if idx >= self.current_values().len() as i32 {
                         self.current_idx += 1;
-                        self.current_version_idx = 0;
+                        self.current_value_idx = 0;
                     } else {
-                        self.current_version_idx = idx;
+                        self.current_value_idx = idx;
                     }
                 }
                 Err(i) => {
                     self.current_idx = i;
-                    self.current_version_idx = 0;
+                    self.current_value_idx = 0;
                 }
             },
             DirectionEnum::Backward => {
@@ -596,7 +600,7 @@ impl<D: HummockIteratorDirection> HummockIterator for SharedBufferBatchIterator<
                     Ok(i) => {
                         self.current_idx = self.inner.len() - i - 1;
                         // seek from back to the first version that is >= seek_key_epoch
-                        let values = self.current_versions();
+                        let values = self.current_values();
                         let mut idx: i32 = (values.len() - 1) as i32;
                         for (epoch_with_gap, _) in values.iter().rev() {
                             if epoch_with_gap >= &seek_key_epoch {
@@ -607,9 +611,9 @@ impl<D: HummockIteratorDirection> HummockIterator for SharedBufferBatchIterator<
 
                         if idx < 0 {
                             self.current_idx += 1;
-                            self.current_version_idx = self.current_versions_len() - 1;
+                            self.current_value_idx = self.current_values_len() - 1;
                         } else {
-                            self.current_version_idx = idx;
+                            self.current_value_idx = idx;
                         }
                     }
                     // Seek to one item before the seek partition_point:
@@ -617,7 +621,7 @@ impl<D: HummockIteratorDirection> HummockIterator for SharedBufferBatchIterator<
                     // self.inner.len().
                     Err(i) => {
                         self.current_idx = self.inner.len() - i;
-                        self.current_version_idx = self.current_versions_len() - 1;
+                        self.current_value_idx = self.current_values_len() - 1;
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -1111,9 +1115,7 @@ mod tests {
         ];
         // newer data comes first
         let imms = vec![imm3, imm2, imm1];
-        let merged_imm = merge_imms_in_memory(table_id, 0, imms.clone(), None)
-            .await
-            .unwrap();
+        let merged_imm = merge_imms_in_memory(table_id, 0, imms.clone(), None).await;
 
         // Point lookup
         for (i, items) in batch_items.iter().enumerate() {
diff --git a/src/storage/src/hummock/store/hummock_storage.rs b/src/storage/src/hummock/store/hummock_storage.rs
index 831411c11017..a5322a0d7765 100644
--- a/src/storage/src/hummock/store/hummock_storage.rs
+++ b/src/storage/src/hummock/store/hummock_storage.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ use crate::hummock::backup_reader::{BackupReader, BackupReaderRef};
 use crate::hummock::compactor::CompactorContext;
 use crate::hummock::event_handler::hummock_event_handler::BufferTracker;
 use crate::hummock::event_handler::{
-    HummockEvent, HummockEventHandler, HummockVersionUpdate, ReadVersionMappingType,
+    HummockEvent, HummockEventHandler, HummockVersionUpdate, ReadOnlyReadVersionMapping,
 };
 use crate::hummock::local_version::pinned_version::{start_pinned_version_worker, PinnedVersion};
 use crate::hummock::observer_manager::HummockObserverNode;
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ pub struct HummockStorage {
 
     _shutdown_guard: Arc<HummockStorageShutdownGuard>,
 
-    read_version_mapping: Arc<ReadVersionMappingType>,
+    read_version_mapping: ReadOnlyReadVersionMapping,
 
     backup_reader: BackupReaderRef,
 
diff --git a/src/storage/src/hummock/store/local_hummock_storage.rs b/src/storage/src/hummock/store/local_hummock_storage.rs
index 7b3a9bc5da5f..fa35f7197506 100644
--- a/src/storage/src/hummock/store/local_hummock_storage.rs
+++ b/src/storage/src/hummock/store/local_hummock_storage.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use await_tree::InstrumentAwait;
 use bytes::Bytes;
-use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use risingwave_common::catalog::{TableId, TableOption};
 use risingwave_common::util::epoch::MAX_SPILL_TIMES;
 use risingwave_hummock_sdk::key::{is_empty_key_range, TableKey, TableKeyRange};
@@ -26,9 +25,9 @@ use risingwave_hummock_sdk::{EpochWithGap, HummockEpoch};
 use tokio::sync::mpsc;
 use tracing::{warn, Instrument};
 
-use super::version::{HummockReadVersion, StagingData, VersionUpdate};
+use super::version::{StagingData, VersionUpdate};
 use crate::error::StorageResult;
-use crate::hummock::event_handler::{HummockEvent, LocalInstanceGuard};
+use crate::hummock::event_handler::{HummockEvent, HummockReadVersionRef, LocalInstanceGuard};
 use crate::hummock::iterator::{
     ConcatIteratorInner, Forward, HummockIteratorUnion, MergeIterator, SkipWatermarkIterator,
     UserIterator,
@@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ pub struct LocalHummockStorage {
     instance_guard: LocalInstanceGuard,
 
     /// Read handle.
-    read_version: Arc<RwLock<HummockReadVersion>>,
+    read_version: HummockReadVersionRef,
 
     /// This indicates that this `LocalHummockStorage` replicates another `LocalHummockStorage`.
     /// It's used by executors in different CNs to synchronize states.
@@ -517,7 +516,7 @@ impl LocalHummockStorage {
     #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
     pub fn new(
         instance_guard: LocalInstanceGuard,
-        read_version: Arc<RwLock<HummockReadVersion>>,
+        read_version: HummockReadVersionRef,
         hummock_version_reader: HummockVersionReader,
         event_sender: mpsc::UnboundedSender<HummockEvent>,
         memory_limiter: Arc<MemoryLimiter>,
@@ -548,7 +547,7 @@ impl LocalHummockStorage {
     }
 
     /// See `HummockReadVersion::update` for more details.
-    pub fn read_version(&self) -> Arc<RwLock<HummockReadVersion>> {
+    pub fn read_version(&self) -> HummockReadVersionRef {
         self.read_version.clone()
     }
 
diff --git a/src/storage/src/hummock/store/version.rs b/src/storage/src/hummock/store/version.rs
index 3f95e8fe0e24..9b47935fa282 100644
--- a/src/storage/src/hummock/store/version.rs
+++ b/src/storage/src/hummock/store/version.rs
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ use tracing::Instrument;
 
 use super::StagingDataIterator;
 use crate::error::StorageResult;
+use crate::hummock::event_handler::HummockReadVersionRef;
 use crate::hummock::iterator::{
     ConcatIterator, ForwardMergeRangeIterator, HummockIteratorUnion, MergeIterator,
     SkipWatermarkIterator, UserIterator,
@@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ impl StagingSstableInfo {
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub enum StagingData {
     ImmMem(ImmutableMemtable),
-    MergedImmMem(ImmutableMemtable),
+    MergedImmMem(ImmutableMemtable, Vec<ImmId>),
     Sst(StagingSstableInfo),
 }
 
@@ -244,6 +245,10 @@ impl HummockReadVersion {
         Self::new_with_replication_option(table_id, committed_version, false)
     }
 
+    pub fn table_id(&self) -> TableId {
+        self.table_id
+    }
+
     /// Updates the read version with `VersionUpdate`.
     /// There will be three data types to be processed
     /// `VersionUpdate::Staging`
@@ -266,8 +271,8 @@ impl HummockReadVersion {
 
                     self.staging.imm.push_front(imm)
                 }
-                StagingData::MergedImmMem(merged_imm) => {
-                    self.add_merged_imm(merged_imm);
+                StagingData::MergedImmMem(merged_imm, imm_ids) => {
+                    self.add_merged_imm(merged_imm, imm_ids);
                 }
                 StagingData::Sst(staging_sst) => {
                     // The following properties must be ensured:
@@ -405,19 +410,11 @@ impl HummockReadVersion {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn clear_uncommitted(&mut self) {
-        self.staging.imm.clear();
-        self.staging.sst.clear();
-        self.table_watermarks = self
-            .committed
-            .table_watermark_index()
-            .get(&self.table_id)
-            .cloned()
-    }
-
-    pub fn add_merged_imm(&mut self, merged_imm: ImmutableMemtable) {
-        assert!(merged_imm.get_imm_ids().iter().rev().is_sorted());
-        let min_imm_id = *merged_imm.get_imm_ids().last().expect("non-empty");
+    /// `imm_ids` is the list of imm ids that are merged into this batch
+    /// This field is immutable. Larger imm id at the front.
+    pub fn add_merged_imm(&mut self, merged_imm: ImmutableMemtable, imm_ids: Vec<ImmId>) {
+        assert!(imm_ids.iter().rev().is_sorted());
+        let min_imm_id = *imm_ids.last().expect("non-empty");
 
         let back = self.staging.imm.back().expect("should not be empty");
 
@@ -451,9 +448,7 @@ impl HummockReadVersion {
 
                         unreachable!(
                             "must have break in equal: {:?} {:?} {:?}",
-                            remaining_staging_imm_ids,
-                            earlier_imm_ids,
-                            merged_imm.get_imm_ids()
+                            remaining_staging_imm_ids, earlier_imm_ids, imm_ids
                         )
                     }
                 }
@@ -471,13 +466,13 @@ impl HummockReadVersion {
                         .map(|imm| imm.batch_id())
                         .collect_vec()
                 },
-                merged_imm.get_imm_ids()
+                imm_ids
             );
             None
         };
 
         // iter from smaller imm and take the older imm at the back.
-        for imm_id in merged_imm.get_imm_ids().iter().rev() {
+        for imm_id in imm_ids.iter().rev() {
             let imm = self.staging.imm.pop_back().expect("should exist");
             assert_eq!(
                 imm.batch_id(),
@@ -490,7 +485,7 @@ impl HummockReadVersion {
                         .map(|imm| imm.batch_id())
                         .collect_vec()
                 },
-                merged_imm.get_imm_ids(),
+                imm_ids,
                 imm_id,
             );
         }
@@ -510,7 +505,7 @@ pub fn read_filter_for_batch(
     epoch: HummockEpoch, // for check
     table_id: TableId,
     mut key_range: TableKeyRange,
-    read_version_vec: Vec<Arc<RwLock<HummockReadVersion>>>,
+    read_version_vec: Vec<HummockReadVersionRef>,
 ) -> StorageResult<(TableKeyRange, ReadVersionTuple)> {
     assert!(!read_version_vec.is_empty());
     let mut staging_vec = Vec::with_capacity(read_version_vec.len());
diff --git a/src/stream/Cargo.toml b/src/stream/Cargo.toml
index 1e602eec9eca..389b88aed043 100644
--- a/src/stream/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/stream/Cargo.toml
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ async-trait = "0.1"
 auto_enums = "0.8"
 await-tree = { workspace = true }
 bytes = "1"
+cfg-if = "1"
 delta_btree_map = { path = "../utils/delta_btree_map" }
 educe = "0.5"
 either = "1"
diff --git a/src/stream/src/common/log_store_impl/kv_log_store/mod.rs b/src/stream/src/common/log_store_impl/kv_log_store/mod.rs
index d3fa9ddf3582..1cbd65fec151 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/common/log_store_impl/kv_log_store/mod.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/common/log_store_impl/kv_log_store/mod.rs
@@ -221,6 +221,7 @@ impl KvLogStorePkInfo {
     }
 }
 
+#[expect(deprecated)]
 pub(crate) use v1::KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO;
 
 mod v1 {
@@ -236,6 +237,7 @@ mod v1 {
     use super::{KvLogStorePkInfo, KvLogStorePkRow};
     use crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::SeqIdType;
 
+    #[deprecated]
     pub(crate) static KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO: LazyLock<KvLogStorePkInfo> = LazyLock::new(|| {
         fn compute_pk(
             _vnode: VirtualNode,
@@ -262,6 +264,50 @@ mod v1 {
     });
 }
 
+pub(crate) use v2::KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO;
+
+/// A new version of log store schema. Compared to v1, the v2 added a new vnode column to the log store pk,
+/// becomes `epoch`, `seq_id` and `vnode`. In this way, providing a log store pk, we can get exactly one single row.
+///
+/// In v1, dist key is not in pk, and we will get an error in batch query when we try to compute dist key in pk indices.
+/// Now in v2, since we add a vnode column in pk, we can set the vnode index in pk correctly, and the batch query can be
+/// correctly executed. See <https://github.com/risingwavelabs/risingwave/issues/14503> for details.
+mod v2 {
+    use std::sync::LazyLock;
+
+    use risingwave_common::constants::log_store::v2::{
+        EPOCH_COLUMN_INDEX, KV_LOG_STORE_PREDEFINED_COLUMNS, PK_ORDERING, ROW_OP_COLUMN_INDEX,
+        SEQ_ID_COLUMN_INDEX,
+    };
+    use risingwave_common::hash::VirtualNode;
+    use risingwave_common::types::ScalarImpl;
+
+    use super::{KvLogStorePkInfo, KvLogStorePkRow};
+    use crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::SeqIdType;
+
+    pub(crate) static KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO: LazyLock<KvLogStorePkInfo> = LazyLock::new(|| {
+        fn compute_pk(
+            vnode: VirtualNode,
+            encoded_epoch: i64,
+            seq_id: Option<SeqIdType>,
+        ) -> KvLogStorePkRow {
+            KvLogStorePkRow::from([
+                Some(ScalarImpl::Int64(encoded_epoch)),
+                seq_id.map(ScalarImpl::Int32),
+                vnode.to_datum(),
+            ])
+        }
+        KvLogStorePkInfo {
+            epoch_column_index: EPOCH_COLUMN_INDEX,
+            row_op_column_index: ROW_OP_COLUMN_INDEX,
+            seq_id_column_index: SEQ_ID_COLUMN_INDEX,
+            predefined_columns: &KV_LOG_STORE_PREDEFINED_COLUMNS[..],
+            pk_orderings: &PK_ORDERING[..],
+            compute_pk,
+        }
+    });
+}
+
 pub struct KvLogStoreFactory<S: StateStore> {
     state_store: S,
 
@@ -376,15 +422,20 @@ mod tests {
         gen_multi_vnode_stream_chunks, gen_stream_chunk_with_info, gen_test_log_store_table,
         TEST_DATA_SIZE,
     };
-    use crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::v1::KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO;
     use crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::{
-        KvLogStoreFactory, KvLogStoreMetrics, KvLogStorePkInfo,
+        KvLogStoreFactory, KvLogStoreMetrics, KvLogStorePkInfo, KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO,
     };
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_basic() {
-        for count in 0..20 {
-            test_basic_inner(count * TEST_DATA_SIZE, &KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO).await
+        for count in (0..20).step_by(5) {
+            #[expect(deprecated)]
+            test_basic_inner(
+                count * TEST_DATA_SIZE,
+                &crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::v1::KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO,
+            )
+            .await;
+            test_basic_inner(count * TEST_DATA_SIZE, &KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO).await;
         }
     }
 
@@ -478,8 +529,14 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_recovery() {
-        for count in 0..20 {
-            test_recovery_inner(count * TEST_DATA_SIZE, &KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO).await
+        for count in (0..20).step_by(5) {
+            #[expect(deprecated)]
+            test_recovery_inner(
+                count * TEST_DATA_SIZE,
+                &crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::v1::KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO,
+            )
+            .await;
+            test_recovery_inner(count * TEST_DATA_SIZE, &KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO).await;
         }
     }
 
@@ -580,6 +637,8 @@ mod tests {
             .await
             .unwrap();
 
+        drop(writer);
+
         // Recovery
         test_env.storage.clear_shared_buffer().await.unwrap();
 
@@ -643,8 +702,14 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_truncate() {
-        for count in 2..10 {
-            test_truncate_inner(count, &KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO).await
+        for count in (2..10).step_by(3) {
+            #[expect(deprecated)]
+            test_truncate_inner(
+                count,
+                &crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::v1::KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO,
+            )
+            .await;
+            test_truncate_inner(count, &KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO).await;
         }
     }
 
@@ -777,6 +842,8 @@ mod tests {
             .await
             .unwrap();
 
+        drop(writer);
+
         // Recovery
         test_env.storage.clear_shared_buffer().await.unwrap();
 
@@ -857,7 +924,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_update_vnode_recover() {
-        let pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo = &KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO;
+        let pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo = &KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO;
         let test_env = prepare_hummock_test_env().await;
 
         let table = gen_test_log_store_table(pk_info);
@@ -1001,6 +1068,9 @@ mod tests {
             .await
             .unwrap();
 
+        drop(writer1);
+        drop(writer2);
+
         // Recovery
         test_env.storage.clear_shared_buffer().await.unwrap();
 
@@ -1055,7 +1125,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_cancellation_safe() {
-        let pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo = &KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO;
+        let pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo = &KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO;
         let gen_stream_chunk = |base| gen_stream_chunk_with_info(base, pk_info);
         let test_env = prepare_hummock_test_env().await;
 
@@ -1125,7 +1195,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_rewind_on_consuming_persisted_log() {
-        let pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo = &KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO;
+        let pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo = &KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO;
         let gen_stream_chunk = |base| gen_stream_chunk_with_info(base, pk_info);
         let test_env = prepare_hummock_test_env().await;
 
diff --git a/src/stream/src/common/log_store_impl/kv_log_store/serde.rs b/src/stream/src/common/log_store_impl/kv_log_store/serde.rs
index 05fa475fead1..f4323df89049 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/common/log_store_impl/kv_log_store/serde.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/common/log_store_impl/kv_log_store/serde.rs
@@ -781,9 +781,8 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::test_utils::{
         check_rows_eq, gen_test_data, gen_test_log_store_table, TEST_TABLE_ID,
     };
-    use crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::v1::KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO;
     use crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::{
-        KvLogStorePkInfo, KvLogStoreReadMetrics, SeqIdType,
+        KvLogStorePkInfo, KvLogStoreReadMetrics, SeqIdType, KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO,
     };
 
     const EPOCH0: u64 = 233;
@@ -791,8 +790,17 @@ mod tests {
     const EPOCH2: u64 = EPOCH1 + 1;
 
     #[test]
-    fn test_serde() {
-        let pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo = &KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO;
+    fn test_serde_v1() {
+        #[expect(deprecated)]
+        test_serde_inner(&crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::v1::KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serde_v2() {
+        test_serde_inner(&KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO);
+    }
+
+    fn test_serde_inner(pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo) {
         let table = gen_test_log_store_table(pk_info);
 
         let serde = LogStoreRowSerde::new(
@@ -923,8 +931,20 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]
-    async fn test_deserialize_stream_chunk() {
-        let pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo = &KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO;
+    async fn test_deserialize_stream_chunk_v1() {
+        #[expect(deprecated)]
+        test_deserialize_stream_chunk_inner(
+            &crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::v1::KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO,
+        )
+        .await
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_deserialize_stream_chunk_v2() {
+        test_deserialize_stream_chunk_inner(&KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO).await
+    }
+
+    async fn test_deserialize_stream_chunk_inner(pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo) {
         let table = gen_test_log_store_table(pk_info);
         let serde = LogStoreRowSerde::new(
             &table,
@@ -1065,8 +1085,20 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]
-    async fn test_row_stream_basic() {
-        let pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo = &KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO;
+    async fn test_row_stream_basic_v1() {
+        #[expect(deprecated)]
+        test_row_stream_basic_inner(
+            &crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::v1::KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO,
+        )
+        .await
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_row_stream_basic_v2() {
+        test_row_stream_basic_inner(&KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO).await
+    }
+
+    async fn test_row_stream_basic_inner(pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo) {
         let table = gen_test_log_store_table(pk_info);
 
         let serde = LogStoreRowSerde::new(
@@ -1162,8 +1194,20 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]
-    async fn test_log_store_stream_basic() {
-        let pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo = &KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO;
+    async fn test_log_store_stream_basic_v1() {
+        #[expect(deprecated)]
+        test_log_store_stream_basic_inner(
+            &crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::v1::KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO,
+        )
+        .await
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_log_store_stream_basic_v2() {
+        test_log_store_stream_basic_inner(&KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO).await
+    }
+
+    async fn test_log_store_stream_basic_inner(pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo) {
         let table = gen_test_log_store_table(pk_info);
 
         let serde = LogStoreRowSerde::new(
@@ -1272,7 +1316,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_empty_stream() {
-        let pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo = &KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO;
+        let pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo = &KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO;
         let table = gen_test_log_store_table(pk_info);
 
         let serde = LogStoreRowSerde::new(
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/arrangement_backfill.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/arrangement_backfill.rs
index fa39c87d74ea..0afea6720cad 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/arrangement_backfill.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/arrangement_backfill.rs
@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ use futures::stream::{select_all, select_with_strategy};
 use futures::{stream, StreamExt, TryStreamExt};
 use futures_async_stream::try_stream;
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use risingwave_common::array::{Op, StreamChunk};
+use risingwave_common::array::{DataChunk, Op, StreamChunk};
 use risingwave_common::bail;
 use risingwave_common::catalog::Schema;
 use risingwave_common::hash::{VirtualNode, VnodeBitmapExt};
+use risingwave_common::row::OwnedRow;
 use risingwave_common::util::chunk_coalesce::DataChunkBuilder;
-use risingwave_common::util::iter_util::ZipEqDebug;
 use risingwave_storage::row_serde::value_serde::ValueRowSerde;
 use risingwave_storage::store::PrefetchOptions;
 use risingwave_storage::StateStore;
@@ -34,17 +34,19 @@ use crate::common::table::state_table::{ReplicatedStateTable, StateTable};
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 use crate::executor::backfill::utils::METADATA_STATE_LEN;
 use crate::executor::backfill::utils::{
-    compute_bounds, create_builder, get_progress_per_vnode, iter_chunks, mapping_chunk,
-    mapping_message, mark_chunk_ref_by_vnode, owned_row_iter, persist_state_per_vnode,
-    update_pos_by_vnode, BackfillProgressPerVnode, BackfillState,
+    compute_bounds, create_builder, get_progress_per_vnode, mapping_chunk, mapping_message,
+    mark_chunk_ref_by_vnode, owned_row_iter, persist_state_per_vnode, update_pos_by_vnode,
+    BackfillProgressPerVnode, BackfillState,
 };
 use crate::executor::monitor::StreamingMetrics;
 use crate::executor::{
     expect_first_barrier, Barrier, BoxedExecutor, BoxedMessageStream, Executor, ExecutorInfo,
-    Message, PkIndicesRef, StreamExecutorError,
+    HashMap, Message, PkIndicesRef, StreamExecutorError, StreamExecutorResult,
 };
 use crate::task::{ActorId, CreateMviewProgress};
 
+type Builders = HashMap<VirtualNode, DataChunkBuilder>;
+
 /// Similar to [`super::no_shuffle_backfill::BackfillExecutor`].
 /// Main differences:
 /// - [`ArrangementBackfillExecutor`] can reside on a different CN, so it can be scaled
@@ -131,17 +133,18 @@ where
             .iter()
             .map(|field| field.data_type.clone())
             .collect_vec();
-        let mut builders = upstream_table
+        let mut builders: Builders = upstream_table
             .vnodes()
             .iter_vnodes()
-            .map(|_| {
-                create_builder(
+            .map(|vnode| {
+                let builder = create_builder(
                     self.rate_limit,
                     self.chunk_size,
                     snapshot_data_types.clone(),
-                )
+                );
+                (vnode, builder)
             })
-            .collect_vec();
+            .collect();
 
         let mut upstream = self.upstream.execute();
 
@@ -219,6 +222,8 @@ where
             'backfill_loop: loop {
                 let mut cur_barrier_snapshot_processed_rows: u64 = 0;
                 let mut cur_barrier_upstream_processed_rows: u64 = 0;
+                let mut snapshot_read_complete = false;
+                let mut has_snapshot_read = false;
 
                 // NOTE(kwannoel): Scope it so that immutable reference to `upstream_table` can be
                 // dropped. Then we can write to `upstream_table` on barrier in the
@@ -229,20 +234,19 @@ where
                     let right_snapshot = pin!(Self::make_snapshot_stream(
                         &upstream_table,
                         backfill_state.clone(), // FIXME: Use mutable reference instead.
-                        &mut builders,
                         paused,
                     )
                     .map(Either::Right));
 
                     // Prefer to select upstream, so we can stop snapshot stream as soon as the
                     // barrier comes.
-                    let backfill_stream =
+                    let mut backfill_stream =
                         select_with_strategy(left_upstream, right_snapshot, |_: &mut ()| {
                             stream::PollNext::Left
                         });
 
                     #[for_await]
-                    for either in backfill_stream {
+                    for either in &mut backfill_stream {
                         match either {
                             // Upstream
                             Either::Left(msg) => {
@@ -268,8 +272,24 @@ where
                             }
                             // Snapshot read
                             Either::Right(msg) => {
+                                has_snapshot_read = true;
                                 match msg? {
                                     None => {
+                                        // Consume remaining rows in the builder.
+                                        for (vnode, builder) in &mut builders {
+                                            if let Some(data_chunk) = builder.consume_all() {
+                                                yield Self::handle_snapshot_chunk(
+                                                    data_chunk,
+                                                    *vnode,
+                                                    &pk_in_output_indices,
+                                                    &mut backfill_state,
+                                                    &mut cur_barrier_snapshot_processed_rows,
+                                                    &mut total_snapshot_processed_rows,
+                                                    &self.output_indices,
+                                                )?;
+                                            }
+                                        }
+
                                         // End of the snapshot read stream.
                                         // We should not mark the chunk anymore,
                                         // otherwise, we will ignore some rows
@@ -288,28 +308,61 @@ where
 
                                         break 'backfill_loop;
                                     }
-                                    Some((vnode, chunk)) => {
-                                        let chunk_cardinality = chunk.cardinality() as u64;
+                                    Some((vnode, row)) => {
+                                        let builder = builders.get_mut(&vnode).unwrap();
+                                        if let Some(chunk) = builder.append_one_row(row) {
+                                            yield Self::handle_snapshot_chunk(
+                                                chunk,
+                                                vnode,
+                                                &pk_in_output_indices,
+                                                &mut backfill_state,
+                                                &mut cur_barrier_snapshot_processed_rows,
+                                                &mut total_snapshot_processed_rows,
+                                                &self.output_indices,
+                                            )?;
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
 
-                                        // Raise the current position.
-                                        // As snapshot read streams are ordered by pk, so we can
-                                        // just use the last row to update `current_pos`.
-                                        update_pos_by_vnode(
+                    // Before processing barrier, if did not snapshot read,
+                    // do a snapshot read first.
+                    // This is so we don't lose the tombstone iteration progress.
+                    // If paused, we also can't read any snapshot records.
+                    if !has_snapshot_read && !paused {
+                        // If we have not snapshot read, builders must all be empty.
+                        debug_assert!(builders.values().all(|b| b.is_empty()));
+                        let (_, snapshot) = backfill_stream.into_inner();
+                        #[for_await]
+                        for msg in snapshot {
+                            let Either::Right(msg) = msg else {
+                                bail!("BUG: snapshot_read contains upstream messages");
+                            };
+                            match msg? {
+                                None => {
+                                    // End of the snapshot read stream.
+                                    // We let the barrier handling logic take care of upstream updates.
+                                    // But we still want to exit backfill loop, so we mark snapshot read complete.
+                                    snapshot_read_complete = true;
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                                Some((vnode, row)) => {
+                                    let builder = builders.get_mut(&vnode).unwrap();
+                                    if let Some(chunk) = builder.append_one_row(row) {
+                                        yield Self::handle_snapshot_chunk(
+                                            chunk,
                                             vnode,
-                                            &chunk,
                                             &pk_in_output_indices,
                                             &mut backfill_state,
-                                            chunk_cardinality,
-                                        )?;
-
-                                        cur_barrier_snapshot_processed_rows += chunk_cardinality;
-                                        total_snapshot_processed_rows += chunk_cardinality;
-                                        let chunk = Message::Chunk(mapping_chunk(
-                                            chunk,
+                                            &mut cur_barrier_snapshot_processed_rows,
+                                            &mut total_snapshot_processed_rows,
                                             &self.output_indices,
-                                        ));
-                                        yield chunk;
+                                        )?;
                                     }
+
+                                    break;
                                 }
                             }
                         }
@@ -348,19 +401,20 @@ where
                 // consume snapshot rows left in builder.
                 // NOTE(kwannoel): `zip_eq_debug` does not work here,
                 // we encounter "higher-ranked lifetime error".
-                for (vnode, chunk) in vnodes.iter_vnodes().zip_eq(builders.iter_mut().map(|b| {
-                    b.consume_all().map(|chunk| {
+                for (vnode, chunk) in builders.iter_mut().map(|(vnode, b)| {
+                    let chunk = b.consume_all().map(|chunk| {
                         let ops = vec![Op::Insert; chunk.capacity()];
                         StreamChunk::from_parts(ops, chunk)
-                    })
-                })) {
+                    });
+                    (vnode, chunk)
+                }) {
                     if let Some(chunk) = chunk {
                         let chunk_cardinality = chunk.cardinality() as u64;
                         // Raise the current position.
                         // As snapshot read streams are ordered by pk, so we can
                         // just use the last row to update `current_pos`.
                         update_pos_by_vnode(
-                            vnode,
+                            *vnode,
                             &chunk,
                             &pk_in_output_indices,
                             &mut backfill_state,
@@ -446,6 +500,10 @@ where
                 yield Message::Barrier(barrier);
 
                 // We will switch snapshot at the start of the next iteration of the backfill loop.
+                // Unless snapshot read is already completed.
+                if snapshot_read_complete {
+                    break 'backfill_loop;
+                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -523,11 +581,10 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-    #[try_stream(ok = Option<(VirtualNode, StreamChunk)>, error = StreamExecutorError)]
-    async fn make_snapshot_stream<'a>(
-        upstream_table: &'a ReplicatedStateTable<S, SD>,
+    #[try_stream(ok = Option<(VirtualNode, OwnedRow)>, error = StreamExecutorError)]
+    async fn make_snapshot_stream(
+        upstream_table: &ReplicatedStateTable<S, SD>,
         backfill_state: BackfillState,
-        builders: &'a mut [DataChunkBuilder],
         paused: bool,
     ) {
         if paused {
@@ -537,12 +594,41 @@ where
             }
         } else {
             #[for_await]
-            for r in Self::snapshot_read_per_vnode(upstream_table, backfill_state, builders) {
+            for r in Self::snapshot_read_per_vnode(upstream_table, backfill_state) {
                 yield r?;
             }
         }
     }
 
+    fn handle_snapshot_chunk(
+        chunk: DataChunk,
+        vnode: VirtualNode,
+        pk_in_output_indices: &[usize],
+        backfill_state: &mut BackfillState,
+        cur_barrier_snapshot_processed_rows: &mut u64,
+        total_snapshot_processed_rows: &mut u64,
+        output_indices: &[usize],
+    ) -> StreamExecutorResult<Message> {
+        let chunk = StreamChunk::from_parts(vec![Op::Insert; chunk.capacity()], chunk);
+        // Raise the current position.
+        // As snapshot read streams are ordered by pk, so we can
+        // just use the last row to update `current_pos`.
+        let snapshot_row_count_delta = chunk.cardinality() as u64;
+        update_pos_by_vnode(
+            vnode,
+            &chunk,
+            pk_in_output_indices,
+            backfill_state,
+            snapshot_row_count_delta,
+        )?;
+
+        let chunk_cardinality = chunk.cardinality() as u64;
+        *cur_barrier_snapshot_processed_rows += chunk_cardinality;
+        *total_snapshot_processed_rows += chunk_cardinality;
+        let chunk = Message::Chunk(mapping_chunk(chunk, output_indices));
+        Ok(chunk)
+    }
+
     /// Read snapshot per vnode.
     /// These streams should be sorted in storage layer.
     /// 1. Get row iterator / vnode.
@@ -567,18 +653,13 @@ where
     /// remaining data in `builder` must be flushed manually.
     /// Otherwise when we scan a new snapshot, it is possible the rows in the `builder` would be
     /// present, Then when we flush we contain duplicate rows.
-    #[try_stream(ok = Option<(VirtualNode, StreamChunk)>, error = StreamExecutorError)]
-    async fn snapshot_read_per_vnode<'a>(
-        upstream_table: &'a ReplicatedStateTable<S, SD>,
+    #[try_stream(ok = Option<(VirtualNode, OwnedRow)>, error = StreamExecutorError)]
+    async fn snapshot_read_per_vnode(
+        upstream_table: &ReplicatedStateTable<S, SD>,
         backfill_state: BackfillState,
-        builders: &'a mut [DataChunkBuilder],
     ) {
         let mut iterators = vec![];
-        for (vnode, builder) in upstream_table
-            .vnodes()
-            .iter_vnodes()
-            .zip_eq_debug(builders.iter_mut())
-        {
+        for vnode in upstream_table.vnodes().iter_vnodes() {
             let backfill_progress = backfill_state.get_progress(&vnode)?;
             let current_pos = match backfill_progress {
                 BackfillProgressPerVnode::NotStarted => None,
@@ -610,20 +691,19 @@ where
 
             let vnode_row_iter = Box::pin(owned_row_iter(vnode_row_iter));
 
-            let vnode_chunk_iter =
-                iter_chunks(vnode_row_iter, builder).map_ok(move |chunk| (vnode, chunk));
+            let vnode_row_iter = vnode_row_iter.map_ok(move |row| (vnode, row));
 
-            let vnode_chunk_iter = Box::pin(vnode_chunk_iter);
+            let vnode_row_iter = Box::pin(vnode_row_iter);
 
-            iterators.push(vnode_chunk_iter);
+            iterators.push(vnode_row_iter);
         }
 
-        let vnode_chunk_iter = select_all(iterators);
+        // TODO(kwannoel): We can provide an option between snapshot read in parallel vs serial.
+        let vnode_row_iter = select_all(iterators);
 
-        // This means we iterate serially rather than in parallel across vnodes.
         #[for_await]
-        for chunk in vnode_chunk_iter {
-            yield Some(chunk?);
+        for vnode_and_row in vnode_row_iter {
+            yield Some(vnode_and_row?);
         }
         yield None;
         return Ok(());
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/cdc/cdc_backfill.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/cdc/cdc_backfill.rs
index 75a421c1319f..bb99e2ecab36 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/cdc/cdc_backfill.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/cdc/cdc_backfill.rs
@@ -75,6 +75,8 @@ pub struct CdcBackfillExecutor<S: StateStore> {
     metrics: Arc<StreamingMetrics>,
 
     chunk_size: usize,
+
+    disable_backfill: bool,
 }
 
 impl<S: StateStore> CdcBackfillExecutor<S> {
@@ -89,6 +91,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> CdcBackfillExecutor<S> {
         metrics: Arc<StreamingMetrics>,
         state_table: StateTable<S>,
         chunk_size: usize,
+        disable_backfill: bool,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             actor_ctx,
@@ -100,6 +103,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> CdcBackfillExecutor<S> {
             progress,
             metrics,
             chunk_size,
+            disable_backfill,
         }
     }
 
@@ -143,7 +147,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> CdcBackfillExecutor<S> {
         let state = state_impl.restore_state().await?;
         current_pk_pos = state.current_pk_pos.clone();
 
-        let to_backfill = !state.is_finished;
+        let to_backfill = !self.disable_backfill && !state.is_finished;
 
         // The first barrier message should be propagated.
         yield Message::Barrier(first_barrier);
@@ -156,6 +160,10 @@ impl<S: StateStore> CdcBackfillExecutor<S> {
             .last_cdc_offset
             .map_or(upstream_table_reader.current_binlog_offset().await?, Some);
 
+        let offset_parse_func = upstream_table_reader
+            .inner()
+            .table_reader()
+            .get_cdc_offset_parser();
         let mut consumed_binlog_offset: Option<CdcOffset> = None;
 
         tracing::info!(
@@ -164,6 +172,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> CdcBackfillExecutor<S> {
             initial_binlog_offset = ?last_binlog_offset,
             ?current_pk_pos,
             is_finished = state.is_finished,
+            disable_backfill = self.disable_backfill,
             snapshot_row_count = total_snapshot_row_count,
             chunk_size = self.chunk_size,
             "start cdc backfill"
@@ -204,10 +213,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> CdcBackfillExecutor<S> {
                         break;
                     }
                     Message::Chunk(ref chunk) => {
-                        last_binlog_offset = get_cdc_chunk_last_offset(
-                            upstream_table_reader.inner().table_reader(),
-                            chunk,
-                        )?;
+                        last_binlog_offset = get_cdc_chunk_last_offset(&offset_parse_func, chunk)?;
                     }
                     Message::Watermark(_) => {
                         // Ignore watermark
@@ -273,12 +279,12 @@ impl<S: StateStore> CdcBackfillExecutor<S> {
                                             // record the consumed binlog offset that will be
                                             // persisted later
                                             consumed_binlog_offset = get_cdc_chunk_last_offset(
-                                                upstream_table_reader.inner().table_reader(),
+                                                &offset_parse_func,
                                                 &chunk,
                                             )?;
                                             yield Message::Chunk(mapping_chunk(
                                                 mark_cdc_chunk(
-                                                    upstream_table_reader.inner().table_reader(),
+                                                    &offset_parse_func,
                                                     chunk,
                                                     current_pos,
                                                     &pk_in_output_indices,
@@ -341,10 +347,8 @@ impl<S: StateStore> CdcBackfillExecutor<S> {
                                         continue;
                                     }
 
-                                    let chunk_binlog_offset = get_cdc_chunk_last_offset(
-                                        upstream_table_reader.inner().table_reader(),
-                                        &chunk,
-                                    )?;
+                                    let chunk_binlog_offset =
+                                        get_cdc_chunk_last_offset(&offset_parse_func, &chunk)?;
 
                                     tracing::trace!(
                                         target: "events::stream::cdc_backfill",
@@ -434,6 +438,21 @@ impl<S: StateStore> CdcBackfillExecutor<S> {
                     }
                 }
             }
+        } else if self.disable_backfill {
+            // If backfill is disabled, we just mark the backfill as finished
+            tracing::info!(
+                upstream_table_id,
+                upstream_table_name,
+                "CdcBackfill has been disabled"
+            );
+            state_impl
+                .mutate_state(
+                    current_pk_pos,
+                    last_binlog_offset.clone(),
+                    total_snapshot_row_count,
+                    true,
+                )
+                .await?;
         }
 
         // drop reader to release db connection
@@ -441,6 +460,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> CdcBackfillExecutor<S> {
 
         tracing::info!(
             upstream_table_id,
+            upstream_table_name,
             "CdcBackfill has already finished and will forward messages directly to the downstream"
         );
 
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/no_shuffle_backfill.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/no_shuffle_backfill.rs
index 6d95a3ceba52..824bc51e13b0 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/no_shuffle_backfill.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/no_shuffle_backfill.rs
@@ -332,7 +332,10 @@ where
                     // This is so we don't lose the tombstone iteration progress.
                     // If paused, we also can't read any snapshot records.
                     if !has_snapshot_read && !paused {
-                        assert!(builder.is_empty());
+                        assert!(
+                            builder.is_empty(),
+                            "Builder should be empty if no snapshot read"
+                        );
                         let (_, snapshot) = backfill_stream.into_inner();
                         #[for_await]
                         for msg in snapshot {
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/utils.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/utils.rs
index 8fc27ab5864a..c11dd6847125 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/utils.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/utils.rs
@@ -34,9 +34,7 @@ use risingwave_common::util::iter_util::ZipEqDebug;
 use risingwave_common::util::sort_util::{cmp_datum_iter, OrderType};
 use risingwave_common::util::value_encoding::BasicSerde;
 use risingwave_connector::error::ConnectorError;
-use risingwave_connector::source::cdc::external::{
-    CdcOffset, ExternalTableReader, ExternalTableReaderImpl,
-};
+use risingwave_connector::source::cdc::external::{CdcOffset, CdcOffsetParseFunc};
 use risingwave_storage::table::{collect_data_chunk_with_builder, KeyedRow};
 use risingwave_storage::StateStore;
 
@@ -310,7 +308,7 @@ pub(crate) fn mark_chunk(
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn mark_cdc_chunk(
-    table_reader: &ExternalTableReaderImpl,
+    offset_parse_func: &CdcOffsetParseFunc,
     chunk: StreamChunk,
     current_pos: &OwnedRow,
     pk_in_output_indices: PkIndicesRef<'_>,
@@ -319,7 +317,7 @@ pub(crate) fn mark_cdc_chunk(
 ) -> StreamExecutorResult<StreamChunk> {
     let chunk = chunk.compact();
     mark_cdc_chunk_inner(
-        table_reader,
+        offset_parse_func,
         chunk,
         current_pos,
         last_cdc_offset,
@@ -343,8 +341,6 @@ pub(crate) fn mark_chunk_ref_by_vnode(
     let mut new_visibility = BitmapBuilder::with_capacity(ops.len());
     // Use project to avoid allocation.
     for row in data.rows() {
-        // TODO(kwannoel): Is this logic correct for computing vnode?
-        // I will revisit it again when arrangement_backfill is implemented e2e.
         let vnode = VirtualNode::compute_row(row, pk_in_output_indices);
         let v = match backfill_state.get_progress(&vnode)? {
             // We want to just forward the row, if the vnode has finished backfill.
@@ -400,7 +396,7 @@ fn mark_chunk_inner(
 }
 
 fn mark_cdc_chunk_inner(
-    table_reader: &ExternalTableReaderImpl,
+    offset_parse_func: &CdcOffsetParseFunc,
     chunk: StreamChunk,
     current_pos: &OwnedRow,
     last_cdc_offset: Option<CdcOffset>,
@@ -414,7 +410,7 @@ fn mark_cdc_chunk_inner(
     let offset_col_idx = data.dimension() - 1;
     for v in data.rows().map(|row| {
         let offset_datum = row.datum_at(offset_col_idx).unwrap();
-        let event_offset = table_reader.parse_cdc_offset(offset_datum.into_utf8())?;
+        let event_offset = (*offset_parse_func)(offset_datum.into_utf8())?;
         let visible = {
             // filter changelog events with binlog range
             let in_binlog_range = if let Some(binlog_low) = &last_cdc_offset {
@@ -624,13 +620,13 @@ pub(crate) fn get_new_pos(chunk: &StreamChunk, pk_in_output_indices: &[usize]) -
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn get_cdc_chunk_last_offset(
-    table_reader: &ExternalTableReaderImpl,
+    offset_parse_func: &CdcOffsetParseFunc,
     chunk: &StreamChunk,
 ) -> StreamExecutorResult<Option<CdcOffset>> {
     let row = chunk.rows().last().unwrap().1;
     let offset_col = row.iter().last().unwrap();
-    let output = offset_col
-        .map(|scalar| Ok::<_, ConnectorError>(table_reader.parse_cdc_offset(scalar.into_utf8()))?);
+    let output =
+        offset_col.map(|scalar| Ok::<_, ConnectorError>((*offset_parse_func)(scalar.into_utf8()))?);
     output.transpose().map_err(|e| e.into())
 }
 
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/monitor/streaming_stats.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/monitor/streaming_stats.rs
index c21c0294a70d..00ec228f9524 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/monitor/streaming_stats.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/monitor/streaming_stats.rs
@@ -179,6 +179,8 @@ pub struct StreamingMetrics {
     pub lru_evicted_watermark_time_ms: LabelGuardedIntGaugeVec<3>,
     pub jemalloc_allocated_bytes: IntGauge,
     pub jemalloc_active_bytes: IntGauge,
+    pub jemalloc_resident_bytes: IntGauge,
+    pub jemalloc_metadata_bytes: IntGauge,
     pub jvm_allocated_bytes: IntGauge,
     pub jvm_active_bytes: IntGauge,
 
@@ -211,7 +213,7 @@ impl StreamingMetrics {
         let source_output_row_count = register_int_counter_vec_with_registry!(
             "stream_source_output_rows_counts",
             "Total number of rows that have been output from source",
-            &["source_id", "source_name", "actor_id"],
+            &["source_id", "source_name", "actor_id", "fragment_id"],
             registry
         )
         .unwrap();
@@ -219,7 +221,7 @@ impl StreamingMetrics {
         let source_row_per_barrier = register_int_counter_vec_with_registry!(
             "stream_source_rows_per_barrier_counts",
             "Total number of rows that have been output from source per barrier",
-            &["actor_id", "executor_id"],
+            &["actor_id", "executor_id", "fragment_id"],
             registry
         )
         .unwrap();
@@ -227,7 +229,7 @@ impl StreamingMetrics {
         let source_split_change_count = register_int_counter_vec_with_registry!(
             "stream_source_split_change_event_count",
             "Total number of split change events that have been operated by source",
-            &["source_id", "source_name", "actor_id"],
+            &["source_id", "source_name", "actor_id", "fragment_id"],
             registry
         )
         .unwrap();
@@ -965,6 +967,20 @@ impl StreamingMetrics {
         )
         .unwrap();
 
+        let jemalloc_resident_bytes = register_int_gauge_with_registry!(
+            "jemalloc_resident_bytes",
+            "The active memory jemalloc, got from jemalloc_ctl",
+            registry
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let jemalloc_metadata_bytes = register_int_gauge_with_registry!(
+            "jemalloc_metadata_bytes",
+            "The active memory jemalloc, got from jemalloc_ctl",
+            registry
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
         let jvm_allocated_bytes = register_int_gauge_with_registry!(
             "jvm_allocated_bytes",
             "The allocated jvm memory",
@@ -1139,6 +1155,8 @@ impl StreamingMetrics {
             lru_evicted_watermark_time_ms,
             jemalloc_allocated_bytes,
             jemalloc_active_bytes,
+            jemalloc_resident_bytes,
+            jemalloc_metadata_bytes,
             jvm_allocated_bytes,
             jvm_active_bytes,
             materialize_cache_hit_count,
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/frame_finder.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/frame_finder.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3154284653f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/frame_finder.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1583 @@
+// Copyright 2024 RisingWave Labs
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+//! Helper functions for finding affected ranges from over window range cache for a
+//! given set of changes (delta).
+
+use std::ops::Bound;
+
+use delta_btree_map::DeltaBTreeMap;
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use risingwave_common::row::OwnedRow;
+use risingwave_common::types::{Datum, Sentinelled, ToDatumRef};
+use risingwave_common::util::memcmp_encoding;
+use risingwave_common::util::sort_util::cmp_datum;
+use risingwave_expr::window_function::{FrameBound, RangeFrameBounds, RowsFrameBounds, StateKey};
+
+use super::over_partition::CacheKey;
+
+// -------------------------- ↓ PUBLIC INTERFACE ↓ --------------------------
+
+/// Merge several `ROWS` frames into one super frame. The returned super frame is
+/// guaranteed to be *canonical*, which means that the `CURRENT ROW` is always
+/// included in the returned frame.
+pub(super) fn merge_rows_frames(rows_frames: &[&RowsFrameBounds]) -> RowsFrameBounds {
+    if rows_frames.is_empty() {
+        // When there's no `ROWS` frame, for simplicity, we don't return `None`. Instead,
+        // we return `ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND CURRENT ROW`, which is the implicit
+        // frame for all selected upstream columns.
+        //
+        // For example, the following two queries are equivalent:
+        //
+        // ```sql
+        // SELECT a, b, sum(c) OVER (...) FROM t;
+        // SELECT
+        //   first_value(a) OVER (... ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND CURRENT ROW),
+        //   first_value(b) OVER (... ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND CURRENT ROW),
+        //   sum(c) OVER (...)
+        // FROM t;
+        // ```
+        //
+        // See https://risingwave.com/blog/risingwave-window-functions-the-art-of-sliding-and-the-aesthetics-of-symmetry/
+        // for more details.
+        return RowsFrameBounds {
+            start: FrameBound::CurrentRow,
+            end: FrameBound::CurrentRow,
+        };
+    }
+
+    let none_as_max_cmp = |x: &Option<usize>, y: &Option<usize>| match (x, y) {
+        // None means unbounded, which should be the largest.
+        (None, None) => std::cmp::Ordering::Equal,
+        (None, Some(_)) => std::cmp::Ordering::Greater,
+        (Some(_), None) => std::cmp::Ordering::Less,
+        (Some(x), Some(y)) => x.cmp(y),
+    };
+
+    // Note that the following two both use `max_by`, unlike when handling `RANGE` frames,
+    // because here for `ROWS` frames, offsets are unsigned. We convert all pure preceding/
+    // following `ROWS` frames into one containing the `CURRENT ROW`.
+    let start = rows_frames
+        .iter()
+        .map(|bounds| bounds.n_preceding_rows())
+        .max_by(none_as_max_cmp)
+        .unwrap();
+    let end = rows_frames
+        .iter()
+        .map(|bounds| bounds.n_following_rows())
+        .max_by(none_as_max_cmp)
+        .unwrap();
+
+    RowsFrameBounds {
+        start: start
+            .map(FrameBound::Preceding) // may produce Preceding(0), but doesn't matter
+            .unwrap_or(FrameBound::UnboundedPreceding),
+        end: end
+            .map(FrameBound::Following) // may produce Following(0), but doesn't matter
+            .unwrap_or(FrameBound::UnboundedFollowing),
+    }
+}
+
+/// For a canonical `ROWS` frame, given a key in delta, find the cache key
+/// corresponding to the CURRENT ROW of the first frame that contains the given
+/// key.
+///
+/// ## Example
+///
+/// - Frame: `ROWS BETWEEN ? AND 2 FOLLOWING`
+/// - Cache: `[1, 2, 5]`
+/// - Delta: `[Delete 5]`
+///
+/// For delta key `5`, this function will return `1` as the *first curr key*.
+///
+/// More examples can be found in the comment inside [`find_curr_for_rows_frame`].
+pub(super) fn find_first_curr_for_rows_frame<'cache>(
+    frame_bounds: &'_ RowsFrameBounds,
+    part_with_delta: DeltaBTreeMap<'cache, CacheKey, OwnedRow>,
+    delta_key: &'cache CacheKey,
+) -> &'cache CacheKey {
+    find_curr_for_rows_frame::<true /* LEFT */>(frame_bounds, part_with_delta, delta_key)
+}
+
+/// For a canonical `ROWS` frame, given a key in delta, find the cache key
+/// corresponding to the CURRENT ROW of the last frame that contains the given
+/// key.
+///
+/// This is the symmetric function of [`find_first_curr_for_rows_frame`].
+pub(super) fn find_last_curr_for_rows_frame<'cache>(
+    frame_bounds: &'_ RowsFrameBounds,
+    part_with_delta: DeltaBTreeMap<'cache, CacheKey, OwnedRow>,
+    delta_key: &'cache CacheKey,
+) -> &'cache CacheKey {
+    find_curr_for_rows_frame::<false /* RIGHT */>(frame_bounds, part_with_delta, delta_key)
+}
+
+/// For a canonical `ROWS` frame, given a key in `part_with_delta` corresponding
+/// to some CURRENT ROW, find the cache key corresponding to the start row in
+/// that frame.
+pub(super) fn find_frame_start_for_rows_frame<'cache>(
+    frame_bounds: &'_ RowsFrameBounds,
+    part_with_delta: DeltaBTreeMap<'cache, CacheKey, OwnedRow>,
+    curr_key: &'cache CacheKey,
+) -> &'cache CacheKey {
+    find_boundary_for_rows_frame::<true /* LEFT */>(frame_bounds, part_with_delta, curr_key)
+}
+
+/// For a canonical `ROWS` frame, given a key in `part_with_delta` corresponding
+/// to some CURRENT ROW, find the cache key corresponding to the end row in that
+/// frame.
+///
+/// This is the symmetric function of [`find_frame_start_for_rows_frame`].
+pub(super) fn find_frame_end_for_rows_frame<'cache>(
+    frame_bounds: &'_ RowsFrameBounds,
+    part_with_delta: DeltaBTreeMap<'cache, CacheKey, OwnedRow>,
+    curr_key: &'cache CacheKey,
+) -> &'cache CacheKey {
+    find_boundary_for_rows_frame::<false /* RIGHT */>(frame_bounds, part_with_delta, curr_key)
+}
+
+/// Given the first and last key in delta, calculate the order values of the first
+/// and the last frames logically affected by some `RANGE` frames.
+pub(super) fn calc_logical_curr_for_range_frames(
+    range_frames: &[&RangeFrameBounds],
+    delta_first_key: &StateKey,
+    delta_last_key: &StateKey,
+) -> Option<(Sentinelled<Datum>, Sentinelled<Datum>)> {
+    calc_logical_ord_for_range_frames(
+        range_frames,
+        delta_first_key,
+        delta_last_key,
+        |bounds, v| bounds.first_curr_of(v),
+        |bounds, v| bounds.last_curr_of(v),
+    )
+}
+
+/// Given the curr keys of the first and the last affected frames, calculate the order
+/// values of the logical start row of the first frame and the logical end row of the
+/// last frame.
+pub(super) fn calc_logical_boundary_for_range_frames(
+    range_frames: &[&RangeFrameBounds],
+    first_curr_key: &StateKey,
+    last_curr_key: &StateKey,
+) -> Option<(Sentinelled<Datum>, Sentinelled<Datum>)> {
+    calc_logical_ord_for_range_frames(
+        range_frames,
+        first_curr_key,
+        last_curr_key,
+        |bounds, v| bounds.frame_start_of(v),
+        |bounds, v| bounds.frame_end_of(v),
+    )
+}
+
+/// Given a left logical order value (e.g. first curr order value, first delta order value),
+/// find the most closed cache key in `part_with_delta`. Ideally this function returns
+/// the smallest key that is larger than or equal to the given logical order (using `lower_bound`).
+pub(super) fn find_left_for_range_frames<'cache>(
+    range_frames: &[&RangeFrameBounds],
+    part_with_delta: DeltaBTreeMap<'cache, CacheKey, OwnedRow>,
+    logical_order_value: impl ToDatumRef,
+    cache_key_pk_len: usize, // this is dirty but we have no better choice
+) -> &'cache CacheKey {
+    find_for_range_frames::<true>(
+        range_frames,
+        part_with_delta,
+        logical_order_value,
+        cache_key_pk_len,
+    )
+}
+
+/// Given a right logical order value (e.g. last curr order value, last delta order value),
+/// find the most closed cache key in `part_with_delta`. Ideally this function returns
+/// the largest key that is smaller than or equal to the given logical order (using `lower_bound`).
+pub(super) fn find_right_for_range_frames<'cache>(
+    range_frames: &[&RangeFrameBounds],
+    part_with_delta: DeltaBTreeMap<'cache, CacheKey, OwnedRow>,
+    logical_order_value: impl ToDatumRef,
+    cache_key_pk_len: usize, // this is dirty but we have no better choice
+) -> &'cache CacheKey {
+    find_for_range_frames::<false>(
+        range_frames,
+        part_with_delta,
+        logical_order_value,
+        cache_key_pk_len,
+    )
+}
+
+// -------------------------- ↑ PUBLIC INTERFACE ↑ --------------------------
+
+fn find_curr_for_rows_frame<'cache, const LEFT: bool>(
+    frame_bounds: &'_ RowsFrameBounds,
+    part_with_delta: DeltaBTreeMap<'cache, CacheKey, OwnedRow>,
+    delta_key: &'cache CacheKey,
+) -> &'cache CacheKey {
+    debug_assert!(frame_bounds.is_canonical());
+    if LEFT {
+        debug_assert!(
+            !frame_bounds.end.is_unbounded_following(),
+            "no need to call this function whenever any frame end is unbounded"
+        );
+    } else {
+        debug_assert!(
+            !frame_bounds.start.is_unbounded_preceding(),
+            "no need to call this function whenever any frame start is unbounded"
+        );
+    }
+    debug_assert!(
+        part_with_delta.first_key().is_some(),
+        "must have something in the range cache after applying delta"
+    );
+
+    // Let's think about the following algorithm with the following cases in mind.
+    // Insertions are relatively easy, so we only give the deletion examples.
+    // The two directions are symmetrical, we only consider the left direction in
+    // the following description.
+    //
+    // ## Background
+    //
+    // *Sm* means smallest sentinel node in the cache
+    // *SM* means largest sentinel node in the cache
+    //
+    // Before calling this function, all entries within range covered by delta should
+    // have been loaded into the cache.
+    //
+    // ## Cases
+    //
+    // Frame: ROWS BETWEEN ? AND 2 FOLLOWING
+    // Delta: Delete 5
+    // Cache + Delta:
+    //   [1, 2, 6] -> 1
+    //   [1, 6] -> 1
+    //   [6, 7, 8] -> 6, not precise but won't do too much harm
+    //   [1, 2] -> 1
+    //   [1] -> 1
+    //   [Sm, 6] -> Sm
+    //   [Sm, 1] -> Sm
+    //   [1, 2, SM] -> 1
+    //   [1, SM] -> 1
+    //   [Sm, 1, SM] -> Sm
+    //   [Sm, SM] -> Sm
+    //
+    // Frame: ROWS BETWEEN ? AND CURRENT ROW
+    // Delta: Delete 5
+    // Cache + Delta:
+    //   [1, 2, 6] -> 6, not precise but won't do too much harm
+    //   [1, 2] -> 2, not precise but won't do too much harm
+    //   [1, 2, SM] -> SM, not precise but won't do too much harm
+    //   [Sm, SM] -> SM, not precise but won't do too much harm
+    //
+    // Frame: ROWS BETWEEN ? AND 2 PRECEDING
+    // This will be treated as if it's `ROWS BETWEEN ? AND CURRENT ROW`.
+
+    let mut cursor = if LEFT {
+        part_with_delta.lower_bound(Bound::Included(delta_key))
+    } else {
+        part_with_delta.upper_bound(Bound::Included(delta_key))
+    };
+    let n_rows_to_move = if LEFT {
+        frame_bounds.n_following_rows().unwrap()
+    } else {
+        frame_bounds.n_preceding_rows().unwrap()
+    };
+
+    if n_rows_to_move == 0 {
+        return cursor
+            .key()
+            .or_else(|| {
+                if LEFT {
+                    part_with_delta.last_key()
+                } else {
+                    part_with_delta.first_key()
+                }
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+    }
+
+    for _ in 0..n_rows_to_move {
+        // Note that we have to move before check, to handle situation where the
+        // cursor is at ghost position at first.
+        if LEFT {
+            cursor.move_prev();
+        } else {
+            cursor.move_next();
+        }
+        if cursor.position().is_ghost() {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    cursor
+        .key()
+        .or_else(|| {
+            // Note the difference between this with the `n_rows_to_move == 0` case.
+            if LEFT {
+                part_with_delta.first_key()
+            } else {
+                part_with_delta.last_key()
+            }
+        })
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+fn find_boundary_for_rows_frame<'cache, const LEFT: bool>(
+    frame_bounds: &'_ RowsFrameBounds,
+    part_with_delta: DeltaBTreeMap<'cache, CacheKey, OwnedRow>,
+    curr_key: &'cache CacheKey,
+) -> &'cache CacheKey {
+    debug_assert!(frame_bounds.is_canonical());
+    if LEFT {
+        debug_assert!(
+            !frame_bounds.start.is_unbounded_preceding(),
+            "no need to call this function whenever any frame start is unbounded"
+        );
+    } else {
+        debug_assert!(
+            !frame_bounds.end.is_unbounded_following(),
+            "no need to call this function whenever any frame end is unbounded"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Now things are easier than in `find_curr_for_rows_frame`, because we already
+    // have `curr_key` which definitely exists in the `part_with_delta`. We just find
+    // the cursor pointing to it and move the cursor to frame boundary.
+
+    let mut cursor = part_with_delta.find(curr_key).unwrap();
+    assert!(!cursor.position().is_ghost());
+
+    let n_rows_to_move = if LEFT {
+        frame_bounds.n_preceding_rows().unwrap()
+    } else {
+        frame_bounds.n_following_rows().unwrap()
+    };
+
+    for _ in 0..n_rows_to_move {
+        if LEFT {
+            cursor.move_prev();
+        } else {
+            cursor.move_next();
+        }
+        if cursor.position().is_ghost() {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    cursor
+        .key()
+        .or_else(|| {
+            if LEFT {
+                part_with_delta.first_key()
+            } else {
+                part_with_delta.last_key()
+            }
+        })
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Given a pair of left and right state keys, calculate the leftmost (smallest) and rightmost
+/// (largest) order values after the two given `offset_fn`s are applied, for all range frames.
+///
+/// A more vivid description may be: Given a pair of left and right keys, this function pushes
+/// the keys leftward and rightward respectively according to the given `offset_fn`s.
+///
+/// This is not very understandable but we have to extract the code to a function to avoid
+/// repeating. Check [`calc_logical_curr_for_range_frames`] and [`calc_logical_boundary_for_range_frames`]
+/// if you cannot understand the purpose of this function.
+fn calc_logical_ord_for_range_frames(
+    range_frames: &[&RangeFrameBounds],
+    left_key: &StateKey,
+    right_key: &StateKey,
+    left_offset_fn: impl Fn(&RangeFrameBounds, &Datum) -> Sentinelled<Datum>,
+    right_offset_fn: impl Fn(&RangeFrameBounds, &Datum) -> Sentinelled<Datum>,
+) -> Option<(Sentinelled<Datum>, Sentinelled<Datum>)> {
+    if range_frames.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    let (data_type, order_type) = range_frames
+        .iter()
+        .map(|bounds| (&bounds.order_data_type, bounds.order_type))
+        .all_equal_value()
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let datum_cmp = |a: &Datum, b: &Datum| cmp_datum(a, b, order_type);
+
+    let left_given_ord = memcmp_encoding::decode_value(data_type, &left_key.order_key, order_type)
+        .expect("no reason to fail because we just encoded it in memory");
+    let right_given_ord =
+        memcmp_encoding::decode_value(data_type, &right_key.order_key, order_type)
+            .expect("no reason to fail because we just encoded it in memory");
+
+    let logical_left_offset_ord = {
+        let mut order_value = None;
+        for bounds in range_frames {
+            let new_order_value = left_offset_fn(bounds, &left_given_ord);
+            order_value = match (order_value, new_order_value) {
+                (None, any_new) => Some(any_new),
+                (Some(old), new) => Some(std::cmp::min_by(old, new, |x, y| x.cmp_by(y, datum_cmp))),
+            };
+            if !order_value.as_ref().unwrap().is_normal() {
+                // already unbounded
+                assert!(
+                    order_value.as_ref().unwrap().is_smallest(),
+                    "left order value should never be `Largest`"
+                );
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        order_value.expect("# of range frames > 0")
+    };
+
+    let logical_right_offset_ord = {
+        let mut order_value = None;
+        for bounds in range_frames {
+            let new_order_value = right_offset_fn(bounds, &right_given_ord);
+            order_value = match (order_value, new_order_value) {
+                (None, any_new) => Some(any_new),
+                (Some(old), new) => Some(std::cmp::max_by(old, new, |x, y| x.cmp_by(y, datum_cmp))),
+            };
+            if !order_value.as_ref().unwrap().is_normal() {
+                // already unbounded
+                assert!(
+                    order_value.as_ref().unwrap().is_largest(),
+                    "right order value should never be `Smallest`"
+                );
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        order_value.expect("# of range frames > 0")
+    };
+
+    Some((logical_left_offset_ord, logical_right_offset_ord))
+}
+
+fn find_for_range_frames<'cache, const LEFT: bool>(
+    range_frames: &[&RangeFrameBounds],
+    part_with_delta: DeltaBTreeMap<'cache, CacheKey, OwnedRow>,
+    logical_order_value: impl ToDatumRef,
+    cache_key_pk_len: usize,
+) -> &'cache CacheKey {
+    debug_assert!(
+        part_with_delta.first_key().is_some(),
+        "must have something in the range cache after applying delta"
+    );
+
+    let order_type = range_frames
+        .iter()
+        .map(|bounds| bounds.order_type)
+        .all_equal_value()
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let search_key = Sentinelled::Normal(StateKey {
+        order_key: memcmp_encoding::encode_value(logical_order_value, order_type)
+            .expect("the data type is simple, should succeed"),
+        pk: if LEFT {
+            OwnedRow::empty() // empty row is minimal
+        } else {
+            OwnedRow::new(vec![None; cache_key_pk_len]) // all-NULL row is maximal in default order
+        }
+        .into(),
+    });
+
+    if LEFT {
+        let cursor = part_with_delta.lower_bound(Bound::Included(&search_key));
+        if let Some((prev_key, _)) = cursor.peek_prev()
+            && prev_key.is_smallest()
+        {
+            // If the found lower bound of search key is right behind a smallest sentinel,
+            // we don't know if there's any other rows with the same order key in the state
+            // table but not in cache. We should conservatively return the sentinel key as
+            // the curr key.
+            prev_key
+        } else {
+            // If cursor is in ghost position, it simply means that the search key is larger
+            // than any existing key. Returning the last key in this case does no harm. Especially,
+            // if the last key is largest sentinel, the caller should extend the cache rightward
+            // to get possible entries with the same order value into the cache.
+            cursor.key().or_else(|| part_with_delta.last_key()).unwrap()
+        }
+    } else {
+        let cursor = part_with_delta.upper_bound(Bound::Included(&search_key));
+        if let Some((next_key, _)) = cursor.peek_next()
+            && next_key.is_largest()
+        {
+            next_key
+        } else {
+            cursor
+                .key()
+                .or_else(|| part_with_delta.first_key())
+                .unwrap()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+    use delta_btree_map::Change;
+    use risingwave_common::types::{ScalarImpl, Sentinelled};
+    use risingwave_expr::window_function::FrameBound::*;
+    use risingwave_expr::window_function::{RowsFrameBounds, StateKey};
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_merge_rows_frame() {
+        fn assert_equivalent(bounds1: RowsFrameBounds, bounds2: RowsFrameBounds) {
+            assert_eq!(bounds1.start.to_offset(), bounds2.start.to_offset());
+            assert_eq!(bounds1.end.to_offset(), bounds2.end.to_offset());
+        }
+
+        assert_equivalent(
+            merge_rows_frames(&[]),
+            RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: CurrentRow,
+                end: CurrentRow,
+            },
+        );
+
+        let frames = [
+            &RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: Preceding(3),
+                end: Preceding(2),
+            },
+            &RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: Preceding(1),
+                end: Preceding(4),
+            },
+        ];
+        assert_equivalent(
+            merge_rows_frames(&frames),
+            RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: Preceding(4),
+                end: CurrentRow,
+            },
+        );
+
+        let frames = [
+            &RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: Preceding(3),
+                end: Following(2),
+            },
+            &RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: Preceding(2),
+                end: Following(3),
+            },
+        ];
+        assert_equivalent(
+            merge_rows_frames(&frames),
+            RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: Preceding(3),
+                end: Following(3),
+            },
+        );
+
+        let frames = [
+            &RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: UnboundedPreceding,
+                end: Following(2),
+            },
+            &RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: Preceding(2),
+                end: UnboundedFollowing,
+            },
+        ];
+        assert_equivalent(
+            merge_rows_frames(&frames),
+            RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: UnboundedPreceding,
+                end: UnboundedFollowing,
+            },
+        );
+
+        let frames = [
+            &RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: UnboundedPreceding,
+                end: Following(2),
+            },
+            &RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: Following(5),
+                end: Following(2),
+            },
+        ];
+        assert_equivalent(
+            merge_rows_frames(&frames),
+            RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: UnboundedPreceding,
+                end: Following(5),
+            },
+        );
+    }
+
+    macro_rules! create_cache {
+        (..., $( $pk:literal ),* , ...) => {
+            {
+                let mut cache = create_cache!( $( $pk ),* );
+                cache.insert(CacheKey::Smallest, OwnedRow::empty().into());
+                cache.insert(CacheKey::Largest, OwnedRow::empty().into());
+                cache
+            }
+        };
+        (..., $( $pk:literal ),*) => {
+            {
+                let mut cache = create_cache!( $( $pk ),* );
+                cache.insert(CacheKey::Smallest, OwnedRow::empty().into());
+                cache
+            }
+        };
+        ($( $pk:literal ),* , ...) => {
+            {
+                let mut cache = create_cache!( $( $pk ),* );
+                cache.insert(CacheKey::Largest, OwnedRow::empty().into());
+                cache
+            }
+        };
+        ($( $pk:literal ),*) => {
+            {
+                #[allow(unused_mut)]
+                let mut cache = BTreeMap::new();
+                $(
+                    cache.insert(
+                        CacheKey::Normal(
+                            StateKey {
+                                // order key doesn't matter here
+                                order_key: vec![].into(),
+                                pk: OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(ScalarImpl::from($pk))]).into(),
+                            },
+                        ),
+                        // value row doesn't matter here
+                        OwnedRow::empty(),
+                    );
+                )*
+                cache
+            }
+        };
+        ($ord_type:expr, [..., $( ( $ord:literal, $pk:literal ) ),* , ...]) => {
+            {
+                let mut cache = create_cache!($ord_type, [$( ( $ord, $pk ) ),*]);
+                cache.insert(CacheKey::Smallest, OwnedRow::empty().into());
+                cache.insert(CacheKey::Largest, OwnedRow::empty().into());
+                cache
+            }
+        };
+        ($ord_type:expr, [..., $( ( $ord:literal, $pk:literal ) ),*]) => {
+            {
+                let mut cache = create_cache!($ord_type, [$( ( $ord, $pk ) ),*]);
+                cache.insert(CacheKey::Smallest, OwnedRow::empty().into());
+                cache
+            }
+        };
+        ($ord_type:expr, [$( ( $ord:literal, $pk:literal ) ),* , ...]) => {
+            {
+                let mut cache = create_cache!($ord_type, [$( ( $ord, $pk ) ),*]);
+                cache.insert(CacheKey::Largest, OwnedRow::empty().into());
+                cache
+            }
+        };
+        ($ord_type:expr, [$( ( $ord:literal, $pk:literal ) ),*]) => {
+            {
+                #[allow(unused_mut)]
+                let mut cache = BTreeMap::new();
+                $(
+                    cache.insert(
+                        CacheKey::Normal(
+                            StateKey {
+                                order_key: memcmp_encoding::encode_value(
+                                    Some(ScalarImpl::from($ord)),
+                                    $ord_type,
+                                ).unwrap(),
+                                pk: OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(ScalarImpl::from($pk))]).into(),
+                            },
+                        ),
+                        // value row doesn't matter here
+                        OwnedRow::empty(),
+                    );
+                )*
+                cache
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    macro_rules! create_change {
+        (Delete) => {
+            Change::Delete
+        };
+        (Insert) => {
+            Change::Insert(OwnedRow::empty())
+        };
+    }
+
+    macro_rules! create_delta {
+        ($( ( $pk:literal, $change:ident ) ),+ $(,)?) => {
+            {
+                let mut delta = BTreeMap::new();
+                $(
+                    delta.insert(
+                        CacheKey::Normal(
+                            StateKey {
+                                // order key doesn't matter here
+                                order_key: vec![].into(),
+                                pk: OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(ScalarImpl::from($pk))]).into(),
+                            },
+                        ),
+                        // value row doesn't matter here
+                        create_change!( $change ),
+                    );
+                )*
+                delta
+            }
+        };
+        ($ord_type:expr, [ $( ( $ord:literal, $pk:literal, $change:ident ) ),+ $(,)? ]) => {
+            {
+                let mut delta = BTreeMap::new();
+                $(
+                    delta.insert(
+                        CacheKey::Normal(
+                            StateKey {
+                                order_key: memcmp_encoding::encode_value(
+                                    Some(ScalarImpl::from($ord)),
+                                    $ord_type,
+                                ).unwrap(),
+                                pk: OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(ScalarImpl::from($pk))]).into(),
+                            },
+                        ),
+                        // value row doesn't matter here
+                        create_change!( $change ),
+                    );
+                )*
+                delta
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    mod rows_frame_tests {
+        use super::*;
+
+        fn assert_cache_key_eq(given: &CacheKey, expected: impl Into<ScalarImpl>) {
+            assert_eq!(
+                given.as_normal_expect().pk.0,
+                OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(expected.into())])
+            )
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_insert_delta_only() {
+            let cache = create_cache!();
+            let delta = create_delta!((1, Insert), (2, Insert), (3, Insert));
+            let part_with_delta = DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta);
+            let delta_first_key = delta.first_key_value().unwrap().0;
+            let delta_last_key = delta.last_key_value().unwrap().0;
+
+            let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: Preceding(2),
+                end: CurrentRow,
+            };
+
+            let first_curr_key =
+                find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+            let last_curr_key =
+                find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 1);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 3);
+
+            let first_frame_start =
+                find_frame_start_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, first_curr_key);
+            let last_frame_end =
+                find_frame_end_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, last_curr_key);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(first_frame_start, 1);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(last_frame_end, 3);
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_simple() {
+            let cache = create_cache!(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6);
+            let delta = create_delta!((2, Insert), (3, Delete));
+            let part_with_delta = DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta);
+            let delta_first_key = delta.first_key_value().unwrap().0;
+            let delta_last_key = delta.last_key_value().unwrap().0;
+
+            {
+                let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                    start: Preceding(2),
+                    end: CurrentRow,
+                };
+                let first_curr_key =
+                    find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+                let last_curr_key =
+                    find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 2);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 5);
+
+                let first_frame_start =
+                    find_frame_start_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, first_curr_key);
+                let last_frame_end =
+                    find_frame_end_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, last_curr_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_frame_start, 1);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_frame_end, 5);
+            }
+
+            {
+                let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                    start: Preceding(1),
+                    end: Following(2),
+                };
+                let first_curr_key =
+                    find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+                let last_curr_key =
+                    find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 1);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 4);
+
+                let first_frame_start =
+                    find_frame_start_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, first_curr_key);
+                let last_frame_end =
+                    find_frame_end_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, last_curr_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_frame_start, 1);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_frame_end, 6);
+            }
+
+            {
+                let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                    start: CurrentRow,
+                    end: Following(2),
+                };
+                let first_curr_key =
+                    find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+                let last_curr_key =
+                    find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 1);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 2);
+
+                let first_frame_start =
+                    find_frame_start_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, first_curr_key);
+                let last_frame_end =
+                    find_frame_end_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, last_curr_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_frame_start, 1);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_frame_end, 5);
+            }
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_lag_corner_case() {
+            let cache = create_cache!(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6);
+            let delta = create_delta!((1, Delete), (2, Delete), (3, Delete));
+            let part_with_delta = DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta);
+            let delta_first_key = delta.first_key_value().unwrap().0;
+            let delta_last_key = delta.last_key_value().unwrap().0;
+
+            let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: Preceding(1),
+                end: CurrentRow,
+            };
+
+            let first_curr_key =
+                find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+            let last_curr_key =
+                find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 4);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 4);
+
+            let first_frame_start =
+                find_frame_start_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, first_curr_key);
+            let last_frame_end =
+                find_frame_end_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, last_curr_key);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(first_frame_start, 4);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(last_frame_end, 4);
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_lead_corner_case() {
+            let cache = create_cache!(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6);
+            let delta = create_delta!((4, Delete), (5, Delete), (6, Delete));
+            let part_with_delta = DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta);
+            let delta_first_key = delta.first_key_value().unwrap().0;
+            let delta_last_key = delta.last_key_value().unwrap().0;
+
+            let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: CurrentRow,
+                end: Following(1),
+            };
+
+            let first_curr_key =
+                find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+            let last_curr_key =
+                find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 3);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 3);
+
+            let first_frame_start =
+                find_frame_start_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, first_curr_key);
+            let last_frame_end =
+                find_frame_end_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, last_curr_key);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(first_frame_start, 3);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(last_frame_end, 3);
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_lag_lead_offset_0_corner_case_1() {
+            let cache = create_cache!(1, 2, 3, 4);
+            let delta = create_delta!((2, Delete), (3, Delete));
+            let part_with_delta = DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta);
+            let delta_first_key = delta.first_key_value().unwrap().0;
+            let delta_last_key = delta.last_key_value().unwrap().0;
+
+            let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: CurrentRow,
+                end: CurrentRow,
+            };
+
+            let first_curr_key =
+                find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+            let last_curr_key =
+                find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 4);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 1);
+
+            // first_curr_key > last_curr_key, should not continue to find frame start/end
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_lag_lead_offset_0_corner_case_2() {
+            // Note this case is false-positive, but it does very little harm.
+
+            let cache = create_cache!(1, 2, 3, 4);
+            let delta = create_delta!((2, Delete), (3, Delete), (4, Delete));
+            let part_with_delta = DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta);
+            let delta_first_key = delta.first_key_value().unwrap().0;
+            let delta_last_key = delta.last_key_value().unwrap().0;
+
+            let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: CurrentRow,
+                end: CurrentRow,
+            };
+
+            let first_curr_key =
+                find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+            let last_curr_key =
+                find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 1);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 1);
+
+            let first_frame_start =
+                find_frame_start_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, first_curr_key);
+            let last_frame_end =
+                find_frame_end_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, last_curr_key);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(first_frame_start, 1);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(last_frame_end, 1);
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_lag_lead_offset_0_corner_case_3() {
+            let cache = create_cache!(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
+            let delta = create_delta!((2, Delete), (3, Insert), (4, Delete));
+            let part_with_delta = DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta);
+            let delta_first_key = delta.first_key_value().unwrap().0;
+            let delta_last_key = delta.last_key_value().unwrap().0;
+
+            let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: CurrentRow,
+                end: CurrentRow,
+            };
+
+            let first_curr_key =
+                find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+            let last_curr_key =
+                find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 3);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 3);
+
+            let first_frame_start =
+                find_frame_start_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, first_curr_key);
+            let last_frame_end =
+                find_frame_end_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, last_curr_key);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(first_frame_start, 3);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(last_frame_end, 3);
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_empty_with_sentinels() {
+            let cache: BTreeMap<Sentinelled<StateKey>, OwnedRow> = create_cache!(..., , ...);
+            let delta = create_delta!((1, Insert), (2, Insert));
+            let part_with_delta = DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta);
+            let delta_first_key = delta.first_key_value().unwrap().0;
+            let delta_last_key = delta.last_key_value().unwrap().0;
+
+            {
+                let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                    start: CurrentRow,
+                    end: CurrentRow,
+                };
+                let first_curr_key =
+                    find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+                let last_curr_key =
+                    find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 1);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 2);
+
+                let first_frame_start =
+                    find_frame_start_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, first_curr_key);
+                let last_frame_end =
+                    find_frame_end_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, last_curr_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_frame_start, 1);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_frame_end, 2);
+            }
+
+            {
+                let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                    start: Preceding(1),
+                    end: CurrentRow,
+                };
+                let first_curr_key =
+                    find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+                let last_curr_key =
+                    find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 1);
+                assert!(last_curr_key.is_largest());
+
+                // reaches sentinel, should not continue to find frame start/end
+            }
+
+            {
+                let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                    start: CurrentRow,
+                    end: Following(3),
+                };
+
+                let first_curr_key =
+                    find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+                let last_curr_key =
+                    find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+                assert!(first_curr_key.is_smallest());
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 2);
+
+                // reaches sentinel, should not continue to find frame start/end
+            }
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_with_left_sentinel() {
+            let cache = create_cache!(..., 2, 4, 5, 8);
+            let delta = create_delta!((3, Insert), (4, Insert), (8, Delete));
+            let part_with_delta = DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta);
+            let delta_first_key = delta.first_key_value().unwrap().0;
+            let delta_last_key = delta.last_key_value().unwrap().0;
+
+            {
+                let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                    start: CurrentRow,
+                    end: Following(1),
+                };
+                let first_curr_key =
+                    find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+                let last_curr_key =
+                    find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 2);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 5);
+
+                let first_frame_start =
+                    find_frame_start_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, first_curr_key);
+                let last_frame_end =
+                    find_frame_end_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, last_curr_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_frame_start, 2);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_frame_end, 5);
+            }
+
+            {
+                let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                    start: Preceding(1),
+                    end: Following(1),
+                };
+                let first_curr_key =
+                    find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+                let last_curr_key =
+                    find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 2);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 5);
+
+                let first_frame_start =
+                    find_frame_start_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, first_curr_key);
+                let last_frame_end =
+                    find_frame_end_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, last_curr_key);
+                assert!(first_frame_start.is_smallest());
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_frame_end, 5);
+            }
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_with_right_sentinel() {
+            let cache = create_cache!(1, 2, 4, 5, 8, ...);
+            let delta = create_delta!((3, Insert), (4, Insert), (5, Delete));
+            let part_with_delta = DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta);
+            let delta_first_key = delta.first_key_value().unwrap().0;
+            let delta_last_key = delta.last_key_value().unwrap().0;
+
+            {
+                let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                    start: Preceding(1),
+                    end: CurrentRow,
+                };
+                let first_curr_key =
+                    find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+                let last_curr_key =
+                    find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 3);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 8);
+
+                let first_frame_start =
+                    find_frame_start_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, first_curr_key);
+                let last_frame_end =
+                    find_frame_end_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, last_curr_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_frame_start, 2);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_frame_end, 8);
+            }
+
+            {
+                let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                    start: Preceding(1),
+                    end: Following(1),
+                };
+                let first_curr_key =
+                    find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+                let last_curr_key =
+                    find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 2);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 8);
+
+                let first_frame_start =
+                    find_frame_start_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, first_curr_key);
+                let last_frame_end =
+                    find_frame_end_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, last_curr_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_frame_start, 1);
+                assert!(last_frame_end.is_largest());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    mod range_frame_tests {
+        use risingwave_common::types::{data_types, DataType, Interval};
+        use risingwave_common::util::sort_util::OrderType;
+        use risingwave_expr::window_function::RangeFrameOffset;
+
+        use super::*;
+
+        fn create_range_frame<T>(
+            order_data_type: DataType,
+            order_type: OrderType,
+            start: FrameBound<T>,
+            end: FrameBound<T>,
+        ) -> RangeFrameBounds
+        where
+            T: Into<ScalarImpl>,
+        {
+            let offset_data_type = match &order_data_type {
+                t @ data_types::range_frame_numeric!() => t.clone(),
+                data_types::range_frame_datetime!() => DataType::Interval,
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            };
+
+            let map_fn = |x: T| {
+                RangeFrameOffset::new_for_test(x.into(), &order_data_type, &offset_data_type)
+            };
+            let start = start.map(map_fn);
+            let end = end.map(map_fn);
+
+            RangeFrameBounds {
+                order_data_type,
+                order_type,
+                offset_data_type,
+                start,
+                end,
+            }
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_calc_logical_for_int64_asc() {
+            let order_data_type = DataType::Int64;
+            let order_type = OrderType::ascending();
+
+            let range_frames = [
+                &create_range_frame(
+                    order_data_type.clone(),
+                    order_type,
+                    Preceding(3i64),
+                    Preceding(2i64),
+                ),
+                &create_range_frame(
+                    order_data_type.clone(),
+                    order_type,
+                    Preceding(1i64),
+                    Following(2i64),
+                ),
+            ];
+
+            let ord_key_1 = StateKey {
+                order_key: memcmp_encoding::encode_value(&Some(ScalarImpl::Int64(1)), order_type)
+                    .unwrap(),
+                pk: OwnedRow::empty().into(),
+            };
+            let ord_key_2 = StateKey {
+                order_key: memcmp_encoding::encode_value(&Some(ScalarImpl::Int64(3)), order_type)
+                    .unwrap(),
+                pk: OwnedRow::empty().into(),
+            };
+
+            let (logical_first_curr, logical_last_curr) =
+                calc_logical_curr_for_range_frames(&range_frames, &ord_key_1, &ord_key_2).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(
+                logical_first_curr.as_normal_expect(),
+                &Some(ScalarImpl::Int64(-1))
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                logical_last_curr.as_normal_expect(),
+                &Some(ScalarImpl::Int64(6))
+            );
+
+            let (first_start, last_end) =
+                calc_logical_boundary_for_range_frames(&range_frames, &ord_key_1, &ord_key_2)
+                    .unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(first_start.as_normal_expect(), &Some(ScalarImpl::Int64(-2)));
+            assert_eq!(last_end.as_normal_expect(), &Some(ScalarImpl::Int64(5)));
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_calc_logical_for_timestamp_desc_nulls_first() {
+            let order_data_type = DataType::Timestamp;
+            let order_type = OrderType::descending_nulls_first();
+
+            let range_frames = [&create_range_frame(
+                order_data_type.clone(),
+                order_type,
+                Preceding(Interval::from_month_day_usec(1, 2, 3 * 1000 * 1000)),
+                Following(Interval::from_month_day_usec(0, 1, 0)),
+            )];
+
+            let ord_key_1 = StateKey {
+                order_key: memcmp_encoding::encode_value(
+                    &Some(ScalarImpl::Timestamp(
+                        "2024-01-28 00:30:00".parse().unwrap(),
+                    )),
+                    order_type,
+                )
+                .unwrap(),
+                pk: OwnedRow::empty().into(),
+            };
+            let ord_key_2 = StateKey {
+                order_key: memcmp_encoding::encode_value(
+                    &Some(ScalarImpl::Timestamp(
+                        "2024-01-26 15:47:00".parse().unwrap(),
+                    )),
+                    order_type,
+                )
+                .unwrap(),
+                pk: OwnedRow::empty().into(),
+            };
+
+            let (logical_first_curr, logical_last_curr) =
+                calc_logical_curr_for_range_frames(&range_frames, &ord_key_1, &ord_key_2).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(
+                logical_first_curr.as_normal_expect(),
+                &Some(ScalarImpl::Timestamp(
+                    "2024-01-29 00:30:00".parse().unwrap()
+                ))
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                logical_last_curr.as_normal_expect(),
+                &Some(ScalarImpl::Timestamp(
+                    "2023-12-24 15:46:57".parse().unwrap()
+                ))
+            );
+
+            let (first_start, last_end) =
+                calc_logical_boundary_for_range_frames(&range_frames, &ord_key_1, &ord_key_2)
+                    .unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(
+                first_start.as_normal_expect(),
+                &Some(ScalarImpl::Timestamp(
+                    "2024-03-01 00:30:03".parse().unwrap()
+                ))
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                last_end.as_normal_expect(),
+                &Some(ScalarImpl::Timestamp(
+                    "2024-01-25 15:47:00".parse().unwrap()
+                ))
+            );
+        }
+
+        fn assert_find_left_right_result_eq(
+            order_data_type: DataType,
+            order_type: OrderType,
+            part_with_delta: DeltaBTreeMap<'_, CacheKey, OwnedRow>,
+            logical_order_value: ScalarImpl,
+            expected_left: Sentinelled<ScalarImpl>,
+            expected_right: Sentinelled<ScalarImpl>,
+        ) {
+            let frames = if matches!(order_data_type, DataType::Int32) {
+                [create_range_frame(
+                    order_data_type.clone(),
+                    order_type,
+                    Preceding(0), // this doesn't matter here
+                    Following(0), // this doesn't matter here
+                )]
+            } else {
+                panic!()
+            };
+            let range_frames = frames.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            let logical_order_value = Some(logical_order_value);
+            let cache_key_pk_len = 1;
+
+            let find_left_res = find_left_for_range_frames(
+                &range_frames,
+                part_with_delta,
+                &logical_order_value,
+                cache_key_pk_len,
+            )
+            .clone();
+            assert_eq!(
+                find_left_res.map(|x| x.pk.0.into_iter().next().unwrap().unwrap()),
+                expected_left
+            );
+
+            let find_right_res = find_right_for_range_frames(
+                &range_frames,
+                part_with_delta,
+                &logical_order_value,
+                cache_key_pk_len,
+            )
+            .clone();
+            assert_eq!(
+                find_right_res.map(|x| x.pk.0.into_iter().next().unwrap().unwrap()),
+                expected_right
+            );
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_insert_delta_only() {
+            let order_data_type = DataType::Int32;
+            let order_type = OrderType::ascending();
+
+            let cache = create_cache!();
+            let delta = create_delta!(
+                order_type,
+                [
+                    (1, 1, Insert),
+                    (1, 11, Insert),
+                    (3, 3, Insert),
+                    (5, 5, Insert)
+                ]
+            );
+            let part_with_delta = DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta);
+
+            assert_find_left_right_result_eq(
+                order_data_type.clone(),
+                order_type,
+                part_with_delta,
+                ScalarImpl::from(2),
+                ScalarImpl::from(3).into(),
+                ScalarImpl::from(11).into(),
+            );
+
+            assert_find_left_right_result_eq(
+                order_data_type.clone(),
+                order_type,
+                part_with_delta,
+                ScalarImpl::from(5),
+                ScalarImpl::from(5).into(),
+                ScalarImpl::from(5).into(),
+            );
+
+            assert_find_left_right_result_eq(
+                order_data_type.clone(),
+                order_type,
+                part_with_delta,
+                ScalarImpl::from(6),
+                ScalarImpl::from(5).into(),
+                ScalarImpl::from(5).into(),
+            );
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_simple() {
+            let order_data_type = DataType::Int32;
+            let order_type = OrderType::ascending();
+
+            let cache = create_cache!(order_type, [(2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)]);
+            let delta = create_delta!(
+                order_type,
+                [(2, 2, Insert), (2, 22, Insert), (3, 3, Delete)]
+            );
+            let part_with_delta = DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta);
+
+            assert_find_left_right_result_eq(
+                order_data_type.clone(),
+                order_type,
+                part_with_delta,
+                ScalarImpl::from(0),
+                ScalarImpl::from(2).into(),
+                ScalarImpl::from(2).into(),
+            );
+
+            assert_find_left_right_result_eq(
+                order_data_type.clone(),
+                order_type,
+                part_with_delta,
+                ScalarImpl::from(2),
+                ScalarImpl::from(2).into(),
+                ScalarImpl::from(22).into(),
+            );
+
+            assert_find_left_right_result_eq(
+                order_data_type.clone(),
+                order_type,
+                part_with_delta,
+                ScalarImpl::from(3),
+                ScalarImpl::from(4).into(),
+                ScalarImpl::from(22).into(),
+            );
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_empty_with_sentinels() {
+            let order_data_type = DataType::Int32;
+            let order_type = OrderType::ascending();
+
+            let cache = create_cache!(order_type, [..., , ...]);
+            let delta = create_delta!(order_type, [(1, 1, Insert), (2, 2, Insert)]);
+            let part_with_delta = DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta);
+
+            assert_find_left_right_result_eq(
+                order_data_type.clone(),
+                order_type,
+                part_with_delta,
+                ScalarImpl::from(0),
+                Sentinelled::Smallest,
+                Sentinelled::Smallest,
+            );
+
+            assert_find_left_right_result_eq(
+                order_data_type.clone(),
+                order_type,
+                part_with_delta,
+                ScalarImpl::from(1),
+                Sentinelled::Smallest,
+                ScalarImpl::from(1).into(),
+            );
+
+            assert_find_left_right_result_eq(
+                order_data_type.clone(),
+                order_type,
+                part_with_delta,
+                ScalarImpl::from(2),
+                ScalarImpl::from(2).into(),
+                Sentinelled::Largest,
+            );
+
+            assert_find_left_right_result_eq(
+                order_data_type.clone(),
+                order_type,
+                part_with_delta,
+                ScalarImpl::from(3),
+                Sentinelled::Largest,
+                Sentinelled::Largest,
+            );
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_with_left_sentinels() {
+            let order_data_type = DataType::Int32;
+            let order_type = OrderType::ascending();
+
+            let cache = create_cache!(order_type, [..., (2, 2), (4, 4), (5, 5)]);
+            let delta = create_delta!(
+                order_type,
+                [
+                    (1, 1, Insert),
+                    (2, 2, Insert),
+                    (4, 44, Insert),
+                    (5, 5, Delete)
+                ]
+            );
+            let part_with_delta = DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta);
+
+            assert_find_left_right_result_eq(
+                order_data_type.clone(),
+                order_type,
+                part_with_delta,
+                ScalarImpl::from(1),
+                Sentinelled::Smallest,
+                ScalarImpl::from(1).into(),
+            );
+
+            assert_find_left_right_result_eq(
+                order_data_type.clone(),
+                order_type,
+                part_with_delta,
+                ScalarImpl::from(4),
+                ScalarImpl::from(4).into(),
+                ScalarImpl::from(44).into(),
+            );
+
+            assert_find_left_right_result_eq(
+                order_data_type.clone(),
+                order_type,
+                part_with_delta,
+                ScalarImpl::from(5),
+                ScalarImpl::from(44).into(),
+                ScalarImpl::from(44).into(),
+            );
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_with_right_sentinel() {
+            let order_data_type = DataType::Int32;
+            let order_type = OrderType::ascending();
+
+            let cache = create_cache!(order_type, [(2, 2), (4, 4), (5, 5), ...]);
+            let delta = create_delta!(
+                order_type,
+                [
+                    (1, 1, Insert),
+                    (2, 2, Insert),
+                    (4, 44, Insert),
+                    (5, 5, Delete)
+                ]
+            );
+            let part_with_delta = DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta);
+
+            assert_find_left_right_result_eq(
+                order_data_type.clone(),
+                order_type,
+                part_with_delta,
+                ScalarImpl::from(1),
+                ScalarImpl::from(1).into(),
+                ScalarImpl::from(1).into(),
+            );
+
+            assert_find_left_right_result_eq(
+                order_data_type.clone(),
+                order_type,
+                part_with_delta,
+                ScalarImpl::from(4),
+                ScalarImpl::from(4).into(),
+                Sentinelled::Largest,
+            );
+
+            assert_find_left_right_result_eq(
+                order_data_type.clone(),
+                order_type,
+                part_with_delta,
+                ScalarImpl::from(5),
+                Sentinelled::Largest,
+                Sentinelled::Largest,
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/general.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/general.rs
index 55b0158ee89d..df4e3ac5c84c 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/general.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/general.rs
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ use crate::common::metrics::MetricsInfo;
 use crate::common::table::state_table::StateTable;
 use crate::common::StreamChunkBuilder;
 use crate::executor::monitor::StreamingMetrics;
+use crate::executor::over_window::over_partition::AffectedRange;
 use crate::executor::{
     expect_first_barrier, ActorContextRef, BoxedExecutor, Executor, ExecutorInfo, Message,
     StreamExecutorError, StreamExecutorResult,
@@ -181,7 +182,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> OverWindowExecutor<S> {
         let order_key_data_types = args
             .order_key_indices
             .iter()
-            .map(|i| input_schema.fields()[*i].data_type.clone())
+            .map(|i| input_schema[*i].data_type())
             .collect();
 
         let state_key_to_table_sub_pk_proj = RowConverter::calc_state_key_to_table_sub_pk_proj(
@@ -491,7 +492,13 @@ impl<S: StateStore> OverWindowExecutor<S> {
 
         let mut accessed_range: Option<RangeInclusive<StateKey>> = None;
 
-        for (first_frame_start, first_curr_key, last_curr_key, last_frame_end) in affected_ranges {
+        for AffectedRange {
+            first_frame_start,
+            first_curr_key,
+            last_curr_key,
+            last_frame_end,
+        } in affected_ranges
+        {
             assert!(first_frame_start <= first_curr_key);
             assert!(first_curr_key <= last_curr_key);
             assert!(last_curr_key <= last_frame_end);
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/mod.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/mod.rs
index ea43672a7f56..eeeb70de5ac3 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/mod.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/mod.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 
 mod eowc;
+mod frame_finder;
 mod general;
 mod over_partition;
 
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/over_partition.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/over_partition.rs
index 00c4d09ab5da..a759e9e7334e 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/over_partition.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/over_partition.rs
@@ -20,18 +20,22 @@ use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::ops::{Bound, RangeInclusive};
 
 use delta_btree_map::{Change, DeltaBTreeMap};
+use educe::Educe;
 use futures_async_stream::for_await;
 use risingwave_common::array::stream_record::Record;
 use risingwave_common::estimate_size::collections::EstimatedBTreeMap;
 use risingwave_common::row::{OwnedRow, Row};
 use risingwave_common::session_config::OverWindowCachePolicy as CachePolicy;
-use risingwave_common::types::Sentinelled;
-use risingwave_expr::window_function::{FrameBounds, StateKey, WindowFuncCall};
+use risingwave_common::types::{Datum, Sentinelled};
+use risingwave_expr::window_function::{
+    RangeFrameBounds, RowsFrameBounds, StateKey, WindowFuncCall,
+};
 use risingwave_storage::store::PrefetchOptions;
 use risingwave_storage::StateStore;
 
 use super::general::RowConverter;
 use crate::common::table::state_table::StateTable;
+use crate::executor::over_window::frame_finder::*;
 use crate::executor::StreamExecutorResult;
 
 pub(super) type CacheKey = Sentinelled<StateKey>;
@@ -221,6 +225,40 @@ pub(super) struct OverPartitionStats {
     pub right_miss_count: u64,
 }
 
+/// [`AffectedRange`] represents a range of keys that are affected by a delta.
+/// The [`CacheKey`] fields are keys in the partition range cache + delta, which is
+/// represented by [`DeltaBTreeMap`].
+///
+/// - `first_curr_key` and `last_curr_key` are the current keys of the first and the last
+///  windows affected. They are used to pinpoint the bounds where state needs to be updated.
+/// - `first_frame_start` and `last_frame_end` are the frame start and end of the first and
+///  the last windows affected. They are used to pinpoint the bounds where state needs to be
+///  included for computing the new state.
+#[derive(Debug, Educe)]
+#[educe(Clone, Copy)]
+pub(super) struct AffectedRange<'cache> {
+    pub first_frame_start: &'cache CacheKey,
+    pub first_curr_key: &'cache CacheKey,
+    pub last_curr_key: &'cache CacheKey,
+    pub last_frame_end: &'cache CacheKey,
+}
+
+impl<'cache> AffectedRange<'cache> {
+    fn new(
+        first_frame_start: &'cache CacheKey,
+        first_curr_key: &'cache CacheKey,
+        last_curr_key: &'cache CacheKey,
+        last_frame_end: &'cache CacheKey,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            first_frame_start,
+            first_curr_key,
+            last_curr_key,
+            last_frame_end,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// A wrapper of [`PartitionCache`] that provides helper methods to manipulate the cache.
 /// By putting this type inside `private` module, we can avoid misuse of the internal fields and
 /// methods.
@@ -229,7 +267,12 @@ pub(super) struct OverPartition<'a, S: StateStore> {
     range_cache: &'a mut PartitionCache,
     cache_policy: CachePolicy,
 
-    calls: &'a [WindowFuncCall],
+    /// The `ROWS` frame that is the union of all `ROWS` frames of all window functions in this
+    /// over window executor.
+    super_rows_frame_bounds: RowsFrameBounds,
+    range_frames: Vec<&'a RangeFrameBounds>,
+    start_is_unbounded: bool,
+    end_is_unbounded: bool,
     row_conv: RowConverter<'a>,
 
     stats: OverPartitionStats,
@@ -248,12 +291,33 @@ impl<'a, S: StateStore> OverPartition<'a, S> {
         calls: &'a [WindowFuncCall],
         row_conv: RowConverter<'a>,
     ) -> Self {
+        let rows_frames = calls
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|call| call.frame.bounds.as_rows())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        // TODO(rc): maybe should avoid repeated merging
+        let super_rows_frame_bounds = merge_rows_frames(&rows_frames);
+        let range_frames = calls
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|call| call.frame.bounds.as_range())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        let start_is_unbounded = calls
+            .iter()
+            .any(|call| call.frame.bounds.start_is_unbounded());
+        let end_is_unbounded = calls
+            .iter()
+            .any(|call| call.frame.bounds.end_is_unbounded());
+
         Self {
             this_partition_key,
             range_cache: cache,
             cache_policy,
 
-            calls,
+            super_rows_frame_bounds,
+            range_frames,
+            start_is_unbounded,
+            end_is_unbounded,
             row_conv,
 
             stats: Default::default(),
@@ -352,19 +416,14 @@ impl<'a, S: StateStore> OverPartition<'a, S> {
 
     /// Find all ranges in the partition that are affected by the given delta.
     /// The returned ranges are guaranteed to be sorted and non-overlapping. All keys in the ranges
-    /// are guaranteed to be cached.
+    /// are guaranteed to be cached, which means they should be [`Sentinelled::Normal`]s.
     pub async fn find_affected_ranges<'s, 'cache>(
         &'s mut self,
         table: &'_ StateTable<S>,
         delta: &'cache PartitionDelta,
     ) -> StreamExecutorResult<(
         DeltaBTreeMap<'cache, CacheKey, OwnedRow>,
-        Vec<(
-            &'cache CacheKey,
-            &'cache CacheKey,
-            &'cache CacheKey,
-            &'cache CacheKey,
-        )>,
+        Vec<AffectedRange<'cache>>,
     )>
     where
         's: 'cache,
@@ -372,53 +431,49 @@ impl<'a, S: StateStore> OverPartition<'a, S> {
         let delta_first = delta.first_key_value().unwrap().0.as_normal_expect();
         let delta_last = delta.last_key_value().unwrap().0.as_normal_expect();
 
+        let range_frame_logical_curr =
+            calc_logical_curr_for_range_frames(&self.range_frames, delta_first, delta_last);
+
         if self.cache_policy.is_full() {
             // ensure everything is in the cache
             self.extend_cache_to_boundary(table).await?;
         } else {
+            // TODO(rc): later we should extend cache using `self.super_rows_frame_bounds` and
+            // `range_frame_logical_curr` as hints.
+
             // ensure the cache covers all delta (if possible)
             self.extend_cache_by_range(table, delta_first..=delta_last)
                 .await?;
         }
 
         loop {
-            // Terminateability: `extend_cache_leftward_by_n` and `extend_cache_rightward_by_n` keep
+            // TERMINATEABILITY: `extend_cache_leftward_by_n` and `extend_cache_rightward_by_n` keep
             // pushing the cache to the boundary of current partition. In these two methods, when
             // any side of boundary is reached, the sentinel key will be removed, so finally
-            // `self::find_affected_ranges` will return ranges without any sentinels.
-
-            let (left_reached_sentinel, right_reached_sentinel) = {
-                // SAFETY: Here we shortly borrow the range cache and turn the reference into a
-                // `'cache` one to bypass the borrow checker. This is safe because we only return
-                // the reference once we don't need to do any further mutation.
-                let cache_inner = unsafe { &*(self.range_cache.inner() as *const _) };
-                let ranges =
-                    self::find_affected_ranges(self.calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(cache_inner, delta));
-                self.stats.lookup_count += 1;
-
-                if ranges.is_empty() {
-                    // no ranges affected, we're done
-                    return Ok((DeltaBTreeMap::new(cache_inner, delta), ranges));
-                }
+            // `Self::find_affected_ranges_readonly` will return `Ok`.
 
-                let left_reached_sentinel = ranges.first().unwrap().0.is_sentinel();
-                let right_reached_sentinel = ranges.last().unwrap().3.is_sentinel();
+            // SAFETY: Here we shortly borrow the range cache and turn the reference into a
+            // `'cache` one to bypass the borrow checker. This is safe because we only return
+            // the reference once we don't need to do any further mutation.
+            let cache_inner = unsafe { &*(self.range_cache.inner() as *const _) };
+            let part_with_delta = DeltaBTreeMap::new(cache_inner, delta);
 
-                if !left_reached_sentinel && !right_reached_sentinel {
-                    // all affected ranges are already cached, we're done
-                    return Ok((DeltaBTreeMap::new(cache_inner, delta), ranges));
-                }
+            self.stats.lookup_count += 1;
+            let res = self
+                .find_affected_ranges_readonly(part_with_delta, range_frame_logical_curr.as_ref());
 
-                (left_reached_sentinel, right_reached_sentinel)
+            let (need_extend_leftward, need_extend_rightward) = match res {
+                Ok(ranges) => return Ok((part_with_delta, ranges)),
+                Err(cache_extend_hint) => cache_extend_hint,
             };
 
-            if left_reached_sentinel {
+            if need_extend_leftward {
                 self.stats.left_miss_count += 1;
                 tracing::trace!(partition=?self.this_partition_key, "partition cache left extension triggered");
                 let left_most = self.cache_real_first_key().unwrap_or(delta_first).clone();
                 self.extend_cache_leftward_by_n(table, &left_most).await?;
             }
-            if right_reached_sentinel {
+            if need_extend_rightward {
                 self.stats.right_miss_count += 1;
                 tracing::trace!(partition=?self.this_partition_key, "partition cache right extension triggered");
                 let right_most = self.cache_real_last_key().unwrap_or(delta_last).clone();
@@ -428,6 +483,203 @@ impl<'a, S: StateStore> OverPartition<'a, S> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Try to find affected ranges on immutable range cache + delta. If the algorithm reaches
+    /// any sentinel node in the cache, which means some entries in the affected range may be
+    /// in the state table, it returns an `Err((bool, bool))` to notify the caller that the
+    /// left side or the right side or both sides of the cache should be extended.
+    ///
+    /// TODO(rc): Currently at most one range will be in the result vector. Ideally we should
+    /// recognize uncontinuous changes in the delta and find multiple ranges, but that will be
+    /// too complex for now.
+    fn find_affected_ranges_readonly<'cache>(
+        &'_ self,
+        part_with_delta: DeltaBTreeMap<'cache, CacheKey, OwnedRow>,
+        range_frame_logical_curr: Option<&(Sentinelled<Datum>, Sentinelled<Datum>)>,
+    ) -> std::result::Result<Vec<AffectedRange<'cache>>, (bool, bool)> {
+        if part_with_delta.first_key().is_none() {
+            // nothing is left after applying the delta, meaning all entries are deleted
+            return Ok(vec![]);
+        }
+
+        let delta_first_key = part_with_delta.delta().first_key_value().unwrap().0;
+        let delta_last_key = part_with_delta.delta().last_key_value().unwrap().0;
+        let cache_key_pk_len = delta_first_key.as_normal_expect().pk.len();
+
+        if part_with_delta.snapshot().is_empty() {
+            // all existing keys are inserted in the delta
+            return Ok(vec![AffectedRange::new(
+                delta_first_key,
+                delta_first_key,
+                delta_last_key,
+                delta_last_key,
+            )]);
+        }
+
+        let first_key = part_with_delta.first_key().unwrap();
+        let last_key = part_with_delta.last_key().unwrap();
+
+        let first_curr_key = if self.end_is_unbounded || delta_first_key == first_key {
+            // If the frame end is unbounded, or, the first key is in delta, then the frame corresponding
+            // to the first key is always affected.
+            first_key
+        } else {
+            let mut key = find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(
+                &self.super_rows_frame_bounds,
+                part_with_delta,
+                delta_first_key,
+            );
+
+            if let Some((logical_first_curr, _)) = range_frame_logical_curr {
+                let logical_curr = logical_first_curr.as_normal_expect(); // otherwise should go `end_is_unbounded` branch
+                let new_key = find_left_for_range_frames(
+                    &self.range_frames,
+                    part_with_delta,
+                    logical_curr,
+                    cache_key_pk_len,
+                );
+                key = std::cmp::min(key, new_key);
+            }
+
+            key
+        };
+
+        let last_curr_key = if self.start_is_unbounded || delta_last_key == last_key {
+            // similar to `first_curr_key`
+            last_key
+        } else {
+            let mut key = find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(
+                &self.super_rows_frame_bounds,
+                part_with_delta,
+                delta_last_key,
+            );
+
+            if let Some((_, logical_last_curr)) = range_frame_logical_curr {
+                let logical_curr = logical_last_curr.as_normal_expect(); // otherwise should go `start_is_unbounded` branch
+                let new_key = find_right_for_range_frames(
+                    &self.range_frames,
+                    part_with_delta,
+                    logical_curr,
+                    cache_key_pk_len,
+                );
+                key = std::cmp::max(key, new_key);
+            }
+
+            key
+        };
+
+        {
+            // We quickly return if there's any sentinel in `[first_curr_key, last_curr_key]`,
+            // just for the sake of simplicity.
+            let mut need_extend_leftward = false;
+            let mut need_extend_rightward = false;
+            for key in [first_curr_key, last_curr_key] {
+                if key.is_smallest() {
+                    need_extend_leftward = true;
+                } else if key.is_largest() {
+                    need_extend_rightward = true;
+                }
+            }
+            if need_extend_leftward || need_extend_rightward {
+                return Err((need_extend_leftward, need_extend_rightward));
+            }
+        }
+
+        // From now on we definitely have two normal `curr_key`s.
+
+        if first_curr_key > last_curr_key {
+            // Note that we cannot move the this check before the above block, because for example,
+            // if the range cache contains `[Smallest, 5, Largest]`, and the delta contains only
+            // `Delete 5`, the frame is `RANGE BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND CURRENT ROW`, then
+            // `first_curr_key` will be `Largest`, `last_curr_key` will be `Smallest`, in this case
+            // there may be some other entries with order value `5` in the table, which should be
+            // *affected*.
+            return Ok(vec![]);
+        }
+
+        let range_frame_logical_boundary = calc_logical_boundary_for_range_frames(
+            &self.range_frames,
+            first_curr_key.as_normal_expect(),
+            last_curr_key.as_normal_expect(),
+        );
+
+        let first_frame_start = if self.start_is_unbounded || first_curr_key == first_key {
+            // If the frame start is unbounded, or, the first curr key is the first key, then the first key
+            // always need to be included in the affected range.
+            first_key
+        } else {
+            let mut key = find_frame_start_for_rows_frame(
+                &self.super_rows_frame_bounds,
+                part_with_delta,
+                first_curr_key,
+            );
+
+            if let Some((logical_first_start, _)) = range_frame_logical_boundary.as_ref() {
+                let logical_boundary = logical_first_start.as_normal_expect(); // otherwise should go `end_is_unbounded` branch
+                let new_key = find_left_for_range_frames(
+                    &self.range_frames,
+                    part_with_delta,
+                    logical_boundary,
+                    cache_key_pk_len,
+                );
+                key = std::cmp::min(key, new_key);
+            }
+
+            key
+        };
+        assert!(first_frame_start <= first_curr_key);
+
+        let last_frame_end = if self.end_is_unbounded || last_curr_key == last_key {
+            // similar to `first_frame_start`
+            last_key
+        } else {
+            let mut key = find_frame_end_for_rows_frame(
+                &self.super_rows_frame_bounds,
+                part_with_delta,
+                last_curr_key,
+            );
+
+            if let Some((_, logical_last_end)) = range_frame_logical_boundary.as_ref() {
+                let logical_boundary = logical_last_end.as_normal_expect(); // otherwise should go `end_is_unbounded` branch
+                let new_key = find_right_for_range_frames(
+                    &self.range_frames,
+                    part_with_delta,
+                    logical_boundary,
+                    cache_key_pk_len,
+                );
+                key = std::cmp::max(key, new_key);
+            }
+
+            key
+        };
+        assert!(last_frame_end >= last_curr_key);
+
+        let mut need_extend_leftward = false;
+        let mut need_extend_rightward = false;
+        for key in [
+            first_curr_key,
+            last_curr_key,
+            first_frame_start,
+            last_frame_end,
+        ] {
+            if key.is_smallest() {
+                need_extend_leftward = true;
+            } else if key.is_largest() {
+                need_extend_rightward = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if need_extend_leftward || need_extend_rightward {
+            Err((need_extend_leftward, need_extend_rightward))
+        } else {
+            Ok(vec![AffectedRange::new(
+                first_frame_start,
+                first_curr_key,
+                last_curr_key,
+                last_frame_end,
+            )])
+        }
+    }
+
     async fn extend_cache_to_boundary(
         &mut self,
         table: &StateTable<S>,
@@ -760,577 +1012,3 @@ impl<'a, S: StateStore> OverPartition<'a, S> {
         Ok(())
     }
 }
-
-/// Find all affected ranges in the given partition with delta.
-///
-/// # Returns
-///
-/// `Vec<(first_frame_start, first_curr_key, last_curr_key, last_frame_end_incl)>`
-///
-/// Each affected range is a union of many small window frames affected by some adajcent
-/// keys in the delta.
-///
-/// Example:
-/// - frame 1: `rows between 2 preceding and current row`
-/// - frame 2: `rows between 1 preceding and 2 following`
-/// - partition: `[1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14]`
-/// - delta: `[3, 4, 15]`
-/// - affected ranges: `[(1, 1, 7, 9), (10, 12, 15, 15)]`
-///
-/// TODO(rc):
-/// Note that, since we assume input chunks have data locality on order key columns, we now only
-/// calculate one single affected range. So the affected ranges in the above example will be
-/// `(1, 1, 15, 15)`. Later we may optimize this.
-fn find_affected_ranges<'cache>(
-    calls: &'_ [WindowFuncCall],
-    part_with_delta: DeltaBTreeMap<'cache, CacheKey, OwnedRow>,
-) -> Vec<(
-    &'cache CacheKey,
-    &'cache CacheKey,
-    &'cache CacheKey,
-    &'cache CacheKey,
-)> {
-    // XXX(rc): NOTE FOR DEVS
-    // Must carefully consider the sentinel keys in the cache when extending this function to
-    // support `RANGE` and `GROUPS` frames later. May introduce a return value variant to clearly
-    // tell the caller that there exists at least one affected range that touches the sentinel.
-
-    if part_with_delta.first_key().is_none() {
-        // all keys are deleted in the delta
-        return vec![];
-    }
-
-    let delta_first_key = part_with_delta.delta().first_key_value().unwrap().0;
-    let delta_last_key = part_with_delta.delta().last_key_value().unwrap().0;
-
-    if part_with_delta.snapshot().is_empty() {
-        // all existing keys are inserted in the delta
-        return vec![(
-            delta_first_key,
-            delta_first_key,
-            delta_last_key,
-            delta_last_key,
-        )];
-    }
-
-    let first_key = part_with_delta.first_key().unwrap();
-    let last_key = part_with_delta.last_key().unwrap();
-
-    let start_is_unbounded = calls
-        .iter()
-        .any(|call| call.frame.bounds.start_is_unbounded());
-    let end_is_unbounded = calls
-        .iter()
-        .any(|call| call.frame.bounds.end_is_unbounded());
-
-    // NOTE: Don't be too clever! Here we must calculate `first_frame_start` after calculating
-    // `first_curr_key`, because the correct calculation of `first_frame_start` depends on
-    // `first_curr_key` which is the MINIMUM of all `first_curr_key`s of all frames of all window
-    // function calls.
-
-    let first_curr_key = if end_is_unbounded || delta_first_key == first_key {
-        // If the frame end is unbounded, or, the first key is in delta, then the frame corresponding
-        // to the first key is always affected.
-        first_key
-    } else {
-        let mut min_first_curr_key = &Sentinelled::Largest;
-
-        for call in calls {
-            let key = match &call.frame.bounds {
-                FrameBounds::Rows(bounds) => {
-                    let mut cursor = part_with_delta.lower_bound(Bound::Included(delta_first_key));
-                    for _ in 0..bounds.end.n_following_rows().unwrap() {
-                        // Note that we have to move before check, to handle situation where the
-                        // cursor is at ghost position at first.
-                        cursor.move_prev();
-                        if cursor.position().is_ghost() {
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    cursor.key().unwrap_or(first_key)
-                }
-            };
-            min_first_curr_key = min_first_curr_key.min(key);
-            if min_first_curr_key == first_key {
-                // if we already pushed the affected curr key to the first key, no more pushing is needed
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        min_first_curr_key
-    };
-
-    let first_frame_start = if start_is_unbounded || first_curr_key == first_key {
-        // If the frame start is unbounded, or, the first curr key is the first key, then the first key
-        // always need to be included in the affected range.
-        first_key
-    } else {
-        let mut min_frame_start = &Sentinelled::Largest;
-
-        for call in calls {
-            let key = match &call.frame.bounds {
-                FrameBounds::Rows(bounds) => {
-                    let mut cursor = part_with_delta.find(first_curr_key).unwrap();
-                    for _ in 0..bounds.start.n_preceding_rows().unwrap() {
-                        cursor.move_prev();
-                        if cursor.position().is_ghost() {
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    cursor.key().unwrap_or(first_key)
-                }
-            };
-            min_frame_start = min_frame_start.min(key);
-            if min_frame_start == first_key {
-                // if we already pushed the affected frame start to the first key, no more pushing is needed
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        min_frame_start
-    };
-
-    let last_curr_key = if start_is_unbounded || delta_last_key == last_key {
-        last_key
-    } else {
-        let mut max_last_curr_key = &Sentinelled::Smallest;
-
-        for call in calls {
-            let key = match &call.frame.bounds {
-                FrameBounds::Rows(bounds) => {
-                    let mut cursor = part_with_delta.upper_bound(Bound::Included(delta_last_key));
-                    for _ in 0..bounds.start.n_preceding_rows().unwrap() {
-                        cursor.move_next();
-                        if cursor.position().is_ghost() {
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    cursor.key().unwrap_or(last_key)
-                }
-            };
-            max_last_curr_key = max_last_curr_key.max(key);
-            if max_last_curr_key == last_key {
-                // if we already pushed the affected curr key to the last key, no more pushing is needed
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        max_last_curr_key
-    };
-
-    let last_frame_end = if end_is_unbounded || last_curr_key == last_key {
-        last_key
-    } else {
-        let mut max_frame_end = &Sentinelled::Smallest;
-
-        for call in calls {
-            let key = match &call.frame.bounds {
-                FrameBounds::Rows(bounds) => {
-                    let mut cursor = part_with_delta.find(last_curr_key).unwrap();
-                    for _ in 0..bounds.end.n_following_rows().unwrap() {
-                        cursor.move_next();
-                        if cursor.position().is_ghost() {
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    cursor.key().unwrap_or(last_key)
-                }
-            };
-            max_frame_end = max_frame_end.max(key);
-            if max_frame_end == last_key {
-                // if we already pushed the affected frame end to the last key, no more pushing is needed
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        max_frame_end
-    };
-
-    if first_curr_key > last_curr_key {
-        // all affected keys are deleted in the delta
-        return vec![];
-    }
-
-    vec![(
-        first_frame_start,
-        first_curr_key,
-        last_curr_key,
-        last_frame_end,
-    )]
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod find_affected_ranges_tests {
-    //! Function `find_affected_ranges` is important enough to deserve its own test module. We must
-    //! test it thoroughly.
-
-    use itertools::Itertools;
-    use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, ScalarImpl};
-    use risingwave_expr::aggregate::{AggArgs, AggKind};
-    use risingwave_expr::window_function::{Frame, FrameBound, WindowFuncKind};
-
-    use super::*;
-
-    fn create_call(frame: Frame) -> WindowFuncCall {
-        WindowFuncCall {
-            kind: WindowFuncKind::Aggregate(AggKind::Sum),
-            args: AggArgs::Unary(DataType::Int32, 0),
-            return_type: DataType::Int32,
-            frame,
-        }
-    }
-
-    macro_rules! create_cache {
-        (..., $( $pk:literal ),* , ...) => {
-            {
-                let mut cache = create_cache!( $( $pk ),* );
-                cache.insert(CacheKey::Smallest, OwnedRow::empty().into());
-                cache.insert(CacheKey::Largest, OwnedRow::empty().into());
-                cache
-            }
-        };
-        (..., $( $pk:literal ),*) => {
-            {
-                let mut cache = create_cache!( $( $pk ),* );
-                cache.insert(CacheKey::Smallest, OwnedRow::empty().into());
-                cache
-            }
-        };
-        ($( $pk:literal ),* , ...) => {
-            {
-                let mut cache = create_cache!( $( $pk ),* );
-                cache.insert(CacheKey::Largest, OwnedRow::empty().into());
-                cache
-            }
-        };
-        ($( $pk:literal ),*) => {
-            {
-                #[allow(unused_mut)]
-                let mut cache = BTreeMap::new();
-                $(
-                    cache.insert(
-                        CacheKey::Normal(
-                            StateKey {
-                                // order key doesn't matter here
-                                order_key: vec![].into(),
-                                pk: OwnedRow::new(vec![Some($pk.into())]).into(),
-                            },
-                        ),
-                        // value row doesn't matter here
-                        OwnedRow::empty(),
-                    );
-                )*
-                cache
-            }
-        };
-    }
-
-    macro_rules! create_change {
-        (Delete) => {
-            Change::Delete
-        };
-        (Insert) => {
-            Change::Insert(OwnedRow::empty())
-        };
-    }
-
-    macro_rules! create_delta {
-        ($(( $pk:literal, $change:ident )),* $(,)?) => {
-            {
-                #[allow(unused_mut)]
-                let mut delta = BTreeMap::new();
-                $(
-                    delta.insert(
-                        CacheKey::Normal(
-                            StateKey {
-                                // order key doesn't matter here
-                                order_key: vec![].into(),
-                                pk: OwnedRow::new(vec![Some($pk.into())]).into(),
-                            },
-                        ),
-                        // value row doesn't matter here
-                        create_change!( $change ),
-                    );
-                )*
-                delta
-            }
-        };
-    }
-
-    fn assert_ranges_eq(
-        result: Vec<(&CacheKey, &CacheKey, &CacheKey, &CacheKey)>,
-        expected: impl IntoIterator<Item = (ScalarImpl, ScalarImpl, ScalarImpl, ScalarImpl)>,
-    ) {
-        result
-            .into_iter()
-            .zip_eq(expected)
-            .for_each(|(result, expected)| {
-                assert_eq!(
-                    result.0.as_normal_expect().pk.0,
-                    OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(expected.0)])
-                );
-                assert_eq!(
-                    result.1.as_normal_expect().pk.0,
-                    OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(expected.1)])
-                );
-                assert_eq!(
-                    result.2.as_normal_expect().pk.0,
-                    OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(expected.2)])
-                );
-                assert_eq!(
-                    result.3.as_normal_expect().pk.0,
-                    OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(expected.3)])
-                );
-            })
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_insert_delta_only() {
-        let cache = create_cache!();
-        let delta = create_delta!((1, Insert), (2, Insert), (3, Insert));
-        let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-            FrameBound::Preceding(2),
-            FrameBound::Preceding(1),
-        ))];
-        let affected_ranges = find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta));
-        assert_ranges_eq(affected_ranges, [(1.into(), 1.into(), 3.into(), 3.into())]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_simple() {
-        let cache = create_cache!(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6);
-        let delta = create_delta!((2, Insert), (3, Delete));
-
-        {
-            let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-                FrameBound::Preceding(2),
-                FrameBound::Preceding(1),
-            ))];
-            assert_ranges_eq(
-                find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta)),
-                [(1.into(), 2.into(), 5.into(), 5.into())],
-            );
-        }
-
-        {
-            let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-                FrameBound::Preceding(1),
-                FrameBound::Following(2),
-            ))];
-            assert_ranges_eq(
-                find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta)),
-                [(1.into(), 1.into(), 4.into(), 6.into())],
-            );
-        }
-
-        {
-            let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-                FrameBound::CurrentRow,
-                FrameBound::Following(2),
-            ))];
-            assert_ranges_eq(
-                find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta)),
-                [(1.into(), 1.into(), 2.into(), 5.into())],
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_multiple_calls() {
-        let cache = create_cache!(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6);
-        let delta = create_delta!((2, Insert), (3, Delete));
-        let calls = vec![
-            create_call(Frame::rows(
-                FrameBound::Preceding(1),
-                FrameBound::Preceding(1),
-            )),
-            create_call(Frame::rows(
-                FrameBound::Following(1),
-                FrameBound::Following(1),
-            )),
-        ];
-        assert_ranges_eq(
-            find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta)),
-            [(1.into(), 1.into(), 4.into(), 5.into())],
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_lag_corner_case() {
-        let cache = create_cache!(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6);
-        let delta = create_delta!((1, Delete), (2, Delete), (3, Delete));
-        let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-            FrameBound::Preceding(1),
-            FrameBound::Preceding(1),
-        ))];
-        assert_ranges_eq(
-            find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta)),
-            [(4.into(), 4.into(), 4.into(), 4.into())],
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_lead_corner_case() {
-        let cache = create_cache!(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6);
-        let delta = create_delta!((4, Delete), (5, Delete), (6, Delete));
-        let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-            FrameBound::Following(1),
-            FrameBound::Following(1),
-        ))];
-        assert_ranges_eq(
-            find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta)),
-            [(3.into(), 3.into(), 3.into(), 3.into())],
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_lag_lead_offset_0_corner_case_1() {
-        let cache = create_cache!(1, 2, 3, 4);
-        let delta = create_delta!((2, Delete), (3, Delete));
-        let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-            FrameBound::CurrentRow,
-            FrameBound::CurrentRow,
-        ))];
-        assert_ranges_eq(
-            find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta)),
-            [],
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_lag_lead_offset_0_corner_case_2() {
-        let cache = create_cache!(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
-        let delta = create_delta!((2, Delete), (3, Insert), (4, Delete));
-        let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-            FrameBound::CurrentRow,
-            FrameBound::CurrentRow,
-        ))];
-        assert_ranges_eq(
-            find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta)),
-            [(3.into(), 3.into(), 3.into(), 3.into())],
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_empty_with_sentinels() {
-        let cache: BTreeMap<Sentinelled<StateKey>, OwnedRow> = create_cache!(..., , ...);
-        let delta = create_delta!((1, Insert), (2, Insert));
-
-        {
-            let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-                FrameBound::CurrentRow,
-                FrameBound::CurrentRow,
-            ))];
-            assert_ranges_eq(
-                find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta)),
-                [(1.into(), 1.into(), 2.into(), 2.into())],
-            );
-        }
-
-        {
-            let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-                FrameBound::Preceding(1),
-                FrameBound::Preceding(1),
-            ))];
-            let range = find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta))[0];
-            assert!(range.0.is_smallest());
-            assert_eq!(
-                range.1.as_normal_expect().pk.0,
-                OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(1.into())])
-            );
-            assert!(range.2.is_largest());
-            assert!(range.3.is_largest());
-        }
-
-        {
-            let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-                FrameBound::Following(1),
-                FrameBound::Following(3),
-            ))];
-            let range = find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta))[0];
-            assert!(range.0.is_smallest());
-            assert!(range.1.is_smallest());
-            assert_eq!(
-                range.2.as_normal_expect().pk.0,
-                OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(2.into())])
-            );
-            assert!(range.3.is_largest());
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_with_left_sentinel() {
-        let cache = create_cache!(..., 2, 4, 5, 8);
-        let delta = create_delta!((3, Insert), (4, Insert), (8, Delete));
-
-        {
-            let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-                FrameBound::Following(1),
-                FrameBound::Following(1),
-            ))];
-            assert_ranges_eq(
-                find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta)),
-                [(2.into(), 2.into(), 5.into(), 5.into())],
-            );
-        }
-
-        {
-            let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-                FrameBound::Preceding(1),
-                FrameBound::Following(1),
-            ))];
-            let range = find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta))[0];
-            assert!(range.0.is_smallest());
-            assert_eq!(
-                range.1.as_normal_expect().pk.0,
-                OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(2.into())])
-            );
-            assert_eq!(
-                range.2.as_normal_expect().pk.0,
-                OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(5.into())])
-            );
-            assert_eq!(
-                range.3.as_normal_expect().pk.0,
-                OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(5.into())])
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_with_right_sentinel() {
-        let cache = create_cache!(1, 2, 4, 5, 8, ...);
-        let delta = create_delta!((3, Insert), (4, Insert), (5, Delete));
-
-        {
-            let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-                FrameBound::Preceding(1),
-                FrameBound::Preceding(1),
-            ))];
-            assert_ranges_eq(
-                find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta)),
-                [(2.into(), 3.into(), 8.into(), 8.into())],
-            );
-        }
-
-        {
-            let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-                FrameBound::Preceding(1),
-                FrameBound::Following(1),
-            ))];
-            let range = find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta))[0];
-            assert_eq!(
-                range.0.as_normal_expect().pk.0,
-                OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(1.into())])
-            );
-            assert_eq!(
-                range.1.as_normal_expect().pk.0,
-                OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(2.into())])
-            );
-            assert_eq!(
-                range.2.as_normal_expect().pk.0,
-                OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(8.into())])
-            );
-            assert!(range.3.is_largest());
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/sink.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/sink.rs
index 1f8de0bb4dd9..4e64c3456bc8 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/sink.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/sink.rs
@@ -90,11 +90,21 @@ impl<F: LogStoreFactory> SinkExecutor<F> {
         log_store_factory: F,
     ) -> StreamExecutorResult<Self> {
         let sink = build_sink(sink_param.clone())?;
-        let input_schema: Schema = columns
+        let sink_input_schema: Schema = columns
             .iter()
             .map(|column| Field::from(&column.column_desc))
             .collect();
-        assert_eq!(input_schema.data_types(), info.schema.data_types());
+
+        if let Some(col_dix) = sink_writer_param.extra_partition_col_idx {
+            // Remove the partition column from the schema.
+            assert_eq!(sink_input_schema.data_types(), {
+                let mut data_type = info.schema.data_types();
+                data_type.remove(col_dix);
+                data_type
+            });
+        } else {
+            assert_eq!(sink_input_schema.data_types(), info.schema.data_types());
+        }
 
         Ok(Self {
             actor_context,
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/source/executor_core.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/source/executor_core.rs
index 6d505e0f46b2..8857654be3cf 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/source/executor_core.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/source/executor_core.rs
@@ -41,6 +41,9 @@ pub struct StreamSourceCore<S: StateStore> {
     pub(crate) split_state_store: SourceStateTableHandler<S>,
 
     /// In-memory cache for the splits.
+    ///
+    /// Source messages will only write the cache.
+    /// It is read on split change and rebuild stream reader on error.
     pub(crate) state_cache: HashMap<SplitId, SplitImpl>,
 }
 
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/source/fetch_executor.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/source/fetch_executor.rs
index c29afda3dcae..36513fc4aba3 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/source/fetch_executor.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/source/fetch_executor.rs
@@ -164,7 +164,12 @@ impl<S: StateStore, Src: OpendalSource> FsFetchExecutor<S, Src> {
             .map_err(StreamExecutorError::connector_error)
     }
 
-    fn build_source_ctx(&self, source_desc: &SourceDesc, source_id: TableId) -> SourceContext {
+    fn build_source_ctx(
+        &self,
+        source_desc: &SourceDesc,
+        source_id: TableId,
+        source_name: &str,
+    ) -> SourceContext {
         SourceContext::new_with_suppressor(
             self.actor_ctx.id,
             source_id,
@@ -174,6 +179,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore, Src: OpendalSource> FsFetchExecutor<S, Src> {
             self.connector_params.connector_client.clone(),
             self.actor_ctx.error_suppressor.clone(),
             source_desc.source.config.clone(),
+            source_name.to_owned(),
         )
     }
 
@@ -215,7 +221,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore, Src: OpendalSource> FsFetchExecutor<S, Src> {
             &mut splits_on_fetch,
             &state_store_handler,
             core.column_ids.clone(),
-            self.build_source_ctx(&source_desc, core.source_id),
+            self.build_source_ctx(&source_desc, core.source_id, &core.source_name),
             &source_desc,
             &mut stream,
         )
@@ -267,7 +273,11 @@ impl<S: StateStore, Src: OpendalSource> FsFetchExecutor<S, Src> {
                                             &mut splits_on_fetch,
                                             &state_store_handler,
                                             core.column_ids.clone(),
-                                            self.build_source_ctx(&source_desc, core.source_id),
+                                            self.build_source_ctx(
+                                                &source_desc,
+                                                core.source_id,
+                                                &core.source_name,
+                                            ),
                                             &source_desc,
                                             &mut stream,
                                         )
@@ -293,7 +303,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore, Src: OpendalSource> FsFetchExecutor<S, Src> {
                                             )
                                         })
                                         .collect();
-                                    state_store_handler.take_snapshot(file_assignment).await?;
+                                    state_store_handler.set_states(file_assignment).await?;
                                     state_store_handler.state_store.try_flush().await?;
                                 }
                                 _ => unreachable!(),
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/source/fs_source_executor.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/source/fs_source_executor.rs
index cb473b82d4c4..cbda448712e7 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/source/fs_source_executor.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/source/fs_source_executor.rs
@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> FsSourceExecutor<S> {
             None,
             self.actor_ctx.error_suppressor.clone(),
             source_desc.source.config.clone(),
+            self.stream_source_core.source_name.clone(),
         );
         source_desc
             .source
@@ -239,7 +240,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> FsSourceExecutor<S> {
 
         if !incompleted.is_empty() {
             tracing::debug!(actor_id = self.actor_ctx.id, incompleted = ?incompleted, "take snapshot");
-            core.split_state_store.take_snapshot(incompleted).await?
+            core.split_state_store.set_states(incompleted).await?
         }
 
         if !completed.is_empty() {
@@ -402,6 +403,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> FsSourceExecutor<S> {
                             .with_label_values(&[
                                 self.actor_ctx.id.to_string().as_str(),
                                 self.stream_source_core.source_id.to_string().as_ref(),
+                                self.actor_ctx.fragment_id.to_string().as_str(),
                             ])
                             .inc_by(metric_row_per_barrier);
                         metric_row_per_barrier = 0;
@@ -456,6 +458,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> FsSourceExecutor<S> {
                             self.stream_source_core.source_id.to_string().as_ref(),
                             self.stream_source_core.source_name.as_ref(),
                             self.actor_ctx.id.to_string().as_str(),
+                            self.actor_ctx.fragment_id.to_string().as_str(),
                         ])
                         .inc_by(chunk.cardinality() as u64);
 
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/source/source_executor.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/source/source_executor.rs
index 4eacd2a01709..f47919299957 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/source/source_executor.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/source/source_executor.rs
@@ -107,6 +107,11 @@ impl<S: StateStore> SourceExecutor<S> {
             self.connector_params.connector_client.clone(),
             self.actor_ctx.error_suppressor.clone(),
             source_desc.source.config.clone(),
+            self.stream_source_core
+                .as_ref()
+                .unwrap()
+                .source_name
+                .clone(),
         );
         source_desc
             .source
@@ -116,7 +121,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> SourceExecutor<S> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn get_metric_labels(&self) -> [String; 3] {
+    fn get_metric_labels(&self) -> [String; 4] {
         [
             self.stream_source_core
                 .as_ref()
@@ -129,6 +134,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> SourceExecutor<S> {
                 .source_name
                 .clone(),
             self.actor_ctx.id.to_string(),
+            self.actor_ctx.fragment_id.to_string(),
         ]
     }
 
@@ -170,7 +176,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> SourceExecutor<S> {
         Ok(None)
     }
 
-    // Note: `update_state_if_changed` will modify `state_cache`
+    /// Note: `update_state_if_changed` will modify `state_cache`
     async fn update_state_if_changed(
         &mut self,
         state: ConnectorState,
@@ -293,7 +299,9 @@ impl<S: StateStore> SourceExecutor<S> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    async fn take_snapshot_and_clear_cache(
+    /// - `target_state`: the new split info from barrier. `None` if no split update.
+    /// - `should_trim_state`: whether to trim state for dropped splits.
+    async fn persist_state_and_clear_cache(
         &mut self,
         epoch: EpochPair,
         target_state: Option<Vec<SplitImpl>>,
@@ -332,16 +340,17 @@ impl<S: StateStore> SourceExecutor<S> {
 
         if !cache.is_empty() {
             tracing::debug!(actor_id = self.actor_ctx.id, state = ?cache, "take snapshot");
-            core.split_state_store.take_snapshot(cache).await?
+            core.split_state_store.set_states(cache).await?
         }
+
         // commit anyway, even if no message saved
         core.split_state_store.state_store.commit(epoch).await?;
-
         core.state_cache.clear();
 
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    /// try mem table spill
     async fn try_flush_data(&mut self) -> StreamExecutorResult<()> {
         let core = self.stream_source_core.as_mut().unwrap();
         core.split_state_store.state_store.try_flush().await?;
@@ -519,7 +528,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> SourceExecutor<S> {
                                     latest_split_info = target_state.clone();
                                 }
 
-                                self.take_snapshot_and_clear_cache(
+                                self.persist_state_and_clear_cache(
                                     epoch,
                                     target_state,
                                     should_trim_state,
@@ -536,6 +545,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> SourceExecutor<S> {
                                             .source_id
                                             .to_string()
                                             .as_ref(),
+                                        self.actor_ctx.fragment_id.to_string().as_str(),
                                     ])
                                     .inc_by(metric_row_per_barrier);
                                 metric_row_per_barrier = 0;
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/source/state_table_handler.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/source/state_table_handler.rs
index 31f20ddb9d7f..e3f7b80e6880 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/source/state_table_handler.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/source/state_table_handler.rs
@@ -12,13 +12,23 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
+cfg_if::cfg_if! {
+    if #[cfg(test)] {
+        use risingwave_common::catalog::{DatabaseId, SchemaId};
+        use risingwave_pb::catalog::table::TableType;
+        use risingwave_pb::common::{PbColumnOrder, PbDirection, PbNullsAre, PbOrderType};
+        use risingwave_pb::data::data_type::TypeName;
+        use risingwave_pb::data::DataType;
+        use risingwave_pb::plan_common::{ColumnCatalog, ColumnDesc};
+    }
+}
+
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::ops::{Bound, Deref};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use futures::{pin_mut, StreamExt};
 use risingwave_common::buffer::Bitmap;
-use risingwave_common::catalog::{DatabaseId, SchemaId};
 use risingwave_common::constants::hummock::PROPERTIES_RETENTION_SECOND_KEY;
 use risingwave_common::hash::VirtualNode;
 use risingwave_common::row::{OwnedRow, Row};
@@ -27,12 +37,7 @@ use risingwave_common::util::epoch::EpochPair;
 use risingwave_common::{bail, row};
 use risingwave_connector::source::{SplitId, SplitImpl, SplitMetaData};
 use risingwave_hummock_sdk::key::next_key;
-use risingwave_pb::catalog::table::TableType;
 use risingwave_pb::catalog::PbTable;
-use risingwave_pb::common::{PbColumnOrder, PbDirection, PbNullsAre, PbOrderType};
-use risingwave_pb::data::data_type::TypeName;
-use risingwave_pb::data::DataType;
-use risingwave_pb::plan_common::{ColumnCatalog, ColumnDesc};
 use risingwave_storage::store::PrefetchOptions;
 use risingwave_storage::StateStore;
 
@@ -140,10 +145,10 @@ impl<S: StateStore> SourceStateTableHandler<S> {
 
     /// set all complete
     /// can only used by `FsSourceExecutor`
-    pub(crate) async fn set_all_complete<SS>(&mut self, states: Vec<SS>) -> StreamExecutorResult<()>
-    where
-        SS: SplitMetaData,
-    {
+    pub(crate) async fn set_all_complete(
+        &mut self,
+        states: Vec<SplitImpl>,
+    ) -> StreamExecutorResult<()> {
         if states.is_empty() {
             // TODO should be a clear Error Code
             bail!("states require not null");
@@ -180,11 +185,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> SourceStateTableHandler<S> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    /// This function provides the ability to persist the source state
-    /// and needs to be invoked by the ``SourceReader`` to call it,
-    /// and will return the error when the dependent ``StateStore`` handles the error.
-    /// The caller should ensure that the passed parameters are not empty.
-    pub async fn take_snapshot<SS>(&mut self, states: Vec<SS>) -> StreamExecutorResult<()>
+    pub async fn set_states<SS>(&mut self, states: Vec<SS>) -> StreamExecutorResult<()>
     where
         SS: SplitMetaData,
     {
@@ -200,10 +201,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> SourceStateTableHandler<S> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub async fn trim_state<SS>(&mut self, to_trim: &[SS]) -> StreamExecutorResult<()>
-    where
-        SS: SplitMetaData,
-    {
+    pub async fn trim_state(&mut self, to_trim: &[SplitImpl]) -> StreamExecutorResult<()> {
         for split in to_trim {
             tracing::info!("trimming source state for split {}", split.id());
             self.delete(split.id()).await?;
@@ -228,8 +226,9 @@ impl<S: StateStore> SourceStateTableHandler<S> {
     }
 }
 
-// align with schema defined in `LogicalSource::infer_internal_table_catalog`. The function is used
-// for test purpose and should not be used in production.
+/// align with schema defined in `LogicalSource::infer_internal_table_catalog`. The function is used
+/// for test purpose and should not be used in production.
+#[cfg(test)]
 pub fn default_source_internal_table(id: u32) -> PbTable {
     let make_column = |column_type: TypeName, column_id: i32| -> ColumnCatalog {
         ColumnCatalog {
@@ -325,7 +324,7 @@ pub(crate) mod tests {
 
         state_table_handler.init_epoch(epoch_1);
         state_table_handler
-            .take_snapshot(vec![split_impl.clone()])
+            .set_states(vec![split_impl.clone()])
             .await?;
         state_table_handler.state_store.commit(epoch_2).await?;
 
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/watermark_filter.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/watermark_filter.rs
index 6e9c3a49856d..1aa671b4f671 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/watermark_filter.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/watermark_filter.rs
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> WatermarkFilterExecutor<S> {
                         // Persist the watermark when checkpoint arrives.
                         if let Some(watermark) = current_watermark.clone() {
                             for vnode in table.vnodes().clone().iter_vnodes() {
-                                let pk = Some(ScalarImpl::Int16(vnode.to_scalar()));
+                                let pk = vnode.to_datum();
                                 let row = [pk, Some(watermark.clone())];
                                 // This is an upsert.
                                 table.insert(row);
diff --git a/src/stream/src/from_proto/sink.rs b/src/stream/src/from_proto/sink.rs
index fb05faf90dd8..87d63cd80f59 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/from_proto/sink.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/from_proto/sink.rs
@@ -15,23 +15,87 @@
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use anyhow::anyhow;
-use risingwave_common::catalog::ColumnCatalog;
+use risingwave_common::catalog::{ColumnCatalog, Schema};
+use risingwave_common::types::DataType;
 use risingwave_connector::match_sink_name_str;
 use risingwave_connector::sink::catalog::{SinkFormatDesc, SinkType};
 use risingwave_connector::sink::{
     SinkError, SinkMetaClient, SinkParam, SinkWriterParam, CONNECTOR_TYPE_KEY, SINK_TYPE_OPTION,
 };
+use risingwave_pb::catalog::Table;
+use risingwave_pb::plan_common::PbColumnCatalog;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::{SinkLogStoreType, SinkNode};
 
 use super::*;
 use crate::common::log_store_impl::in_mem::BoundedInMemLogStoreFactory;
 use crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::{
-    KvLogStoreFactory, KvLogStoreMetrics, KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO,
+    KvLogStoreFactory, KvLogStoreMetrics, KvLogStorePkInfo, KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO,
 };
 use crate::executor::SinkExecutor;
 
 pub struct SinkExecutorBuilder;
 
+fn resolve_pk_info(
+    input_schema: &Schema,
+    log_store_table: &Table,
+) -> StreamResult<&'static KvLogStorePkInfo> {
+    let predefined_column_len = log_store_table.columns.len() - input_schema.fields.len();
+
+    #[expect(deprecated)]
+    let info = match predefined_column_len {
+        len if len
+            == crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO
+                .predefined_column_len() =>
+        {
+            Ok(&crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO)
+        }
+        len if len == KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO.predefined_column_len() => Ok(&KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO),
+        other_len => Err(anyhow!(
+            "invalid log store predefined len {}. log store table: {:?}, input_schema: {:?}",
+            other_len,
+            log_store_table,
+            input_schema
+        )),
+    }?;
+    validate_payload_schema(
+        &log_store_table.columns[predefined_column_len..],
+        input_schema,
+    )?;
+    Ok(info)
+}
+
+fn validate_payload_schema(
+    log_store_payload_schema: &[PbColumnCatalog],
+    input_schema: &Schema,
+) -> StreamResult<()> {
+    if log_store_payload_schema
+        .iter()
+        .zip_eq(input_schema.fields.iter())
+        .map(|(log_store_col, input_field)| {
+            let log_store_col_type = DataType::from(
+                log_store_col
+                    .column_desc
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .column_type
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .unwrap(),
+            );
+            log_store_col_type.equals_datatype(&input_field.data_type)
+        })
+        .all(|equal| equal)
+    {
+        Ok(())
+    } else {
+        Err(anyhow!(
+            "mismatch schema: log store: {:?}, input: {:?}",
+            log_store_payload_schema,
+            input_schema
+        )
+        .into())
+    }
+}
+
 impl ExecutorBuilder for SinkExecutorBuilder {
     type Node = SinkNode;
 
@@ -117,6 +181,7 @@ impl ExecutorBuilder for SinkExecutorBuilder {
             vnode_bitmap: params.vnode_bitmap.clone(),
             meta_client: params.env.meta_client().map(SinkMetaClient::MetaClient),
             sink_metrics,
+            extra_partition_col_idx: sink_desc.extra_partition_col_idx.map(|v| v as usize),
         };
 
         let log_store_identity = format!(
@@ -149,15 +214,20 @@ impl ExecutorBuilder for SinkExecutorBuilder {
                     &sink_param,
                     connector,
                 );
+
+                let table = node.table.as_ref().unwrap().clone();
+                let input_schema = input_executor.schema();
+                let pk_info = resolve_pk_info(input_schema, &table)?;
+
                 // TODO: support setting max row count in config
                 let factory = KvLogStoreFactory::new(
                     state_store,
-                    node.table.as_ref().unwrap().clone(),
+                    table,
                     params.vnode_bitmap.clone().map(Arc::new),
                     65536,
                     metrics,
                     log_store_identity,
-                    &KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO,
+                    pk_info,
                 );
 
                 Ok(Box::new(
diff --git a/src/stream/src/from_proto/stream_cdc_scan.rs b/src/stream/src/from_proto/stream_cdc_scan.rs
index e6d8525eacde..66e08c2bb469 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/from_proto/stream_cdc_scan.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/from_proto/stream_cdc_scan.rs
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ impl ExecutorBuilder for StreamCdcScanExecutorBuilder {
             .collect_vec();
 
         let table_desc: &ExternalTableDesc = node.get_cdc_table_desc()?;
+        let disable_backfill = node.disable_backfill;
 
         let table_schema: Schema = table_desc.columns.iter().map(Into::into).collect();
         assert_eq!(output_indices, (0..table_schema.len()).collect_vec());
@@ -104,6 +105,7 @@ impl ExecutorBuilder for StreamCdcScanExecutorBuilder {
             params.executor_stats,
             state_table,
             backfill_chunk_size,
+            disable_backfill,
         )
         .boxed();
 
diff --git a/src/stream/src/from_proto/subscription.rs b/src/stream/src/from_proto/subscription.rs
index a439317b07a1..4d5e6eb6855b 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/from_proto/subscription.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/from_proto/subscription.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use risingwave_storage::store::{NewLocalOptions, OpConsistencyLevel};
 
 use super::ExecutorBuilder;
 use crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::serde::LogStoreRowSerde;
-use crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO;
+use crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO;
 use crate::common::log_store_impl::subscription_log_store::SubscriptionLogStoreWriter;
 use crate::error::StreamResult;
 use crate::executor::{BoxedExecutor, SubscriptionExecutor};
@@ -56,8 +56,7 @@ impl ExecutorBuilder for SubscriptionExecutorBuilder {
         let serde = LogStoreRowSerde::new(
             node.log_store_table.as_ref().unwrap(),
             Some(vnodes.clone()),
-            // TODO: Use V2 after pr #14599
-            &KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO,
+            &KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO,
         );
         let log_store_identity = format!("subscription-executor[{}]", params.executor_id);
         let log_store =
diff --git a/src/tests/compaction_test/Makefile.toml b/src/tests/compaction_test/Makefile.toml
index 2b1c0405edbf..2ca5332975c1 100644
--- a/src/tests/compaction_test/Makefile.toml
+++ b/src/tests/compaction_test/Makefile.toml
@@ -7,12 +7,3 @@ script = """
 set -e
 cargo run --bin compaction-test --profile "${RISINGWAVE_BUILD_PROFILE}" -- "$@"
 """
-
-[tasks.delete-range-test]
-category = "RiseDev - Test"
-description = "Run hummock compaction delete-range for test"
-script = """
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-set -e
-cargo run --bin delete-range-test --profile "${RISINGWAVE_BUILD_PROFILE}" -- "$@"
-"""
diff --git a/src/tests/compaction_test/src/bin/delete_range.rs b/src/tests/compaction_test/src/bin/delete_range.rs
index 5950a4111f71..f154314fb5c8 100644
--- a/src/tests/compaction_test/src/bin/delete_range.rs
+++ b/src/tests/compaction_test/src/bin/delete_range.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #[cfg_attr(coverage, coverage(off))]
 fn main() {
+    // Since we decide to record watermark in every state-table to replace delete-range, this test is not need again. We keep it because we may need delete-range in some day for other features.
     use clap::Parser;
 
     let opts = risingwave_compaction_test::CompactionTestOpts::parse();
diff --git a/src/tests/e2e_extended_mode/Cargo.toml b/src/tests/e2e_extended_mode/Cargo.toml
index 56128c9b45f3..81644ee3430c 100644
--- a/src/tests/e2e_extended_mode/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/tests/e2e_extended_mode/Cargo.toml
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ anyhow = { version = "1", features = ["backtrace"] }
 chrono = { version = "0.4", features = ['serde'] }
 clap = { version = "4", features = ["derive"] }
 pg_interval = "0.4"
-rust_decimal ={ version = "1.33", features = ["db-postgres"] }
+rust_decimal ={ version = "1.34", features = ["db-postgres"] }
 tokio = { version = "0.2.24", package = "madsim-tokio", features = ["rt", "macros","rt-multi-thread"] }
 tokio-postgres = { version = "0.7", features = ["with-chrono-0_4"] }
 tracing = "0.1"
diff --git a/src/tests/regress/data/expected/contrib-pgcrypto-rijndael.out b/src/tests/regress/data/expected/contrib-pgcrypto-rijndael.out
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..015ba4430d96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/tests/regress/data/expected/contrib-pgcrypto-rijndael.out
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+--
+-- AES cipher (aka Rijndael-128, -192, or -256)
+--
+-- some standard Rijndael testvalues
+SELECT encrypt(
+'\x00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff',
+'\x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f',
+'aes-ecb/pad:none');
+              encrypt               
+------------------------------------
+ \x69c4e0d86a7b0430d8cdb78070b4c55a
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT encrypt(
+'\x00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff',
+'\x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f1011121314151617',
+'aes-ecb/pad:none');
+              encrypt               
+------------------------------------
+ \xdda97ca4864cdfe06eaf70a0ec0d7191
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT encrypt(
+'\x00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff',
+'\x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f',
+'aes-ecb/pad:none');
+              encrypt               
+------------------------------------
+ \x8ea2b7ca516745bfeafc49904b496089
+(1 row)
+
+-- cbc
+SELECT encrypt(
+'\x00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff',
+'\x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f',
+'aes-cbc/pad:none');
+              encrypt               
+------------------------------------
+ \x8ea2b7ca516745bfeafc49904b496089
+(1 row)
+
+-- without padding, input not multiple of block size
+SELECT encrypt(
+'\x00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff00',
+'\x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f',
+'aes-cbc/pad:none');
+ERROR:  encrypt error: Encryption failed
+-- key padding
+SELECT encrypt(
+'\x0011223344',
+'\x000102030405',
+'aes-cbc');
+              encrypt               
+------------------------------------
+ \x189a28932213f017b246678dbc28655f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT encrypt(
+'\x0011223344',
+'\x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f10111213',
+'aes-cbc');
+              encrypt               
+------------------------------------
+ \x3b02279162d15580e069d3a71407a556
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT encrypt(
+'\x0011223344',
+'\x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b',
+'aes-cbc');
+              encrypt               
+------------------------------------
+ \x4facb6a041d53e0a5a73289170901fe7
+(1 row)
+
+-- empty data
+select encrypt('', 'foo', 'aes');
+              encrypt               
+------------------------------------
+ \xb48cc3338a2eb293b6007ef72c360d48
+(1 row)
+
+-- 10 bytes key
+select encrypt('foo', '0123456789', 'aes');
+              encrypt               
+------------------------------------
+ \xf397f03d2819b7172b68d0706fda4693
+(1 row)
+
+-- 22 bytes key
+select encrypt('foo', '0123456789012345678901', 'aes');
+              encrypt               
+------------------------------------
+ \x5c9db77af02b4678117bcd8a71ae7f53
+(1 row)
+
+-- decrypt
+select encode(decrypt(encrypt('foo', '0123456', 'aes'), '0123456', 'aes'), 'escape');
+ encode 
+--------
+ foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- data not multiple of block size
+select encode(decrypt(encrypt('foo', '0123456', 'aes') || '\x00'::bytea, '0123456', 'aes'), 'escape');
+ERROR:  decrypt error: Decryption failed
+-- bad padding
+-- (The input value is the result of encrypt_iv('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz', '0123456', 'abcd', 'aes')
+-- with the 16th byte changed (s/db/eb/) to corrupt the padding of the last block.)
+select encode(decrypt_iv('\xa21a9c15231465964e3396d32095e67eb52bab05f556a581621dee1b85385789', '0123456', 'abcd', 'aes'), 'escape');
+ERROR:  decrypt_iv error: Decryption failed
+-- iv
+select encrypt_iv('foo', '0123456', 'abcd', 'aes');
+             encrypt_iv             
+------------------------------------
+ \x2c24cb7da91d6d5699801268b0f5adad
+(1 row)
+
+select encode(decrypt_iv('\x2c24cb7da91d6d5699801268b0f5adad', '0123456', 'abcd', 'aes'), 'escape');
+ encode 
+--------
+ foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- long message
+select encrypt('Lets try a longer message.', '0123456789', 'aes');
+                              encrypt                               
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+ \xd9beb785dd5403ed02f66b755bb191b93ed93ca54930153f2c3b9ec7785056ad
+(1 row)
+
+select encode(decrypt(encrypt('Lets try a longer message.', '0123456789', 'aes'), '0123456789', 'aes'), 'escape');
+           encode           
+----------------------------
+ Lets try a longer message.
+(1 row)
+
diff --git a/src/tests/regress/data/schedule b/src/tests/regress/data/schedule
index 044e6b40516f..d1cfd9ab8625 100644
--- a/src/tests/regress/data/schedule
+++ b/src/tests/regress/data/schedule
@@ -12,3 +12,4 @@ test: strings date time timestamp interval
 test: case arrays delete
 test: jsonb jsonb_jsonpath
 test: regex
+test: contrib-pgcrypto-rijndael
diff --git a/src/tests/regress/data/sql/contrib-pgcrypto-rijndael.sql b/src/tests/regress/data/sql/contrib-pgcrypto-rijndael.sql
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3bcc47494fe6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/tests/regress/data/sql/contrib-pgcrypto-rijndael.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+--
+-- AES cipher (aka Rijndael-128, -192, or -256)
+--
+
+-- some standard Rijndael testvalues
+SELECT encrypt(
+'\x00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff',
+'\x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f',
+'aes-ecb/pad:none');
+
+SELECT encrypt(
+'\x00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff',
+'\x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f1011121314151617',
+'aes-ecb/pad:none');
+
+SELECT encrypt(
+'\x00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff',
+'\x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f',
+'aes-ecb/pad:none');
+
+-- cbc
+SELECT encrypt(
+'\x00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff',
+'\x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f',
+'aes-cbc/pad:none');
+
+-- without padding, input not multiple of block size
+SELECT encrypt(
+'\x00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff00',
+'\x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f',
+'aes-cbc/pad:none');
+
+-- key padding
+
+--@ SELECT encrypt(
+--@ '\x0011223344',
+--@ '\x000102030405',
+--@ 'aes-cbc');
+--@ 
+--@ SELECT encrypt(
+--@ '\x0011223344',
+--@ '\x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f10111213',
+--@ 'aes-cbc');
+--@ 
+--@ SELECT encrypt(
+--@ '\x0011223344',
+--@ '\x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b',
+--@ 'aes-cbc');
+--@ 
+--@ -- empty data
+--@ select encrypt('', 'foo', 'aes');
+--@ -- 10 bytes key
+--@ select encrypt('foo', '0123456789', 'aes');
+--@ -- 22 bytes key
+--@ select encrypt('foo', '0123456789012345678901', 'aes');
+--@ 
+--@ -- decrypt
+--@ select encode(decrypt(encrypt('foo', '0123456', 'aes'), '0123456', 'aes'), 'escape');
+-- data not multiple of block size
+select encode(decrypt(encrypt('foo', '0123456', 'aes') || '\x00'::bytea, '0123456', 'aes'), 'escape');
+-- bad padding
+-- (The input value is the result of encrypt_iv('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz', '0123456', 'abcd', 'aes')
+-- with the 16th byte changed (s/db/eb/) to corrupt the padding of the last block.)
+select encode(decrypt_iv('\xa21a9c15231465964e3396d32095e67eb52bab05f556a581621dee1b85385789', '0123456', 'abcd', 'aes'), 'escape');
+
+-- iv
+--@ select encrypt_iv('foo', '0123456', 'abcd', 'aes');
+--@ select encode(decrypt_iv('\x2c24cb7da91d6d5699801268b0f5adad', '0123456', 'abcd', 'aes'), 'escape');
+
+-- long message
+--@ select encrypt('Lets try a longer message.', '0123456789', 'aes');
+--@ select encode(decrypt(encrypt('Lets try a longer message.', '0123456789', 'aes'), '0123456789', 'aes'), 'escape');
diff --git a/src/tests/simulation/src/cluster.rs b/src/tests/simulation/src/cluster.rs
index dd591954d945..b4178e01f878 100644
--- a/src/tests/simulation/src/cluster.rs
+++ b/src/tests/simulation/src/cluster.rs
@@ -177,9 +177,10 @@ impl Configuration {
 
     pub fn for_auto_parallelism(
         max_heartbeat_interval_secs: u64,
-        enable_auto_scale_in: bool,
         enable_auto_parallelism: bool,
     ) -> Self {
+        let disable_automatic_parallelism_control = !enable_auto_parallelism;
+
         let config_path = {
             let mut file =
                 tempfile::NamedTempFile::new().expect("failed to create temp config file");
@@ -187,8 +188,7 @@ impl Configuration {
             let config_data = format!(
                 r#"[meta]
 max_heartbeat_interval_secs = {max_heartbeat_interval_secs}
-enable_scale_in_when_recovery = {enable_auto_scale_in}
-enable_automatic_parallelism_control = {enable_auto_parallelism}
+disable_automatic_parallelism_control = {disable_automatic_parallelism_control}
 
 [system]
 barrier_interval_ms = 250
diff --git a/src/tests/simulation/tests/integration_tests/scale/auto_parallelism.rs b/src/tests/simulation/tests/integration_tests/scale/auto_parallelism.rs
index c042451f286f..4943516bb9dd 100644
--- a/src/tests/simulation/tests/integration_tests/scale/auto_parallelism.rs
+++ b/src/tests/simulation/tests/integration_tests/scale/auto_parallelism.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ async fn test_passive_online_and_offline() -> Result<()> {
     let config = Configuration::for_auto_parallelism(
         MAX_HEARTBEAT_INTERVAL_SECS_CONFIG_FOR_AUTO_SCALE,
         true,
-        true,
     );
     let mut cluster = Cluster::start(config.clone()).await?;
     let mut session = cluster.start_session();
@@ -215,7 +214,6 @@ async fn test_passive_online_and_offline() -> Result<()> {
 async fn test_active_online() -> Result<()> {
     let config = Configuration::for_auto_parallelism(
         MAX_HEARTBEAT_INTERVAL_SECS_CONFIG_FOR_AUTO_SCALE,
-        false,
         true,
     );
     let mut cluster = Cluster::start(config.clone()).await?;
@@ -302,7 +300,6 @@ async fn test_auto_parallelism_control_with_fixed_and_auto_helper(
 ) -> Result<()> {
     let config = Configuration::for_auto_parallelism(
         MAX_HEARTBEAT_INTERVAL_SECS_CONFIG_FOR_AUTO_SCALE,
-        true,
         enable_auto_parallelism_control,
     );
     let mut cluster = Cluster::start(config.clone()).await?;
@@ -324,7 +321,7 @@ async fn test_auto_parallelism_control_with_fixed_and_auto_helper(
     session
         .run("select parallelism from rw_table_fragments")
         .await?
-        .assert_result_eq("AUTO");
+        .assert_result_eq("ADAPTIVE");
 
     async fn locate_table_fragment(cluster: &mut Cluster) -> Result<Fragment> {
         cluster
@@ -434,12 +431,14 @@ async fn test_auto_parallelism_control_with_fixed_and_auto_helper(
 
     // We alter parallelism back to auto
 
-    session.run("alter table t set parallelism = auto").await?;
+    session
+        .run("alter table t set parallelism = adaptive")
+        .await?;
 
     session
         .run("select parallelism from rw_table_fragments")
         .await?
-        .assert_result_eq("AUTO");
+        .assert_result_eq("ADAPTIVE");
 
     let table_mat_fragment = locate_table_fragment(&mut cluster).await?;
 
@@ -488,7 +487,6 @@ async fn test_auto_parallelism_control_with_fixed_and_auto_helper(
 async fn test_compatibility_with_low_level() -> Result<()> {
     let config = Configuration::for_auto_parallelism(
         MAX_HEARTBEAT_INTERVAL_SECS_CONFIG_FOR_AUTO_SCALE,
-        false,
         true,
     );
     let mut cluster = Cluster::start(config.clone()).await?;
@@ -523,7 +521,7 @@ async fn test_compatibility_with_low_level() -> Result<()> {
     session
         .run("select parallelism from table_parallelism")
         .await?
-        .assert_result_eq("AUTO");
+        .assert_result_eq("ADAPTIVE");
 
     let table_mat_fragment = cluster
         .locate_one_fragment(vec![
@@ -554,7 +552,7 @@ async fn test_compatibility_with_low_level() -> Result<()> {
     session
         .run("select parallelism from mview_parallelism where name = 'm_simple'")
         .await?
-        .assert_result_eq("AUTO");
+        .assert_result_eq("ADAPTIVE");
 
     let simple_mv_fragment = cluster
         .locate_one_fragment(vec![
@@ -575,16 +573,16 @@ async fn test_compatibility_with_low_level() -> Result<()> {
     // Since `m_simple` only has 1 fragment, and this fragment is a downstream of NO_SHUFFLE relation,
     // in reality, `m_simple` does not have a fragment of its own.
     // Therefore, any low-level modifications to this fragment will only be passed up to the highest level through the NO_SHUFFLE relationship and then passed back down.
-    // Hence, the parallelism of `m_simple` should still be equivalent to AUTO of 0 fragment.
+    // Hence, the parallelism of `m_simple` should still be equivalent to ADAPTIVE of 0 fragment.
     session
         .run("select parallelism from mview_parallelism where name = 'm_simple'")
         .await?
-        .assert_result_eq("AUTO");
+        .assert_result_eq("ADAPTIVE");
 
     session
         .run("select parallelism from mview_parallelism where name = 'm_join'")
         .await?
-        .assert_result_eq("AUTO");
+        .assert_result_eq("ADAPTIVE");
 
     let hash_join_fragment = cluster
         .locate_one_fragment(vec![identity_contains("hashJoin")])
@@ -630,7 +628,6 @@ async fn test_compatibility_with_low_level() -> Result<()> {
 async fn test_compatibility_with_low_level_and_arrangement_backfill() -> Result<()> {
     let config = Configuration::for_auto_parallelism(
         MAX_HEARTBEAT_INTERVAL_SECS_CONFIG_FOR_AUTO_SCALE,
-        false,
         true,
     );
     let mut cluster = Cluster::start(config.clone()).await?;
@@ -660,7 +657,7 @@ async fn test_compatibility_with_low_level_and_arrangement_backfill() -> Result<
     session
         .run("select parallelism from table_parallelism")
         .await?
-        .assert_result_eq("AUTO");
+        .assert_result_eq("ADAPTIVE");
 
     // Find the table materialize fragment
     let table_mat_fragment = cluster
@@ -693,7 +690,7 @@ async fn test_compatibility_with_low_level_and_arrangement_backfill() -> Result<
     session
         .run("select parallelism from mview_parallelism where name = 'm_simple'")
         .await?
-        .assert_result_eq("AUTO");
+        .assert_result_eq("ADAPTIVE");
 
     // Find the table fragment for materialized view
     let simple_mv_fragment = cluster
diff --git a/src/tests/simulation/tests/integration_tests/sink/basic.rs b/src/tests/simulation/tests/integration_tests/sink/basic.rs
index fe9aad07568b..cd1de255e870 100644
--- a/src/tests/simulation/tests/integration_tests/sink/basic.rs
+++ b/src/tests/simulation/tests/integration_tests/sink/basic.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
 use anyhow::Result;
+use itertools::Itertools;
 use tokio::time::sleep;
 
 use crate::sink::utils::{
@@ -45,6 +46,32 @@ async fn basic_test_inner(is_decouple: bool) -> Result<()> {
     session.run(CREATE_SINK).await?;
     assert_eq!(6, test_sink.parallelism_counter.load(Relaxed));
 
+    let internal_tables = session.run("show internal tables").await?;
+
+    let table_name_prefix = "__internal_test_sink_";
+
+    let sink_internal_table_name: String = TryInto::<[&str; 1]>::try_into(
+        internal_tables
+            .split("\n")
+            .filter(|line| {
+                line.contains(table_name_prefix)
+                    && line
+                        .strip_prefix(table_name_prefix)
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .contains("sink")
+            })
+            .collect_vec(),
+    )
+    .unwrap()[0]
+        .to_string();
+
+    let result = session
+        .run(format!(
+            "select * from {} limit 10",
+            sink_internal_table_name
+        ))
+        .await?;
+
     test_sink
         .store
         .wait_for_count(test_source.id_list.len())
diff --git a/src/workspace-hack/Cargo.toml b/src/workspace-hack/Cargo.toml
index 0953063d6066..5a42ca82debf 100644
--- a/src/workspace-hack/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/workspace-hack/Cargo.toml
@@ -86,6 +86,8 @@ num-bigint = { version = "0.4" }
 num-integer = { version = "0.1", features = ["i128"] }
 num-iter = { version = "0.1", default-features = false, features = ["i128", "std"] }
 num-traits = { version = "0.2", features = ["i128", "libm"] }
+openssl = { version = "0.10", features = ["vendored"] }
+openssl-sys = { version = "0.9", default-features = false, features = ["vendored"] }
 opentelemetry_api = { version = "0.20", features = ["logs", "metrics"] }
 opentelemetry_sdk = { version = "0.20", features = ["logs", "metrics"] }
 ordered-float = { version = "3" }