diff --git a/.github/workflows/cherry-pick-to-release-branch.yml b/.github/workflows/cherry-pick-to-release-branch.yml
index 3406f7a43de11..2d7bcdc31224a 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/cherry-pick-to-release-branch.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cherry-pick-to-release-branch.yml
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ on:
     types: ["closed"]
 
 jobs:
-  release_pull_request_1_5:
-    if: "contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'need-cherry-pick-release-1.5')  &&  github.event.pull_request.merged == true"
+  release_pull_request_1_7:
+    if: "contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'need-cherry-pick-release-1.7')  &&  github.event.pull_request.merged == true"
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     name: release_pull_request
     steps:
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ jobs:
       - name: Create PR to branch
         uses: risingwavelabs/github-action-cherry-pick@master
         with:
-          pr_branch: 'release-1.5'
+          pr_branch: 'release-1.7'
           pr_labels: 'cherry-pick'
-          pr_body: ${{ format('Cherry picking \#{0} onto branch release-1.5', github.event.number) }}
+          pr_body: ${{ format('Cherry picking \#{0} onto branch release-1.7', github.event.number) }}
         env:
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
 
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index fffd5b98e4807..ac02d4713c73e 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2745,16 +2745,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "memchr",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "ctor"
-version = "0.2.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "30d2b3721e861707777e3195b0158f950ae6dc4a27e4d02ff9f67e3eb3de199e"
-dependencies = [
- "quote",
- "syn 2.0.48",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "curve25519-dalek"
 version = "4.1.0"
@@ -5073,7 +5063,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "icelake"
 version = "0.0.10"
-source = "git+https://github.com/icelake-io/icelake?rev=32c0bbf242f5c47b1e743f10577012fe7436c770#32c0bbf242f5c47b1e743f10577012fe7436c770"
+source = "git+https://github.com/icelake-io/icelake?rev=56943d203464d32701c20d74b278b6b3ef2eefc7#56943d203464d32701c20d74b278b6b3ef2eefc7"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "apache-avro 0.17.0",
@@ -5681,6 +5671,26 @@ version = "0.5.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0717cef1bc8b636c6e1c1bbdefc09e6322da8a9321966e8928ef80d20f7f770f"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "linkme"
+version = "0.3.22"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8b53ad6a33de58864705954edb5ad5d571a010f9e296865ed43dc72a5621b430"
+dependencies = [
+ "linkme-impl",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "linkme-impl"
+version = "0.3.22"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "04e542a18c94a9b6fcc7adb090fa3ba6b79ee220a16404f325672729f32a66ff"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.48",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "linux-raw-sys"
 version = "0.1.4"
@@ -8952,7 +8962,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "apache-avro 0.16.0",
  "arrow-array 50.0.0",
+ "arrow-row 50.0.0",
  "arrow-schema 50.0.0",
+ "arrow-select 50.0.0",
  "assert_matches",
  "async-nats",
  "async-trait",
@@ -9157,18 +9169,20 @@ dependencies = [
  "await-tree",
  "cfg-or-panic",
  "chrono",
- "ctor",
  "downcast-rs",
  "easy-ext",
+ "educe 0.5.7",
  "either",
  "enum-as-inner",
  "expect-test",
  "futures-async-stream",
  "futures-util",
  "itertools 0.12.0",
+ "linkme",
  "madsim-tokio",
  "moka",
  "num-traits",
+ "openssl",
  "parse-display",
  "paste",
  "risingwave_common",
@@ -9203,9 +9217,11 @@ dependencies = [
  "icelake",
  "itertools 0.12.0",
  "jsonbb",
+ "linkme",
  "madsim-tokio",
  "md5",
  "num-traits",
+ "openssl",
  "regex",
  "risingwave_common",
  "risingwave_expr",
@@ -9250,7 +9266,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "bk-tree",
  "bytes",
  "clap",
- "ctor",
  "downcast-rs",
  "dyn-clone",
  "easy-ext",
@@ -9261,7 +9276,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "futures",
  "futures-async-stream",
  "iana-time-zone",
+ "icelake",
  "itertools 0.12.0",
+ "linkme",
  "madsim-tokio",
  "madsim-tonic",
  "maplit",
@@ -9610,6 +9627,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "hyper-rustls",
  "hyper-tls",
  "itertools 0.12.0",
+ "madsim",
  "madsim-aws-sdk-s3",
  "madsim-tokio",
  "opendal",
@@ -9775,6 +9793,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "risingwave_frontend",
  "risingwave_hummock_sdk",
  "risingwave_meta_node",
+ "risingwave_object_store",
  "risingwave_pb",
  "risingwave_rpc_client",
  "risingwave_sqlparser",
@@ -10088,26 +10107,27 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rquickjs"
-version = "0.4.2"
+version = "0.4.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0db265d331ae1b1a9fdb68466a8359bc9dcc5e78a9c323f790322f8442e005ac"
+checksum = "511ee02660e19cf451ebcbda6151a4023044293066e9ccd2b0498047203f6ab1"
 dependencies = [
  "rquickjs-core",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rquickjs-core"
-version = "0.4.2"
+version = "0.4.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "48e51f2fc99917699385bfa290b776e712e414b222d7c2a9b2cd67b8e93585f3"
+checksum = "c10ce0bc11e249e738aadb8119e9a7619125cb866208236d88d2ee3dcdb7a67d"
 dependencies = [
  "rquickjs-sys",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rquickjs-sys"
-version = "0.4.2"
-source = "git+https://github.com/DelSkayn/rquickjs.git?rev=60696e8#60696e88dfb903d8f5cd81b2667fb3f64f9e9f67"
+version = "0.4.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "86030d52fc20e68115f93738c2cb960d6f900f64d99e1013ea0e170381eb0a72"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
 ]
@@ -10805,9 +10825,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_with"
-version = "3.5.0"
+version = "3.6.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f58c3a1b3e418f61c25b2aeb43fc6c95eaa252b8cecdda67f401943e9e08d33f"
+checksum = "1b0ed1662c5a68664f45b76d18deb0e234aff37207086803165c961eb695e981"
 dependencies = [
  "base64 0.21.4",
  "chrono",
@@ -10822,9 +10842,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_with_macros"
-version = "3.5.0"
+version = "3.6.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d2068b437a31fc68f25dd7edc296b078f04b45145c199d8eed9866e45f1ff274"
+checksum = "568577ff0ef47b879f736cd66740e022f3672788cdf002a05a4e609ea5a6fb15"
 dependencies = [
  "darling 0.20.3",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -13751,6 +13771,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-integer",
  "num-iter",
  "num-traits",
+ "openssl",
+ "openssl-sys",
  "opentelemetry_api",
  "opentelemetry_sdk",
  "ordered-float 3.9.1",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index b887bb254da61..4f4328aefa8fb 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ tonic = { package = "madsim-tonic", version = "0.4.1" }
 tonic-build = { package = "madsim-tonic-build", version = "0.4.2" }
 otlp-embedded = { git = "https://github.com/risingwavelabs/otlp-embedded", rev = "58c1f003484449d7c6dd693b348bf19dd44889cb" }
 prost = { version = "0.12" }
-icelake = { git = "https://github.com/icelake-io/icelake", rev = "32c0bbf242f5c47b1e743f10577012fe7436c770", features = [
+icelake = { git = "https://github.com/icelake-io/icelake", rev = "56943d203464d32701c20d74b278b6b3ef2eefc7", features = [
   "prometheus",
 ] }
 arrow-array = "50"
@@ -282,8 +282,6 @@ tokio-postgres = { git = "https://github.com/madsim-rs/rust-postgres.git", rev =
 futures-timer = { git = "https://github.com/madsim-rs/futures-timer.git", rev = "05b33b4" }
 # patch: unlimit 4MB message size for grpc client
 etcd-client = { git = "https://github.com/risingwavelabs/etcd-client.git", rev = "4e84d40" }
-# need binding on aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu, waiting for new release
-rquickjs-sys = { git = "https://github.com/DelSkayn/rquickjs.git", rev = "60696e8" }
 
 [workspace.metadata.dylint]
 libraries = [{ path = "./lints" }]
diff --git a/ci/scripts/cron-e2e-test.sh b/ci/scripts/cron-e2e-test.sh
index 52c7a6faa366c..434fc6dea2985 100755
--- a/ci/scripts/cron-e2e-test.sh
+++ b/ci/scripts/cron-e2e-test.sh
@@ -6,5 +6,4 @@ set -euo pipefail
 source ci/scripts/common.sh
 export RUN_COMPACTION=0;
 export RUN_META_BACKUP=1;
-export RUN_DELETE_RANGE=1;
 source ci/scripts/run-e2e-test.sh
diff --git a/ci/scripts/e2e-iceberg-sink-v2-test.sh b/ci/scripts/e2e-iceberg-sink-v2-test.sh
index 0e8054a4946af..c3bac96c9654e 100755
--- a/ci/scripts/e2e-iceberg-sink-v2-test.sh
+++ b/ci/scripts/e2e-iceberg-sink-v2-test.sh
@@ -42,6 +42,8 @@ bash ./start_spark_connect_server.sh
 "$HOME"/.local/bin/poetry run python main.py -t ./test_case/no_partition_upsert.toml
 "$HOME"/.local/bin/poetry run python main.py -t ./test_case/partition_append_only.toml
 "$HOME"/.local/bin/poetry run python main.py -t ./test_case/partition_upsert.toml
+"$HOME"/.local/bin/poetry run python main.py -t ./test_case/range_partition_append_only.toml
+"$HOME"/.local/bin/poetry run python main.py -t ./test_case/range_partition_upsert.toml
 
 
 echo "--- Kill cluster"
diff --git a/ci/scripts/pr.env.sh b/ci/scripts/pr.env.sh
index dff62c33383a2..84fe372d5d574 100755
--- a/ci/scripts/pr.env.sh
+++ b/ci/scripts/pr.env.sh
@@ -6,6 +6,4 @@ set -euo pipefail
 # Don't run e2e compaction test in PR build
 export RUN_COMPACTION=0;
 # Don't run meta store backup/recovery test
-export RUN_META_BACKUP=0;
-# Don't run delete-range random test
-export RUN_DELETE_RANGE=0;
\ No newline at end of file
+export RUN_META_BACKUP=0;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ci/scripts/regress-test.sh b/ci/scripts/regress-test.sh
index aa5912e591df8..384c321afe5eb 100755
--- a/ci/scripts/regress-test.sh
+++ b/ci/scripts/regress-test.sh
@@ -40,6 +40,13 @@ dpkg-reconfigure --frontend=noninteractive locales
 # All the above is required because otherwise psql would throw some warning
 # that goes into the output file and thus diverges from the expected output file.
 export PGPASSWORD='postgres';
+
+# Load extensions. This shall only be done once per database, so not part of test runner.
+psql -h db -p 5432 -d postgres -U postgres \
+  -c 'create extension pgcrypto;' \
+  -c 'create extension hstore;' \
+  -c 'create extension tablefunc;'
+
 RUST_BACKTRACE=1 target/debug/risingwave_regress_test --host db \
   -p 5432 \
   -u postgres \
diff --git a/ci/scripts/run-backfill-tests.sh b/ci/scripts/run-backfill-tests.sh
index e809053f9f376..a61819368c685 100755
--- a/ci/scripts/run-backfill-tests.sh
+++ b/ci/scripts/run-backfill-tests.sh
@@ -265,6 +265,20 @@ test_backfill_snapshot_with_limited_storage_throughput() {
   kill_cluster
 }
 
+# Test case where we do backfill with PK of 10 columns to measure performance impact.
+test_backfill_snapshot_with_wider_rows() {
+  echo "--- e2e, test_backfill_snapshot_with_wider_rows, $RUNTIME_CLUSTER_PROFILE"
+  cargo make ci-start $RUNTIME_CLUSTER_PROFILE
+  sqllogictest -p 4566 -d dev 'e2e_test/backfill/runtime/create_wide_table.slt'
+  sqllogictest -p 4566 -d dev 'e2e_test/backfill/runtime/insert_wide_snapshot.slt'
+  sqllogictest -p 4566 -d dev 'e2e_test/backfill/runtime/create_arrangement_backfill_mv.slt'
+  sqllogictest -p 4566 -d dev 'e2e_test/backfill/runtime/create_no_shuffle_mv.slt'
+  sqllogictest -p 4566 -d dev 'e2e_test/backfill/runtime/validate_rows_no_shuffle.slt'
+  sqllogictest -p 4566 -d dev 'e2e_test/backfill/runtime/validate_rows_arrangement.slt'
+
+  kill_cluster
+}
+
 main() {
   set -euo pipefail
   test_snapshot_and_upstream_read
@@ -282,6 +296,7 @@ main() {
 
     # Backfill will happen in sequence here.
     test_backfill_snapshot_runtime
+    test_backfill_snapshot_with_wider_rows
     test_backfill_snapshot_with_limited_storage_throughput
 
     # No upstream only tests, because if there's no snapshot,
diff --git a/ci/scripts/run-e2e-test.sh b/ci/scripts/run-e2e-test.sh
index 86eae7a146f5f..95bf4fc679add 100755
--- a/ci/scripts/run-e2e-test.sh
+++ b/ci/scripts/run-e2e-test.sh
@@ -133,22 +133,6 @@ RUST_BACKTRACE=1 target/debug/risingwave_e2e_extended_mode_test --host 127.0.0.1
 echo "--- Kill cluster"
 cluster_stop
 
-if [[ "$RUN_DELETE_RANGE" -eq "1" ]]; then
-    echo "--- e2e, ci-delete-range-test"
-    cargo make clean-data
-    RUST_LOG="info,risingwave_stream=info,risingwave_batch=info,risingwave_storage=info" \
-    cargo make ci-start ci-delete-range-test
-    download-and-decompress-artifact delete-range-test-"$profile" target/debug/
-    mv target/debug/delete-range-test-"$profile" target/debug/delete-range-test
-    chmod +x ./target/debug/delete-range-test
-
-    config_path=".risingwave/config/risingwave.toml"
-    ./target/debug/delete-range-test --ci-mode --state-store hummock+minio://hummockadmin:hummockadmin@127.0.0.1:9301/hummock001 --config-path "${config_path}"
-
-    echo "--- Kill cluster"
-    cluster_stop
-fi
-
 if [[ "$RUN_COMPACTION" -eq "1" ]]; then
     echo "--- e2e, ci-compaction-test, nexmark_q7"
     RUST_LOG="info,risingwave_stream=info,risingwave_batch=info,risingwave_storage=info" \
diff --git a/dashboard/.node-version b/dashboard/.node-version
index 79bdb1b9736cf..df9385826faa2 100644
--- a/dashboard/.node-version
+++ b/dashboard/.node-version
@@ -1 +1 @@
-v18.7.0
+v20.11.0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dashboard/next.config.js b/dashboard/next.config.js
index ca73de39b634e..a28b3b9cf42fe 100644
--- a/dashboard/next.config.js
+++ b/dashboard/next.config.js
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
  * @type {import('next').NextConfig}
  */
 const nextConfig = {
+  output: 'export',
   trailingSlash: true,
 }
 
diff --git a/dashboard/package-lock.json b/dashboard/package-lock.json
index fad401034f3ba..c512f41a0afea 100644
--- a/dashboard/package-lock.json
+++ b/dashboard/package-lock.json
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
         "fabric": "^5.2.1",
         "framer-motion": "^6.5.1",
         "lodash": "^4.17.21",
-        "next": "^13.5.4",
+        "next": "^14.1.0",
         "nuqs": "^1.14.1",
         "react": "^18.2.0",
         "react-dom": "^18.2.0",
@@ -41,12 +41,12 @@
         "@testing-library/jest-dom": "^5.16.2",
         "@testing-library/react": "^13.3.0",
         "@types/loadable__component": "^5.13.4",
-        "@types/node": "^18.7.14",
+        "@types/node": "20.11.0",
         "@types/styled-components": "^5.1.26",
         "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "^5.52.0",
         "cors": "^2.8.5",
         "eslint": "^8.45.0",
-        "eslint-config-next": "13.4.12",
+        "eslint-config-next": "^14.1.0",
         "eslint-config-prettier": "^8.8.0",
         "eslint-config-standard-with-typescript": "^37.0.0",
         "eslint-plugin-import": "^2.27.5",
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
         "express": "^4.18.1",
         "prettier": "^2.7.1",
         "prettier-plugin-organize-imports": "^3.1.1",
-        "typescript": "^5.1.6"
+        "typescript": "^5.3.3"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@aashutoshrathi/word-wrap": {
@@ -364,24 +364,11 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@babel/runtime": {
-      "version": "7.18.9",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/runtime/-/runtime-7.18.9.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-lkqXDcvlFT5rvEjiu6+QYO+1GXrEHRo2LOtS7E4GtX5ESIZOgepqsZBVIj6Pv+a6zqsya9VCgiK1KAK4BvJDAw==",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "regenerator-runtime": "^0.13.4"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=6.9.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@babel/runtime-corejs3": {
-      "version": "7.19.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/runtime-corejs3/-/runtime-corejs3-7.19.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-JyXXoCu1N8GLuKc2ii8y5RGma5FMpFeO2nAQIe0Yzrbq+rQnN+sFj47auLblR5ka6aHNGPDgv8G/iI2Grb0ldQ==",
-      "dev": true,
+      "version": "7.23.9",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/runtime/-/runtime-7.23.9.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-0CX6F+BI2s9dkUqr08KFrAIZgNFj75rdBU/DjCyYLIaV/quFjkk6T+EJ2LkZHyZTbEV4L5p97mNkUsHl2wLFAw==",
       "dependencies": {
-        "core-js-pure": "^3.20.2",
-        "regenerator-runtime": "^0.13.4"
+        "regenerator-runtime": "^0.14.0"
       },
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=6.9.0"
@@ -1741,6 +1728,73 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-ZnQMnLV4e7hDlUvw8H+U8ASL02SS2Gn6+9Ac3wGGLIe7+je2AeAOxPY+izIPJDfFDb7eDjev0Us8MO1iFRN8hA==",
       "dev": true
     },
+    "node_modules/@isaacs/cliui": {
+      "version": "8.0.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@isaacs/cliui/-/cliui-8.0.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-O8jcjabXaleOG9DQ0+ARXWZBTfnP4WNAqzuiJK7ll44AmxGKv/J2M4TPjxjY3znBCfvBXFzucm1twdyFybFqEA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "string-width": "^5.1.2",
+        "string-width-cjs": "npm:string-width@^4.2.0",
+        "strip-ansi": "^7.0.1",
+        "strip-ansi-cjs": "npm:strip-ansi@^6.0.1",
+        "wrap-ansi": "^8.1.0",
+        "wrap-ansi-cjs": "npm:wrap-ansi@^7.0.0"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=12"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@isaacs/cliui/node_modules/ansi-regex": {
+      "version": "6.0.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ansi-regex/-/ansi-regex-6.0.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-n5M855fKb2SsfMIiFFoVrABHJC8QtHwVx+mHWP3QcEqBHYienj5dHSgjbxtC0WEZXYt4wcD6zrQElDPhFuZgfA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=12"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://github.com/chalk/ansi-regex?sponsor=1"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@isaacs/cliui/node_modules/emoji-regex": {
+      "version": "9.2.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/emoji-regex/-/emoji-regex-9.2.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-L18DaJsXSUk2+42pv8mLs5jJT2hqFkFE4j21wOmgbUqsZ2hL72NsUU785g9RXgo3s0ZNgVl42TiHp3ZtOv/Vyg==",
+      "dev": true
+    },
+    "node_modules/@isaacs/cliui/node_modules/string-width": {
+      "version": "5.1.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/string-width/-/string-width-5.1.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-HnLOCR3vjcY8beoNLtcjZ5/nxn2afmME6lhrDrebokqMap+XbeW8n9TXpPDOqdGK5qcI3oT0GKTW6wC7EMiVqA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "eastasianwidth": "^0.2.0",
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+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/tsconfig-paths/-/tsconfig-paths-3.15.0.tgz",
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       "dev": true,
       "requires": {
         "@types/json5": "^0.0.29",
-        "json5": "^1.0.1",
+        "json5": "^1.0.2",
         "minimist": "^1.2.6",
         "strip-bom": "^3.0.0"
       },
@@ -18715,9 +19662,9 @@
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     "typescript": {
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-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/typescript/-/typescript-5.1.6.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-zaWCozRZ6DLEWAWFrVDz1H6FVXzUSfTy5FUMWsQlU8Ym5JP9eO4xkTIROFCQvhQf61z6O/G6ugw3SgAnvvm+HA==",
+      "version": "5.3.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/typescript/-/typescript-5.3.3.tgz",
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       "dev": true
     },
     "ua-parser-js": {
@@ -18737,6 +19684,11 @@
         "which-boxed-primitive": "^1.0.2"
       }
     },
+    "undici-types": {
+      "version": "5.26.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/undici-types/-/undici-types-5.26.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-JlCMO+ehdEIKqlFxk6IfVoAUVmgz7cU7zD/h9XZ0qzeosSHmUJVOzSQvvYSYWXkFXC+IfLKSIffhv0sVZup6pA=="
+    },
     "universalify": {
       "version": "0.2.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/universalify/-/universalify-0.2.0.tgz",
@@ -18878,15 +19830,6 @@
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       }
     },
-    "watchpack": {
-      "version": "2.4.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/watchpack/-/watchpack-2.4.0.tgz",
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-        "graceful-fs": "^4.1.2"
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@@ -18940,6 +19883,38 @@
         "is-symbol": "^1.0.3"
       }
     },
+    "which-builtin-type": {
+      "version": "1.1.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/which-builtin-type/-/which-builtin-type-1.1.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-YmjsSMDBYsM1CaFiayOVT06+KJeXf0o5M/CAd4o1lTadFAtacTUM49zoYxr/oroopFDfhvN6iEcBxUyc3gvKmw==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "requires": {
+        "function.prototype.name": "^1.1.5",
+        "has-tostringtag": "^1.0.0",
+        "is-async-function": "^2.0.0",
+        "is-date-object": "^1.0.5",
+        "is-finalizationregistry": "^1.0.2",
+        "is-generator-function": "^1.0.10",
+        "is-regex": "^1.1.4",
+        "is-weakref": "^1.0.2",
+        "isarray": "^2.0.5",
+        "which-boxed-primitive": "^1.0.2",
+        "which-collection": "^1.0.1",
+        "which-typed-array": "^1.1.9"
+      }
+    },
+    "which-collection": {
+      "version": "1.0.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/which-collection/-/which-collection-1.0.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-W8xeTUwaln8i3K/cY1nGXzdnVZlidBcagyNFtBdD5kxnb4TvGKR7FfSIS3mYpwWS1QUCutfKz8IY8RjftB0+1A==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "requires": {
+        "is-map": "^2.0.1",
+        "is-set": "^2.0.1",
+        "is-weakmap": "^2.0.1",
+        "is-weakset": "^2.0.1"
+      }
+    },
     "which-typed-array": {
       "version": "1.1.11",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/which-typed-array/-/which-typed-array-1.1.11.tgz",
@@ -18968,6 +19943,94 @@
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       "optional": true
     },
+    "wrap-ansi": {
+      "version": "8.1.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/wrap-ansi/-/wrap-ansi-8.1.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-si7QWI6zUMq56bESFvagtmzMdGOtoxfR+Sez11Mobfc7tm+VkUckk9bW2UeffTGVUbOksxmSw0AA2gs8g71NCQ==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "requires": {
+        "ansi-styles": "^6.1.0",
+        "string-width": "^5.0.1",
+        "strip-ansi": "^7.0.1"
+      },
+      "dependencies": {
+        "ansi-regex": {
+          "version": "6.0.1",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ansi-regex/-/ansi-regex-6.0.1.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha512-n5M855fKb2SsfMIiFFoVrABHJC8QtHwVx+mHWP3QcEqBHYienj5dHSgjbxtC0WEZXYt4wcD6zrQElDPhFuZgfA==",
+          "dev": true
+        },
+        "ansi-styles": {
+          "version": "6.2.1",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ansi-styles/-/ansi-styles-6.2.1.tgz",
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+        "emoji-regex": {
+          "version": "9.2.2",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/emoji-regex/-/emoji-regex-9.2.2.tgz",
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+        "string-width": {
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+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/string-width/-/string-width-5.1.2.tgz",
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+          "dev": true,
+          "requires": {
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+          }
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+        "color-name": {
+          "version": "1.1.4",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/color-name/-/color-name-1.1.4.tgz",
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+          "dev": true
+        }
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     "wrappy": {
       "version": "1.0.2",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/wrappy/-/wrappy-1.0.2.tgz",
diff --git a/dashboard/package.json b/dashboard/package.json
index adc87d007cfd6..1ac15145998dd 100644
--- a/dashboard/package.json
+++ b/dashboard/package.json
@@ -4,12 +4,13 @@
     "dev": "next dev",
     "build": "next build",
     "start": "next start",
-    "build-static": "next build && next export",
+    "build-static": "next build",
     "gen-proto": "./scripts/generate_proto.sh",
     "lint": "prettier --check . && next lint",
     "format": "prettier --write . && next lint --fix",
     "mock-server": "node ./mock-server.js",
-    "postinstall": "npm run gen-proto"
+    "postinstall": "npm run gen-proto",
+    "clean": "rm -rf .next/ && rm -rf out/"
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "@chakra-ui/react": "^2.3.1",
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@
     "fabric": "^5.2.1",
     "framer-motion": "^6.5.1",
     "lodash": "^4.17.21",
-    "next": "^13.5.4",
+    "next": "^14.1.0",
     "nuqs": "^1.14.1",
     "react": "^18.2.0",
     "react-dom": "^18.2.0",
@@ -47,12 +48,12 @@
     "@testing-library/jest-dom": "^5.16.2",
     "@testing-library/react": "^13.3.0",
     "@types/loadable__component": "^5.13.4",
-    "@types/node": "^18.7.14",
+    "@types/node": "20.11.0",
     "@types/styled-components": "^5.1.26",
     "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "^5.52.0",
     "cors": "^2.8.5",
     "eslint": "^8.45.0",
-    "eslint-config-next": "13.4.12",
+    "eslint-config-next": "^14.1.0",
     "eslint-config-prettier": "^8.8.0",
     "eslint-config-standard-with-typescript": "^37.0.0",
     "eslint-plugin-import": "^2.27.5",
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@
     "express": "^4.18.1",
     "prettier": "^2.7.1",
     "prettier-plugin-organize-imports": "^3.1.1",
-    "typescript": "^5.1.6"
+    "typescript": "^5.3.3"
   },
   "overrides": {
     "react-json-view": {
@@ -74,4 +75,4 @@
       "react-dom": "^18.2.0"
     }
   }
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docker/dashboards/risingwave-dev-dashboard.json b/docker/dashboards/risingwave-dev-dashboard.json
index 754d2bfc2a26a..5bc6584c95f5d 100644
--- a/docker/dashboards/risingwave-dev-dashboard.json
+++ b/docker/dashboards/risingwave-dev-dashboard.json
@@ -1 +1 @@
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diff --git a/docker/dashboards/risingwave-user-dashboard.json b/docker/dashboards/risingwave-user-dashboard.json
index dcee77a5e73a7..1b64b4f627cea 100644
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+++ b/docker/dashboards/risingwave-user-dashboard.json
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sum(rate(frontend_latency_local_execution_bucket{job=~\"$job\",instance=~\"$node\"}[$__rate_interval])) by (le, job, instance))","format":"time_series","hide":false,"instant":false,"interval":"","intervalFactor":2,"legendFormat":"p50 - {{job}} @ {{instance}}","metric":"","query":"histogram_quantile(0.5, sum(rate(frontend_latency_local_execution_bucket{job=~\"$job\",instance=~\"$node\"}[$__rate_interval])) by (le, job, instance))","refId":"","step":10,"target":""},{"datasource":{"type":"prometheus","uid":"risedev-prometheus"},"expr":"histogram_quantile(0.9, sum(rate(frontend_latency_local_execution_bucket{job=~\"$job\",instance=~\"$node\"}[$__rate_interval])) by (le, job, instance))","format":"time_series","hide":false,"instant":false,"interval":"","intervalFactor":2,"legendFormat":"p90 - {{job}} @ {{instance}}","metric":"","query":"histogram_quantile(0.9, sum(rate(frontend_latency_local_execution_bucket{job=~\"$job\",instance=~\"$node\"}[$__rate_interval])) by (le, job, 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Mode","transformations":[],"transparent":false,"type":"timeseries"}],"repeat":null,"repeatDirection":null,"span":null,"targets":[],"timeFrom":null,"timeShift":null,"title":"Batch","transformations":[],"transparent":false,"type":"row"},{"cacheTimeout":null,"collapsed":true,"datasource":null,"description":null,"editable":true,"error":false,"fieldConfig":{"defaults":{"thresholds":{"mode":"absolute","steps":[]}}},"gridPos":{"h":1,"w":24,"x":0,"y":48},"height":null,"hideTimeOverride":false,"id":50,"interval":null,"links":[],"maxDataPoints":100,"maxPerRow":null,"minSpan":null,"panels":[{"cacheTimeout":null,"datasource":{"type":"prometheus","uid":"risedev-prometheus"},"description":"","editable":true,"error":false,"fieldConfig":{"defaults":{"color":{"mode":"palette-classic"},"custom":{"axisLabel":"","axisPlacement":"auto","barAlignment":0,"drawStyle":"line","fillOpacity":10,"gradientMode":"none","hideFrom":{"legend":false,"tooltip":false,"viz":false},"lineInterpolation":"linear","lineWidth":1,"pointSize":5,"scaleDistribution":{"log":2,"type":"linear"},"showPoints":"auto","spanNulls":false,"stacking":{},"thresholdsStyle":{"mode":"off"}},"mappings":[],"thresholds":{"mode":"absolute","steps":[]},"unit":"rows/s"},"overrides":[]},"gridPos":{"h":8,"w":12,"x":0,"y":0},"height":null,"hideTimeOverride":false,"id":51,"interval":"1s","links":[],"maxDataPoints":1000,"maxPerRow":null,"minSpan":null,"options":{"legend":{"calcs":["mean"],"displayMode":"table","placement":"bottom"},"tooltip":{"mode":"single"}},"repeat":null,"repeatDirection":null,"span":null,"targets":[{"datasource":{"type":"prometheus","uid":"risedev-prometheus"},"expr":"rate(connector_source_rows_received{job=~\"$job\",instance=~\"$node\"}[$__rate_interval])","format":"time_series","hide":false,"instant":false,"interval":"","intervalFactor":2,"legendFormat":"source={{source_type}} 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@ {{sink_id}}","metric":"","query":"rate(connector_sink_rows_received{job=~\"$job\",instance=~\"$node\"}[$__rate_interval])","refId":"","step":10,"target":""}],"timeFrom":null,"timeShift":null,"title":"Connector Sink Throughput(rows)","transformations":[],"transparent":false,"type":"timeseries"}],"repeat":null,"repeatDirection":null,"span":null,"targets":[],"timeFrom":null,"timeShift":null,"title":"Connector Node","transformations":[],"transparent":false,"type":"row"}],"refresh":"10s","rows":[],"schemaVersion":12,"sharedCrosshair":true,"style":"dark","tags":["risingwave"],"templating":{"list":[{"current":{"selected":false,"text":"All","value":"__all"},"definition":"label_values(process_cpu_seconds_total, instance)","description":"Reporting instance of the metric","hide":0,"includeAll":true,"label":"Node","multi":true,"name":"node","options":[],"query":{"query":"label_values(process_cpu_seconds_total, instance)","refId":"StandardVariableQuery"},"refresh":2,"regex":"","skipUrlSync":false,"sort":6,"type":"query"},{"current":{"selected":false,"text":"All","value":"__all"},"definition":"label_values(process_cpu_seconds_total, job)","description":"Reporting job of the metric","hide":0,"includeAll":true,"label":"Job","multi":true,"name":"job","options":[],"query":{"query":"label_values(process_cpu_seconds_total, job)","refId":"StandardVariableQuery"},"refresh":2,"regex":"","skipUrlSync":false,"sort":6,"type":"query"}]},"time":{"from":"now-30m","to":"now"},"timepicker":{"hidden":false,"refresh_intervals":["5s","10s","30s","1m","5m","15m","30m","1h","2h","1d"],"time_options":["5m","15m","1h","6h","12h","24h","2d","7d","30d"]},"timezone":"browser","title":"risingwave_dashboard","uid":"Fcy3uV1nz","version":0}
diff --git a/e2e_test/backfill/runtime/create_wide_table.slt b/e2e_test/backfill/runtime/create_wide_table.slt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..43453ebb5d2db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e2e_test/backfill/runtime/create_wide_table.slt
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+statement ok
+CREATE TABLE t (
+    v1 int,
+    v2 varchar,
+    v3 bigint,
+    v4 int,
+    v5 varchar,
+    v6 bigint,
+    v7 int,
+    v8 varchar,
+    v9 bigint,
+    v10 int,
+    v11 varchar,
+    v12 bigint,
+    v13 int,
+    v14 varchar,
+    v15 bigint,
+    primary key (v1, v2, v3, v4, v5,
+                 v8, v9, v10, v11, v12)
+);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/e2e_test/backfill/runtime/insert_wide_snapshot.slt b/e2e_test/backfill/runtime/insert_wide_snapshot.slt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..cd4d2bfadeb6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e2e_test/backfill/runtime/insert_wide_snapshot.slt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# 15 columns wide
+statement ok
+INSERT INTO t select
+  generate_series,
+  'jakbj2khbe2',
+  22222222222,
+  generate_series,
+  'jakbj2khbe2',
+  22222222222,
+  generate_series,
+  'jakbj2khbe2',
+  22222222222,
+  generate_series,
+  'jakbj2khbe2',
+  22222222222,
+  generate_series,
+  'jakbj2khbe2',
+  22222222222
+  from generate_series(2000001, 4000000);
+
+statement ok
+flush;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/e2e_test/batch/basic/make_timestamptz.slt.part b/e2e_test/batch/basic/make_time.slt.part
similarity index 52%
rename from e2e_test/batch/basic/make_timestamptz.slt.part
rename to e2e_test/batch/basic/make_time.slt.part
index 99f5d1369327c..7a11b837c4fdb 100644
--- a/e2e_test/batch/basic/make_timestamptz.slt.part
+++ b/e2e_test/batch/basic/make_time.slt.part
@@ -9,20 +9,31 @@ SELECT make_timestamptz(1973, 07, 15, 08, 15, 55.33);
 query T
 SELECT make_timestamptz(-1973, 07, 15, 08, 15, 55.33);
 ----
--1973-07-15 08:15:55.330+00:00
+-1972-07-15 08:15:55.330+00:00
 
-query error Invalid parameter sec: invalid sec
+query error Invalid parameter year, month, day: invalid date: -3-2-29
+SELECT make_timestamptz(-4, 02, 29, 08, 15, 55.33);
+
+query T
+SELECT make_timestamptz(-5, 02, 29, 08, 15, 55.33);
+----
+-0004-02-29 08:15:55.330+00:00
+
+query error Invalid parameter sec: invalid sec: -55.33
 SELECT make_timestamptz(1973, 07, 15, 08, 15, -55.33);
 
-query error Invalid parameter hour, min, sec: invalid time
+query error Invalid parameter hour, min, sec: invalid time: 8:-15:55.33
 SELECT make_timestamptz(1973, 07, 15, 08, -15, 55.33);
 
-query error Invalid parameter year, month, day: invalid date
+query error Invalid parameter year, month, day: invalid date: 1973--7-15
 SELECT make_timestamptz(1973, -07, 15, 08, 15, 55.33);
 
-query error Invalid parameter year, month, day: invalid date
+query error Invalid parameter year, month, day: invalid date: 1973-6-31
 SELECT make_timestamptz(1973, 06, 31, 08, 15, 55.33);
 
+query error Invalid parameter year, month, day: invalid date: 0-6-31
+SELECT make_timestamptz(0, 06, 31, 08, 15, 55.33);
+
 statement ok
 set TimeZone to 'America/New_York';
 
@@ -88,3 +99,62 @@ SELECT make_timestamptz(2013, 7, 15, 8, 15, 23.5, 'America/New_York');
 
 statement ok
 set timezone to 'UTC';
+
+query T
+SELECT make_date(2024, 1, 26);
+----
+2024-01-26
+
+query T
+SELECT make_date(-2024, 1, 26);
+----
+2024-01-26 BC
+
+query error Invalid parameter year, month, day: invalid date: -3-2-29
+SELECT make_date(-4, 2, 29);
+
+query T
+SELECT make_date(-5, 2, 29);
+----
+0005-02-29 BC
+
+query error Invalid parameter year, month, day: invalid date: 0-7-15
+select make_date(0, 7, 15);
+
+query error Invalid parameter year, month, day: invalid date: 2013-2-30
+select make_date(2013, 2, 30);
+
+query error Invalid parameter year, month, day: invalid date: 2013-13-1
+select make_date(2013, 13, 1);
+
+query error Invalid parameter year, month, day: invalid date: 2013-11--1
+select make_date(2013, 11, -1);
+
+query error Invalid parameter hour, min, sec: invalid time: 10:55:100.1
+select make_time(10, 55, 100.1);
+
+query T
+SELECT make_time(14, 20, 26);
+----
+14:20:26
+
+query error Invalid parameter hour, min, sec: invalid time: 24:0:2.1
+select make_time(24, 0, 2.1);
+
+query T
+SELECT make_timestamp(2024, 1, 26, 14, 20, 26);
+----
+2024-01-26 14:20:26
+
+query T
+SELECT make_timestamp(-1973, 07, 15, 08, 15, 55.33);
+----
+-1972-07-15 08:15:55.330
+
+query error Invalid parameter year, month, day: invalid date: -3-2-29
+SELECT make_timestamp(-4, 02, 29, 08, 15, 55.33);
+
+query T
+SELECT make_timestamp(-5, 02, 29, 08, 15, 55.33);
+----
+-0004-02-29 08:15:55.330
diff --git a/e2e_test/ddl/alter_parallelism.slt b/e2e_test/ddl/alter_parallelism.slt
index e030b44273575..025496ca1c571 100644
--- a/e2e_test/ddl/alter_parallelism.slt
+++ b/e2e_test/ddl/alter_parallelism.slt
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ create table t (v int);
 query T
 select parallelism from table_parallelism where name = 't';
 ----
-AUTO
+ADAPTIVE
 
 statement ok
 alter table t set parallelism = 2;
@@ -39,12 +39,12 @@ select parallelism from fragment_parallelism where table_name = 't';
 2
 
 statement ok
-alter table t set parallelism = auto;
+alter table t set parallelism = adaptive;
 
 query T
 select parallelism from table_parallelism where name = 't';
 ----
-AUTO
+ADAPTIVE
 
 statement ok
 create materialized view m_simple as select * from t;
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ create materialized view m_simple as select * from t;
 query T
 select parallelism from mview_parallelism where name = 'm_simple';
 ----
-AUTO
+ADAPTIVE
 
 statement ok
 alter materialized view m_simple set parallelism = 3;
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ create materialized view m_join as select t1.v as t1v, t2.v as t2v from t t1, t
 query T
 select parallelism from mview_parallelism where name = 'm_join';
 ----
-AUTO
+ADAPTIVE
 
 statement ok
 alter materialized view m_join set parallelism = 3;
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ create sink s as select t1.v as t1v, t2.v as t2v from t t1, t t2 where t1.v = t2
 query T
 select parallelism from sink_parallelism where name = 's';
 ----
-AUTO
+ADAPTIVE
 
 statement ok
 alter sink s set parallelism = 4;
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ statement ok
 drop table t;
 
 statement ok
-set streaming_parallelism to auto;
+set streaming_parallelism to adaptive;
 
 statement ok
 create table t (v1 int);
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ create table t (v1 int);
 query T
 select parallelism from table_parallelism where name = 't';
 ----
-AUTO
+ADAPTIVE
 
 statement ok
 drop table t;
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ create table t (v1 int);
 query T
 select parallelism from table_parallelism where name = 't';
 ----
-AUTO
+ADAPTIVE
 
 statement ok
 drop table t;
diff --git a/e2e_test/iceberg/start_spark_connect_server.sh b/e2e_test/iceberg/start_spark_connect_server.sh
index cf3bff1e3991e..9e263e70c8e36 100755
--- a/e2e_test/iceberg/start_spark_connect_server.sh
+++ b/e2e_test/iceberg/start_spark_connect_server.sh
@@ -8,9 +8,10 @@ PACKAGES="$PACKAGES,org.apache.spark:spark-connect_2.12:$SPARK_VERSION"
 
 SPARK_FILE="spark-${SPARK_VERSION}-bin-hadoop3.tgz"
 
-
-wget https://dlcdn.apache.org/spark/spark-${SPARK_VERSION}/$SPARK_FILE
-tar -xzf $SPARK_FILE --no-same-owner
+if [ ! -d "spark-${SPARK_VERSION}-bin-hadoop3" ];then
+    wget https://dlcdn.apache.org/spark/spark-${SPARK_VERSION}/$SPARK_FILE
+    tar -xzf $SPARK_FILE --no-same-owner
+fi
 
 ./spark-${SPARK_VERSION}-bin-hadoop3/sbin/start-connect-server.sh --packages $PACKAGES \
   --master local[3] \
@@ -31,4 +32,4 @@ while ! nc -z localhost 15002; do
   sleep 1 # wait for 1/10 of the second before check again
 done
 
-echo "Spark connect server launched"
\ No newline at end of file
+echo "Spark connect server launched"
diff --git a/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/iceberg_sink_upsert.slt b/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/iceberg_sink_upsert.slt
index f867f0d746450..8d70c9b2e19a6 100644
--- a/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/iceberg_sink_upsert.slt
+++ b/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/iceberg_sink_upsert.slt
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ statement ok
 set streaming_parallelism=4;
 
 statement ok
-CREATE TABLE t6 (id int, v1 int primary key, v2 bigint, v3 varchar);
+CREATE TABLE t6 (id int, v1 int primary key, v2 bigint, v3 varchar, v4 date);
 
 statement ok
 CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW mv6 AS SELECT * FROM t6;
 
 statement ok
-CREATE SINK s6 AS select mv6.id as id, mv6.v1 as v1, mv6.v2 as v2, mv6.v3 as v3 from mv6 WITH (
+CREATE SINK s6 AS select mv6.id as id, mv6.v1 as v1, mv6.v2 as v2, mv6.v3 as v3, mv6.v4 as v4 from mv6 WITH (
     connector = 'iceberg',
     type = 'upsert',
     force_append_only = 'false',
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ CREATE SINK s6 AS select mv6.id as id, mv6.v1 as v1, mv6.v2 as v2, mv6.v3 as v3
 );
 
 statement ok
-INSERT INTO t6 VALUES (1, 1, 2, '1-2'), (1, 2, 2, '2-2'), (1, 3, 2, '3-2'), (1, 5, 2, '5-2'), (1, 8, 2, '8-2'), (1, 13, 2, '13-2'), (1, 21, 2, '21-2');
+INSERT INTO t6 VALUES (1, 1, 2, '1-2', '2022-03-11'), (1, 2, 2, '2-2', '2022-03-12'), (1, 3, 2, '3-2', '2022-03-13'), (1, 5, 2, '5-2', '2022-03-15'), (1, 8, 2, '8-2', '2022-03-18'), (1, 13, 2, '13-2', '2022-03-13'), (1, 21, 2, '21-2', '2022-03-21');
 
 statement ok
 FLUSH;
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ FLUSH;
 sleep 5s
 
 statement ok
-INSERT INTO t6 VALUES (1, 1, 50, '1-50');
+INSERT INTO t6 VALUES (1, 1, 50, '1-50', '2022-03-11');
 
 statement ok
 FLUSH;
diff --git a/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/no_partition_upsert.toml b/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/no_partition_upsert.toml
index 0e0215d37465d..cd380c53da88c 100644
--- a/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/no_partition_upsert.toml
+++ b/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/no_partition_upsert.toml
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ init_sqls = [
     id int,
     v1 int,
     v2 long,
-    v3 string
+    v3 string,
+    v4 date
     ) USING iceberg
     TBLPROPERTIES ('format-version'='2');
     '''
@@ -19,13 +20,13 @@ verify_schema = ['int','int','long','string']
 verify_sql = 'SELECT * FROM demo_db.demo_table ORDER BY id, v1 ASC'
 
 verify_data = """
-1,1,50,1-50
-1,2,2,2-2
-1,3,2,3-2
-1,5,2,5-2
-1,8,2,8-2
-1,13,2,13-2
-1,21,2,21-2
+1,1,50,1-50,2022-03-11
+1,2,2,2-2,2022-03-12
+1,3,2,3-2,2022-03-13
+1,5,2,5-2,2022-03-15
+1,8,2,8-2,2022-03-18
+1,13,2,13-2,2022-03-13
+1,21,2,21-2,2022-03-21
 """
 
 drop_sqls = [
diff --git a/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/partition_append_only.toml b/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/partition_append_only.toml
index 4721ef11c5ba6..e1949319211cf 100644
--- a/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/partition_append_only.toml
+++ b/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/partition_append_only.toml
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ init_sqls = [
     v_timestamp timestamp,
     v_ts_ntz timestamp_ntz
     )
-    PARTITIONED BY (v_int,v_long,v_float,v_double,v_varchar,v_bool,v_date,v_timestamp,v_ts_ntz)
+    PARTITIONED BY (v_int,bucket(10,v_long),truncate(30,v_long),years(v_date),months(v_timestamp),days(v_ts_ntz))
     TBLPROPERTIES ('format-version'='2');
     '''
 ]
diff --git a/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/partition_upsert.toml b/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/partition_upsert.toml
index d95178ed893fa..ea027f18ecdbe 100644
--- a/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/partition_upsert.toml
+++ b/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/partition_upsert.toml
@@ -6,9 +6,10 @@ init_sqls = [
     id int,
     v1 int,
     v2 long,
-    v3 string
+    v3 string,
+    v4 date
     ) USING iceberg
-    PARTITIONED BY (v1,v2)
+    PARTITIONED BY (v1,v2,truncate(2,v3))
     TBLPROPERTIES ('format-version'='2');
     '''
 ]
@@ -20,13 +21,13 @@ verify_schema = ['int','int','long','string']
 verify_sql = 'SELECT * FROM demo_db.demo_table ORDER BY id, v1 ASC'
 
 verify_data = """
-1,1,50,1-50
-1,2,2,2-2
-1,3,2,3-2
-1,5,2,5-2
-1,8,2,8-2
-1,13,2,13-2
-1,21,2,21-2
+1,1,50,1-50,2022-03-11
+1,2,2,2-2,2022-03-12
+1,3,2,3-2,2022-03-13
+1,5,2,5-2,2022-03-15
+1,8,2,8-2,2022-03-18
+1,13,2,13-2,2022-03-13
+1,21,2,21-2,2022-03-21
 """
 
 drop_sqls = [
diff --git a/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/range_partition_append_only.toml b/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/range_partition_append_only.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..d0e270210dffe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/range_partition_append_only.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+init_sqls = [
+    'CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS demo_db',
+    'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS demo_db.demo_table',
+    '''
+    CREATE TABLE demo_db.demo_table (
+    id long,
+    v_int int,
+    v_long long,
+    v_float float,
+    v_double double,
+    v_varchar string,
+    v_bool boolean,
+    v_date date,
+    v_timestamp timestamp,
+    v_ts_ntz timestamp_ntz
+    )
+    PARTITIONED BY (years(v_date),months(v_timestamp),days(v_ts_ntz))
+    TBLPROPERTIES ('format-version'='2');
+    '''
+]
+
+slt = 'test_case/iceberg_sink_append_only.slt'
+
+verify_schema = ['long', 'int', 'long', 'float', 'double', 'string', 'boolean', 'date', 'timestamp', 'timestamp_ntz']
+
+verify_sql = 'SELECT * FROM demo_db.demo_table ORDER BY id ASC'
+
+
+verify_data = """
+1,1,1000,1.1,1.11,1-1,true,2022-03-11,2022-03-11 01:00:00+00:00,2022-03-11 01:00:00
+2,2,2000,2.2,2.22,2-2,false,2022-03-12,2022-03-12 02:00:00+00:00,2022-03-12 02:00:00
+3,3,3000,3.3,3.33,3-3,true,2022-03-13,2022-03-13 03:00:00+00:00,2022-03-13 03:00:00
+4,4,4000,4.4,4.44,4-4,false,2022-03-14,2022-03-14 04:00:00+00:00,2022-03-14 04:00:00
+5,5,5000,5.5,5.55,5-5,true,2022-03-15,2022-03-15 05:00:00+00:00,2022-03-15 05:00:00
+"""
+
+drop_sqls = [
+ 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS demo_db.demo_table',
+ 'DROP SCHEMA IF EXISTS demo_db'
+]
diff --git a/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/range_partition_upsert.toml b/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/range_partition_upsert.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..ac081d6edeaba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e2e_test/iceberg/test_case/range_partition_upsert.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+init_sqls = [
+    'CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS demo_db',
+    'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS demo_db.demo_table',
+    '''
+    CREATE TABLE demo_db.demo_table (
+    id int,
+    v1 int,
+    v2 long,
+    v3 string,
+    v4 date
+    ) USING iceberg
+    PARTITIONED BY (days(v4))
+    TBLPROPERTIES ('format-version'='2');
+    '''
+]
+
+slt = 'test_case/iceberg_sink_upsert.slt'
+
+verify_schema = ['int','int','long','string']
+
+verify_sql = 'SELECT * FROM demo_db.demo_table ORDER BY id, v1 ASC'
+
+verify_data = """
+1,1,50,1-50,2022-03-11
+1,2,2,2-2,2022-03-12
+1,3,2,3-2,2022-03-13
+1,5,2,5-2,2022-03-15
+1,8,2,8-2,2022-03-18
+1,13,2,13-2,2022-03-13
+1,21,2,21-2,2022-03-21
+"""
+
+drop_sqls = [
+ 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS demo_db.demo_table',
+ 'DROP SCHEMA IF EXISTS demo_db'
+]
diff --git a/e2e_test/sink/sink_into_table/rename.slt b/e2e_test/sink/sink_into_table/rename.slt
index 19b24c9c20b4a..f518349c01c27 100644
--- a/e2e_test/sink/sink_into_table/rename.slt
+++ b/e2e_test/sink/sink_into_table/rename.slt
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ ALTER SINK s RENAME TO s1;
 query TT
 SELECT name, definition from rw_sinks;
 ----
-s1	CREATE SINK s1 INTO target AS SELECT * FROM source WITH (type = 'append-only')
+s1 CREATE SINK s1 INTO target AS SELECT * FROM source WITH (type = 'append-only')
 
 statement ok
 ALTER TABLE source RENAME TO src;
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ tar	CREATE TABLE tar (v INT)
 query TT
 SELECT name, definition from rw_sinks;
 ----
-s1	CREATE SINK s1 INTO target AS SELECT * FROM src AS source WITH (type = 'append-only')
+s1 CREATE SINK s1 INTO tar AS SELECT * FROM src AS source WITH (type = 'append-only')
 
 statement ok
 drop sink s1;
diff --git a/e2e_test/source/basic/alter/kafka.slt b/e2e_test/source/basic/alter/kafka.slt
index 7b355f6407e52..45b0cdd860f3e 100644
--- a/e2e_test/source/basic/alter/kafka.slt
+++ b/e2e_test/source/basic/alter/kafka.slt
@@ -57,6 +57,10 @@ alter source s1 add column v2 varchar;
 statement ok
 alter source s2 add column v4 int;
 
+# alter table with conn
+statement error try to use ALTER TABLE instead
+alter source t add column v0 int;
+
 statement ok
 create materialized view mv3 as select * from s1;
 
diff --git a/e2e_test/source/cdc/cdc.check_new_rows.slt b/e2e_test/source/cdc/cdc.check_new_rows.slt
index af62d591d6feb..5a97a21ba973a 100644
--- a/e2e_test/source/cdc/cdc.check_new_rows.slt
+++ b/e2e_test/source/cdc/cdc.check_new_rows.slt
@@ -74,3 +74,7 @@ SELECT * FROM rw.products_test order by id limit 3
 102 RW 12V car battery
 103 RW 12-pack of drill bits with sizes ranging from #40 to #3
 
+query TTTT
+select order_date,customer_name,product_id,order_status from orders_no_backfill order by order_id;
+----
+2022-12-01 15:08:22 Sam 110 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/e2e_test/source/cdc/cdc.share_stream.slt b/e2e_test/source/cdc/cdc.share_stream.slt
index 9e4c1bac6a139..d4b50ed4db6d6 100644
--- a/e2e_test/source/cdc/cdc.share_stream.slt
+++ b/e2e_test/source/cdc/cdc.share_stream.slt
@@ -105,8 +105,31 @@ create materialized view orders_test_cnt as select count(*) as cnt from orders_t
 system ok
 mysql --protocol=tcp -u root mytest -e "INSERT INTO products VALUES(default, 'Juice', '100ml Juice');"
 
+system ok
+mysql --protocol=tcp -u root mytest -e "FLUSH LOGS"
+
+# Should not contain records inserted before the table is created (e.g. 'Bob' inserted above)
+statement ok
+create table orders_no_backfill (
+   order_id int,
+   order_date timestamp,
+   customer_name string,
+   price decimal,
+   product_id int,
+   order_status smallint,
+   PRIMARY KEY (order_id)
+) with (
+  snapshot = 'false'
+) from mysql_mytest table 'mytest.orders';
+
 sleep 5s
 
+# table without backfill should not contain historical records
+query I
+select count(*) from orders_no_backfill
+----
+0
+
 # check ingestion results
 query I
 SELECT * from products_test_cnt
diff --git a/e2e_test/source/cdc/mysql_init_data.sql b/e2e_test/source/cdc/mysql_init_data.sql
index e954b74aaf500..d01165088eed1 100644
--- a/e2e_test/source/cdc/mysql_init_data.sql
+++ b/e2e_test/source/cdc/mysql_init_data.sql
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
--- USE `my@db`;
 
 INSERT INTO products
 VALUES (default,"scooter","Small 2-wheel scooter"),
diff --git a/e2e_test/udf/sql_udf.slt b/e2e_test/udf/sql_udf.slt
index 4b4d1f1c39f7d..758ec43ca53fc 100644
--- a/e2e_test/udf/sql_udf.slt
+++ b/e2e_test/udf/sql_udf.slt
@@ -13,6 +13,35 @@ create function sub(INT, INT) returns int language sql as 'select $1 - $2';
 statement ok
 create function add_sub_binding() returns int language sql as 'select add(1, 1) + sub(2, 2)';
 
+# Create a named sql udf
+statement ok
+create function add_named(a INT, b INT) returns int language sql as 'select a + b';
+
+# Create another named sql udf
+statement ok
+create function sub_named(a INT, b INT) returns int language sql as 'select a - b';
+
+# Mixed parameter with named / anonymous parameters
+statement ok
+create function add_sub_mix(INT, a INT, INT) returns int language sql as 'select $1 - a + $3';
+
+# Mixed parameter with calling inner sql udfs
+# statement ok
+# create function add_sub_mix_wrapper(INT, a INT, INT) returns int language sql as 'select add($1, a) + a + sub(a, $3)';
+
+# Named sql udf with corner case
+statement ok
+create function corner_case(INT, a INT, INT) returns varchar language sql as $$select '$1 + a + $3'$$;
+
+# Named sql udf with invalid parameter in body definition
+# Will be rejected at creation time
+statement error failed to find named parameter aa
+create function unknown_parameter(a INT) returns int language sql as 'select a + aa + a';
+
+# Call anonymous sql udf inside named sql udf
+statement ok
+create function add_named_wrapper(a INT, b INT) returns int language sql as 'select add(a, b)';
+
 # Create an anonymous function that calls built-in functions
 # Note that double dollar signs should be used otherwise the parsing will fail, as illutrates below
 statement ok
@@ -81,7 +110,20 @@ create function print_add_two(INT) returns int language sql as 'select print($1
 statement error failed to conduct semantic check, please see if you are calling non-existence functions
 create function non_exist(INT) returns int language sql as 'select yo(114514)';
 
-# Call the defined sql udf
+# Try to create an anonymous sql udf whose return type mismatches with the sql body definition
+statement error return type mismatch detected
+create function type_mismatch(INT) returns varchar language sql as 'select $1 + 114514 + $1';
+
+# A valid example
+statement ok
+create function type_match(INT) returns varchar language sql as $$select '$1 + 114514 + $1'$$;
+
+query T
+select type_match(114514);
+----
+$1 + 114514 + $1
+
+# Call the defined anonymous sql udfs
 query I
 select add(1, -1);
 ----
@@ -92,6 +134,32 @@ select sub(1, 1);
 ----
 0
 
+# Call the defined named sql udfs
+query I
+select add_named(1, -1);
+----
+0
+
+query I
+select sub_named(1, 1);
+----
+0
+
+query I
+select add_sub_mix(1, 2, 3);
+----
+2
+
+query T
+select corner_case(1, 2, 3);
+----
+$1 + a + $3
+
+query I
+select add_named_wrapper(1, -1);
+----
+0
+
 query I
 select add_sub_binding();
 ----
@@ -145,14 +213,30 @@ select print_add_one(1), print_add_one(114513), print_add_two(2);
 ----
 2 114514 4
 
-# Create a mock table
+# Create a mock table for anonymous sql udf
 statement ok
 create table t1 (c1 INT, c2 INT);
 
+# Create a mock table for named sql udf
+statement ok
+create table t3 (a INT, b INT);
+
 # Insert some data into the mock table
 statement ok
 insert into t1 values (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5);
 
+statement ok
+insert into t3 values (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5);
+
+query I
+select add_named(a, b) from t3 order by a asc;
+----
+2
+4
+6
+8
+10
+
 query III
 select sub(c1, c2), c1, c2, add(c1, c2) from t1 order by c1 asc;
 ----
@@ -189,7 +273,7 @@ create function add_sub(INT, FLOAT, INT) returns float language sql as $$select
 
 # Complex types interleaving
 statement ok
-create function add_sub_types(INT, BIGINT, FLOAT, DECIMAL, REAL) returns real language sql as 'select $1 + $2 - $3 + $4 + $5';
+create function add_sub_types(INT, BIGINT, FLOAT, DECIMAL, REAL) returns double language sql as 'select $1 + $2 - $3 + $4 + $5';
 
 statement ok
 create function add_sub_return(INT, FLOAT, INT) returns float language sql return -$1 + $2 - $3;
@@ -290,9 +374,30 @@ drop function print_add_two;
 statement ok
 drop function regexp_replace_wrapper;
 
+statement ok
+drop function corner_case;
+
+statement ok
+drop function add_named;
+
+statement ok
+drop function sub_named;
+
+statement ok
+drop function add_sub_mix;
+
+statement ok
+drop function add_named_wrapper;
+
+statement ok
+drop function type_match;
+
 # Drop the mock table
 statement ok
 drop table t1;
 
 statement ok
 drop table t2;
+
+statement ok
+drop table t3;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/grafana/common.py b/grafana/common.py
index fbc8e71a3f098..9a47bd0c964a9 100644
--- a/grafana/common.py
+++ b/grafana/common.py
@@ -467,11 +467,12 @@ def timeseries_id(self, title, description, targets):
             **self.common_options,
         )
 
-    def table_info(self, title, description, targets, excluded_columns):
+    def table_info(self, title, description, targets, columns):
         gridPos = self.layout.next_half_width_graph()
-        excludedByName = dict.fromkeys(excluded_columns, True)
+        column_indices = {column: index for index, column in enumerate(columns)}
+        excludeByName = dict.fromkeys(["Time", "Value"], True)
         transformations = [
-            {"id": "organize", "options": {"excludeByName": excludedByName}}
+            {"id": "organize", "options": {"indexByName": column_indices, "excludeByName": excludeByName}}
         ]
         return Table(
             title=title,
@@ -484,6 +485,7 @@ def table_info(self, title, description, targets, excluded_columns):
             transformations=transformations,
         )
 
+
     def sub_panel(self):
         return Panels(self.datasource)
 
diff --git a/grafana/risingwave-dev-dashboard.dashboard.py b/grafana/risingwave-dev-dashboard.dashboard.py
index fecb1f83c8f73..12b2a811f9e58 100644
--- a/grafana/risingwave-dev-dashboard.dashboard.py
+++ b/grafana/risingwave-dev-dashboard.dashboard.py
@@ -24,22 +24,21 @@
 
 def section_actor_info(outer_panels):
     panels = outer_panels.sub_panel()
-    excluded_cols = ["Time", "Value", "__name__", f"{COMPONENT_LABEL}", f"{NODE_LABEL}"]
     return [
         outer_panels.row_collapsed(
             "Actor/Table Id Info",
             [
                 panels.table_info(
-                    "Actor Id Info",
-                    "Mapping from actor id to fragment id",
-                    [panels.table_target(f"{metric('actor_info')}")],
-                    excluded_cols,
+                    "Actor Info",
+                    "Information about actors",
+                    [panels.table_target(f"group({metric('actor_info')}) by (actor_id, fragment_id, compute_node)")],
+                    ["actor_id", "fragment_id", "compute_node"],
                 ),
                 panels.table_info(
-                    "Materialized View Info",
-                    "Mapping from materialized view table id to it's internal table ids",
-                    [panels.table_target(f"{metric('table_info')}")],
-                    excluded_cols,
+                    "State Table Info",
+                    "Information about state tables. Column `materialized_view_id` is the id of the materialized view that this state table belongs to.",
+                    [panels.table_target(f"group({metric('table_info')}) by (table_id, table_name, table_type, materialized_view_id, fragment_id, compaction_group_id)")],
+                    ["table_id", "table_name", "table_type", "materialized_view_id", "fragment_id", "compaction_group_id"],
                 ),
             ],
         )
@@ -684,9 +683,8 @@ def section_streaming(outer_panels):
                     "The figure shows the number of rows read by each source per second.",
                     [
                         panels.target(
-                            f"rate({metric('stream_source_output_rows_counts')}[$__rate_interval])",
-                            "source={{source_name}} actor={{actor_id}} @ {{%s}}"
-                            % NODE_LABEL,
+                            f"sum(rate({metric('stream_source_output_rows_counts')}[$__rate_interval])) by (source_id, source_name, fragment_id)",
+                            "{{source_id}} {{source_name}} (fragment {{fragment_id}})",
                         ),
                     ],
                 ),
@@ -697,7 +695,7 @@ def section_streaming(outer_panels):
                     [
                         panels.target(
                             f"rate({metric('source_partition_input_count')}[$__rate_interval])",
-                            "actor={{actor_id}} source={{source_id}} partition={{partition}}",
+                            "actor={{actor_id}} source={{source_id}} partition={{partition}} fragmend_id={{fragment_id}}",
                         )
                     ],
                 ),
@@ -706,8 +704,8 @@ def section_streaming(outer_panels):
                     "The figure shows the number of bytes read by each source per second.",
                     [
                         panels.target(
-                            f"(sum by (source_id)(rate({metric('source_partition_input_bytes')}[$__rate_interval])))/(1000*1000)",
-                            "source={{source_id}}",
+                            f"(sum by (source_id, source_name, fragment_id)(rate({metric('source_partition_input_bytes')}[$__rate_interval])))/(1000*1000)",
+                            "{{source_id}} {{source_name}} (fragment {{fragment_id}})",
                         )
                     ],
                 ),
@@ -718,7 +716,7 @@ def section_streaming(outer_panels):
                     [
                         panels.target(
                             f"(rate({metric('source_partition_input_bytes')}[$__rate_interval]))/(1000*1000)",
-                            "actor={{actor_id}} source={{source_id}} partition={{partition}}",
+                            "actor={{actor_id}} source={{source_id}} partition={{partition}} fragmend_id={{fragment_id}}",
                         )
                     ],
                 ),
diff --git a/grafana/risingwave-dev-dashboard.json b/grafana/risingwave-dev-dashboard.json
index 754d2bfc2a26a..5bc6584c95f5d 100644
--- a/grafana/risingwave-dev-dashboard.json
+++ b/grafana/risingwave-dev-dashboard.json
@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"__inputs":[],"annotations":{"list":[]},"description":"RisingWave Dev Dashboard","editable":true,"gnetId":null,"graphTooltip":0,"hideControls":false,"id":null,"links":[],"panels":[{"cacheTimeout":null,"collapsed":true,"datasource":null,"description":null,"editable":true,"error":false,"fieldConfig":{"defaults":{"thresholds":{"mode":"absolute","steps":[]}}},"gridPos":{"h":1,"w":24,"x":0,"y":0},"height":null,"hideTimeOverride":false,"id":1,"interval":null,"links":[],"maxDataPoints":100,"maxPerRow":null,"minSpan":null,"panels":[{"cacheTimeout":null,"color":{"mode":"thresholds"},"columns":[],"datasource":{"type":"prometheus","uid":"risedev-prometheus"},"description":"Mapping from actor id to fragment id","editable":true,"error":false,"fieldConfig":{"defaults":{"custom":{"align":"auto","displayMode":"auto","filterable":true},"thresholds":{"mode":"absolute","steps":[]},"unit":""},"overrides":[]},"fontSize":"100%","gridPos":{"h":8,"w":12,"x":0,"y":0},"height":null,"hideTimeOverride":false,"id":2,"interval":null,"links":[],"mappings":[],"maxDataPoints":100,"maxPerRow":null,"minSpan":null,"options":{"showHeader":true,"sortBy":[]},"repeat":null,"repeatDirection":null,"span":null,"targets":[{"datasource":{"type":"prometheus","uid":"risedev-prometheus"},"expr":"actor_info{job=~\"$job\",instance=~\"$node\"}","format":"table","hide":false,"instant":true,"interval":"","intervalFactor":2,"legendFormat":"","metric":"","query":"actor_info{job=~\"$job\",instance=~\"$node\"}","refId":"","step":10,"target":""}],"timeFrom":null,"timeShift":null,"title":"Actor Id Info","transformations":[{"id":"organize","options":{"excludeByName":{"Time":true,"Value":true,"__name__":true,"instance":true,"job":true}}}],"transparent":false,"type":"table"},{"cacheTimeout":null,"color":{"mode":"thresholds"},"columns":[],"datasource":{"type":"prometheus","uid":"risedev-prometheus"},"description":"Mapping from materialized view table id to it's internal table ids","editable":true,"error":false,"fieldConfig":{"defaults":{"custom":{"align":"auto","displayMode":"auto","filterable":true},"thresholds":{"mode":"absolute","steps":[]},"unit":""},"overrides":[]},"fontSize":"100%","gridPos":{"h":8,"w":12,"x":12,"y":0},"height":null,"hideTimeOverride":false,"id":3,"interval":null,"links":[],"mappings":[],"maxDataPoints":100,"maxPerRow":null,"minSpan":null,"options":{"showHeader":true,"sortBy":[]},"repeat":null,"repeatDirection":null,"span":null,"targets":[{"datasource":{"type":"prometheus","uid":"risedev-prometheus"},"expr":"table_info{job=~\"$job\",instance=~\"$node\"}","format":"table","hide":false,"instant":true,"interval":"","intervalFactor":2,"legendFormat":"","metric":"","query":"table_info{job=~\"$job\",instance=~\"$node\"}","refId":"","step":10,"target":""}],"timeFrom":null,"timeShift":null,"title":"Materialized View Info","transformations":[{"id":"organize","options":{"excludeByName":{"Time":true,"Value":true,"__name__":true,"instance":true,"job":true}}}],"transparent":false,"type":"table"}],"repeat":null,"repeatDirection":null,"span":null,"targets":[],"timeFrom":null,"timeShift":null,"title":"Actor/Table Id Info","transformations":[],"transparent":false,"type":"row"},{"cacheTimeout":null,"collapsed":true,"datasource":null,"description":null,"editable":true,"error":false,"fieldConfig":{"defaults":{"thresholds":{"mode":"absolute","steps":[]}}},"gridPos":{"h":1,"w":24,"x":0,"y":1},"height":null,"hideTimeOverride":false,"id":4,"interval":null,"links":[],"maxDataPoints":100,"maxPerRow":null,"minSpan":null,"panels":[{"cacheTimeout":null,"datasource":{"type":"prometheus","uid":"risedev-prometheus"},"description":"The number of each type of RisingWave components alive.","editable":true,"error":false,"fieldConfig":{"defaults":{"color":{"mode":"palette-classic"},"custom":{"axisLabel":"","axisPlacement":"auto","axisSoftMax":null,"axisSoftMin":null,"barAlignment":0,"drawStyle":"line","fillOpacity":10,"gradientMode":"none","hideFrom":{"legend":false,"tooltip":false,"viz":false},"lineInterpolation":"linear","lineWidth":1,"pointSize":5,"scaleDistribution":{"log":2,"type":"linear"},"showPoints":"auto","spanNulls":false,"stacking":{},"thresholdsStyle":{"mode":"off"}},"decimals":null,"mappings":[],"max":null,"min":null,"thresholds":{"mode":"absolute","steps":[]},"unit":""},"overrides":[]},"gridPos":{"h":8,"w":12,"x":0,"y":0},"height":null,"hideTimeOverride":false,"id":5,"interval":"1s","links":[],"maxDataPoints":1000,"maxPerRow":null,"minSpan":null,"options":{"legend":{"calcs":["last"],"displayMode":"table","placement":"bottom"},"tooltip":{"mode":"single","sort":"none"}},"repeat":null,"repeatDirection":null,"span":null,"targets":[{"datasource":{"type":"prometheus","uid":"risedev-prometheus"},"expr":"sum(worker_num{job=~\"$job\",instance=~\"$node\"}) by (worker_type)","format":"time_series","hide":false,"instant":false,"interval":"","intervalFactor":2,"legendFormat":"{{worker_type}}","metric":"","query":"sum(worker_num{job=~\"$job\",instance=~\"$node\"}) by (worker_type)","refId":"","step":10,"target":""}],"timeFrom":null,"timeShift":null,"title":"Node Count","transformations":[],"transparent":false,"type":"timeseries"},{"cacheTimeout":null,"datasource":{"type":"prometheus","uid":"risedev-prometheus"},"description":"The memory usage of each RisingWave 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diff --git a/grafana/risingwave-user-dashboard.dashboard.py b/grafana/risingwave-user-dashboard.dashboard.py
index f547ab04b9b5f..5b48a1e283fbd 100644
--- a/grafana/risingwave-user-dashboard.dashboard.py
+++ b/grafana/risingwave-user-dashboard.dashboard.py
@@ -31,26 +31,26 @@
 logging.basicConfig(level=logging.WARN)
 
 
-def section_actor_info(panels):
-    excluded_cols = ["Time", "Value", "__name__", f"{COMPONENT_LABEL}", f"{NODE_LABEL}"]
+def section_actor_info(outer_panels):
+    panels = outer_panels.sub_panel()
     return [
-        panels.row("Actor/Table Id Info"),
-        panels.table_info(
-            "Actor Id Info",
-            "Mapping from actor id to fragment id",
-            [panels.table_target(f"{metric('actor_info')}")],
-            excluded_cols,
-        ),
-        panels.table_info(
-            "Materialized View Info",
-            "Mapping from materialized view table id to it's internal table ids",
+        outer_panels.row_collapsed(
+            "Actor/Table Id Info",
             [
-                panels.table_target(
-                    f"group({metric('table_info')}) by (materialized_view_id, table_id, table_name, table_type)"
-                )
+                panels.table_info(
+                    "Actor Info",
+                    "Information about actors",
+                    [panels.table_target(f"group({metric('actor_info')}) by (actor_id, fragment_id, compute_node)")],
+                    ["actor_id", "fragment_id", "compute_node"],
+                ),
+                panels.table_info(
+                    "State Table Info",
+                    "Information about state tables. Column `materialized_view_id` is the id of the materialized view that this state table belongs to.",
+                    [panels.table_target(f"group({metric('table_info')}) by (table_id, table_name, table_type, materialized_view_id, fragment_id, compaction_group_id)")],
+                    ["table_id", "table_name", "table_type", "materialized_view_id", "fragment_id", "compaction_group_id"],
+                ),
             ],
-            excluded_cols,
-        ),
+        )
     ]
 
 
@@ -60,22 +60,22 @@ def section_overview(panels):
     return [
         panels.row("Overview"),
         panels.timeseries_rowsps(
-            "Aggregated Source Throughput(rows/s)",
+            "Source Throughput(rows/s)",
             "The figure shows the number of rows read by each source per second.",
             [
                 panels.target(
-                    f"sum(rate({metric('stream_source_output_rows_counts')}[$__rate_interval])) by (source_name)",
-                    "{{source_name}}",
+                    f"sum(rate({metric('stream_source_output_rows_counts')}[$__rate_interval])) by (source_id, source_name, fragment_id)",
+                    "{{source_id}} {{source_name}} (fragment {{fragment_id}})",
                 ),
             ],
         ),
         panels.timeseries_bytesps(
-            "Aggregated Source Throughput(MB/s)",
+            "Source Throughput(MB/s)",
             "The figure shows the number of bytes read by each source per second.",
             [
                 panels.target(
-                    f"(sum by (source_id)(rate({metric('partition_input_bytes')}[$__rate_interval])))/(1000*1000)",
-                    "source_id {{source_id}}",
+                    f"(sum by (source_id, source_name, fragment_id)(rate({metric('source_partition_input_bytes')}[$__rate_interval])))/(1000*1000)",
+                    "{{source_id}} {{source_name}} (fragment {{fragment_id}})",
                 )
             ],
         ),
diff --git a/grafana/risingwave-user-dashboard.json b/grafana/risingwave-user-dashboard.json
index dcee77a5e73a7..1b64b4f627cea 100644
--- a/grafana/risingwave-user-dashboard.json
+++ b/grafana/risingwave-user-dashboard.json
@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"__inputs":[],"annotations":{"list":[]},"description":"RisingWave Dashboard","editable":true,"gnetId":null,"graphTooltip":0,"hideControls":false,"id":null,"links":[],"panels":[{"cacheTimeout":null,"collapsed":false,"datasource":null,"description":null,"editable":true,"error":false,"fieldConfig":{"defaults":{"thresholds":{"mode":"absolute","steps":[]}}},"gridPos":{"h":1,"w":24,"x":0,"y":0},"height":null,"hideTimeOverride":false,"id":1,"interval":null,"links":[],"maxDataPoints":100,"maxPerRow":null,"minSpan":null,"panels":[],"repeat":null,"repeatDirection":null,"span":null,"targets":[],"timeFrom":null,"timeShift":null,"title":"Actor/Table Id Info","transformations":[],"transparent":false,"type":"row"},{"cacheTimeout":null,"color":{"mode":"thresholds"},"columns":[],"datasource":{"type":"prometheus","uid":"risedev-prometheus"},"description":"Mapping from actor id to fragment 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Mode","transformations":[],"transparent":false,"type":"timeseries"}],"repeat":null,"repeatDirection":null,"span":null,"targets":[],"timeFrom":null,"timeShift":null,"title":"Batch","transformations":[],"transparent":false,"type":"row"},{"cacheTimeout":null,"collapsed":true,"datasource":null,"description":null,"editable":true,"error":false,"fieldConfig":{"defaults":{"thresholds":{"mode":"absolute","steps":[]}}},"gridPos":{"h":1,"w":24,"x":0,"y":48},"height":null,"hideTimeOverride":false,"id":50,"interval":null,"links":[],"maxDataPoints":100,"maxPerRow":null,"minSpan":null,"panels":[{"cacheTimeout":null,"datasource":{"type":"prometheus","uid":"risedev-prometheus"},"description":"","editable":true,"error":false,"fieldConfig":{"defaults":{"color":{"mode":"palette-classic"},"custom":{"axisLabel":"","axisPlacement":"auto","barAlignment":0,"drawStyle":"line","fillOpacity":10,"gradientMode":"none","hideFrom":{"legend":false,"tooltip":false,"viz":false},"lineInterpolation":"linear","lineWidth":1,"pointSize":5,"scaleDistribution":{"log":2,"type":"linear"},"showPoints":"auto","spanNulls":false,"stacking":{},"thresholdsStyle":{"mode":"off"}},"mappings":[],"thresholds":{"mode":"absolute","steps":[]},"unit":"rows/s"},"overrides":[]},"gridPos":{"h":8,"w":12,"x":0,"y":0},"height":null,"hideTimeOverride":false,"id":51,"interval":"1s","links":[],"maxDataPoints":1000,"maxPerRow":null,"minSpan":null,"options":{"legend":{"calcs":["mean"],"displayMode":"table","placement":"bottom"},"tooltip":{"mode":"single"}},"repeat":null,"repeatDirection":null,"span":null,"targets":[{"datasource":{"type":"prometheus","uid":"risedev-prometheus"},"expr":"rate(connector_source_rows_received{job=~\"$job\",instance=~\"$node\"}[$__rate_interval])","format":"time_series","hide":false,"instant":false,"interval":"","intervalFactor":2,"legendFormat":"source={{source_type}} @ {{source_id}}","metric":"","query":"rate(connector_source_rows_received{job=~\"$job\",instance=~\"$node\"}[$__rate_interval])","refId":"","step":10,"target":""}],"timeFrom":null,"timeShift":null,"title":"Connector Source Throughput(rows)","transformations":[],"transparent":false,"type":"timeseries"},{"cacheTimeout":null,"datasource":{"type":"prometheus","uid":"risedev-prometheus"},"description":"","editable":true,"error":false,"fieldConfig":{"defaults":{"color":{"mode":"palette-classic"},"custom":{"axisLabel":"","axisPlacement":"auto","barAlignment":0,"drawStyle":"line","fillOpacity":10,"gradientMode":"none","hideFrom":{"legend":false,"tooltip":false,"viz":false},"lineInterpolation":"linear","lineWidth":1,"pointSize":5,"scaleDistribution":{"log":2,"type":"linear"},"showPoints":"auto","spanNulls":false,"stacking":{},"thresholdsStyle":{"mode":"off"}},"mappings":[],"thresholds":{"mode":"absolute","steps":[]},"unit":"rows/s"},"overrides":[]},"gridPos":{"h":8,"w":12,"x":12,"y":0},"height":null,"hideTimeOverride":false,"id":52,"interval":"1s","links":[],"maxDataPoints":1000,"maxPerRow":null,"minSpan":null,"options":{"legend":{"calcs":["mean"],"displayMode":"table","placement":"bottom"},"tooltip":{"mode":"single"}},"repeat":null,"repeatDirection":null,"span":null,"targets":[{"datasource":{"type":"prometheus","uid":"risedev-prometheus"},"expr":"rate(connector_sink_rows_received{job=~\"$job\",instance=~\"$node\"}[$__rate_interval])","format":"time_series","hide":false,"instant":false,"interval":"","intervalFactor":2,"legendFormat":"sink={{connector_type}} @ {{sink_id}}","metric":"","query":"rate(connector_sink_rows_received{job=~\"$job\",instance=~\"$node\"}[$__rate_interval])","refId":"","step":10,"target":""}],"timeFrom":null,"timeShift":null,"title":"Connector Sink Throughput(rows)","transformations":[],"transparent":false,"type":"timeseries"}],"repeat":null,"repeatDirection":null,"span":null,"targets":[],"timeFrom":null,"timeShift":null,"title":"Connector Node","transformations":[],"transparent":false,"type":"row"}],"refresh":"10s","rows":[],"schemaVersion":12,"sharedCrosshair":true,"style":"dark","tags":["risingwave"],"templating":{"list":[{"current":{"selected":false,"text":"All","value":"__all"},"definition":"label_values(process_cpu_seconds_total, instance)","description":"Reporting instance of the metric","hide":0,"includeAll":true,"label":"Node","multi":true,"name":"node","options":[],"query":{"query":"label_values(process_cpu_seconds_total, instance)","refId":"StandardVariableQuery"},"refresh":2,"regex":"","skipUrlSync":false,"sort":6,"type":"query"},{"current":{"selected":false,"text":"All","value":"__all"},"definition":"label_values(process_cpu_seconds_total, job)","description":"Reporting job of the metric","hide":0,"includeAll":true,"label":"Job","multi":true,"name":"job","options":[],"query":{"query":"label_values(process_cpu_seconds_total, job)","refId":"StandardVariableQuery"},"refresh":2,"regex":"","skipUrlSync":false,"sort":6,"type":"query"}]},"time":{"from":"now-30m","to":"now"},"timepicker":{"hidden":false,"refresh_intervals":["5s","10s","30s","1m","5m","15m","30m","1h","2h","1d"],"time_options":["5m","15m","1h","6h","12h","24h","2d","7d","30d"]},"timezone":"browser","title":"risingwave_dashboard","uid":"Fcy3uV1nz","version":0}
diff --git a/integration_tests/client-library/client_test.py b/integration_tests/client-library/client_test.py
index 40ffd04747c97..01473977201a5 100644
--- a/integration_tests/client-library/client_test.py
+++ b/integration_tests/client-library/client_test.py
@@ -25,7 +25,14 @@ def check_nodejs():
 
 
 def check_php():
-    subprocess.run(["docker", "compose", "exec", "php", "bash", "-c", "cd /php-client && phpunit tests/RWClientTest.php"], check=True)
+    subprocess.run(
+        ["docker", "compose", "exec", "php", "bash", "-c", "cd /php-client && phpunit tests/RWClientTest.php"],
+        check=True)
+
+
+def check_ruby():
+    subprocess.run(["docker", "compose", "exec", "ruby", "bash", "-c", "cd /ruby-client && ruby test/crud_test.rb"],
+                   check=True)
 
 
 subprocess.run(["docker", "compose", "up", "-d"], check=True)
@@ -33,7 +40,7 @@ def check_php():
 
 failed_cases = []
 
-for client in ['go', 'python', 'java', 'nodejs', 'php']:
+for client in ['go', 'python', 'java', 'nodejs', 'php', 'ruby']:
     print(f"--- {client} client test")
     try:
         if client == 'go':
@@ -46,6 +53,8 @@ def check_php():
             check_nodejs()
         elif client == 'php':
             check_php()
+        elif client == 'ruby':
+            check_ruby()
     except Exception as e:
         print(e)
         failed_cases.append(f"{client} client failed")
diff --git a/integration_tests/client-library/docker-compose.yml b/integration_tests/client-library/docker-compose.yml
index 3567269fceb7b..fc6fbd6000ba6 100644
--- a/integration_tests/client-library/docker-compose.yml
+++ b/integration_tests/client-library/docker-compose.yml
@@ -48,6 +48,12 @@ services:
     command: tail -f /dev/null
     volumes:
       - ./php:/php-client
+  ruby:
+    image: ruby-library
+    build: ./ruby
+    command: tail -f /dev/null
+    volumes:
+      - ./ruby:/ruby-client
 
 volumes:
   risingwave-standalone:
diff --git a/integration_tests/client-library/ruby/Dockerfile b/integration_tests/client-library/ruby/Dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..5283b5191068c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/integration_tests/client-library/ruby/Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+FROM ruby:3.2-slim-bullseye
+
+# install ruby-pg
+RUN apt-get update && \
+    apt-get install -y libpq-dev && \
+    apt-get install -y build-essential && \
+    gem install pg
+
+CMD ["irb"]
diff --git a/integration_tests/client-library/ruby/rw_conn.rb b/integration_tests/client-library/ruby/rw_conn.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..0cb645db3ac75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/integration_tests/client-library/ruby/rw_conn.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+require 'pg'
+
+def get_rw_conn(host: 'localhost', port: 4566, options: '', tty: '', dbname: 'dev', user: 'root', password: '')
+  conn = PG.connect(host: host, port: port, options: options, tty: tty, dbname: dbname, user: user, password: password)
+  # https://github.com/risingwavelabs/risingwave/issues/14682
+  # conn.type_map_for_results = PG::BasicTypeMapForResults.new(conn)
+  conn
+end
diff --git a/integration_tests/client-library/ruby/test/crud_test.rb b/integration_tests/client-library/ruby/test/crud_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..11e0e188500c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/integration_tests/client-library/ruby/test/crud_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+require_relative '../rw_conn'
+require_relative 'util'
+require 'date'
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class SQLTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @conn = get_rw_conn(host: 'risingwave-standalone')
+  end
+
+  def test_crud
+    create_table(@conn)
+
+    name = 'John Doe'
+    age = 30
+    salary = 50000
+    tripIDs = ['12345', '67890']
+    fareData = {
+      "initial_charge"    => 3.0,
+      "subsequent_charge" => 1.5,
+      "surcharge"         => 0.5,
+      "tolls"             => 2.0,
+    }
+    deci = 2.14159
+    birthdate = Date.parse('1993-01-02')
+    starttime = "20:00:00"
+    timest = DateTime.now()
+    timestz = DateTime.now()
+    timegap = '02:00:00'
+
+    insert_data(@conn, name, age, salary, tripIDs, birthdate, deci, fareData, starttime, timest, timestz, timegap)
+    check_data(name, age, salary, tripIDs, birthdate, deci, fareData, starttime, timest, timestz, timegap)
+
+    # Insert data with null values
+    nullName = "Null Person";
+    nullAge = 0
+    nullSalary = 0
+    nullTripIDs = []
+    nullFareData = {}
+    nullBirthdate = Date.parse('0001-01-01')
+    nullStarttime = '00:00:00'
+    nullTimest = DateTime.parse('0001-01-01 00:00:00')
+    nullTimestz = DateTime.parse('1970-01-01T00:00:00Z')
+    nullTimegap = '00:00:00';
+    nullDeci = 0.0;
+
+    insert_data(@conn, nullName, nullAge, nullSalary, nullTripIDs, nullBirthdate, nullDeci, nullFareData, nullStarttime, nullTimest, nullTimestz, nullTimegap)
+    check_data(nullName, nullAge, nullSalary, nullTripIDs, nullBirthdate, nullDeci, nullFareData, nullStarttime, nullTimest, nullTimestz, nullTimegap)
+
+    update_data(@conn, name, 60000)
+    delete_data(@conn, name)
+    drop_table(@conn)
+  end
+
+  def check_data(name, age, salary, tripIDs, birthdate, deci, fareData, starttime, timest, timestz, timegap)
+    @conn.exec('FLUSH;')
+
+    select_query = "SELECT name, age, salary, trip_id, birthdate, deci, fare, starttime, timest, timestz, timegap FROM sample_table_ruby WHERE name=$1"
+
+    res = @conn.exec_params(select_query, [name])
+
+    res.each do |row|
+      retrievedName = row['name']
+      assert_equal(name, retrievedName)
+
+      retrievedAge = row['age'].to_i
+      assert_equal(age, retrievedAge)
+
+      retrievedSalary = row['salary'].to_i
+      assert_equal(salary, retrievedSalary)
+
+      retrievedTripIDs = row['trip_id']
+      assert_equal('{' + tripIDs.join(',') + '}', retrievedTripIDs)
+
+      retrievedBirthdate = row['birthdate']
+      assert_equal(birthdate, Date.parse(retrievedBirthdate))
+
+      retrievedDeci = row['deci']
+      assert_equal(deci, retrievedDeci.to_f)
+
+      retrievedFareData = row['fare']
+
+      retrievedStarttime = row['starttime']
+      assert_equal(starttime, retrievedStarttime)
+
+      retrievedTimest = row['timest']
+      assert_equal(timest.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S%z'), DateTime.parse(retrievedTimest).strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S%z'))
+
+      retrievedTimestz = row['timestz']
+      assert_equal(timestz.strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%zZ'), DateTime.parse(retrievedTimestz).strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%zZ'))
+
+      retrievedTimegap = row['timegap']
+      assert_equal(timegap, retrievedTimegap)
+    end
+    puts "Data checked successfully."
+  end
+end
diff --git a/integration_tests/client-library/ruby/test/util.rb b/integration_tests/client-library/ruby/test/util.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..6b1b07e91d086
--- /dev/null
+++ b/integration_tests/client-library/ruby/test/util.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+def create_table(conn)
+  query = <<-EOF
+    CREATE TABLE sample_table_ruby
+    (
+        name              VARCHAR,
+        age               INTEGER,
+        salary            BIGINT,
+        trip_id           VARCHAR[],
+        birthdate         DATE,
+        deci              DOUBLE PRECISION,
+        fare              STRUCT < initial_charge DOUBLE PRECISION,
+        subsequent_charge DOUBLE PRECISION,
+        surcharge         DOUBLE PRECISION,
+        tolls             DOUBLE PRECISION >,
+        starttime         TIME,
+        timest            TIMESTAMP,
+        timestz           TIMESTAMPTZ,
+        timegap           INTERVAL
+    )
+  EOF
+  conn.exec(query)
+  puts "Table created successfully."
+end
+
+def drop_table(conn)
+  conn.exec('DROP TABLE sample_table_ruby;')
+  puts "Table dropped successfully."
+end
+
+def insert_data(conn, name, age, salary, tripIDs, birthdate, deci, fareData, starttime, timest, timestz, timegap)
+  insert_query = <<-EOF
+    INSERT INTO sample_table_ruby (name, age, salary, trip_id, birthdate, deci, fare, starttime, timest, timestz, timegap)
+    VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, ROW($7, $8, $9, $10), $11, $12, $13, $14);
+  EOF
+  conn.exec_params(insert_query, [name, age, salary,
+    "{#{tripIDs.join(',')}}",
+    birthdate,
+    deci,
+    fareData["initial_charge"],
+    fareData["subsequent_charge"],
+    fareData["surcharge"],
+    fareData["tolls"],
+    starttime,
+    timest.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'),
+    timestz,
+    timegap
+  ])
+
+  puts "Data inserted successfully."
+end
+
+def update_data(conn, name, salary)
+  update_query = "UPDATE sample_table_ruby SET salary=$1 WHERE name=$2"
+
+  conn.exec_params(update_query, [salary, name])
+  puts "Data updated successfully."
+end
+
+def delete_data(conn, name)
+  conn.exec_params('DELETE FROM sample_table_ruby WHERE name=$1;', [name])
+
+  puts "Data deletion successfully."
+end
diff --git a/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/create_source.sql b/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/create_source.sql
index 6a15bf3b53850..cf7a6dc46f3af 100644
--- a/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/create_source.sql
+++ b/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/create_source.sql
@@ -3,4 +3,25 @@ CREATE TABLE orders (PRIMARY KEY(order_id)) with (
     kafka.topic = 'mysql.mydb.orders',
     kafka.brokers = 'message_queue:29092',
     kafka.scan.startup.mode = 'earliest'
-) FORMAT DEBEZIUM ENCODE AVRO (schema.registry = 'http://message_queue:8081');
\ No newline at end of file
+) FORMAT DEBEZIUM ENCODE AVRO (schema.registry = 'http://message_queue:8081');
+
+CREATE TABLE mysql_all_data_types (PRIMARY KEY(id)) with (
+    connector = 'kafka',
+    kafka.topic = 'mysql.mydb.mysql_all_data_types',
+    kafka.brokers = 'message_queue:29092',
+    kafka.scan.startup.mode = 'earliest'
+) FORMAT DEBEZIUM ENCODE AVRO (schema.registry = 'http://message_queue:8081');
+
+CREATE TABLE mysql_types2 (PRIMARY KEY(id)) with (
+    connector = 'kafka',
+    kafka.topic = 'mysql.mydb.mysql_types2',
+    kafka.brokers = 'message_queue:29092',
+    kafka.scan.startup.mode = 'earliest'
+) FORMAT DEBEZIUM ENCODE AVRO (schema.registry = 'http://message_queue:8081');
+
+CREATE TABLE mysql_types3 (PRIMARY KEY(id)) with (
+    connector = 'kafka',
+    kafka.topic = 'mysql.mydb.mysql_types3',
+    kafka.brokers = 'message_queue:29092',
+    kafka.scan.startup.mode = 'earliest'
+) FORMAT DEBEZIUM ENCODE AVRO (schema.registry = 'http://message_queue:8081');
diff --git a/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/data_check b/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/data_check
index 1f4c99fed9650..5a32d4c80d293 100644
--- a/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/data_check
+++ b/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/data_check
@@ -1 +1 @@
-orders,product_count
\ No newline at end of file
+orders,product_count,mysql_all_data_types,mysql_types2,mysql_types3
diff --git a/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/docker-compose.yml b/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/docker-compose.yml
index f3bc6b15b470e..77ff7689b78f8 100644
--- a/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/docker-compose.yml
+++ b/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/docker-compose.yml
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ services:
     volumes:
       - ./mysql/mysql.cnf:/etc/mysql/conf.d/mysql.cnf
       - ./mysql/mysql_bootstrap.sql:/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/mysql_bootstrap.sql
+      - ./mysql_prepare.sql:/mysql_prepare.sql
     healthcheck:
       test:
         [
@@ -48,7 +49,8 @@ services:
       retries: 5
     container_name: mysql
   debezium:
-    image: debezium/connect:1.9
+    image: debezium-connect
+    build: .
     environment:
       BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS: message_queue:29092
       GROUP_ID: 1
@@ -70,28 +72,7 @@ services:
       message_queue: { condition: service_healthy }
       mysql: { condition: service_healthy }
     container_name: debezium
-  debezium_deploy:
-    image: debezium/connect:1.9
-    depends_on:
-      debezium:
-        condition: service_healthy
-    volumes:
-      - ./mysql/mysql_dbz.sh:/mysql_dbz.sh
-    entrypoint: [ bash, -c, /mysql_dbz.sh ]
-    container_name: debezium_deploy
-    restart: on-failure
-  datagen:
-    image: mysql:8.0
-    depends_on:
-      mysql: { condition: service_healthy }
-    command:
-      - /bin/sh
-      - -c
-      - "mysql -p123456 -h mysql mydb < mysql_prepare.sql"
-    volumes:
-      - "./mysql_prepare.sql:/mysql_prepare.sql"
-    container_name: datagen
-    restart: on-failure
+
 volumes:
   message_queue:
     external: false
diff --git a/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/dockerfile b/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..109d591b674f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+FROM quay.io/debezium/connect:2.5.0.Final
+
+ENV AVRO_PLUGION_DIR=$KAFKA_CONNECT_PLUGINS_DIR/confluent-avro-plugin
+
+ARG CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION=5.3.0
+
+RUN mkdir $AVRO_PLUGION_DIR && cd $AVRO_PLUGION_DIR && \
+  curl -sO https://packages.confluent.io/maven/io/confluent/kafka-connect-avro-converter/$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION/kafka-connect-avro-converter-$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://packages.confluent.io/maven/io/confluent/kafka-connect-avro-data/$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION/kafka-connect-avro-data-$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://packages.confluent.io/maven/io/confluent/common-config/$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION/common-config-$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://packages.confluent.io/maven/io/confluent/common-utils/$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION/common-utils-$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://packages.confluent.io/maven/io/confluent/kafka-schema-serializer/$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION/kafka-schema-serializer-$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://packages.confluent.io/maven/io/confluent/kafka-schema-registry-client/$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION/kafka-schema-registry-client-$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://packages.confluent.io/maven/io/confluent/kafka-avro-serializer/$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION/kafka-avro-serializer-$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/com/google/guava/guava/31.0.1-jre/guava-31.0.1-jre.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/apache/avro/avro/1.8.2/avro-1.8.2.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/codehaus/jackson/jackson-core-asl/1.9.13/jackson-core-asl-1.9.13.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/codehaus/jackson/jackson-mapper-asl/1.9.13/jackson-mapper-asl-1.9.13.jar
diff --git a/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/mysql/mysql_dbz.sh b/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/mysql/mysql_dbz.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 03477fcab49fd..0000000000000
--- a/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/mysql/mysql_dbz.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-
-echo "Deploying Debezium MySQL connector"
-
-curl -s -X PUT -H  "Content-Type:application/json" http://debezium:8083/connectors/register-mysql/config \
-    -d '{
-    "connector.class": "io.debezium.connector.mysql.MySqlConnector",
-    "database.hostname": "mysql",
-    "database.port": 3306,
-    "database.user": "debezium",
-    "database.password": "mysqlpw",
-    "database.server.name": "mysql",
-    "database.server.id": "1",
-    "database.allowPublicKeyRetrieval": true,
-    "database.history.kafka.bootstrap.servers":"message_queue:29092",
-    "database.history.kafka.topic": "mysql-history",
-    "database.include.list": "mydb",
-    "time.precision.mode": "connect",
-    "include.schema.changes": false
- }'
diff --git a/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/mysql_prepare.sql b/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/mysql_prepare.sql
index 65758e11f3af7..b327536fa7126 100644
--- a/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/mysql_prepare.sql
+++ b/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/mysql_prepare.sql
@@ -25,4 +25,58 @@ values
     18.50,
     2,
     1
-  );
\ No newline at end of file
+  );
+
+CREATE TABLE mysql_types2 (
+  id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY,
+  c_decimal DECIMAL,
+  c_date date,
+  c_time time,
+  c_datetime datetime
+);
+
+INSERT INTO mysql_types2 VALUES (1, 0, '1001-01-01', '00:00:00', '1000-01-01 00:00:00.000000');
+
+INSERT INTO mysql_types2 VALUES (2, -10.0, '1001-01-01', '-838:59:59.000000', '1000-01-01 00:00:00.000000');
+
+INSERT INTO mysql_types2 VALUES (3, 10.12345, '9999-12-31', '20:59:59.000000', '9999-12-31 23:59:59.499999');
+
+CREATE TABLE mysql_types3 (
+  id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY,
+  c_decimal DECIMAL
+);
+
+INSERT INTO mysql_types3 VALUES (1, 0);
+
+INSERT INTO mysql_types3 VALUES (2, -10.0);
+
+INSERT INTO mysql_types3 VALUES (3, 10.12345);
+
+CREATE TABLE mysql_all_data_types (
+  id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY,
+  c_boolean boolean,
+  c_bit bit,
+  c_tinyint tinyint,
+  c_smallint smallint,
+  c_mediumint mediumint,
+  c_integer integer,
+  c_bigint bigint,
+  c_decimal decimal,
+  c_float float,
+  c_double double,
+  c_char_255 char(255),
+  c_varchar_10000 varchar(10000),
+  c_binary_255 binary(255),
+  c_varbinary_10000 varbinary(10000),
+  c_date date,
+  c_time time,
+  c_datetime datetime,
+  c_timestamp timestamp,
+  c_json JSON
+);
+
+INSERT INTO mysql_all_data_types VALUES (1, False, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', '1001-01-01', '00:00:00', '1000-01-01 00:00:00.000000', '1970-01-01 00:00:01', '{}');
+
+INSERT INTO mysql_all_data_types VALUES (2, False, 0, -128, -32767, -8388608, -2147483647, -9223372036854775807, -10.0, -9999.999999, -10000.0, '', '', 'aa', '', '1001-01-01', '23:59:59.000000', '1000-01-01 00:00:00.000000', '1970-01-01 00:00:01', '{"a": 1, "b":"c"}');
+
+INSERT INTO mysql_all_data_types VALUES (3, True, 1, 127, 32767, 8388607, 2147483647, 9223372036854775807, -10.0, 9999.999999, 10000.0, 'zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz', 'zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz', 'zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz', 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zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz', '9999-12-31', '20:59:59.000000', '9999-12-31 23:59:59.499999', '2038-01-19 03:14:07', '{"whatever":"meaningless"}');
diff --git a/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/prepare.sh b/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/prepare.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000000..b7f3af0c62f69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/integration_tests/debezium-mysql/prepare.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+# setup mysql
+docker compose exec mysql bash -c "mysql -p123456 -h localhost -P 3306 mydb < mysql_prepare.sql"
+
+echo "Deploying Debezium MySQL connector"
+
+curl -S -X PUT -H  "Content-Type:application/json" http://localhost:8083/connectors/mysql-default/config \
+    -d '{
+    "connector.class": "io.debezium.connector.mysql.MySqlConnector",
+    "topic.prefix": "mysql",
+    "database.hostname": "mysql",
+    "database.port": 3306,
+    "database.user": "debezium",
+    "database.password": "mysqlpw",
+    "database.server.id": "2304321",
+    "database.allowPublicKeyRetrieval": true,
+    "schema.history.internal.kafka.bootstrap.servers": "message_queue:29092",
+    "schema.history.internal.kafka.topic": "schema-changes.inventory",
+    "time.precision.mode": "adaptive_time_microseconds",
+    "decimal.handling.mode": "precise",
+    "binary.handling.mode": "bytes",
+    "include.schema.changes": false,
+    "table.include.list": "mydb.orders,mydb.mysql_all_data_types"
+ }'
+
+echo "Deploying Debezium MySQL connector"
+# time: connect
+# decimal: double
+curl -S -X PUT -H  "Content-Type:application/json" http://localhost:8083/connectors/mysql-connect-double/config \
+    -d '{
+    "connector.class": "io.debezium.connector.mysql.MySqlConnector",
+    "topic.prefix": "mysql",
+    "database.hostname": "mysql",
+    "database.port": 3306,
+    "database.user": "debezium",
+    "database.password": "mysqlpw",
+    "database.server.id": "412741",
+    "database.allowPublicKeyRetrieval": true,
+    "schema.history.internal.kafka.bootstrap.servers": "message_queue:29092",
+    "schema.history.internal.kafka.topic": "schema-changes.inventory",
+    "time.precision.mode": "connect",
+    "decimal.handling.mode": "double",
+    "include.schema.changes": false,
+    "table.include.list": "mydb.mysql_types2"
+ }'
+
+echo "Deploying Debezium MySQL connector"
+# decimal: string
+curl -S -X PUT -H  "Content-Type:application/json" http://localhost:8083/connectors/mysql-string/config \
+    -d '{
+    "connector.class": "io.debezium.connector.mysql.MySqlConnector",
+    "topic.prefix": "mysql",
+    "database.hostname": "mysql",
+    "database.port": 3306,
+    "database.user": "debezium",
+    "database.password": "mysqlpw",
+    "database.server.id": "85092",
+    "database.allowPublicKeyRetrieval": true,
+    "schema.history.internal.kafka.bootstrap.servers": "message_queue:29092",
+    "schema.history.internal.kafka.topic": "schema-changes.inventory",
+    "decimal.handling.mode": "string",
+    "include.schema.changes": false,
+    "table.include.list": "mydb.mysql_types3"
+ }'
+
+echo 'sleep 3 minutes wait for debezium create all topics.'
+sleep 180
+
+echo 'Done'
diff --git a/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/create_source.sql b/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/create_source.sql
index 82564b0e33217..39a2a37156340 100644
--- a/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/create_source.sql
+++ b/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/create_source.sql
@@ -1,6 +1,27 @@
 CREATE TABLE orders (PRIMARY KEY(order_id)) with (
     connector = 'kafka',
-    kafka.topic = 'postgres.public.orders',
+    kafka.topic = 'pg.public.orders',
     kafka.brokers = 'message_queue:29092',
     kafka.scan.startup.mode = 'earliest'
-) FORMAT DEBEZIUM ENCODE AVRO (schema.registry = 'http://message_queue:8081');
\ No newline at end of file
+) FORMAT DEBEZIUM ENCODE AVRO (schema.registry = 'http://message_queue:8081');
+
+CREATE TABLE pg_all_data_types (PRIMARY KEY(id)) with (
+    connector = 'kafka',
+    kafka.topic = 'pg.public.pg_all_data_types',
+    kafka.brokers = 'message_queue:29092',
+    kafka.scan.startup.mode = 'earliest'
+) FORMAT DEBEZIUM ENCODE AVRO (schema.registry = 'http://message_queue:8081');
+
+CREATE TABLE pg_types2 (PRIMARY KEY(id)) with (
+    connector = 'kafka',
+    kafka.topic = 'pg.public.pg_types2',
+    kafka.brokers = 'message_queue:29092',
+    kafka.scan.startup.mode = 'earliest'
+) FORMAT DEBEZIUM ENCODE AVRO (schema.registry = 'http://message_queue:8081');
+
+CREATE TABLE pg_types3 (PRIMARY KEY(id)) with (
+    connector = 'kafka',
+    kafka.topic = 'pg.public.pg_types3',
+    kafka.brokers = 'message_queue:29092',
+    kafka.scan.startup.mode = 'earliest'
+) FORMAT DEBEZIUM ENCODE AVRO (schema.registry = 'http://message_queue:8081');
diff --git a/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/data_check b/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/data_check
index 1f4c99fed9650..7c7403be35e56 100644
--- a/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/data_check
+++ b/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/data_check
@@ -1 +1 @@
-orders,product_count
\ No newline at end of file
+orders,product_count,pg_all_data_types,pg_types2,pg_types3
diff --git a/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/docker-compose.yml b/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/docker-compose.yml
index 89748e45b44dd..ef9094e432f6f 100644
--- a/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/docker-compose.yml
+++ b/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/docker-compose.yml
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ services:
       service: message_queue
 
   postgres:
-    image: debezium/postgres:13
+    image: debezium/postgres:16-alpine
     ports:
       - 5432:5432
     environment:
@@ -46,9 +46,11 @@ services:
     container_name: postgres
     volumes:
       - ./postgres/postgres_bootstrap.sql:/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/postgres_bootstrap.sql
+      - "./postgres_prepare.sql:/postgres_prepare.sql"
 
   debezium:
-    image: debezium/connect:1.9
+    image: debezium-connect
+    build: .
     environment:
       BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS: message_queue:29092
       GROUP_ID: 1
@@ -69,40 +71,17 @@ services:
       postgres: { condition: service_healthy }
     container_name: debezium
 
-  debezium_deploy:
-    image: debezium/connect:1.9
-    depends_on:
-      debezium:
-        condition: service_healthy
-    volumes:
-      - ./postgres/postgres_dbz.sh:/postgres_dbz.sh
-    entrypoint: [ bash, -c, /postgres_dbz.sh ]
-    container_name: debezium_deploy
-    restart: on-failure
-
-  datagen:
-    image: postgres
-    depends_on:
-      postgres: { condition: service_healthy }
-    command:
-      - /bin/sh
-      - -c
-      - psql "postgresql://postgresuser:postgrespw@postgres:5432/mydb" -f ./postgres_prepare.sql
-    volumes:
-      - "./postgres_prepare.sql:/postgres_prepare.sql"
-    container_name: datagen
-    restart: on-failure
-
   # Check out the connectors via 127.0.0.1:8000
-  kafka-connect-ui:
-    image: landoop/kafka-connect-ui
-    ports:
-      - 8000:8000
-    environment:
-      CONNECT_URL: http://debezium:8083
-    container_name: kafka-connect-ui
-    depends_on:
-      message_queue: { condition: service_healthy }
+  # kafka-connect-ui:
+    # image: landoop/kafka-connect-ui
+    # platform: linux/amd64
+    # ports:
+      # - 8000:8000
+    # environment:
+      # CONNECT_URL: http://debezium:8083
+    # container_name: kafka-connect-ui
+    # depends_on:
+      # message_queue: { condition: service_healthy }
 
 volumes:
   message_queue:
diff --git a/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/dockerfile b/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..109d591b674f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+FROM quay.io/debezium/connect:2.5.0.Final
+
+ENV AVRO_PLUGION_DIR=$KAFKA_CONNECT_PLUGINS_DIR/confluent-avro-plugin
+
+ARG CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION=5.3.0
+
+RUN mkdir $AVRO_PLUGION_DIR && cd $AVRO_PLUGION_DIR && \
+  curl -sO https://packages.confluent.io/maven/io/confluent/kafka-connect-avro-converter/$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION/kafka-connect-avro-converter-$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://packages.confluent.io/maven/io/confluent/kafka-connect-avro-data/$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION/kafka-connect-avro-data-$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://packages.confluent.io/maven/io/confluent/common-config/$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION/common-config-$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://packages.confluent.io/maven/io/confluent/common-utils/$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION/common-utils-$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://packages.confluent.io/maven/io/confluent/kafka-schema-serializer/$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION/kafka-schema-serializer-$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://packages.confluent.io/maven/io/confluent/kafka-schema-registry-client/$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION/kafka-schema-registry-client-$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://packages.confluent.io/maven/io/confluent/kafka-avro-serializer/$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION/kafka-avro-serializer-$CONFLUENT_PLUGIN_VERSION.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/com/google/guava/guava/31.0.1-jre/guava-31.0.1-jre.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/apache/avro/avro/1.8.2/avro-1.8.2.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/codehaus/jackson/jackson-core-asl/1.9.13/jackson-core-asl-1.9.13.jar && \
+  curl -sO https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/codehaus/jackson/jackson-mapper-asl/1.9.13/jackson-mapper-asl-1.9.13.jar
diff --git a/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/postgres/postgres_dbz.sh b/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/postgres/postgres_dbz.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 817dda203ff5b..0000000000000
--- a/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/postgres/postgres_dbz.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-
-echo "Deploying Debezium Postgres connector"
-
-curl -s -X PUT -H "Content-Type: application/json" http://debezium:8083/connectors/register-postgres/config \
-  -d '{
-    "connector.class": "io.debezium.connector.postgresql.PostgresConnector",
-    "database.hostname": "postgres",
-    "database.port": 5432,
-    "database.user": "postgresuser",
-    "database.password": "postgrespw",
-    "database.dbname": "mydb",
-    "database.server.name": "postgres",
-    "database.schema": "public",
-    "database.history.kafka.bootstrap.servers": "message_queue:29092",
-    "database.history.kafka.topic": "postgres-history",
-    "time.precision.mode": "connect",
-    "include.schema.changes": false
-}'
diff --git a/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/postgres_prepare.sql b/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/postgres_prepare.sql
index 249ed2fa6a75b..ef7dc4b68b6c8 100644
--- a/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/postgres_prepare.sql
+++ b/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/postgres_prepare.sql
@@ -29,4 +29,83 @@ INSERT INTO
 VALUES
   (1, 1558430840000, 'Bob', 10.50, 1, 1),
   (2, 1558430840001, 'Alice', 20.50, 2, 1),
-  (3, 1558430840002, 'Alice', 18.50, 2, 1);
\ No newline at end of file
+  (3, 1558430840002, 'Alice', 18.50, 2, 1);
+
+
+CREATE TABLE pg_types2 (
+  id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY,
+  c_decimal DECIMAL,
+  c_interval INTERVAL,
+  c_date date,
+  c_time time,
+  c_timestamp timestamp
+);
+
+ALTER TABLE
+  pg_types2 REPLICA IDENTITY FULL;
+
+INSERT INTO pg_types2 VALUES (1, 0, interval '0 second', '0001-01-01', '00:00:00', '0001-01-01 00:00:00');
+
+INSERT INTO pg_types2 VALUES (2, -108.12345678, '5 hours', '2024-01-01', '08:11:00.12345456', '2021-01-01 00:00:00.123456');
+
+INSERT INTO pg_types2 VALUES (3, -10.0, '9990 year', '9999-12-31', '23:59:59', '9999-12-31 23:59:59');
+
+CREATE TABLE pg_types3 (
+  id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY,
+  c_decimal DECIMAL,
+  c_date date,
+  c_time time,
+  c_timestamp timestamp
+);
+
+ALTER TABLE
+  pg_types3 REPLICA IDENTITY FULL;
+
+INSERT INTO pg_types3 VALUES (1, 0, '0001-01-01', '00:00:00', '0001-01-01 00:00:00');
+
+INSERT INTO pg_types3 VALUES (2, -108.12345678, '2024-01-01', '08:11:00.12345456', '2021-01-01 00:00:00.123456');
+
+INSERT INTO pg_types3 VALUES (3, -10.0, '9999-12-31', '23:59:59', '9999-12-31 23:59:59');
+
+
+CREATE TABLE pg_all_data_types (
+  id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY,
+  c_boolean boolean,
+  c_smallint smallint,
+  c_integer integer,
+  c_bigint bigint,
+  c_decimal decimal,
+  c_real real,
+  c_double_precision double precision,
+  c_varchar varchar,
+  c_bytea bytea,
+  c_date date,
+  c_time time,
+  c_timestamp timestamp,
+  c_timestamptz timestamptz,
+  c_interval interval,
+  c_jsonb jsonb,
+  c_boolean_array boolean[],
+  c_smallint_array smallint[],
+  c_integer_array integer[],
+  c_bigint_array bigint[],
+  c_decimal_array decimal[],
+  c_real_array real[],
+  c_double_precision_array double precision[],
+  c_varchar_array varchar[],
+  c_bytea_array bytea[],
+  c_date_array date[],
+  c_time_array time[],
+  c_timestamp_array timestamp[],
+  c_timestamptz_array timestamptz[],
+  c_jsonb_array jsonb[]
+);
+
+ALTER TABLE
+  pg_all_data_types REPLICA IDENTITY FULL;
+
+INSERT INTO pg_all_data_types VALUES (1, False, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, '', '\x00', '0001-01-01', '00:00:00', '0001-01-01 00:00:00', '0001-01-01 00:00:00Z', interval '0 second', '{}', array[]::boolean[], array[]::smallint[], array[]::integer[], array[]::bigint[], array[]::decimal[], array[]::real[], array[]::double precision[], array[]::varchar[], array[]::bytea[], array[]::date[], array[]::time[], array[]::timestamp[], array[]::timestamptz[], array[]::jsonb[]);
+
+INSERT INTO pg_all_data_types VALUES (2, False, -32767, -2147483647, -9223372036854775807, -108.12345678, -9999.999999, -10000.0, 'aa', '\xff', '2024-01-01', '08:11:00.12345456', '2021-01-01 00:00:00.123456', '1970-01-01 00:00:00.123456Z', '5 hours', '{"a": 1}', array[False::boolean]::boolean[], array[-32767::smallint]::smallint[], array[-2147483647::integer]::integer[], array[-9223372036854775807::bigint]::bigint[], array[-10.0::decimal]::decimal[], array[-9999.999999::real]::real[], array[-10000.0::double precision]::double precision[], array[''::varchar]::varchar[], array['\x00'::bytea]::bytea[], array['0001-01-01'::date]::date[], array['00:00:00'::time]::time[], array['0001-01-01 00:00:00'::timestamp::timestamp]::timestamp[], array['0001-01-01 00:00:00'::timestamptz::timestamptz]::timestamptz[], array['{}'::jsonb]::jsonb[]);
+
+INSERT INTO pg_all_data_types VALUES (3, True, 32767, 2147483647, 9223372036854775807, 1.1234567891, 9999.999999, 10000.0, 'zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz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'9999-12-31', '23:59:59', '9999-12-31 23:59:59'::timestamp, '9999-12-31 23:59:59'::timestamptz, interval '9990 year', '{"whatever":"meaningless"}', array[True::boolean]::boolean[], array[32767::smallint]::smallint[], array[2147483647::integer]::integer[], array[9223372036854775807::bigint]::bigint[], array[-10.0::decimal]::decimal[], array[9999.999999::real]::real[], array[10000.0::double precision]::double precision[], 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fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff'::bytea]::bytea[], array['9999-12-31'::date]::date[], array['23:59:59'::time]::time[], array['9999-12-31 23:59:59'::timestamp::timestamp]::timestamp[], array['9999-12-31 23:59:59'::timestamptz::timestamptz]::timestamptz[], array['{"whatever":"meaningless"}'::jsonb]::jsonb[]);
diff --git a/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/prepare.sh b/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/prepare.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000000..17d7227b0c1ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/integration_tests/debezium-postgres/prepare.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+# setup postgres
+docker compose exec postgres bash -c "psql postgresql://postgresuser:postgrespw@postgres:5432/mydb < postgres_prepare.sql"
+
+echo "Deploying Debezium Postgres connector"
+
+# default handling mode
+curl -S -X PUT -H "Content-Type: application/json" http://localhost:8083/connectors/pg-default/config \
+  -d '{
+    "connector.class": "io.debezium.connector.postgresql.PostgresConnector",
+    "topic.prefix": "pg",
+    "database.hostname": "postgres",
+    "database.port": 5432,
+    "database.user": "postgresuser",
+    "database.password": "postgrespw",
+    "database.dbname": "mydb",
+    "database.server.name": "postgres",
+    "database.schema": "public",
+    "database.history.kafka.bootstrap.servers": "message_queue:29092",
+    "database.history.kafka.topic": "postgres-history",
+    "time.precision.mode": "adaptive",
+    "decimal.handling.mode": "precise",
+    "interval.handling.mode": "numeric",
+    "include.schema.changes": false,
+    "slot.name": "debezium_1",
+    "table.include.list": "public.orders,public.pg_all_data_types"
+}'
+
+echo "Deploying Debezium Postgres connector"
+# time: adaptive_time_microseconds
+# interval: string
+# decimal: double
+curl -S -X PUT -H "Content-Type: application/json" http://localhost:8083/connectors/pg-double-microseconds/config \
+  -d '{
+    "connector.class": "io.debezium.connector.postgresql.PostgresConnector",
+    "topic.prefix": "pg",
+    "database.hostname": "postgres",
+    "database.port": 5432,
+    "database.user": "postgresuser",
+    "database.password": "postgrespw",
+    "database.dbname": "mydb",
+    "database.server.name": "postgres",
+    "database.schema": "public",
+    "database.history.kafka.bootstrap.servers": "message_queue:29092",
+    "database.history.kafka.topic": "postgres-history",
+    "time.precision.mode": "adaptive_time_microseconds",
+    "interval.handling.mode": "string",
+    "decimal.handling.mode": "double",
+    "include.schema.changes": false,
+    "slot.name": "debezium_2",
+    "table.include.list": "public.pg_types2"
+}'
+
+echo "Deploying Debezium Postgres connector"
+# time: connect
+# decimal: string
+curl -S -X PUT -H "Content-Type: application/json" http://localhost:8083/connectors/pg-connect-string/config \
+  -d '{
+    "connector.class": "io.debezium.connector.postgresql.PostgresConnector",
+    "topic.prefix": "pg",
+    "database.hostname": "postgres",
+    "database.port": 5432,
+    "database.user": "postgresuser",
+    "database.password": "postgrespw",
+    "database.dbname": "mydb",
+    "database.server.name": "postgres",
+    "database.schema": "public",
+    "database.history.kafka.bootstrap.servers": "message_queue:29092",
+    "database.history.kafka.topic": "postgres-history",
+    "time.precision.mode": "connect",
+    "decimal.handling.mode": "string",
+    "include.schema.changes": false,
+    "slot.name": "debezium_3",
+    "table.include.list": "public.pg_types3"
+}'
+
+echo 'sleep two minutes wait for debezium create all topics.'
+sleep 120
+
+echo 'Done'
diff --git a/java/connector-node/risingwave-connector-service/src/main/resources/mysql.properties b/java/connector-node/risingwave-connector-service/src/main/resources/mysql.properties
index 4c74b48bbf174..8b1d571082f6e 100644
--- a/java/connector-node/risingwave-connector-service/src/main/resources/mysql.properties
+++ b/java/connector-node/risingwave-connector-service/src/main/resources/mysql.properties
@@ -22,4 +22,5 @@ heartbeat.interval.ms=${debezium.heartbeat.interval.ms:-60000}
 # In sharing cdc mode, we will subscribe to multiple tables in the given database,
 # so here we set ${table.name} to a default value `RW_CDC_Sharing` just for display.
 name=${hostname}:${port}:${database.name}.${table.name:-RW_CDC_Sharing}
-provide.transaction.metadata=${transactional:-false}
+# Enable transaction metadata by default
+provide.transaction.metadata=${transactional:-true}
diff --git a/java/connector-node/risingwave-connector-service/src/main/resources/postgres.properties b/java/connector-node/risingwave-connector-service/src/main/resources/postgres.properties
index 7f9785b7a34b1..8d0284d03892e 100644
--- a/java/connector-node/risingwave-connector-service/src/main/resources/postgres.properties
+++ b/java/connector-node/risingwave-connector-service/src/main/resources/postgres.properties
@@ -20,4 +20,5 @@ heartbeat.interval.ms=${debezium.heartbeat.interval.ms:-300000}
 # In sharing cdc source mode, we will subscribe to multiple tables in the given database,
 # so here we set ${table.name} to a default value `RW_CDC_Sharing` just for display.
 name=${hostname}:${port}:${database.name}.${schema.name}.${table.name:-RW_CDC_Sharing}
-provide.transaction.metadata=${transactional:-false}
+# Enable transaction metadata by default
+provide.transaction.metadata=${transactional:-true}
diff --git a/proto/batch_plan.proto b/proto/batch_plan.proto
index f81637dd89f8c..689217a4f011d 100644
--- a/proto/batch_plan.proto
+++ b/proto/batch_plan.proto
@@ -241,6 +241,7 @@ message ExchangeSource {
 
 message ExchangeNode {
   repeated ExchangeSource sources = 1;
+  // sequential means each tasks of the exchange node will be executed sequentially.
   bool sequential = 2;
   repeated plan_common.Field input_schema = 3;
 }
diff --git a/proto/ddl_service.proto b/proto/ddl_service.proto
index 1b584a7df78e1..6e66543627639 100644
--- a/proto/ddl_service.proto
+++ b/proto/ddl_service.proto
@@ -220,6 +220,7 @@ message AlterSetSchemaResponse {
 message AlterParallelismRequest {
   uint32 table_id = 1;
   meta.TableParallelism parallelism = 2;
+  bool deferred = 3;
 }
 
 message AlterParallelismResponse {}
diff --git a/proto/expr.proto b/proto/expr.proto
index 7ab48a405d139..e26b725b49737 100644
--- a/proto/expr.proto
+++ b/proto/expr.proto
@@ -49,10 +49,13 @@ message ExprNode {
     BITWISE_NOT = 34;
     BITWISE_SHIFT_LEFT = 35;
     BITWISE_SHIFT_RIGHT = 36;
-    // date functions
+    // date/time functions
     EXTRACT = 101;
     DATE_PART = 102;
     TUMBLE_START = 103;
+    MAKE_DATE = 113;
+    MAKE_TIME = 114;
+    MAKE_TIMESTAMP = 115;
     // From f64 to timestamp.
     // e.g. `select to_timestamp(1672044740.0)`
     TO_TIMESTAMP = 104;
@@ -183,6 +186,8 @@ message ExprNode {
     PGWIRE_RECV = 321;
     CONVERT_FROM = 322;
     CONVERT_TO = 323;
+    DECRYPT = 324;
+    ENCRYPT = 325;
 
     // Unary operators
     NEG = 401;
diff --git a/proto/meta.proto b/proto/meta.proto
index 3e41032b33bfa..01492cc0c4fff 100644
--- a/proto/meta.proto
+++ b/proto/meta.proto
@@ -469,14 +469,18 @@ message TableParallelism {
     uint32 parallelism = 1;
   }
 
+  // deprecated, treated as AdaptiveParallelism
   message AutoParallelism {}
 
+  message AdaptiveParallelism {}
+
   message CustomParallelism {}
 
   oneof parallelism {
     FixedParallelism fixed = 1;
     AutoParallelism auto = 2;
     CustomParallelism custom = 3;
+    AdaptiveParallelism adaptive = 4;
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/proto/stream_plan.proto b/proto/stream_plan.proto
index 395fc04968505..d5d0ad959714a 100644
--- a/proto/stream_plan.proto
+++ b/proto/stream_plan.proto
@@ -223,6 +223,7 @@ message SinkDesc {
   string sink_from_name = 12;
   catalog.SinkFormatDesc format_desc = 13;
   optional uint32 target_table = 14;
+  optional uint64 extra_partition_col_idx = 15;
 }
 
 enum SinkLogStoreType {
@@ -263,7 +264,6 @@ message FilterNode {
 message CdcFilterNode {
   expr.ExprNode search_condition = 1;
   uint32 upstream_source_id = 2;
-  repeated int32 upstream_column_ids = 3;
 }
 
 // A materialized view is regarded as a table.
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ message StreamCdcScanNode {
   // Strips the primary key columns if they're unnecessary.
   repeated uint32 output_indices = 3;
 
-  /// The state table used by Backfill operator for persisting internal state
+  // The state table used by CdcBackfill operator for persisting internal state
   catalog.Table state_table = 4;
 
   // The external table that will be backfilled for CDC.
@@ -568,6 +568,9 @@ message StreamCdcScanNode {
 
   // The rate limit for the stream cdc scan node.
   optional uint32 rate_limit = 6;
+
+  // Whether skip the backfill and only consume from upstream.
+  bool disable_backfill = 7;
 }
 
 // BatchPlanNode is used for mv on mv snapshot read.
diff --git a/risedev.yml b/risedev.yml
index 93c7c0c1e90d0..69b0c23b05dd3 100644
--- a/risedev.yml
+++ b/risedev.yml
@@ -862,11 +862,6 @@ profile:
       - use: etcd
       - use: minio
 
-  ci-delete-range-test:
-    config-path: src/config/ci-delete-range-test.toml
-    steps:
-      - use: minio
-
   ci-iceberg-test:
     config-path: src/config/ci-iceberg-test.toml
     steps:
diff --git a/src/batch/src/executor/source.rs b/src/batch/src/executor/source.rs
index 4ac4163070e5d..e67d4b26f850d 100644
--- a/src/batch/src/executor/source.rs
+++ b/src/batch/src/executor/source.rs
@@ -147,6 +147,7 @@ impl SourceExecutor {
             self.source_ctrl_opts.clone(),
             None,
             ConnectorProperties::default(),
+            "NA".to_owned(), // FIXME: source name was not passed in batch plan
         ));
         let stream = self
             .source
diff --git a/src/cmd_all/src/standalone.rs b/src/cmd_all/src/standalone.rs
index 24b90ad613da4..8765db18a07cd 100644
--- a/src/cmd_all/src/standalone.rs
+++ b/src/cmd_all/src/standalone.rs
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ pub fn parse_standalone_opt_args(opts: &StandaloneOpts) -> ParsedStandaloneOpts
             compactor_opts.prometheus_listener_addr = prometheus_listener_addr.clone();
         }
         if let Some(meta_opts) = meta_opts.as_mut() {
-            meta_opts.prometheus_host = Some(prometheus_listener_addr.clone());
+            meta_opts.prometheus_listener_addr = Some(prometheus_listener_addr.clone());
         }
     }
 
@@ -246,6 +246,7 @@ mod test {
 
         // Test parsing into node-level opts.
         let actual = parse_standalone_opt_args(&opts);
+
         check(
             actual,
             expect![[r#"
@@ -257,7 +258,7 @@ mod test {
                             listen_addr: "127.0.0.1:8001",
                             advertise_addr: "127.0.0.1:9999",
                             dashboard_host: None,
-                            prometheus_host: Some(
+                            prometheus_listener_addr: Some(
                                 "127.0.0.1:1234",
                             ),
                             etcd_endpoints: "",
diff --git a/src/common/src/array/arrow/arrow_iceberg.rs b/src/common/src/array/arrow/arrow_iceberg.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..73476a8d291a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/src/array/arrow/arrow_iceberg.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+// Copyright 2024 RisingWave Labs
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use arrow_array::{ArrayRef, StructArray};
+use arrow_schema::DataType;
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+use crate::array::{ArrayError, DataChunk};
+use crate::util::iter_util::ZipEqFast;
+
+/// Converts RisingWave array to Arrow array with the schema.
+/// The behavior is specified for iceberg:
+/// For different struct type, try to use fields in schema to cast.
+pub fn to_iceberg_record_batch_with_schema(
+    schema: arrow_schema::SchemaRef,
+    chunk: &DataChunk,
+) -> Result<arrow_array::RecordBatch, ArrayError> {
+    if !chunk.is_compacted() {
+        let c = chunk.clone();
+        return to_iceberg_record_batch_with_schema(schema, &c.compact());
+    }
+    let columns: Vec<_> = chunk
+        .columns()
+        .iter()
+        .zip_eq_fast(schema.fields().iter())
+        .map(|(column, field)| {
+            let column: arrow_array::ArrayRef = column.as_ref().try_into()?;
+            if column.data_type() == field.data_type() {
+                Ok(column)
+            } else if let DataType::Struct(actual) = column.data_type()
+                && let DataType::Struct(expect) = field.data_type()
+            {
+                // Special case for iceberg
+                if actual.len() != expect.len() {
+                    return Err(ArrayError::to_arrow(format!(
+                        "Struct field count mismatch, expect {}, actual {}",
+                        expect.len(),
+                        actual.len()
+                    )));
+                }
+                let column = column
+                    .as_any()
+                    .downcast_ref::<arrow_array::StructArray>()
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .clone();
+                let (_, struct_columns, nullable) = column.into_parts();
+                Ok(Arc::new(
+                    StructArray::try_new(expect.clone(), struct_columns, nullable)
+                        .map_err(ArrayError::from_arrow)?,
+                ) as ArrayRef)
+            } else {
+                arrow_cast::cast(&column, field.data_type()).map_err(ArrayError::from_arrow)
+            }
+        })
+        .try_collect::<_, _, ArrayError>()?;
+
+    let opts = arrow_array::RecordBatchOptions::default().with_row_count(Some(chunk.capacity()));
+    arrow_array::RecordBatch::try_new_with_options(schema, columns, &opts)
+        .map_err(ArrayError::to_arrow)
+}
diff --git a/src/common/src/array/arrow/arrow_impl.rs b/src/common/src/array/arrow/arrow_impl.rs
index 87f82377f9675..7274bb3f34e4d 100644
--- a/src/common/src/array/arrow/arrow_impl.rs
+++ b/src/common/src/array/arrow/arrow_impl.rs
@@ -133,6 +133,7 @@ macro_rules! converts_generic {
             fn try_from(array: &ArrayImpl) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
                 match array {
                     $($ArrayImplPattern(a) => Ok(Arc::new(<$ArrowType>::try_from(a)?)),)*
+                    ArrayImpl::Timestamptz(a) => Ok(Arc::new(arrow_array::TimestampMicrosecondArray::try_from(a)?. with_timezone_utc())),
                     _ => todo!("unsupported array"),
                 }
             }
@@ -152,6 +153,13 @@ macro_rules! converts_generic {
                             .unwrap()
                             .try_into()?,
                     )),)*
+                    Timestamp(Microsecond, Some(_)) => Ok(ArrayImpl::Timestamptz(
+                        array
+                            .as_any()
+                            .downcast_ref::<arrow_array::TimestampMicrosecondArray>()
+                            .unwrap()
+                            .try_into()?,
+                    )),
                     t => Err(ArrayError::from_arrow(format!("unsupported data type: {t:?}"))),
                 }
             }
@@ -173,7 +181,6 @@ converts_generic! {
     { arrow_array::Decimal256Array, Decimal256(_, _), ArrayImpl::Int256 },
     { arrow_array::Date32Array, Date32, ArrayImpl::Date },
     { arrow_array::TimestampMicrosecondArray, Timestamp(Microsecond, None), ArrayImpl::Timestamp },
-    { arrow_array::TimestampMicrosecondArray, Timestamp(Microsecond, Some(_)), ArrayImpl::Timestamptz },
     { arrow_array::Time64MicrosecondArray, Time64(Microsecond), ArrayImpl::Time },
     { arrow_array::IntervalMonthDayNanoArray, Interval(MonthDayNano), ArrayImpl::Interval },
     { arrow_array::StructArray, Struct(_), ArrayImpl::Struct },
diff --git a/src/common/src/array/arrow/mod.rs b/src/common/src/array/arrow/mod.rs
index 2e0db203a5ee1..b3fed6bafaa27 100644
--- a/src/common/src/array/arrow/mod.rs
+++ b/src/common/src/array/arrow/mod.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
 
 mod arrow_default;
 mod arrow_deltalake;
+mod arrow_iceberg;
 
 pub use arrow_default::to_record_batch_with_schema;
 pub use arrow_deltalake::to_deltalake_record_batch_with_schema;
+pub use arrow_iceberg::to_iceberg_record_batch_with_schema;
diff --git a/src/common/src/array/mod.rs b/src/common/src/array/mod.rs
index ef2caa8daa26a..f1012782bf9a6 100644
--- a/src/common/src/array/mod.rs
+++ b/src/common/src/array/mod.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,10 @@
 //! `Array` defines all in-memory representations of vectorized execution framework.
 
 mod arrow;
-pub use arrow::{to_deltalake_record_batch_with_schema, to_record_batch_with_schema};
+pub use arrow::{
+    to_deltalake_record_batch_with_schema, to_iceberg_record_batch_with_schema,
+    to_record_batch_with_schema,
+};
 mod bool_array;
 pub mod bytes_array;
 mod chrono_array;
diff --git a/src/common/src/config.rs b/src/common/src/config.rs
index 7f7cb500d1f47..ea4354f9b23ad 100644
--- a/src/common/src/config.rs
+++ b/src/common/src/config.rs
@@ -167,6 +167,7 @@ pub enum MetaBackend {
     #[default]
     Mem,
     Etcd,
+    Sql,
 }
 
 /// The section `[meta]` in `risingwave.toml`.
@@ -224,13 +225,9 @@ pub struct MetaConfig {
     #[serde(default)]
     pub disable_recovery: bool,
 
-    /// Whether to enable scale-in when recovery.
+    /// Whether to disable adaptive-scaling feature.
     #[serde(default)]
-    pub enable_scale_in_when_recovery: bool,
-
-    /// Whether to enable auto-scaling feature.
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub enable_automatic_parallelism_control: bool,
+    pub disable_automatic_parallelism_control: bool,
 
     #[serde(default = "default::meta::meta_leader_lease_secs")]
     pub meta_leader_lease_secs: u64,
@@ -969,10 +966,13 @@ impl SystemConfig {
         // Initialize backup_storage_url and backup_storage_directory if not set.
         if let Some(state_store) = &system_params.state_store
             && let Some(data_directory) = &system_params.data_directory
-            && let Some(hummock_state_store) = state_store.strip_prefix("hummock+")
         {
             if system_params.backup_storage_url.is_none() {
-                system_params.backup_storage_url = Some(hummock_state_store.to_owned());
+                if let Some(hummock_state_store) = state_store.strip_prefix("hummock+") {
+                    system_params.backup_storage_url = Some(hummock_state_store.to_owned());
+                } else {
+                    system_params.backup_storage_url = Some("memory".to_string());
+                }
                 tracing::info!("initialize backup_storage_url based on state_store");
             }
             if system_params.backup_storage_directory.is_none() {
diff --git a/src/common/src/constants.rs b/src/common/src/constants.rs
index eb6f88f6016ff..c0ef4efcbf1b1 100644
--- a/src/common/src/constants.rs
+++ b/src/common/src/constants.rs
@@ -42,10 +42,12 @@ pub mod log_store {
     pub const EPOCH_COLUMN_NAME: &str = "kv_log_store_epoch";
     pub const SEQ_ID_COLUMN_NAME: &str = "kv_log_store_seq_id";
     pub const ROW_OP_COLUMN_NAME: &str = "kv_log_store_row_op";
+    pub const VNODE_COLUMN_NAME: &str = "kv_log_store_vnode";
 
     pub const EPOCH_COLUMN_TYPE: DataType = DataType::Int64;
     pub const SEQ_ID_COLUMN_TYPE: DataType = DataType::Int32;
     pub const ROW_OP_COLUMN_TYPE: DataType = DataType::Int16;
+    pub const VNODE_COLUMN_TYPE: DataType = DataType::Int16;
 
     pub mod v1 {
         use std::sync::LazyLock;
@@ -67,4 +69,31 @@ pub mod log_store {
         pub static PK_ORDERING: LazyLock<[OrderType; 2]> =
             LazyLock::new(|| [OrderType::ascending(), OrderType::ascending_nulls_last()]);
     }
+
+    pub mod v2 {
+        use std::sync::LazyLock;
+
+        use super::*;
+
+        /// `epoch`, `seq_id`, `vnode`, `row_op`
+        pub const KV_LOG_STORE_PREDEFINED_COLUMNS: [(&str, DataType); 4] = [
+            (EPOCH_COLUMN_NAME, EPOCH_COLUMN_TYPE),
+            (SEQ_ID_COLUMN_NAME, SEQ_ID_COLUMN_TYPE),
+            (VNODE_COLUMN_NAME, VNODE_COLUMN_TYPE),
+            (ROW_OP_COLUMN_NAME, ROW_OP_COLUMN_TYPE),
+        ];
+
+        pub const EPOCH_COLUMN_INDEX: usize = 0;
+        pub const SEQ_ID_COLUMN_INDEX: usize = 1;
+        pub const VNODE_COLUMN_INDEX: usize = 2;
+        pub const ROW_OP_COLUMN_INDEX: usize = 3;
+
+        pub static PK_ORDERING: LazyLock<[OrderType; 3]> = LazyLock::new(|| {
+            [
+                OrderType::ascending(),
+                OrderType::ascending_nulls_last(),
+                OrderType::ascending(),
+            ]
+        });
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/common/src/error.rs b/src/common/src/error.rs
index 791dd786633db..1f3a782914299 100644
--- a/src/common/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/common/src/error.rs
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ pub enum ErrorCode {
     InternalError(String),
     // TODO: unify with the above
     #[error(transparent)]
-    InternalErrorAnyhow(
+    Uncategorized(
         #[from]
         #[backtrace]
         anyhow::Error,
@@ -236,6 +236,12 @@ pub enum ErrorCode {
     ),
 }
 
+impl RwError {
+    pub fn uncategorized(err: impl Into<anyhow::Error>) -> Self {
+        Self::from(ErrorCode::Uncategorized(err.into()))
+    }
+}
+
 impl From<RwError> for tonic::Status {
     fn from(err: RwError) -> Self {
         use tonic::Code;
@@ -278,13 +284,13 @@ impl From<tonic::Status> for RwError {
 
 impl From<JoinError> for RwError {
     fn from(join_error: JoinError) -> Self {
-        anyhow::anyhow!(join_error).into()
+        Self::uncategorized(join_error)
     }
 }
 
 impl From<std::net::AddrParseError> for RwError {
     fn from(addr_parse_error: std::net::AddrParseError) -> Self {
-        anyhow::anyhow!(addr_parse_error).into()
+        Self::uncategorized(addr_parse_error)
     }
 }
 
@@ -456,7 +462,7 @@ mod tests {
     use anyhow::anyhow;
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::error::ErrorCode::InternalErrorAnyhow;
+    use crate::error::ErrorCode::Uncategorized;
 
     #[test]
     fn test_display_internal_error() {
@@ -477,7 +483,7 @@ mod tests {
             .unwrap_err();
 
             assert_eq!(
-                RwError::from(InternalErrorAnyhow(anyhow!(err_msg))).to_string(),
+                RwError::from(Uncategorized(anyhow!(err_msg))).to_string(),
                 error.to_string(),
             );
         }
@@ -490,7 +496,7 @@ mod tests {
             })()
             .unwrap_err();
             assert_eq!(
-                RwError::from(InternalErrorAnyhow(anyhow!(err_msg))).to_string(),
+                RwError::from(Uncategorized(anyhow!(err_msg))).to_string(),
                 error.to_string()
             );
         }
@@ -502,11 +508,7 @@ mod tests {
             })()
             .unwrap_err();
             assert_eq!(
-                RwError::from(InternalErrorAnyhow(anyhow!(
-                    "error msg with args: {}",
-                    "xx"
-                )))
-                .to_string(),
+                RwError::from(Uncategorized(anyhow!("error msg with args: {}", "xx"))).to_string(),
                 error.to_string()
             );
         }
diff --git a/src/common/src/metrics/guarded_metrics.rs b/src/common/src/metrics/guarded_metrics.rs
index bda396128445c..f1f8bdc9c8765 100644
--- a/src/common/src/metrics/guarded_metrics.rs
+++ b/src/common/src/metrics/guarded_metrics.rs
@@ -160,6 +160,20 @@ impl<const N: usize> LabelGuardedMetricsInfo<N> {
     }
 }
 
+/// `LabelGuardedMetricVec` enhances the [`MetricVec`] to ensure the set of labels to be
+/// correctly removed from the Prometheus client once being dropped. This is useful for metrics
+/// that are associated with an object that can be dropped, such as streaming jobs, fragments,
+/// actors, batch tasks, etc.
+///
+/// When a set labels is dropped, it will record it in the `uncollected_removed_labels` set.
+/// Once the metrics has been collected, it will finally remove the metrics of the labels.
+///
+/// See also [`LabelGuardedMetricsInfo`] and [`LabelGuard::drop`].
+///
+/// # Arguments
+///
+/// * `T` - The type of the raw metrics vec.
+/// * `N` - The number of labels.
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct LabelGuardedMetricVec<T: MetricVecBuilder, const N: usize> {
     inner: MetricVec<T>,
diff --git a/src/compute/src/lib.rs b/src/compute/src/lib.rs
index b3125b76052a6..b713aa9951622 100644
--- a/src/compute/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/compute/src/lib.rs
@@ -64,6 +64,8 @@ pub struct ComputeNodeOpts {
     #[clap(long, env = "RW_ADVERTISE_ADDR")]
     pub advertise_addr: Option<String>,
 
+    /// We will start a http server at this address via `MetricsManager`.
+    /// Then the prometheus instance will poll the metrics from this address.
     #[clap(
         long,
         env = "RW_PROMETHEUS_LISTENER_ADDR",
diff --git a/src/compute/src/rpc/service/config_service.rs b/src/compute/src/rpc/service/config_service.rs
index da11949230306..c1df5e40aeb94 100644
--- a/src/compute/src/rpc/service/config_service.rs
+++ b/src/compute/src/rpc/service/config_service.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use tonic::{Code, Request, Response, Status};
 
 pub struct ConfigServiceImpl {
     batch_mgr: Arc<BatchManager>,
-    stream_mgr: Arc<LocalStreamManager>,
+    stream_mgr: LocalStreamManager,
 }
 
 #[async_trait::async_trait]
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ impl ConfigService for ConfigServiceImpl {
 }
 
 impl ConfigServiceImpl {
-    pub fn new(batch_mgr: Arc<BatchManager>, stream_mgr: Arc<LocalStreamManager>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(batch_mgr: Arc<BatchManager>, stream_mgr: LocalStreamManager) -> Self {
         Self {
             batch_mgr,
             stream_mgr,
diff --git a/src/compute/src/rpc/service/exchange_service.rs b/src/compute/src/rpc/service/exchange_service.rs
index 58a39fd5b56db..792ef0bfb2149 100644
--- a/src/compute/src/rpc/service/exchange_service.rs
+++ b/src/compute/src/rpc/service/exchange_service.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ const BATCH_EXCHANGE_BUFFER_SIZE: usize = 1024;
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct ExchangeServiceImpl {
     batch_mgr: Arc<BatchManager>,
-    stream_mgr: Arc<LocalStreamManager>,
+    stream_mgr: LocalStreamManager,
     metrics: Arc<ExchangeServiceMetrics>,
 }
 
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ impl ExchangeService for ExchangeServiceImpl {
 impl ExchangeServiceImpl {
     pub fn new(
         mgr: Arc<BatchManager>,
-        stream_mgr: Arc<LocalStreamManager>,
+        stream_mgr: LocalStreamManager,
         metrics: Arc<ExchangeServiceMetrics>,
     ) -> Self {
         ExchangeServiceImpl {
diff --git a/src/compute/src/rpc/service/monitor_service.rs b/src/compute/src/rpc/service/monitor_service.rs
index b832b7827adda..0d822fd3597f6 100644
--- a/src/compute/src/rpc/service/monitor_service.rs
+++ b/src/compute/src/rpc/service/monitor_service.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 use std::ffi::CString;
 use std::fs;
 use std::path::Path;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
 use itertools::Itertools;
@@ -37,14 +36,14 @@ use tonic::{Code, Request, Response, Status};
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct MonitorServiceImpl {
-    stream_mgr: Arc<LocalStreamManager>,
+    stream_mgr: LocalStreamManager,
     grpc_await_tree_reg: Option<AwaitTreeRegistryRef>,
     server_config: ServerConfig,
 }
 
 impl MonitorServiceImpl {
     pub fn new(
-        stream_mgr: Arc<LocalStreamManager>,
+        stream_mgr: LocalStreamManager,
         grpc_await_tree_reg: Option<AwaitTreeRegistryRef>,
         server_config: ServerConfig,
     ) -> Self {
diff --git a/src/compute/src/rpc/service/stream_service.rs b/src/compute/src/rpc/service/stream_service.rs
index 2640b505b7873..def9a534586bb 100644
--- a/src/compute/src/rpc/service/stream_service.rs
+++ b/src/compute/src/rpc/service/stream_service.rs
@@ -12,8 +12,6 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
 use await_tree::InstrumentAwait;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use risingwave_hummock_sdk::table_stats::to_prost_table_stats_map;
@@ -26,16 +24,16 @@ use risingwave_stream::error::StreamError;
 use risingwave_stream::executor::Barrier;
 use risingwave_stream::task::{BarrierCompleteResult, LocalStreamManager, StreamEnvironment};
 use thiserror_ext::AsReport;
-use tonic::{Code, Request, Response, Status};
+use tonic::{Request, Response, Status};
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct StreamServiceImpl {
-    mgr: Arc<LocalStreamManager>,
+    mgr: LocalStreamManager,
     env: StreamEnvironment,
 }
 
 impl StreamServiceImpl {
-    pub fn new(mgr: Arc<LocalStreamManager>, env: StreamEnvironment) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(mgr: LocalStreamManager, env: StreamEnvironment) -> Self {
         StreamServiceImpl { mgr, env }
     }
 }
@@ -48,7 +46,7 @@ impl StreamService for StreamServiceImpl {
         request: Request<UpdateActorsRequest>,
     ) -> std::result::Result<Response<UpdateActorsResponse>, Status> {
         let req = request.into_inner();
-        let res = self.mgr.update_actors(&req.actors);
+        let res = self.mgr.update_actors(req.actors).await;
         match res {
             Err(e) => {
                 error!(error = %e.as_report(), "failed to update stream actor");
@@ -66,10 +64,7 @@ impl StreamService for StreamServiceImpl {
         let req = request.into_inner();
 
         let actor_id = req.actor_id;
-        let res = self
-            .mgr
-            .build_actors(actor_id.as_slice(), self.env.clone())
-            .await;
+        let res = self.mgr.build_actors(actor_id).await;
         match res {
             Err(e) => {
                 error!(error = %e.as_report(), "failed to build actors");
@@ -108,7 +103,7 @@ impl StreamService for StreamServiceImpl {
     ) -> std::result::Result<Response<DropActorsResponse>, Status> {
         let req = request.into_inner();
         let actors = req.actor_ids;
-        self.mgr.drop_actors(&actors)?;
+        self.mgr.drop_actors(actors).await?;
         Ok(Response::new(DropActorsResponse {
             request_id: req.request_id,
             status: None,
@@ -121,8 +116,7 @@ impl StreamService for StreamServiceImpl {
         request: Request<ForceStopActorsRequest>,
     ) -> std::result::Result<Response<ForceStopActorsResponse>, Status> {
         let req = request.into_inner();
-        self.mgr.stop_all_actors().await?;
-        self.env.dml_manager_ref().clear();
+        self.mgr.reset().await;
         Ok(Response::new(ForceStopActorsResponse {
             request_id: req.request_id,
             status: None,
@@ -138,28 +132,6 @@ impl StreamService for StreamServiceImpl {
         let barrier =
             Barrier::from_protobuf(req.get_barrier().unwrap()).map_err(StreamError::from)?;
 
-        // The barrier might be outdated and been injected after recovery in some certain extreme
-        // scenarios. So some newly creating actors in the barrier are possibly not rebuilt during
-        // recovery. Check it here and return an error here if some actors are not found to
-        // avoid collection hang. We need some refine in meta side to remove this workaround since
-        // it will cause another round of unnecessary recovery.
-        let actor_ids = self.mgr.all_actor_ids();
-        let missing_actor_ids = req
-            .actor_ids_to_collect
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|id| !actor_ids.contains(id))
-            .collect_vec();
-        if !missing_actor_ids.is_empty() {
-            tracing::warn!(
-                "to collect actors not found, they should be cleaned when recovering: {:?}",
-                missing_actor_ids
-            );
-            return Err(Status::new(
-                Code::InvalidArgument,
-                "to collect actors not found",
-            ));
-        }
-
         self.mgr
             .send_barrier(barrier, req.actor_ids_to_send, req.actor_ids_to_collect)
             .await?;
diff --git a/src/compute/src/server.rs b/src/compute/src/server.rs
index f26ebc10c0a41..fa15dcc3a38fe 100644
--- a/src/compute/src/server.rs
+++ b/src/compute/src/server.rs
@@ -298,17 +298,6 @@ pub async fn compute_node_serve(
     // Run a background heap profiler
     heap_profiler.start();
 
-    let stream_mgr = Arc::new(LocalStreamManager::new(
-        advertise_addr.clone(),
-        state_store.clone(),
-        streaming_metrics.clone(),
-        config.streaming.clone(),
-        await_tree_config.clone(),
-        memory_mgr.get_watermark_epoch(),
-    ));
-
-    let grpc_await_tree_reg = await_tree_config
-        .map(|config| AwaitTreeRegistryRef::new(await_tree::Registry::new(config).into()));
     let dml_mgr = Arc::new(DmlManager::new(
         worker_id,
         config.streaming.developer.dml_channel_initial_permits,
@@ -363,6 +352,16 @@ pub async fn compute_node_serve(
         meta_client.clone(),
     );
 
+    let stream_mgr = LocalStreamManager::new(
+        stream_env.clone(),
+        streaming_metrics.clone(),
+        await_tree_config.clone(),
+        memory_mgr.get_watermark_epoch(),
+    );
+
+    let grpc_await_tree_reg = await_tree_config
+        .map(|config| AwaitTreeRegistryRef::new(await_tree::Registry::new(config).into()));
+
     // Generally, one may use `risedev ctl trace` to manually get the trace reports. However, if
     // this is not the case, we can use the following command to get it printed into the logs
     // periodically.
diff --git a/src/compute/tests/cdc_tests.rs b/src/compute/tests/cdc_tests.rs
index 2f1feec23cd46..7fc3641770a9e 100644
--- a/src/compute/tests/cdc_tests.rs
+++ b/src/compute/tests/cdc_tests.rs
@@ -239,6 +239,7 @@ async fn test_cdc_backfill() -> StreamResult<()> {
         Arc::new(StreamingMetrics::unused()),
         state_table,
         4, // 4 rows in a snapshot chunk
+        false,
     );
 
     // Create a `MaterializeExecutor` to write the changes to storage.
diff --git a/src/config/ci-delete-range-test.toml b/src/config/ci-delete-range-test.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 33313ca092c4d..0000000000000
--- a/src/config/ci-delete-range-test.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-[meta]
-vacuum_interval_sec = 10
-
-[server]
-telemetry_enabled = false
-
-[system]
-max_concurrent_creating_streaming_jobs = 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/config/example.toml b/src/config/example.toml
index 34937858db526..59c68aff3c7c0 100644
--- a/src/config/example.toml
+++ b/src/config/example.toml
@@ -25,8 +25,7 @@ enable_hummock_data_archive = false
 min_delta_log_num_for_hummock_version_checkpoint = 10
 max_heartbeat_interval_secs = 300
 disable_recovery = false
-enable_scale_in_when_recovery = false
-enable_automatic_parallelism_control = false
+disable_automatic_parallelism_control = false
 meta_leader_lease_secs = 30
 default_parallelism = "Full"
 enable_compaction_deterministic = false
diff --git a/src/connector/Cargo.toml b/src/connector/Cargo.toml
index e8582d1f3e294..83f359a12b206 100644
--- a/src/connector/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/connector/Cargo.toml
@@ -22,7 +22,9 @@ apache-avro = { git = "https://github.com/risingwavelabs/avro", rev = "d0846a16c
     "xz",
 ] }
 arrow-array = { workspace = true }
+arrow-row = { workspace = true }
 arrow-schema = { workspace = true }
+arrow-select = { workspace = true }
 async-nats = "0.33"
 async-trait = "0.1"
 auto_enums = { version = "0.8", features = ["futures03"] }
diff --git a/src/connector/src/parser/debezium/debezium_parser.rs b/src/connector/src/parser/debezium/debezium_parser.rs
index 0f79677860f8d..8ff32804a96d4 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/parser/debezium/debezium_parser.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/parser/debezium/debezium_parser.rs
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ impl DebeziumParser {
             Err(err) => {
                 // Only try to access transaction control message if the row operation access failed
                 // to make it a fast path.
-                if let Ok(transaction_control) =
+                if let Some(transaction_control) =
                     row_op.transaction_control(&self.source_ctx.connector_props)
                 {
                     Ok(ParseResult::TransactionControl(transaction_control))
diff --git a/src/connector/src/parser/debezium/mongo_json_parser.rs b/src/connector/src/parser/debezium/mongo_json_parser.rs
index 899068a4cccb5..21129a816e0a3 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/parser/debezium/mongo_json_parser.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/parser/debezium/mongo_json_parser.rs
@@ -50,14 +50,14 @@ impl DebeziumMongoJsonParser {
                     )
             })
             .ok_or_else(|| RwError::from(ProtocolError(
-                "Debezuim Mongo needs a `_id` column with supported types (Varchar Jsonb int32 int64) in table".into(),
+                "Debezium Mongo needs a `_id` column with supported types (Varchar Jsonb int32 int64) in table".into(),
             )))?.clone();
         let payload_column = rw_columns
             .iter()
             .find(|desc| desc.name == "payload" && matches!(desc.data_type, DataType::Jsonb))
             .ok_or_else(|| {
                 RwError::from(ProtocolError(
-                    "Debezuim Mongo needs a `payload` column with supported types Jsonb in table"
+                    "Debezium Mongo needs a `payload` column with supported types Jsonb in table"
                         .into(),
                 ))
             })?
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ impl DebeziumMongoJsonParser {
         // _rw_{connector}_file/partition & _rw_{connector}_offset are created automatically.
         if rw_columns.iter().filter(|desc| desc.is_visible()).count() != 2 {
             return Err(RwError::from(ProtocolError(
-                "Debezuim Mongo needs no more columns except `_id` and `payload` in table".into(),
+                "Debezium Mongo needs no more columns except `_id` and `payload` in table".into(),
             )));
         }
 
diff --git a/src/connector/src/parser/mod.rs b/src/connector/src/parser/mod.rs
index fedab10ef9d68..7884eb62bf139 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/parser/mod.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/parser/mod.rs
@@ -569,7 +569,7 @@ impl<P: ByteStreamSourceParser> P {
     /// A [`ChunkSourceStream`] which is a stream of parsed messages.
     pub fn into_stream(self, data_stream: BoxSourceStream) -> impl ChunkSourceStream {
         // Enable tracing to provide more information for parsing failures.
-        let source_info = self.source_ctx().source_info;
+        let source_info = self.source_ctx().source_info.clone();
 
         // The parser stream will be long-lived. We use `instrument_with` here to create
         // a new span for the polling of each chunk.
diff --git a/src/connector/src/parser/protobuf/parser.rs b/src/connector/src/parser/protobuf/parser.rs
index 36b12dded6029..13da5c5b86b2d 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/parser/protobuf/parser.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/parser/protobuf/parser.rs
@@ -20,15 +20,19 @@ use prost_reflect::{
     ReflectMessage, Value,
 };
 use risingwave_common::array::{ListValue, StructValue};
-use risingwave_common::error::ErrorCode::{InternalError, ProtocolError};
+use risingwave_common::error::ErrorCode::ProtocolError;
 use risingwave_common::error::{Result, RwError};
 use risingwave_common::try_match_expand;
 use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, Datum, Decimal, JsonbVal, ScalarImpl, F32, F64};
 use risingwave_pb::plan_common::{AdditionalColumn, ColumnDesc, ColumnDescVersion};
+use thiserror::Error;
+use thiserror_ext::{AsReport, Macro};
 
 use super::schema_resolver::*;
 use crate::parser::unified::protobuf::ProtobufAccess;
-use crate::parser::unified::AccessImpl;
+use crate::parser::unified::{
+    bail_uncategorized, uncategorized, AccessError, AccessImpl, AccessResult,
+};
 use crate::parser::util::bytes_from_url;
 use crate::parser::{AccessBuilder, EncodingProperties};
 use crate::schema::schema_registry::{
@@ -157,7 +161,8 @@ impl ProtobufParserConfig {
         index: &mut i32,
         parse_trace: &mut Vec<String>,
     ) -> Result<ColumnDesc> {
-        let field_type = protobuf_type_mapping(field_descriptor, parse_trace)?;
+        let field_type =
+            protobuf_type_mapping(field_descriptor, parse_trace).map_err(RwError::uncategorized)?;
         if let Kind::Message(m) = field_descriptor.kind() {
             let field_descs = if let DataType::List { .. } = field_type {
                 vec![]
@@ -192,15 +197,22 @@ impl ProtobufParserConfig {
     }
 }
 
-fn detect_loop_and_push(trace: &mut Vec<String>, fd: &FieldDescriptor) -> Result<()> {
+#[derive(Error, Debug, Macro)]
+#[error("{0}")]
+struct ProtobufTypeError(#[message] String);
+
+fn detect_loop_and_push(
+    trace: &mut Vec<String>,
+    fd: &FieldDescriptor,
+) -> std::result::Result<(), ProtobufTypeError> {
     let identifier = format!("{}({})", fd.name(), fd.full_name());
     if trace.iter().any(|s| s == identifier.as_str()) {
-        return Err(RwError::from(ProtocolError(format!(
+        bail_protobuf_type_error!(
             "circular reference detected: {}, conflict with {}, kind {:?}",
-            trace.iter().join("->"),
+            trace.iter().format("->"),
             identifier,
             fd.kind(),
-        ))));
+        );
     }
     trace.push(identifier);
     Ok(())
@@ -341,7 +353,9 @@ pub fn from_protobuf_value(
     field_desc: &FieldDescriptor,
     value: &Value,
     descriptor_pool: &Arc<DescriptorPool>,
-) -> Result<Datum> {
+) -> AccessResult {
+    let kind = field_desc.kind();
+
     let v = match value {
         Value::Bool(v) => ScalarImpl::Bool(*v),
         Value::I32(i) => ScalarImpl::Int32(*i),
@@ -352,17 +366,13 @@ pub fn from_protobuf_value(
         Value::F64(f) => ScalarImpl::Float64(F64::from(*f)),
         Value::String(s) => ScalarImpl::Utf8(s.as_str().into()),
         Value::EnumNumber(idx) => {
-            let kind = field_desc.kind();
-            let enum_desc = kind.as_enum().ok_or_else(|| {
-                let err_msg = format!("protobuf parse error.not a enum desc {:?}", field_desc);
-                RwError::from(ProtocolError(err_msg))
+            let enum_desc = kind.as_enum().ok_or_else(|| AccessError::TypeError {
+                expected: "enum".to_owned(),
+                got: format!("{kind:?}"),
+                value: value.to_string(),
             })?;
             let enum_symbol = enum_desc.get_value(*idx).ok_or_else(|| {
-                let err_msg = format!(
-                    "protobuf parse error.unknown enum index {} of enum {:?}",
-                    idx, enum_desc
-                );
-                RwError::from(ProtocolError(err_msg))
+                uncategorized!("unknown enum index {} of enum {:?}", idx, enum_desc)
             })?;
             ScalarImpl::Utf8(enum_symbol.name().into())
         }
@@ -389,18 +399,14 @@ pub fn from_protobuf_value(
                 let Some(ScalarImpl::Bytea(payload)) =
                     from_protobuf_value(&payload_field_desc, &payload, descriptor_pool)?
                 else {
-                    let err_msg = "Expected ScalarImpl::Bytea for payload".to_string();
-                    return Err(RwError::from(ProtocolError(err_msg)));
+                    bail_uncategorized!("expected bytes for dynamic message payload");
                 };
 
                 // Get the corresponding schema from the descriptor pool
                 let msg_desc = descriptor_pool
                     .get_message_by_name(&type_url)
                     .ok_or_else(|| {
-                        ProtocolError(format!(
-                        "Cannot find message {} in from_protobuf_value.\nDescriptor pool is {:#?}",
-                        type_url, descriptor_pool
-                    ))
+                        uncategorized!("message `{type_url}` not found in descriptor pool")
                     })?;
 
                 let f = msg_desc
@@ -439,11 +445,10 @@ pub fn from_protobuf_value(
                     if !dyn_msg.has_field(&field_desc)
                         && field_desc.cardinality() == Cardinality::Required
                     {
-                        let err_msg = format!(
-                            "protobuf parse error.missing required field {:?}",
-                            field_desc
-                        );
-                        return Err(RwError::from(ProtocolError(err_msg)));
+                        return Err(AccessError::Undefined {
+                            name: field_desc.name().to_owned(),
+                            path: dyn_msg.descriptor().full_name().to_owned(),
+                        });
                     }
                     // use default value if dyn_msg doesn't has this field
                     let value = dyn_msg.get_field(&field_desc);
@@ -453,7 +458,8 @@ pub fn from_protobuf_value(
             }
         }
         Value::List(values) => {
-            let data_type = protobuf_type_mapping(field_desc, &mut vec![])?;
+            let data_type = protobuf_type_mapping(field_desc, &mut vec![])
+                .map_err(|e| uncategorized!("{}", e.to_report_string()))?;
             let mut builder = data_type.as_list().create_array_builder(values.len());
             for value in values {
                 builder.append(from_protobuf_value(field_desc, value, descriptor_pool)?);
@@ -462,11 +468,9 @@ pub fn from_protobuf_value(
         }
         Value::Bytes(value) => ScalarImpl::Bytea(value.to_vec().into_boxed_slice()),
         _ => {
-            let err_msg = format!(
-                "protobuf parse error.unsupported type {:?}, value {:?}",
-                field_desc, value
-            );
-            return Err(RwError::from(InternalError(err_msg)));
+            return Err(AccessError::UnsupportedType {
+                ty: format!("{kind:?}"),
+            });
         }
     };
     Ok(Some(v))
@@ -476,7 +480,7 @@ pub fn from_protobuf_value(
 fn protobuf_type_mapping(
     field_descriptor: &FieldDescriptor,
     parse_trace: &mut Vec<String>,
-) -> Result<DataType> {
+) -> std::result::Result<DataType, ProtobufTypeError> {
     detect_loop_and_push(parse_trace, field_descriptor)?;
     let field_type = field_descriptor.kind();
     let mut t = match field_type {
@@ -494,7 +498,7 @@ fn protobuf_type_mapping(
             let fields = m
                 .fields()
                 .map(|f| protobuf_type_mapping(&f, parse_trace))
-                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+                .try_collect()?;
             let field_names = m.fields().map(|f| f.name().to_string()).collect_vec();
 
             // Note that this part is useful for actual parsing
@@ -513,10 +517,10 @@ fn protobuf_type_mapping(
         Kind::Bytes => DataType::Bytea,
     };
     if field_descriptor.is_map() {
-        return Err(RwError::from(ProtocolError(format!(
-            "map type is unsupported (field: '{}')",
+        bail_protobuf_type_error!(
+            "protobuf map type (on field `{}`) is not supported",
             field_descriptor.full_name()
-        ))));
+        );
     }
     if field_descriptor.cardinality() == Cardinality::Repeated {
         t = DataType::List(Box::new(t))
diff --git a/src/connector/src/parser/unified/avro.rs b/src/connector/src/parser/unified/avro.rs
index af5658331270d..1cebb0fd60dac 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/parser/unified/avro.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/parser/unified/avro.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 use std::str::FromStr;
 use std::sync::LazyLock;
 
-use anyhow::anyhow;
 use apache_avro::schema::{DecimalSchema, RecordSchema};
 use apache_avro::types::Value;
 use apache_avro::{Decimal as AvroDecimal, Schema};
@@ -30,7 +29,7 @@ use risingwave_common::types::{
 };
 use risingwave_common::util::iter_util::ZipEqFast;
 
-use super::{Access, AccessError, AccessResult};
+use super::{bail_uncategorized, uncategorized, Access, AccessError, AccessResult};
 #[derive(Clone)]
 /// Options for parsing an `AvroValue` into Datum, with an optional avro schema.
 pub struct AvroParseOptions<'a> {
@@ -136,26 +135,25 @@ impl<'a> AvroParseOptions<'a> {
                         .iter()
                         .find(|field| field.0 == field_name)
                         .map(|field| &field.1)
+                        .ok_or_else(|| {
+                            uncategorized!("`{field_name}` field not found in VariableScaleDecimal")
+                        })
                 };
-                let scale = match find_in_records("scale").ok_or_else(|| {
-                    AccessError::Other(anyhow!("scale field not found in VariableScaleDecimal"))
-                })? {
-                    Value::Int(scale) => Ok(*scale),
-                    avro_value => Err(AccessError::Other(anyhow!(
+                let scale = match find_in_records("scale")? {
+                    Value::Int(scale) => *scale,
+                    avro_value => bail_uncategorized!(
                         "scale field in VariableScaleDecimal is not int, got {:?}",
                         avro_value
-                    ))),
-                }?;
-
-                let value: BigInt = match find_in_records("value").ok_or_else(|| {
-                    AccessError::Other(anyhow!("value field not found in VariableScaleDecimal"))
-                })? {
-                    Value::Bytes(bytes) => Ok(BigInt::from_signed_bytes_be(bytes)),
-                    avro_value => Err(AccessError::Other(anyhow!(
+                    ),
+                };
+
+                let value: BigInt = match find_in_records("value")? {
+                    Value::Bytes(bytes) => BigInt::from_signed_bytes_be(bytes),
+                    avro_value => bail_uncategorized!(
                         "value field in VariableScaleDecimal is not bytes, got {:?}",
                         avro_value
-                    ))),
-                }?;
+                    ),
+                };
 
                 let negative = value.sign() == Sign::Minus;
                 let (lo, mid, hi) = extract_decimal(value.to_bytes_be().1)?;
@@ -196,9 +194,9 @@ impl<'a> AvroParseOptions<'a> {
             // ---- TimestampTz -----
             (Some(DataType::Timestamptz) | None, Value::TimestampMillis(ms)) => {
                 Timestamptz::from_millis(*ms)
-                    .ok_or(AccessError::Other(anyhow!(
-                        "timestamptz with milliseconds {ms} * 1000 is out of range",
-                    )))?
+                    .ok_or_else(|| {
+                        uncategorized!("timestamptz with milliseconds {ms} * 1000 is out of range")
+                    })?
                     .into()
             }
             (Some(DataType::Timestamptz) | None, Value::TimestampMicros(us)) => {
@@ -350,7 +348,7 @@ pub(crate) fn avro_decimal_to_rust_decimal(
     ))
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn extract_decimal(bytes: Vec<u8>) -> anyhow::Result<(u32, u32, u32)> {
+pub(crate) fn extract_decimal(bytes: Vec<u8>) -> AccessResult<(u32, u32, u32)> {
     match bytes.len() {
         len @ 0..=4 => {
             let mut pad = vec![0; 4 - len];
@@ -383,7 +381,7 @@ pub(crate) fn extract_decimal(bytes: Vec<u8>) -> anyhow::Result<(u32, u32, u32)>
             let lo = u32::from_be_bytes(bytes[mid_end..].to_owned().try_into().unwrap());
             Ok((lo, mid, hi))
         }
-        _ => Err(anyhow!("decimal bytes len: {:?} > 12", bytes.len())),
+        _ => bail_uncategorized!("invalid decimal bytes length {}", bytes.len()),
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/connector/src/parser/unified/debezium.rs b/src/connector/src/parser/unified/debezium.rs
index 7291b1b359735..86d7e3d4e5e61 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/parser/unified/debezium.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/parser/unified/debezium.rs
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-use anyhow::anyhow;
 use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, Datum, ScalarImpl};
 
-use super::{Access, AccessError, ChangeEvent, ChangeEventOperation};
+use super::{Access, AccessError, AccessResult, ChangeEvent, ChangeEventOperation};
+use crate::parser::unified::uncategorized;
 use crate::parser::TransactionControl;
 use crate::source::{ConnectorProperties, SourceColumnDesc};
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ pub const DEBEZIUM_TRANSACTION_STATUS_COMMIT: &str = "END";
 pub fn parse_transaction_meta(
     accessor: &impl Access,
     connector_props: &ConnectorProperties,
-) -> std::result::Result<TransactionControl, AccessError> {
+) -> AccessResult<TransactionControl> {
     if let (Some(ScalarImpl::Utf8(status)), Some(ScalarImpl::Utf8(id))) = (
         accessor.access(&[TRANSACTION_STATUS], Some(&DataType::Varchar))?,
         accessor.access(&[TRANSACTION_ID], Some(&DataType::Varchar))?,
@@ -103,13 +103,12 @@ where
     pub(crate) fn transaction_control(
         &self,
         connector_props: &ConnectorProperties,
-    ) -> Result<TransactionControl, AccessError> {
-        let Some(accessor) = &self.value_accessor else {
-            return Err(AccessError::Other(anyhow!(
-                "value_accessor must be provided to parse transaction metadata"
-            )));
-        };
-        parse_transaction_meta(accessor, connector_props)
+    ) -> Option<TransactionControl> {
+        // Ignore if `value_accessor` is not provided or there's any error when
+        // trying to parse the transaction metadata.
+        self.value_accessor
+            .as_ref()
+            .and_then(|accessor| parse_transaction_meta(accessor, connector_props).ok())
     }
 }
 
@@ -164,10 +163,25 @@ pub struct MongoProjection<A> {
     accessor: A,
 }
 
-pub fn extract_bson_id(id_type: &DataType, bson_doc: &serde_json::Value) -> anyhow::Result<Datum> {
+pub fn extract_bson_id(id_type: &DataType, bson_doc: &serde_json::Value) -> AccessResult {
     let id_field = bson_doc
         .get("_id")
-        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::format_err!("Debezuim Mongo requires document has a `_id` field"))?;
+        .ok_or_else(|| uncategorized!("Debezium Mongo requires document has a `_id` field"))?;
+
+    let type_error = || AccessError::TypeError {
+        expected: id_type.to_string(),
+        got: match id_field {
+            serde_json::Value::Null => "null",
+            serde_json::Value::Bool(_) => "bool",
+            serde_json::Value::Number(_) => "number",
+            serde_json::Value::String(_) => "string",
+            serde_json::Value::Array(_) => "array",
+            serde_json::Value::Object(_) => "object",
+        }
+        .to_owned(),
+        value: id_field.to_string(),
+    };
+
     let id: Datum = match id_type {
         DataType::Jsonb => ScalarImpl::Jsonb(id_field.clone().into()).into(),
         DataType::Varchar => match id_field {
@@ -175,7 +189,7 @@ pub fn extract_bson_id(id_type: &DataType, bson_doc: &serde_json::Value) -> anyh
             serde_json::Value::Object(obj) if obj.contains_key("$oid") => Some(ScalarImpl::Utf8(
                 obj["$oid"].as_str().to_owned().unwrap_or_default().into(),
             )),
-            _ => anyhow::bail!("Can not convert bson {:?} to {:?}", id_field, id_type),
+            _ => return Err(type_error()),
         },
         DataType::Int32 => {
             if let serde_json::Value::Object(ref obj) = id_field
@@ -184,7 +198,7 @@ pub fn extract_bson_id(id_type: &DataType, bson_doc: &serde_json::Value) -> anyh
                 let int_str = obj["$numberInt"].as_str().unwrap_or_default();
                 Some(ScalarImpl::Int32(int_str.parse().unwrap_or_default()))
             } else {
-                anyhow::bail!("Can not convert bson {:?} to {:?}", id_field, id_type)
+                return Err(type_error());
             }
         }
         DataType::Int64 => {
@@ -194,7 +208,7 @@ pub fn extract_bson_id(id_type: &DataType, bson_doc: &serde_json::Value) -> anyh
                 let int_str = obj["$numberLong"].as_str().unwrap_or_default();
                 Some(ScalarImpl::Int64(int_str.parse().unwrap_or_default()))
             } else {
-                anyhow::bail!("Can not convert bson {:?} to {:?}", id_field, id_type)
+                return Err(type_error());
             }
         }
         _ => unreachable!("DebeziumMongoJsonParser::new must ensure _id column datatypes."),
diff --git a/src/connector/src/parser/unified/mod.rs b/src/connector/src/parser/unified/mod.rs
index bd52f4628ef2f..33c46f359a6ca 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/parser/unified/mod.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/parser/unified/mod.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 use auto_impl::auto_impl;
 use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, Datum};
 use thiserror::Error;
+use thiserror_ext::Macro;
 
 use self::avro::AvroAccess;
 use self::bytes::BytesAccess;
@@ -86,7 +87,8 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Error, Debug)]
+#[derive(Error, Debug, Macro)]
+#[thiserror_ext(macro(mangle))]
 pub enum AccessError {
     #[error("Undefined field `{name}` at `{path}`")]
     Undefined { name: String, path: String },
@@ -98,10 +100,8 @@ pub enum AccessError {
     },
     #[error("Unsupported data type `{ty}`")]
     UnsupportedType { ty: String },
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    Other(
-        #[from]
-        #[backtrace]
-        anyhow::Error,
-    ),
+
+    /// Errors that are not categorized into variants above.
+    #[error("{message}")]
+    Uncategorized { message: String },
 }
diff --git a/src/connector/src/parser/unified/protobuf.rs b/src/connector/src/parser/unified/protobuf.rs
index 3fdef073faa23..cd9178c7dd08d 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/parser/unified/protobuf.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/parser/unified/protobuf.rs
@@ -14,16 +14,14 @@
 
 use std::sync::{Arc, LazyLock};
 
-use anyhow::anyhow;
 use prost_reflect::{DescriptorPool, DynamicMessage, ReflectMessage};
-use risingwave_common::error::ErrorCode::ProtocolError;
-use risingwave_common::error::RwError;
 use risingwave_common::log::LogSuppresser;
 use risingwave_common::types::DataType;
+use thiserror_ext::AsReport;
 
 use super::{Access, AccessResult};
 use crate::parser::from_protobuf_value;
-use crate::parser::unified::AccessError;
+use crate::parser::unified::{uncategorized, AccessError};
 
 pub struct ProtobufAccess {
     message: DynamicMessage,
@@ -46,18 +44,16 @@ impl Access for ProtobufAccess {
             .message
             .descriptor()
             .get_field_by_name(path[0])
-            .ok_or_else(|| {
-                let err_msg = format!("protobuf schema don't have field {}", path[0]);
+            .ok_or_else(|| uncategorized!("protobuf schema don't have field {}", path[0]))
+            .inspect_err(|e| {
                 static LOG_SUPPERSSER: LazyLock<LogSuppresser> =
                     LazyLock::new(LogSuppresser::default);
                 if let Ok(suppressed_count) = LOG_SUPPERSSER.check() {
-                    tracing::error!(suppressed_count, err_msg);
+                    tracing::error!(suppressed_count, "{}", e.as_report());
                 }
-                RwError::from(ProtocolError(err_msg))
-            })
-            .map_err(|e| AccessError::Other(anyhow!(e)))?;
+            })?;
         let value = self.message.get_field(&field_desc);
+
         from_protobuf_value(&field_desc, &value, &self.descriptor_pool)
-            .map_err(|e| AccessError::Other(anyhow!(e)))
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/connector/src/sink/catalog/desc.rs b/src/connector/src/sink/catalog/desc.rs
index 513a39ae90e31..37d35e1d7edde 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/sink/catalog/desc.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/sink/catalog/desc.rs
@@ -67,6 +67,9 @@ pub struct SinkDesc {
 
     /// Id of the target table for sink into table.
     pub target_table: Option<TableId>,
+
+    /// See the same name field in `SinkWriterParam`.
+    pub extra_partition_col_idx: Option<usize>,
 }
 
 impl SinkDesc {
@@ -123,6 +126,7 @@ impl SinkDesc {
             db_name: self.db_name.clone(),
             sink_from_name: self.sink_from_name.clone(),
             target_table: self.target_table.map(|table_id| table_id.table_id()),
+            extra_partition_col_idx: self.extra_partition_col_idx.map(|idx| idx as u64),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/connector/src/sink/iceberg/mock_catalog.rs b/src/connector/src/sink/iceberg/mock_catalog.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..f9d60965b1d30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/connector/src/sink/iceberg/mock_catalog.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+// Copyright 2024 RisingWave Labs
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use icelake::catalog::{Catalog, UpdateTable};
+use icelake::types::{Field, PartitionField, Schema, Struct, TableMetadata};
+use icelake::{Table, TableIdentifier};
+use opendal::services::Memory;
+use opendal::Operator;
+
+/// A mock catalog for iceberg used for plan test.
+pub struct MockCatalog;
+
+impl MockCatalog {
+    const RANGE_TABLE: &'static str = "range_table";
+    const SPARSE_TABLE: &'static str = "sparse_table";
+
+    fn sparse_table(self: &Arc<Self>) -> Table {
+        Table::builder_from_catalog(
+            {
+                let mut builder = Memory::default();
+                builder.root("/tmp");
+                Operator::new(builder).unwrap().finish()
+            },
+            self.clone(),
+            TableMetadata {
+                format_version: icelake::types::TableFormatVersion::V2,
+                table_uuid: "1".to_string(),
+                location: "1".to_string(),
+                last_sequence_number: 1,
+                last_updated_ms: 1,
+                last_column_id: 1,
+                schemas: vec![Schema::new(
+                    1,
+                    None,
+                    Struct::new(vec![
+                        Field::required(
+                            1,
+                            "v1",
+                            icelake::types::Any::Primitive(icelake::types::Primitive::Int),
+                        )
+                        .into(),
+                        Field::required(
+                            2,
+                            "v2",
+                            icelake::types::Any::Primitive(icelake::types::Primitive::Long),
+                        )
+                        .into(),
+                        Field::required(
+                            3,
+                            "v3",
+                            icelake::types::Any::Primitive(icelake::types::Primitive::String),
+                        )
+                        .into(),
+                        Field::required(
+                            4,
+                            "v4",
+                            icelake::types::Any::Primitive(icelake::types::Primitive::Time),
+                        )
+                        .into(),
+                    ]),
+                )],
+                current_schema_id: 1,
+                partition_specs: vec![icelake::types::PartitionSpec {
+                    spec_id: 1,
+                    fields: vec![
+                        PartitionField {
+                            source_column_id: 1,
+                            partition_field_id: 5,
+                            transform: icelake::types::Transform::Identity,
+                            name: "f1".to_string(),
+                        },
+                        PartitionField {
+                            source_column_id: 2,
+                            partition_field_id: 6,
+                            transform: icelake::types::Transform::Bucket(1),
+                            name: "f2".to_string(),
+                        },
+                        PartitionField {
+                            source_column_id: 3,
+                            partition_field_id: 7,
+                            transform: icelake::types::Transform::Truncate(1),
+                            name: "f3".to_string(),
+                        },
+                        PartitionField {
+                            source_column_id: 4,
+                            partition_field_id: 8,
+                            transform: icelake::types::Transform::Void,
+                            name: "f4".to_string(),
+                        },
+                    ],
+                }],
+                default_spec_id: 1,
+                last_partition_id: 1,
+                properties: None,
+                current_snapshot_id: None,
+                snapshots: None,
+                snapshot_log: None,
+                metadata_log: None,
+                sort_orders: vec![],
+                default_sort_order_id: 0,
+                refs: HashMap::new(),
+            },
+            TableIdentifier::new(vec![Self::SPARSE_TABLE]).unwrap(),
+        )
+        .build()
+        .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn range_table(self: &Arc<Self>) -> Table {
+        Table::builder_from_catalog(
+            {
+                let mut builder = Memory::default();
+                builder.root("/tmp");
+                Operator::new(builder).unwrap().finish()
+            },
+            self.clone(),
+            TableMetadata {
+                format_version: icelake::types::TableFormatVersion::V2,
+                table_uuid: "1".to_string(),
+                location: "1".to_string(),
+                last_sequence_number: 1,
+                last_updated_ms: 1,
+                last_column_id: 1,
+                schemas: vec![Schema::new(
+                    1,
+                    None,
+                    Struct::new(vec![
+                        Field::required(
+                            1,
+                            "v1",
+                            icelake::types::Any::Primitive(icelake::types::Primitive::Date),
+                        )
+                        .into(),
+                        Field::required(
+                            2,
+                            "v2",
+                            icelake::types::Any::Primitive(icelake::types::Primitive::Timestamp),
+                        )
+                        .into(),
+                        Field::required(
+                            3,
+                            "v3",
+                            icelake::types::Any::Primitive(icelake::types::Primitive::Timestampz),
+                        )
+                        .into(),
+                        Field::required(
+                            4,
+                            "v4",
+                            icelake::types::Any::Primitive(icelake::types::Primitive::Timestampz),
+                        )
+                        .into(),
+                    ]),
+                )],
+                current_schema_id: 1,
+                partition_specs: vec![icelake::types::PartitionSpec {
+                    spec_id: 1,
+                    fields: vec![
+                        PartitionField {
+                            source_column_id: 1,
+                            partition_field_id: 7,
+                            transform: icelake::types::Transform::Year,
+                            name: "f4".to_string(),
+                        },
+                        PartitionField {
+                            source_column_id: 2,
+                            partition_field_id: 8,
+                            transform: icelake::types::Transform::Month,
+                            name: "f5".to_string(),
+                        },
+                        PartitionField {
+                            source_column_id: 3,
+                            partition_field_id: 9,
+                            transform: icelake::types::Transform::Day,
+                            name: "f6".to_string(),
+                        },
+                        PartitionField {
+                            source_column_id: 4,
+                            partition_field_id: 10,
+                            transform: icelake::types::Transform::Hour,
+                            name: "f7".to_string(),
+                        },
+                    ],
+                }],
+                default_spec_id: 1,
+                last_partition_id: 1,
+                properties: None,
+                current_snapshot_id: None,
+                snapshots: None,
+                snapshot_log: None,
+                metadata_log: None,
+                sort_orders: vec![],
+                default_sort_order_id: 0,
+                refs: HashMap::new(),
+            },
+            TableIdentifier::new(vec![Self::RANGE_TABLE]).unwrap(),
+        )
+        .build()
+        .unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl Catalog for MockCatalog {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        "mock"
+    }
+
+    // Mock catalog load mock table according to table_name, there is 2 kinds of table for test:
+    // 1. sparse partition table
+    // 2. range partition table
+    async fn load_table(self: Arc<Self>, table_name: &TableIdentifier) -> icelake::Result<Table> {
+        match table_name.name.as_ref() {
+            Self::SPARSE_TABLE => Ok(self.sparse_table()),
+            Self::RANGE_TABLE => Ok(self.range_table()),
+            _ => unimplemented!("table {} not found", table_name),
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn update_table(self: Arc<Self>, _update_table: &UpdateTable) -> icelake::Result<Table> {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/connector/src/sink/iceberg/mod.rs b/src/connector/src/sink/iceberg/mod.rs
index 856c8deea0f40..9e51557ef477a 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/sink/iceberg/mod.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/sink/iceberg/mod.rs
@@ -13,14 +13,18 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 
 mod jni_catalog;
+mod mock_catalog;
 mod prometheus;
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::fmt::Debug;
 use std::ops::Deref;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use anyhow::anyhow;
-use arrow_schema::{DataType as ArrowDataType, Schema as ArrowSchema, SchemaRef};
+use arrow_schema::{
+    DataType as ArrowDataType, Field as ArrowField, Fields, Schema as ArrowSchema, SchemaRef,
+};
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use icelake::catalog::{
     load_catalog, load_iceberg_base_catalog_config, BaseCatalogConfig, CatalogRef, CATALOG_NAME,
@@ -35,7 +39,7 @@ use icelake::transaction::Transaction;
 use icelake::types::{data_file_from_json, data_file_to_json, Any, DataFile};
 use icelake::{Table, TableIdentifier};
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use risingwave_common::array::{to_record_batch_with_schema, Op, StreamChunk};
+use risingwave_common::array::{to_iceberg_record_batch_with_schema, Op, StreamChunk};
 use risingwave_common::buffer::Bitmap;
 use risingwave_common::catalog::Schema;
 use risingwave_common::error::anyhow_error;
@@ -47,8 +51,8 @@ use serde_derive::Deserialize;
 use url::Url;
 use with_options::WithOptions;
 
+use self::mock_catalog::MockCatalog;
 use self::prometheus::monitored_base_file_writer::MonitoredBaseFileWriterBuilder;
-use self::prometheus::monitored_partition_writer::MonitoredFanoutPartitionedWriterBuilder;
 use self::prometheus::monitored_position_delete_writer::MonitoredPositionDeleteWriterBuilder;
 use super::{
     Sink, SinkError, SinkWriterParam, SINK_TYPE_APPEND_ONLY, SINK_TYPE_OPTION, SINK_TYPE_UPSERT,
@@ -346,6 +350,56 @@ impl IcebergConfig {
     }
 }
 
+async fn create_catalog(config: &IcebergConfig) -> Result<CatalogRef> {
+    match config.catalog_type() {
+        "storage" | "rest" => {
+            let iceberg_configs = config.build_iceberg_configs()?;
+            let catalog = load_catalog(&iceberg_configs)
+                .await
+                .map_err(|e| SinkError::Iceberg(anyhow!(e)))?;
+            Ok(catalog)
+        }
+        catalog_type if catalog_type == "hive" || catalog_type == "sql" || catalog_type == "glue" || catalog_type == "dynamodb" => {
+            // Create java catalog
+            let (base_catalog_config, java_catalog_props) = config.build_jni_catalog_configs()?;
+            let catalog_impl = match catalog_type {
+                "hive" => "org.apache.iceberg.hive.HiveCatalog",
+                "sql" => "org.apache.iceberg.jdbc.JdbcCatalog",
+                "glue" => "org.apache.iceberg.aws.glue.GlueCatalog",
+                "dynamodb" => "org.apache.iceberg.aws.dynamodb.DynamoDbCatalog",
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            };
+
+            jni_catalog::JniCatalog::build(base_catalog_config, "risingwave", catalog_impl, java_catalog_props)
+        }
+        "mock" => Ok(Arc::new(MockCatalog{})),
+        _ => {
+            Err(SinkError::Iceberg(anyhow!(
+                "Unsupported catalog type: {}, only support `storage`, `rest`, `hive`, `sql`, `glue`, `dynamodb`",
+                config.catalog_type()
+            )))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub async fn create_table(config: &IcebergConfig) -> Result<Table> {
+    let catalog = create_catalog(config)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| SinkError::Iceberg(anyhow!("Unable to load iceberg catalog: {e}")))?;
+
+    let table_id = TableIdentifier::new(
+        vec![config.database_name.as_str()]
+            .into_iter()
+            .chain(config.table_name.split('.')),
+    )
+    .map_err(|e| SinkError::Iceberg(anyhow!("Unable to parse table name: {e}")))?;
+
+    catalog
+        .load_table(&table_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| SinkError::Iceberg(anyhow!(err)))
+}
+
 pub struct IcebergSink {
     config: IcebergConfig,
     param: SinkParam,
@@ -371,54 +425,8 @@ impl Debug for IcebergSink {
 }
 
 impl IcebergSink {
-    async fn create_catalog(&self) -> Result<CatalogRef> {
-        match self.config.catalog_type() {
-            "storage" | "rest" => {
-                let iceberg_configs = self.config.build_iceberg_configs()?;
-                let catalog = load_catalog(&iceberg_configs)
-                    .await
-                    .map_err(|e| SinkError::Iceberg(anyhow!(e)))?;
-                Ok(catalog)
-            }
-            catalog_type if catalog_type == "hive" || catalog_type == "sql" || catalog_type == "glue" || catalog_type == "dynamodb" => {
-                // Create java catalog
-                let (base_catalog_config, java_catalog_props) = self.config.build_jni_catalog_configs()?;
-                let catalog_impl = match catalog_type {
-                    "hive" => "org.apache.iceberg.hive.HiveCatalog",
-                    "sql" => "org.apache.iceberg.jdbc.JdbcCatalog",
-                    "glue" => "org.apache.iceberg.aws.glue.GlueCatalog",
-                    "dynamodb" => "org.apache.iceberg.aws.dynamodb.DynamoDbCatalog",
-                    _ => unreachable!(),
-                };
-
-                jni_catalog::JniCatalog::build(base_catalog_config, "risingwave", catalog_impl, java_catalog_props)
-            }
-            _ => {
-                Err(SinkError::Iceberg(anyhow!(
-                    "Unsupported catalog type: {}, only support `storage`, `rest`, `hive`, `sql`, `glue`, `dynamodb`",
-                    self.config.catalog_type()
-                )))
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    async fn create_table(&self) -> Result<Table> {
-        let catalog = self
-            .create_catalog()
-            .await
-            .map_err(|e| SinkError::Iceberg(anyhow!("Unable to load iceberg catalog: {e}")))?;
-
-        let table_id = TableIdentifier::new(
-            vec![self.config.database_name.as_str()]
-                .into_iter()
-                .chain(self.config.table_name.split('.')),
-        )
-        .map_err(|e| SinkError::Iceberg(anyhow!("Unable to parse table name: {e}")))?;
-
-        let table = catalog
-            .load_table(&table_id)
-            .await
-            .map_err(|err| SinkError::Iceberg(anyhow!(err)))?;
+    async fn create_and_validate_table(&self) -> Result<Table> {
+        let table = create_table(&self.config).await?;
 
         let sink_schema = self.param.schema();
         let iceberg_schema = table
@@ -475,12 +483,12 @@ impl Sink for IcebergSink {
     const SINK_NAME: &'static str = ICEBERG_SINK;
 
     async fn validate(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        let _ = self.create_table().await?;
+        let _ = self.create_and_validate_table().await?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
     async fn new_log_sinker(&self, writer_param: SinkWriterParam) -> Result<Self::LogSinker> {
-        let table = self.create_table().await?;
+        let table = self.create_and_validate_table().await?;
         let inner = if let Some(unique_column_ids) = &self.unique_column_ids {
             IcebergWriter::new_upsert(table, unique_column_ids.clone(), &writer_param).await?
         } else {
@@ -505,7 +513,7 @@ impl Sink for IcebergSink {
     }
 
     async fn new_coordinator(&self) -> Result<Self::Coordinator> {
-        let table = self.create_table().await?;
+        let table = self.create_and_validate_table().await?;
         let partition_type = table.current_partition_type()?;
 
         Ok(IcebergSinkCommitter {
@@ -526,6 +534,31 @@ enum IcebergWriterEnum {
 }
 
 impl IcebergWriter {
+    fn schema_with_extra_partition_col(table: &Table, idx: usize) -> Result<SchemaRef> {
+        let schema = table.current_arrow_schema()?;
+
+        let mut fields = schema.fields().to_vec();
+        let partition_type =
+            if let ArrowDataType::Struct(s) = table.current_partition_type()?.try_into()? {
+                let fields = Fields::from(
+                    s.into_iter()
+                        .enumerate()
+                        .map(|(id, field)| {
+                            ArrowField::new(format!("f{id}"), field.data_type().clone(), true)
+                        })
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                );
+                ArrowDataType::Struct(fields)
+            } else {
+                unimplemented!()
+            };
+        fields.insert(
+            idx,
+            ArrowField::new("_rw_partition", partition_type, false).into(),
+        );
+        Ok(ArrowSchema::new(fields).into())
+    }
+
     pub async fn new_append_only(table: Table, writer_param: &SinkWriterParam) -> Result<Self> {
         let builder_helper = table.builder_helper()?;
 
@@ -537,30 +570,54 @@ impl IcebergWriter {
                 .iceberg_rolling_unflushed_data_file
                 .clone(),
         ));
-        let partition_data_file_builder = MonitoredFanoutPartitionedWriterBuilder::new(
-            builder_helper.fanout_partition_writer_builder(data_file_builder.clone())?,
-            writer_param.sink_metrics.iceberg_partition_num.clone(),
-        );
-        let dispatch_builder = builder_helper
-            .dispatcher_writer_builder(partition_data_file_builder, data_file_builder)?;
-        // wrap a layer with collect write metrics
-        let prometheus_builder = PrometheusWriterBuilder::new(
-            dispatch_builder,
-            WriterMetrics::new(
-                writer_param.sink_metrics.iceberg_write_qps.deref().clone(),
-                writer_param
-                    .sink_metrics
-                    .iceberg_write_latency
-                    .deref()
-                    .clone(),
-            ),
-        );
-        let schema = table.current_arrow_schema()?;
-        let inner_writer = RecordBatchWriter::new(prometheus_builder.build(&schema).await?);
-        Ok(Self {
-            inner_writer: IcebergWriterEnum::AppendOnly(inner_writer),
-            schema,
-        })
+        if let Some(extra_partition_col_idx) = writer_param.extra_partition_col_idx {
+            let partition_data_file_builder = builder_helper.precompute_partition_writer_builder(
+                data_file_builder.clone(),
+                extra_partition_col_idx,
+            )?;
+            let dispatch_builder = builder_helper
+                .dispatcher_writer_builder(partition_data_file_builder, data_file_builder)?;
+            let prometheus_builder = PrometheusWriterBuilder::new(
+                dispatch_builder,
+                WriterMetrics::new(
+                    writer_param.sink_metrics.iceberg_write_qps.deref().clone(),
+                    writer_param
+                        .sink_metrics
+                        .iceberg_write_latency
+                        .deref()
+                        .clone(),
+                ),
+            );
+            let schema = Self::schema_with_extra_partition_col(&table, extra_partition_col_idx)?;
+            let inner_writer = RecordBatchWriter::new(prometheus_builder.build(&schema).await?);
+            Ok(Self {
+                inner_writer: IcebergWriterEnum::AppendOnly(inner_writer),
+                schema,
+            })
+        } else {
+            let partition_data_file_builder =
+                builder_helper.fanout_partition_writer_builder(data_file_builder.clone())?;
+            let dispatch_builder = builder_helper
+                .dispatcher_writer_builder(partition_data_file_builder, data_file_builder)?;
+            // wrap a layer with collect write metrics
+            let prometheus_builder = PrometheusWriterBuilder::new(
+                dispatch_builder,
+                WriterMetrics::new(
+                    writer_param.sink_metrics.iceberg_write_qps.deref().clone(),
+                    writer_param
+                        .sink_metrics
+                        .iceberg_write_latency
+                        .deref()
+                        .clone(),
+                ),
+            );
+            let schema = table.current_arrow_schema()?;
+            let inner_writer = RecordBatchWriter::new(prometheus_builder.build(&schema).await?);
+            Ok(Self {
+                inner_writer: IcebergWriterEnum::AppendOnly(inner_writer),
+                schema,
+            })
+        }
     }
 
     pub async fn new_upsert(
@@ -592,30 +649,55 @@ impl IcebergWriter {
             equality_delete_builder,
             unique_column_ids,
         );
-        let partition_delta_builder = MonitoredFanoutPartitionedWriterBuilder::new(
-            builder_helper.fanout_partition_writer_builder(delta_builder.clone())?,
-            writer_param.sink_metrics.iceberg_partition_num.clone(),
-        );
-        let dispatch_builder =
-            builder_helper.dispatcher_writer_builder(partition_delta_builder, delta_builder)?;
-        // wrap a layer with collect write metrics
-        let prometheus_builder = PrometheusWriterBuilder::new(
-            dispatch_builder,
-            WriterMetrics::new(
-                writer_param.sink_metrics.iceberg_write_qps.deref().clone(),
-                writer_param
-                    .sink_metrics
-                    .iceberg_write_latency
-                    .deref()
-                    .clone(),
-            ),
-        );
-        let schema = table.current_arrow_schema()?;
-        let inner_writer = DeltaWriter::new(prometheus_builder.build(&schema).await?);
-        Ok(Self {
-            inner_writer: IcebergWriterEnum::Upsert(inner_writer),
-            schema,
-        })
+        if let Some(extra_partition_col_idx) = writer_param.extra_partition_col_idx {
+            let partition_delta_builder = builder_helper.precompute_partition_writer_builder(
+                delta_builder.clone(),
+                extra_partition_col_idx,
+            )?;
+            let dispatch_builder =
+                builder_helper.dispatcher_writer_builder(partition_delta_builder, delta_builder)?;
+            // wrap a layer with collect write metrics
+            let prometheus_builder = PrometheusWriterBuilder::new(
+                dispatch_builder,
+                WriterMetrics::new(
+                    writer_param.sink_metrics.iceberg_write_qps.deref().clone(),
+                    writer_param
+                        .sink_metrics
+                        .iceberg_write_latency
+                        .deref()
+                        .clone(),
+                ),
+            );
+            let schema = Self::schema_with_extra_partition_col(&table, extra_partition_col_idx)?;
+            let inner_writer = DeltaWriter::new(prometheus_builder.build(&schema).await?);
+            Ok(Self {
+                inner_writer: IcebergWriterEnum::Upsert(inner_writer),
+                schema,
+            })
+        } else {
+            let partition_delta_builder =
+                builder_helper.fanout_partition_writer_builder(delta_builder.clone())?;
+            let dispatch_builder =
+                builder_helper.dispatcher_writer_builder(partition_delta_builder, delta_builder)?;
+            // wrap a layer with collect write metrics
+            let prometheus_builder = PrometheusWriterBuilder::new(
+                dispatch_builder,
+                WriterMetrics::new(
+                    writer_param.sink_metrics.iceberg_write_qps.deref().clone(),
+                    writer_param
+                        .sink_metrics
+                        .iceberg_write_latency
+                        .deref()
+                        .clone(),
+                ),
+            );
+            let schema = table.current_arrow_schema()?;
+            let inner_writer = DeltaWriter::new(prometheus_builder.build(&schema).await?);
+            Ok(Self {
+                inner_writer: IcebergWriterEnum::Upsert(inner_writer),
+                schema,
+            })
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -642,13 +724,14 @@ impl SinkWriter for IcebergWriter {
                 let filters =
                     chunk.visibility() & ops.iter().map(|op| *op == Op::Insert).collect::<Bitmap>();
                 chunk.set_visibility(filters);
-                let chunk = to_record_batch_with_schema(self.schema.clone(), &chunk.compact())
-                    .map_err(|err| SinkError::Iceberg(anyhow!(err)))?;
+                let chunk =
+                    to_iceberg_record_batch_with_schema(self.schema.clone(), &chunk.compact())
+                        .map_err(|err| SinkError::Iceberg(anyhow!(err)))?;
 
                 writer.write(chunk).await?;
             }
             IcebergWriterEnum::Upsert(writer) => {
-                let chunk = to_record_batch_with_schema(self.schema.clone(), &chunk)
+                let chunk = to_iceberg_record_batch_with_schema(self.schema.clone(), &chunk)
                     .map_err(|err| SinkError::Iceberg(anyhow!(err)))?;
 
                 writer
diff --git a/src/connector/src/sink/mod.rs b/src/connector/src/sink/mod.rs
index be8d252ded5e4..45f185196040b 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/sink/mod.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/sink/mod.rs
@@ -270,6 +270,11 @@ pub struct SinkWriterParam {
     pub vnode_bitmap: Option<Bitmap>,
     pub meta_client: Option<SinkMetaClient>,
     pub sink_metrics: SinkMetrics,
+    // The val has two effect:
+    // 1. Indicates that the sink will accpect the data chunk with extra partition value column.
+    // 2. The index of the extra partition value column.
+    // More detail of partition value column, see `PartitionComputeInfo`
+    pub extra_partition_col_idx: Option<usize>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -303,6 +308,7 @@ impl SinkWriterParam {
             vnode_bitmap: Default::default(),
             meta_client: Default::default(),
             sink_metrics: SinkMetrics::for_test(),
+            extra_partition_col_idx: Default::default(),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/connector/src/source/base.rs b/src/connector/src/source/base.rs
index 3f027b2dddfe9..faa857aae0dd6 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/source/base.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/source/base.rs
@@ -172,6 +172,7 @@ impl SourceContext {
         source_ctrl_opts: SourceCtrlOpts,
         connector_client: Option<ConnectorClient>,
         connector_props: ConnectorProperties,
+        source_name: String,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             connector_client,
@@ -179,6 +180,7 @@ impl SourceContext {
                 actor_id,
                 source_id: table_id,
                 fragment_id,
+                source_name,
             },
             metrics,
             source_ctrl_opts,
@@ -196,6 +198,7 @@ impl SourceContext {
         connector_client: Option<ConnectorClient>,
         error_suppressor: Arc<Mutex<ErrorSuppressor>>,
         connector_props: ConnectorProperties,
+        source_name: String,
     ) -> Self {
         let mut ctx = Self::new(
             actor_id,
@@ -205,6 +208,7 @@ impl SourceContext {
             source_ctrl_opts,
             connector_client,
             connector_props,
+            source_name,
         );
         ctx.error_suppressor = Some(error_suppressor);
         ctx
@@ -235,12 +239,13 @@ impl SourceContext {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
 pub struct SourceInfo {
     pub actor_id: u32,
     pub source_id: TableId,
     // There should be a 1-1 mapping between `source_id` & `fragment_id`
     pub fragment_id: u32,
+    pub source_name: String,
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
diff --git a/src/connector/src/source/cdc/external/mock_external_table.rs b/src/connector/src/source/cdc/external/mock_external_table.rs
index ef482a09cedb4..2c8ee00f67af9 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/source/cdc/external/mock_external_table.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/source/cdc/external/mock_external_table.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ use risingwave_common::types::ScalarImpl;
 
 use crate::error::ConnectorError;
 use crate::source::cdc::external::{
-    CdcOffset, ConnectorResult, ExternalTableReader, MySqlOffset, SchemaTableName,
+    CdcOffset, CdcOffsetParseFunc, ConnectorResult, ExternalTableReader, MySqlOffset,
+    SchemaTableName,
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -38,6 +39,10 @@ impl MockExternalTableReader {
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn get_cdc_offset_parser() -> CdcOffsetParseFunc {
+        Box::new(move |_| Ok(CdcOffset::MySql(MySqlOffset::default())))
+    }
+
     #[try_stream(boxed, ok = OwnedRow, error = ConnectorError)]
     async fn snapshot_read_inner(&self) {
         let snap_idx = self
@@ -102,13 +107,6 @@ impl ExternalTableReader for MockExternalTableReader {
         }
     }
 
-    fn parse_cdc_offset(&self, offset: &str) -> ConnectorResult<CdcOffset> {
-        // same as mysql offset
-        Ok(CdcOffset::MySql(MySqlOffset::parse_debezium_offset(
-            offset,
-        )?))
-    }
-
     fn snapshot_read(
         &self,
         _table_name: SchemaTableName,
diff --git a/src/connector/src/source/cdc/external/mod.rs b/src/connector/src/source/cdc/external/mod.rs
index d520522440840..1d0c0e3974404 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/source/cdc/external/mod.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/source/cdc/external/mod.rs
@@ -208,13 +208,13 @@ impl MySqlOffset {
     }
 }
 
+pub type CdcOffsetParseFunc = Box<dyn Fn(&str) -> ConnectorResult<CdcOffset> + Send>;
+
 pub trait ExternalTableReader {
     fn get_normalized_table_name(&self, table_name: &SchemaTableName) -> String;
 
     async fn current_cdc_offset(&self) -> ConnectorResult<CdcOffset>;
 
-    fn parse_cdc_offset(&self, dbz_offset: &str) -> ConnectorResult<CdcOffset>;
-
     fn snapshot_read(
         &self,
         table_name: SchemaTableName,
@@ -276,12 +276,6 @@ impl ExternalTableReader for MySqlExternalTableReader {
         }))
     }
 
-    fn parse_cdc_offset(&self, offset: &str) -> ConnectorResult<CdcOffset> {
-        Ok(CdcOffset::MySql(MySqlOffset::parse_debezium_offset(
-            offset,
-        )?))
-    }
-
     fn snapshot_read(
         &self,
         table_name: SchemaTableName,
@@ -328,6 +322,14 @@ impl MySqlExternalTableReader {
         })
     }
 
+    pub fn get_cdc_offset_parser() -> CdcOffsetParseFunc {
+        Box::new(move |offset| {
+            Ok(CdcOffset::MySql(MySqlOffset::parse_debezium_offset(
+                offset,
+            )?))
+        })
+    }
+
     #[try_stream(boxed, ok = OwnedRow, error = ConnectorError)]
     async fn snapshot_read_inner(
         &self,
@@ -502,14 +504,6 @@ impl ExternalTableReader for ExternalTableReaderImpl {
         }
     }
 
-    fn parse_cdc_offset(&self, offset: &str) -> ConnectorResult<CdcOffset> {
-        match self {
-            ExternalTableReaderImpl::MySql(mysql) => mysql.parse_cdc_offset(offset),
-            ExternalTableReaderImpl::Postgres(postgres) => postgres.parse_cdc_offset(offset),
-            ExternalTableReaderImpl::Mock(mock) => mock.parse_cdc_offset(offset),
-        }
-    }
-
     fn snapshot_read(
         &self,
         table_name: SchemaTableName,
@@ -521,6 +515,16 @@ impl ExternalTableReader for ExternalTableReaderImpl {
 }
 
 impl ExternalTableReaderImpl {
+    pub fn get_cdc_offset_parser(&self) -> CdcOffsetParseFunc {
+        match self {
+            ExternalTableReaderImpl::MySql(_) => MySqlExternalTableReader::get_cdc_offset_parser(),
+            ExternalTableReaderImpl::Postgres(_) => {
+                PostgresExternalTableReader::get_cdc_offset_parser()
+            }
+            ExternalTableReaderImpl::Mock(_) => MockExternalTableReader::get_cdc_offset_parser(),
+        }
+    }
+
     #[try_stream(boxed, ok = OwnedRow, error = ConnectorError)]
     async fn snapshot_read_inner(
         &self,
@@ -623,6 +627,10 @@ mod tests {
         let offset = reader.current_cdc_offset().await.unwrap();
         println!("BinlogOffset: {:?}", offset);
 
+        let off0_str = r#"{ "sourcePartition": { "server": "test" }, "sourceOffset": { "ts_sec": 1670876905, "file": "binlog.000001", "pos": 105622, "snapshot": true }, "isHeartbeat": false }"#;
+        let parser = MySqlExternalTableReader::get_cdc_offset_parser();
+        println!("parsed offset: {:?}", parser(off0_str).unwrap());
+
         let table_name = SchemaTableName {
             schema_name: "mytest".to_string(),
             table_name: "t1".to_string(),
diff --git a/src/connector/src/source/cdc/external/postgres.rs b/src/connector/src/source/cdc/external/postgres.rs
index f940e34157532..036e62abfe129 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/source/cdc/external/postgres.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/source/cdc/external/postgres.rs
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ use tokio_postgres::NoTls;
 use crate::error::ConnectorError;
 use crate::parser::postgres_row_to_owned_row;
 use crate::source::cdc::external::{
-    CdcOffset, ConnectorResult, DebeziumOffset, ExternalTableConfig, ExternalTableReader,
-    SchemaTableName,
+    CdcOffset, CdcOffsetParseFunc, ConnectorResult, DebeziumOffset, ExternalTableConfig,
+    ExternalTableReader, SchemaTableName,
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
@@ -105,12 +105,6 @@ impl ExternalTableReader for PostgresExternalTableReader {
         Ok(CdcOffset::Postgres(pg_offset))
     }
 
-    fn parse_cdc_offset(&self, offset: &str) -> ConnectorResult<CdcOffset> {
-        Ok(CdcOffset::Postgres(PostgresOffset::parse_debezium_offset(
-            offset,
-        )?))
-    }
-
     fn snapshot_read(
         &self,
         table_name: SchemaTableName,
@@ -165,6 +159,14 @@ impl PostgresExternalTableReader {
         })
     }
 
+    pub fn get_cdc_offset_parser() -> CdcOffsetParseFunc {
+        Box::new(move |offset| {
+            Ok(CdcOffset::Postgres(PostgresOffset::parse_debezium_offset(
+                offset,
+            )?))
+        })
+    }
+
     #[try_stream(boxed, ok = OwnedRow, error = ConnectorError)]
     async fn snapshot_read_inner(
         &self,
diff --git a/src/connector/src/source/cdc/mod.rs b/src/connector/src/source/cdc/mod.rs
index b3a2bc6554c60..ae9490bca3c56 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/source/cdc/mod.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/source/cdc/mod.rs
@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ pub const CDC_CONNECTOR_NAME_SUFFIX: &str = "-cdc";
 pub const CDC_SNAPSHOT_MODE_KEY: &str = "debezium.snapshot.mode";
 pub const CDC_SNAPSHOT_BACKFILL: &str = "rw_cdc_backfill";
 pub const CDC_SHARING_MODE_KEY: &str = "rw.sharing.mode.enable";
+// User can set snapshot='false' to disable cdc backfill
+pub const CDC_BACKFILL_ENABLE_KEY: &str = "snapshot";
 
 pub const MYSQL_CDC_CONNECTOR: &str = Mysql::CDC_CONNECTOR_NAME;
 pub const POSTGRES_CDC_CONNECTOR: &str = Postgres::CDC_CONNECTOR_NAME;
diff --git a/src/connector/src/source/common.rs b/src/connector/src/source/common.rs
index e5c6f98aff44c..6693bce671944 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/source/common.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/source/common.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn into_chunk_stream(
     source_ctx: SourceContextRef,
 ) {
     let actor_id = source_ctx.source_info.actor_id.to_string();
+    let fragment_id = source_ctx.source_info.fragment_id.to_string();
     let source_id = source_ctx.source_info.source_id.to_string();
+    let source_name = source_ctx.source_info.source_name.to_string();
     let metrics = source_ctx.metrics.clone();
 
     let data_stream = reader.into_data_stream();
@@ -52,7 +54,13 @@ pub(crate) async fn into_chunk_stream(
             for (split_id, msgs) in by_split_id {
                 metrics
                     .partition_input_count
-                    .with_label_values(&[&actor_id, &source_id, split_id])
+                    .with_label_values(&[
+                        &actor_id,
+                        &source_id,
+                        split_id,
+                        &source_name,
+                        &fragment_id,
+                    ])
                     .inc_by(msgs.len() as u64);
 
                 let sum_bytes = msgs
@@ -62,7 +70,13 @@ pub(crate) async fn into_chunk_stream(
 
                 metrics
                     .partition_input_bytes
-                    .with_label_values(&[&actor_id, &source_id, split_id])
+                    .with_label_values(&[
+                        &actor_id,
+                        &source_id,
+                        split_id,
+                        &source_name,
+                        &fragment_id,
+                    ])
                     .inc_by(sum_bytes);
             }
         })
diff --git a/src/connector/src/source/datagen/source/reader.rs b/src/connector/src/source/datagen/source/reader.rs
index 46112395b298a..2bef27ef95fb0 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/source/datagen/source/reader.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/source/datagen/source/reader.rs
@@ -148,7 +148,9 @@ impl SplitReader for DatagenSplitReader {
         ) {
             (ProtocolProperties::Native, EncodingProperties::Native) => {
                 let actor_id = self.source_ctx.source_info.actor_id.to_string();
+                let fragment_id = self.source_ctx.source_info.fragment_id.to_string();
                 let source_id = self.source_ctx.source_info.source_id.to_string();
+                let source_name = self.source_ctx.source_info.source_name.to_string();
                 let split_id = self.split_id.to_string();
                 let metrics = self.source_ctx.metrics.clone();
                 spawn_data_generation_stream(
@@ -157,7 +159,13 @@ impl SplitReader for DatagenSplitReader {
                         .inspect_ok(move |stream_chunk| {
                             metrics
                                 .partition_input_count
-                                .with_label_values(&[&actor_id, &source_id, &split_id])
+                                .with_label_values(&[
+                                    &actor_id,
+                                    &source_id,
+                                    &split_id,
+                                    &source_name,
+                                    &fragment_id,
+                                ])
                                 .inc_by(stream_chunk.cardinality() as u64);
                         }),
                     BUFFER_SIZE,
diff --git a/src/connector/src/source/filesystem/opendal_source/opendal_reader.rs b/src/connector/src/source/filesystem/opendal_source/opendal_reader.rs
index 7096df9d684c4..49c6be470d573 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/source/filesystem/opendal_source/opendal_reader.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/source/filesystem/opendal_source/opendal_reader.rs
@@ -73,7 +73,9 @@ impl<Src: OpendalSource> OpendalReader<Src> {
     async fn into_chunk_stream(self) {
         for split in self.splits {
             let actor_id = self.source_ctx.source_info.actor_id.to_string();
+            let fragment_id = self.source_ctx.source_info.fragment_id.to_string();
             let source_id = self.source_ctx.source_info.source_id.to_string();
+            let source_name = self.source_ctx.source_info.source_name.to_string();
             let source_ctx = self.source_ctx.clone();
 
             let split_id = split.id();
@@ -94,7 +96,13 @@ impl<Src: OpendalSource> OpendalReader<Src> {
                 self.source_ctx
                     .metrics
                     .partition_input_count
-                    .with_label_values(&[&actor_id, &source_id, &split_id])
+                    .with_label_values(&[
+                        &actor_id,
+                        &source_id,
+                        &split_id,
+                        &source_name,
+                        &fragment_id,
+                    ])
                     .inc_by(msg.cardinality() as u64);
                 yield msg;
             }
@@ -108,7 +116,9 @@ impl<Src: OpendalSource> OpendalReader<Src> {
         source_ctx: SourceContextRef,
     ) {
         let actor_id = source_ctx.source_info.actor_id.to_string();
+        let fragment_id = source_ctx.source_info.fragment_id.to_string();
         let source_id = source_ctx.source_info.source_id.to_string();
+        let source_name = source_ctx.source_info.source_name.to_string();
         let max_chunk_size = source_ctx.source_ctrl_opts.chunk_size;
         let split_id = split.id();
 
@@ -146,7 +156,13 @@ impl<Src: OpendalSource> OpendalReader<Src> {
                 source_ctx
                     .metrics
                     .partition_input_bytes
-                    .with_label_values(&[&actor_id, &source_id, &split_id])
+                    .with_label_values(&[
+                        &actor_id,
+                        &source_id,
+                        &split_id,
+                        &source_name,
+                        &fragment_id,
+                    ])
                     .inc_by(batch_size as u64);
                 let yield_batch = std::mem::take(&mut batch);
                 batch_size = 0;
@@ -157,7 +173,7 @@ impl<Src: OpendalSource> OpendalReader<Src> {
             source_ctx
                 .metrics
                 .partition_input_bytes
-                .with_label_values(&[&actor_id, &source_id, &split_id])
+                .with_label_values(&[&actor_id, &source_id, &split_id, &source_name, &fragment_id])
                 .inc_by(batch_size as u64);
             yield batch;
         }
diff --git a/src/connector/src/source/filesystem/s3/source/reader.rs b/src/connector/src/source/filesystem/s3/source/reader.rs
index c223febd1cf56..d1e03b91fc6b9 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/source/filesystem/s3/source/reader.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/source/filesystem/s3/source/reader.rs
@@ -63,7 +63,9 @@ impl S3FileReader {
         source_ctx: SourceContextRef,
     ) {
         let actor_id = source_ctx.source_info.actor_id.to_string();
+        let fragment_id = source_ctx.source_info.fragment_id.to_string();
         let source_id = source_ctx.source_info.source_id.to_string();
+        let source_name = source_ctx.source_info.source_name.to_string();
         let max_chunk_size = source_ctx.source_ctrl_opts.chunk_size;
         let split_id = split.id();
 
@@ -122,7 +124,13 @@ impl S3FileReader {
                 source_ctx
                     .metrics
                     .partition_input_bytes
-                    .with_label_values(&[&actor_id, &source_id, &split_id])
+                    .with_label_values(&[
+                        &actor_id,
+                        &source_id,
+                        &split_id,
+                        &source_name,
+                        &fragment_id,
+                    ])
                     .inc_by(batch_size as u64);
                 let yield_batch = std::mem::take(&mut batch);
                 batch_size = 0;
@@ -133,7 +141,7 @@ impl S3FileReader {
             source_ctx
                 .metrics
                 .partition_input_bytes
-                .with_label_values(&[&actor_id, &source_id, &split_id])
+                .with_label_values(&[&actor_id, &source_id, &split_id, &source_name, &fragment_id])
                 .inc_by(batch_size as u64);
             yield batch;
         }
@@ -207,7 +215,9 @@ impl S3FileReader {
     async fn into_chunk_stream(self) {
         for split in self.splits {
             let actor_id = self.source_ctx.source_info.actor_id.to_string();
+            let fragment_id = self.source_ctx.source_info.fragment_id.to_string();
             let source_id = self.source_ctx.source_info.source_id.to_string();
+            let source_name = self.source_ctx.source_info.source_name.to_string();
             let source_ctx = self.source_ctx.clone();
 
             let split_id = split.id();
@@ -232,7 +242,13 @@ impl S3FileReader {
                 self.source_ctx
                     .metrics
                     .partition_input_count
-                    .with_label_values(&[&actor_id, &source_id, &split_id])
+                    .with_label_values(&[
+                        &actor_id,
+                        &source_id,
+                        &split_id,
+                        &source_name,
+                        &fragment_id,
+                    ])
                     .inc_by(msg.cardinality() as u64);
                 yield msg;
             }
diff --git a/src/connector/src/source/monitor/metrics.rs b/src/connector/src/source/monitor/metrics.rs
index 5e47826b486da..bf43ca44212ae 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/source/monitor/metrics.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/source/monitor/metrics.rs
@@ -79,14 +79,26 @@ impl SourceMetrics {
         let partition_input_count = register_int_counter_vec_with_registry!(
             "source_partition_input_count",
             "Total number of rows that have been input from specific partition",
-            &["actor_id", "source_id", "partition"],
+            &[
+                "actor_id",
+                "source_id",
+                "partition",
+                "source_name",
+                "fragment_id"
+            ],
             registry
         )
         .unwrap();
         let partition_input_bytes = register_int_counter_vec_with_registry!(
             "source_partition_input_bytes",
             "Total bytes that have been input from specific partition",
-            &["actor_id", "source_id", "partition"],
+            &[
+                "actor_id",
+                "source_id",
+                "partition",
+                "source_name",
+                "fragment_id"
+            ],
             registry
         )
         .unwrap();
diff --git a/src/connector/src/source/nexmark/source/reader.rs b/src/connector/src/source/nexmark/source/reader.rs
index e8ff3097d8217..5df614f7a4545 100644
--- a/src/connector/src/source/nexmark/source/reader.rs
+++ b/src/connector/src/source/nexmark/source/reader.rs
@@ -109,7 +109,9 @@ impl SplitReader for NexmarkSplitReader {
 
     fn into_stream(self) -> BoxChunkSourceStream {
         let actor_id = self.source_ctx.source_info.actor_id.to_string();
+        let fragment_id = self.source_ctx.source_info.fragment_id.to_string();
         let source_id = self.source_ctx.source_info.source_id.to_string();
+        let source_name = self.source_ctx.source_info.source_name.to_string();
         let split_id = self.split_id.clone();
         let metrics = self.source_ctx.metrics.clone();
 
@@ -120,11 +122,23 @@ impl SplitReader for NexmarkSplitReader {
                 .inspect_ok(move |chunk: &StreamChunk| {
                     metrics
                         .partition_input_count
-                        .with_label_values(&[&actor_id, &source_id, &split_id])
+                        .with_label_values(&[
+                            &actor_id,
+                            &source_id,
+                            &split_id,
+                            &source_name,
+                            &fragment_id,
+                        ])
                         .inc_by(chunk.cardinality() as u64);
                     metrics
                         .partition_input_bytes
-                        .with_label_values(&[&actor_id, &source_id, &split_id])
+                        .with_label_values(&[
+                            &actor_id,
+                            &source_id,
+                            &split_id,
+                            &source_name,
+                            &fragment_id,
+                        ])
                         .inc_by(chunk.estimated_size() as u64);
                 }),
             BUFFER_SIZE,
diff --git a/src/expr/core/Cargo.toml b/src/expr/core/Cargo.toml
index 773f27b120323..a1dea253af9c0 100644
--- a/src/expr/core/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/expr/core/Cargo.toml
@@ -29,16 +29,18 @@ chrono = { version = "0.4", default-features = false, features = [
     "clock",
     "std",
 ] }
-ctor = "0.2"
 downcast-rs = "1.2"
 easy-ext = "1"
+educe = "0.5"
 either = "1"
 enum-as-inner = "0.6"
 futures-async-stream = { workspace = true }
 futures-util = "0.3"
 itertools = "0.12"
+linkme = { version = "0.3", features = ["used_linker"] }
 moka = { version = "0.12", features = ["future"] }
 num-traits = "0.2"
+openssl = { version = "0.10", features = ["vendored"] }
 parse-display = "0.8"
 paste = "1"
 risingwave_common = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/src/expr/core/src/codegen.rs b/src/expr/core/src/codegen.rs
index a22f5f069dec6..c9022e40aec91 100644
--- a/src/expr/core/src/codegen.rs
+++ b/src/expr/core/src/codegen.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 
 pub use async_trait::async_trait;
-pub use ctor::ctor;
 pub use futures_async_stream::try_stream;
 pub use futures_util::stream::BoxStream;
 pub use itertools::multizip;
+pub use linkme;
diff --git a/src/expr/core/src/error.rs b/src/expr/core/src/error.rs
index 925d237374317..83e57c117185b 100644
--- a/src/expr/core/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/expr/core/src/error.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-use std::fmt::Display;
+use std::fmt::{Debug, Display};
 
 use risingwave_common::array::{ArrayError, ArrayRef};
 use risingwave_common::error::{ErrorCode, RwError};
@@ -117,6 +117,23 @@ pub enum ExprError {
 
     #[error("invalid state: {0}")]
     InvalidState(String),
+
+    #[error("error in cryptography: {0}")]
+    Cryptography(Box<CryptographyError>),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum CryptographyStage {
+    Encrypt,
+    Decrypt,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[error("{stage:?} stage, reason: {reason}")]
+pub struct CryptographyError {
+    pub stage: CryptographyStage,
+    #[source]
+    pub reason: openssl::error::ErrorStack,
 }
 
 static_assertions::const_assert_eq!(std::mem::size_of::<ExprError>(), 40);
diff --git a/src/expr/core/src/lib.rs b/src/expr/core/src/lib.rs
index 93fbb4f5fad6b..fe6d5b9db4d1d 100644
--- a/src/expr/core/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/expr/core/src/lib.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-#![allow(non_snake_case)] // for `ctor` generated code
 #![feature(let_chains)]
 #![feature(lint_reasons)]
 #![feature(iterator_try_collect)]
@@ -20,6 +19,7 @@
 #![feature(coroutines)]
 #![feature(never_type)]
 #![feature(error_generic_member_access)]
+#![feature(used_with_arg)]
 
 extern crate self as risingwave_expr;
 
@@ -34,6 +34,6 @@ pub mod sig;
 pub mod table_function;
 pub mod window_function;
 
-pub use error::{ContextUnavailable, ExprError, Result};
+pub use error::{ContextUnavailable, CryptographyError, CryptographyStage, ExprError, Result};
 pub use risingwave_common::{bail, ensure};
 pub use risingwave_expr_macro::*;
diff --git a/src/expr/core/src/sig/mod.rs b/src/expr/core/src/sig/mod.rs
index 4366b90230cd9..747779f81e990 100644
--- a/src/expr/core/src/sig/mod.rs
+++ b/src/expr/core/src/sig/mod.rs
@@ -31,12 +31,11 @@ use crate::table_function::BoxedTableFunction;
 use crate::ExprError;
 
 /// The global registry of all function signatures.
-pub static FUNCTION_REGISTRY: LazyLock<FunctionRegistry> = LazyLock::new(|| unsafe {
-    // SAFETY: this function is called after all `#[ctor]` functions are called.
+pub static FUNCTION_REGISTRY: LazyLock<FunctionRegistry> = LazyLock::new(|| {
     let mut map = FunctionRegistry::default();
-    tracing::info!("found {} functions", FUNCTION_REGISTRY_INIT.len());
-    for sig in FUNCTION_REGISTRY_INIT.drain(..) {
-        map.insert(sig);
+    tracing::info!("found {} functions", FUNCTIONS.len());
+    for f in FUNCTIONS {
+        map.insert(f());
     }
     map
 });
@@ -459,22 +458,6 @@ pub enum FuncBuilder {
     Udf,
 }
 
-/// Register a function into global registry.
-///
-/// # Safety
-///
-/// This function must be called sequentially.
-///
-/// It is designed to be used by `#[function]` macro.
-/// Users SHOULD NOT call this function.
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub unsafe fn _register(sig: FuncSign) {
-    FUNCTION_REGISTRY_INIT.push(sig)
-}
-
-/// The global registry of function signatures on initialization.
-///
-/// `#[function]` macro will generate a `#[ctor]` function to register the signature into this
-/// vector. The calls are guaranteed to be sequential. The vector will be drained and moved into
-/// `FUNCTION_REGISTRY` on the first access of `FUNCTION_REGISTRY`.
-static mut FUNCTION_REGISTRY_INIT: Vec<FuncSign> = Vec::new();
+/// A static distributed slice of functions defined by `#[function]`.
+#[linkme::distributed_slice]
+pub static FUNCTIONS: [fn() -> FuncSign];
diff --git a/src/expr/core/src/window_function/call.rs b/src/expr/core/src/window_function/call.rs
index 43545cc2a107a..6c5839c07bc46 100644
--- a/src/expr/core/src/window_function/call.rs
+++ b/src/expr/core/src/window_function/call.rs
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ impl Frame {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Display, Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+#[derive(Display, Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, EnumAsInner)]
 #[display("{0}")]
 pub enum FrameBounds {
     Rows(RowsFrameBounds),
@@ -143,6 +143,10 @@ impl FrameBounds {
     }
 }
 
+pub trait FrameBoundsImpl {
+    fn validate(&self) -> Result<()>;
+}
+
 #[derive(Display, Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 #[display("ROWS BETWEEN {start} AND {end}")]
 pub struct RowsFrameBounds {
@@ -151,6 +155,42 @@ pub struct RowsFrameBounds {
 }
 
 impl RowsFrameBounds {
+    /// Check if the `ROWS` frame is canonical.
+    ///
+    /// A canonical `ROWS` frame is defined as:
+    ///
+    /// - Its bounds are valid (see [`Self::validate`]).
+    /// - It contains the current row.
+    pub fn is_canonical(&self) -> bool {
+        self.validate().is_ok() && {
+            let start = self.start.to_offset();
+            let end = self.end.to_offset();
+            start.unwrap_or(0) <= 0 && end.unwrap_or(0) >= 0
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the number of preceding rows.
+    pub fn n_preceding_rows(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        match (&self.start, &self.end) {
+            (UnboundedPreceding, _) => None,
+            (Preceding(n1), Preceding(n2)) => Some(*n1.max(n2)),
+            (Preceding(n), _) => Some(*n),
+            (CurrentRow | Following(_) | UnboundedFollowing, _) => Some(0),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the number of following rows.
+    pub fn n_following_rows(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        match (&self.start, &self.end) {
+            (_, UnboundedFollowing) => None,
+            (Following(n1), Following(n2)) => Some(*n1.max(n2)),
+            (_, Following(n)) => Some(*n),
+            (_, CurrentRow | Preceding(_) | UnboundedPreceding) => Some(0),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FrameBoundsImpl for RowsFrameBounds {
     fn validate(&self) -> Result<()> {
         FrameBound::validate_bounds(&self.start, &self.end)
     }
@@ -233,16 +273,6 @@ impl FrameBound<usize> {
             Following(n) => Some(*n as isize),
         }
     }
-
-    /// View the bound as frame start, and get the number of preceding rows.
-    pub fn n_preceding_rows(&self) -> Option<usize> {
-        self.to_offset().map(|x| x.min(0).unsigned_abs())
-    }
-
-    /// View the bound as frame end, and get the number of following rows.
-    pub fn n_following_rows(&self) -> Option<usize> {
-        self.to_offset().map(|x| x.max(0) as usize)
-    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Display, Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Default, EnumAsInner)]
@@ -272,3 +302,92 @@ impl FrameExclusion {
         }
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_rows_frame_bounds() {
+        let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+            start: Preceding(1),
+            end: CurrentRow,
+        };
+        assert!(bounds.validate().is_ok());
+        assert!(bounds.is_canonical());
+        assert_eq!(bounds.start.to_offset(), Some(-1));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.end.to_offset(), Some(0));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.n_preceding_rows(), Some(1));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.n_following_rows(), Some(0));
+
+        let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+            start: CurrentRow,
+            end: Following(1),
+        };
+        assert!(bounds.validate().is_ok());
+        assert!(bounds.is_canonical());
+        assert_eq!(bounds.start.to_offset(), Some(0));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.end.to_offset(), Some(1));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.n_preceding_rows(), Some(0));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.n_following_rows(), Some(1));
+
+        let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+            start: UnboundedPreceding,
+            end: Following(10),
+        };
+        assert!(bounds.validate().is_ok());
+        assert!(bounds.is_canonical());
+        assert_eq!(bounds.start.to_offset(), None);
+        assert_eq!(bounds.end.to_offset(), Some(10));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.n_preceding_rows(), None);
+        assert_eq!(bounds.n_following_rows(), Some(10));
+
+        let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+            start: Preceding(10),
+            end: UnboundedFollowing,
+        };
+        assert!(bounds.validate().is_ok());
+        assert!(bounds.is_canonical());
+        assert_eq!(bounds.start.to_offset(), Some(-10));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.end.to_offset(), None);
+        assert_eq!(bounds.n_preceding_rows(), Some(10));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.n_following_rows(), None);
+
+        let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+            start: Preceding(1),
+            end: Preceding(10),
+        };
+        assert!(bounds.validate().is_ok());
+        assert!(!bounds.is_canonical());
+        assert_eq!(bounds.start.to_offset(), Some(-1));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.end.to_offset(), Some(-10));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.n_preceding_rows(), Some(10));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.n_following_rows(), Some(0));
+
+        let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+            start: Following(10),
+            end: Following(1),
+        };
+        assert!(bounds.validate().is_ok());
+        assert!(!bounds.is_canonical());
+        assert_eq!(bounds.start.to_offset(), Some(10));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.end.to_offset(), Some(1));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.n_preceding_rows(), Some(0));
+        assert_eq!(bounds.n_following_rows(), Some(10));
+
+        let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+            start: UnboundedFollowing,
+            end: Following(10),
+        };
+        assert!(bounds.validate().is_err());
+        assert!(!bounds.is_canonical());
+
+        let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+            start: Preceding(10),
+            end: UnboundedPreceding,
+        };
+        assert!(bounds.validate().is_err());
+        assert!(!bounds.is_canonical());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/expr/core/src/window_function/state/aggregate.rs b/src/expr/core/src/window_function/state/aggregate.rs
index 09555eecf9201..7d3f4fe20fe57 100644
--- a/src/expr/core/src/window_function/state/aggregate.rs
+++ b/src/expr/core/src/window_function/state/aggregate.rs
@@ -22,66 +22,82 @@ use risingwave_common::util::iter_util::ZipEqFast;
 use risingwave_common::{bail, must_match};
 use smallvec::SmallVec;
 
-use super::buffer::WindowBuffer;
-use super::{StateEvictHint, StateKey, StatePos, WindowState};
+use super::buffer::{RowsWindow, WindowBuffer, WindowImpl};
+use super::{BoxedWindowState, StateEvictHint, StateKey, StatePos, WindowState};
 use crate::aggregate::{
     AggArgs, AggCall, AggregateFunction, AggregateState as AggImplState, BoxedAggregateFunction,
 };
 use crate::sig::FUNCTION_REGISTRY;
-use crate::window_function::{WindowFuncCall, WindowFuncKind};
+use crate::window_function::{FrameBounds, WindowFuncCall, WindowFuncKind};
 use crate::Result;
 
-pub struct AggregateState {
+type StateValue = SmallVec<[Datum; 2]>;
+
+struct AggregateState<W>
+where
+    W: WindowImpl<Key = StateKey, Value = StateValue>,
+{
     agg_func: BoxedAggregateFunction,
     agg_impl: AggImpl,
     arg_data_types: Vec<DataType>,
-    buffer: WindowBuffer<StateKey, SmallVec<[Datum; 2]>>,
+    buffer: WindowBuffer<W>,
     buffer_heap_size: KvSize,
 }
 
-impl AggregateState {
-    pub fn new(call: &WindowFuncCall) -> Result<Self> {
-        if call.frame.bounds.validate().is_err() {
-            bail!("the window frame must be valid");
-        }
-        let agg_kind = must_match!(call.kind, WindowFuncKind::Aggregate(agg_kind) => agg_kind);
-        let arg_data_types = call.args.arg_types().to_vec();
-        let agg_call = AggCall {
-            kind: agg_kind,
-            args: match &call.args {
-                // convert args to [0] or [0, 1]
-                AggArgs::None => AggArgs::None,
-                AggArgs::Unary(data_type, _) => AggArgs::Unary(data_type.to_owned(), 0),
-                AggArgs::Binary(data_types, _) => AggArgs::Binary(data_types.to_owned(), [0, 1]),
-            },
-            return_type: call.return_type.clone(),
-            column_orders: Vec::new(), // the input is already sorted
-            // TODO(rc): support filter on window function call
-            filter: None,
-            // TODO(rc): support distinct on window function call? PG doesn't support it either.
-            distinct: false,
-            direct_args: vec![],
+pub(super) fn new(call: &WindowFuncCall) -> Result<BoxedWindowState> {
+    if call.frame.bounds.validate().is_err() {
+        bail!("the window frame must be valid");
+    }
+    let agg_kind = must_match!(call.kind, WindowFuncKind::Aggregate(agg_kind) => agg_kind);
+    let arg_data_types = call.args.arg_types().to_vec();
+    let agg_call = AggCall {
+        kind: agg_kind,
+        args: match &call.args {
+            // convert args to [0] or [0, 1]
+            AggArgs::None => AggArgs::None,
+            AggArgs::Unary(data_type, _) => AggArgs::Unary(data_type.to_owned(), 0),
+            AggArgs::Binary(data_types, _) => AggArgs::Binary(data_types.to_owned(), [0, 1]),
+        },
+        return_type: call.return_type.clone(),
+        column_orders: Vec::new(), // the input is already sorted
+        // TODO(rc): support filter on window function call
+        filter: None,
+        // TODO(rc): support distinct on window function call? PG doesn't support it either.
+        distinct: false,
+        direct_args: vec![],
+    };
+    let agg_func_sig = FUNCTION_REGISTRY
+        .get(agg_kind, &arg_data_types, &call.return_type)
+        .expect("the agg func must exist");
+    let agg_func = agg_func_sig.build_aggregate(&agg_call)?;
+    let (agg_impl, enable_delta) =
+        if agg_func_sig.is_retractable() && call.frame.exclusion.is_no_others() {
+            let init_state = agg_func.create_state();
+            (AggImpl::Incremental(init_state), true)
+        } else {
+            (AggImpl::Full, false)
         };
-        let agg_func_sig = FUNCTION_REGISTRY
-            .get(agg_kind, &arg_data_types, &call.return_type)
-            .expect("the agg func must exist");
-        let agg_func = agg_func_sig.build_aggregate(&agg_call)?;
-        let (agg_impl, enable_delta) =
-            if agg_func_sig.is_retractable() && call.frame.exclusion.is_no_others() {
-                let init_state = agg_func.create_state();
-                (AggImpl::Incremental(init_state), true)
-            } else {
-                (AggImpl::Full, false)
-            };
-        Ok(Self {
+
+    let this = match &call.frame.bounds {
+        FrameBounds::Rows(frame_bounds) => Box::new(AggregateState {
             agg_func,
             agg_impl,
             arg_data_types,
-            buffer: WindowBuffer::new(call.frame.clone(), enable_delta),
+            buffer: WindowBuffer::<RowsWindow<StateKey, StateValue>>::new(
+                RowsWindow::new(frame_bounds.clone()),
+                call.frame.exclusion,
+                enable_delta,
+            ),
             buffer_heap_size: KvSize::new(),
-        })
-    }
+        }) as BoxedWindowState,
+    };
+    Ok(this)
+}
 
+impl<W> AggregateState<W>
+where
+    W: WindowImpl<Key = StateKey, Value = StateValue>,
+{
     fn slide_inner(&mut self) -> StateEvictHint {
         let removed_keys: BTreeSet<_> = self
             .buffer
@@ -107,7 +123,10 @@ impl AggregateState {
     }
 }
 
-impl WindowState for AggregateState {
+impl<W> WindowState for AggregateState<W>
+where
+    W: WindowImpl<Key = StateKey, Value = StateValue>,
+{
     fn append(&mut self, key: StateKey, args: SmallVec<[Datum; 2]>) {
         args.iter().for_each(|arg| {
             self.buffer_heap_size.add_val(arg);
@@ -156,7 +175,10 @@ impl WindowState for AggregateState {
     }
 }
 
-impl EstimateSize for AggregateState {
+impl<W> EstimateSize for AggregateState<W>
+where
+    W: WindowImpl<Key = StateKey, Value = StateValue>,
+{
     fn estimated_heap_size(&self) -> usize {
         // estimate `VecDeque` of `StreamWindowBuffer` internal size
         // https://github.com/risingwavelabs/risingwave/issues/9713
diff --git a/src/expr/core/src/window_function/state/buffer.rs b/src/expr/core/src/window_function/state/buffer.rs
index 3edb6d7adc164..34b727fbd475e 100644
--- a/src/expr/core/src/window_function/state/buffer.rs
+++ b/src/expr/core/src/window_function/state/buffer.rs
@@ -15,43 +15,52 @@
 use std::collections::VecDeque;
 use std::ops::Range;
 
+use educe::Educe;
 use risingwave_common::array::Op;
 
 use super::range_utils::range_except;
 use crate::window_function::state::range_utils::range_diff;
-use crate::window_function::{Frame, FrameBounds, FrameExclusion};
-
-struct Entry<K: Ord, V> {
-    key: K,
-    value: V,
-}
+use crate::window_function::{FrameExclusion, RowsFrameBounds};
 
 /// A common sliding window buffer.
-pub struct WindowBuffer<K: Ord, V: Clone> {
-    frame: Frame,
-    buffer: VecDeque<Entry<K, V>>,
+pub(super) struct WindowBuffer<W: WindowImpl> {
+    window_impl: W,
+    frame_exclusion: FrameExclusion,
+    buffer: VecDeque<Entry<W::Key, W::Value>>,
     curr_idx: usize,
     left_idx: usize,       // inclusive, note this can be > `curr_idx`
     right_excl_idx: usize, // exclusive, note this can be <= `curr_idx`
-    curr_delta: Option<Vec<(Op, V)>>,
+    curr_delta: Option<Vec<(Op, W::Value)>>,
+}
+
+/// A key-value pair in the buffer.
+struct Entry<K: Ord, V> {
+    key: K,
+    value: V,
 }
 
 /// Note: A window frame can be pure preceding, pure following, or acrossing the _current row_.
-pub struct CurrWindow<'a, K> {
+pub(super) struct CurrWindow<'a, K> {
     pub key: Option<&'a K>,
+
+    // XXX(rc): Maybe will be used in the future, let's keep it for now.
+    #[cfg_attr(not(test), expect(dead_code))]
+    /// The preceding half of the current window is saturated.
     pub preceding_saturated: bool,
+    /// The following half of the current window is saturated.
     pub following_saturated: bool,
 }
 
-impl<K: Ord, V: Clone> WindowBuffer<K, V> {
-    pub fn new(frame: Frame, enable_delta: bool) -> Self {
-        assert!(frame.bounds.validate().is_ok());
+impl<W: WindowImpl> WindowBuffer<W> {
+    pub fn new(window_impl: W, frame_exclusion: FrameExclusion, enable_delta: bool) -> Self {
         if enable_delta {
             // TODO(rc): currently only support `FrameExclusion::NoOthers` for delta
-            assert!(frame.exclusion.is_no_others());
+            assert!(frame_exclusion.is_no_others());
         }
+
         Self {
-            frame,
+            window_impl,
+            frame_exclusion,
             buffer: Default::default(),
             curr_idx: 0,
             left_idx: 0,
@@ -64,66 +73,29 @@ impl<K: Ord, V: Clone> WindowBuffer<K, V> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn preceding_saturated(&self) -> bool {
-        self.curr_key().is_some()
-            && match &self.frame.bounds {
-                FrameBounds::Rows(bounds) => {
-                    let start_off = bounds.start.to_offset();
-                    if let Some(start_off) = start_off {
-                        if start_off >= 0 {
-                            true // pure following frame, always preceding-saturated
-                        } else {
-                            // FIXME(rc): Clippy rule `clippy::nonminimal_bool` is misreporting that
-                            // the following can be simplified.
-                            #[allow(clippy::nonminimal_bool)]
-                            {
-                                assert!(self.curr_idx >= self.left_idx);
-                            }
-                            self.curr_idx - self.left_idx >= start_off.unsigned_abs()
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        false // unbounded frame start, never preceding-saturated
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-    }
-
-    fn following_saturated(&self) -> bool {
-        self.curr_key().is_some()
-            && match &self.frame.bounds {
-                FrameBounds::Rows(bounds) => {
-                    let end_off = bounds.end.to_offset();
-                    if let Some(end_off) = end_off {
-                        if end_off <= 0 {
-                            true // pure preceding frame, always following-saturated
-                        } else {
-                            // FIXME(rc): Ditto.
-                            #[allow(clippy::nonminimal_bool)]
-                            {
-                                assert!(self.right_excl_idx > 0);
-                                assert!(self.right_excl_idx > self.curr_idx);
-                                assert!(self.right_excl_idx <= self.buffer.len());
-                            }
-                            self.right_excl_idx - 1 - self.curr_idx >= end_off as usize
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        false // unbounded frame end, never following-saturated
-                    }
-                }
-            }
+    /// Get the smallest key that is still kept in the buffer.
+    /// Returns `None` if there's nothing yet.
+    pub fn smallest_key(&self) -> Option<&W::Key> {
+        self.buffer.front().map(|Entry { key, .. }| key)
     }
 
     /// Get the key part of the current row.
-    pub fn curr_key(&self) -> Option<&K> {
+    pub fn curr_key(&self) -> Option<&W::Key> {
         self.buffer.get(self.curr_idx).map(|Entry { key, .. }| key)
     }
 
     /// Get the current window info.
-    pub fn curr_window(&self) -> CurrWindow<'_, K> {
+    pub fn curr_window(&self) -> CurrWindow<'_, W::Key> {
+        let buffer_ref = BufferRef {
+            buffer: &self.buffer,
+            curr_idx: self.curr_idx,
+            left_idx: self.left_idx,
+            right_excl_idx: self.right_excl_idx,
+        };
         CurrWindow {
             key: self.curr_key(),
-            preceding_saturated: self.preceding_saturated(),
-            following_saturated: self.following_saturated(),
+            preceding_saturated: self.window_impl.preceding_saturated(buffer_ref),
+            following_saturated: self.window_impl.following_saturated(buffer_ref),
         }
     }
 
@@ -133,7 +105,7 @@ impl<K: Ord, V: Clone> WindowBuffer<K, V> {
 
     fn curr_window_exclusion(&self) -> Range<usize> {
         // TODO(rc): should intersect with `curr_window_outer` to be more accurate
-        match self.frame.exclusion {
+        match self.frame_exclusion {
             FrameExclusion::CurrentRow => self.curr_idx..self.curr_idx + 1,
             FrameExclusion::NoOthers => self.curr_idx..self.curr_idx,
         }
@@ -146,7 +118,7 @@ impl<K: Ord, V: Clone> WindowBuffer<K, V> {
     }
 
     /// Iterate over values in the current window.
-    pub fn curr_window_values(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &V> {
+    pub fn curr_window_values(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &W::Value> {
         assert!(self.left_idx <= self.right_excl_idx);
         assert!(self.right_excl_idx <= self.buffer.len());
 
@@ -159,69 +131,17 @@ impl<K: Ord, V: Clone> WindowBuffer<K, V> {
 
     /// Consume the delta of values comparing the current window to the previous window.
     /// The delta is not guaranteed to be sorted, especially when frame exclusion is not `NoOthers`.
-    pub fn consume_curr_window_values_delta(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (Op, V)> + '_ {
+    pub fn consume_curr_window_values_delta(
+        &mut self,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (Op, W::Value)> + '_ {
         self.curr_delta
             .as_mut()
             .expect("delta mode should be enabled")
             .drain(..)
     }
 
-    fn recalculate_left_right(&mut self) {
-        // TODO(rc): For the sake of simplicity, we just recalculate the left and right indices from
-        // `curr_idx`, rather than trying to update them incrementally. The complexity is O(n) for
-        // `Frame::Range` where n is the length of the buffer, for now it doesn't matter.
-
-        if self.buffer.is_empty() {
-            self.left_idx = 0;
-            self.right_excl_idx = 0;
-        }
-
-        match &self.frame.bounds {
-            FrameBounds::Rows(bounds) => {
-                let start_off = bounds.start.to_offset();
-                let end_off = bounds.end.to_offset();
-                if let Some(start_off) = start_off {
-                    let logical_left_idx = self.curr_idx as isize + start_off;
-                    if logical_left_idx >= 0 {
-                        self.left_idx = std::cmp::min(logical_left_idx as usize, self.buffer.len());
-                    } else {
-                        self.left_idx = 0;
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    // unbounded start
-                    self.left_idx = 0;
-                }
-                if let Some(end_off) = end_off {
-                    let logical_right_excl_idx = self.curr_idx as isize + end_off + 1;
-                    if logical_right_excl_idx >= 0 {
-                        self.right_excl_idx =
-                            std::cmp::min(logical_right_excl_idx as usize, self.buffer.len());
-                    } else {
-                        self.right_excl_idx = 0;
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    // unbounded end
-                    self.right_excl_idx = self.buffer.len();
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn maintain_delta(&mut self, old_outer: Range<usize>, new_outer: Range<usize>) {
-        debug_assert!(self.frame.exclusion.is_no_others());
-
-        let (outer_removed, outer_added) = range_diff(old_outer.clone(), new_outer.clone());
-        let delta = self.curr_delta.as_mut().unwrap();
-        for idx in outer_removed.iter().cloned().flatten() {
-            delta.push((Op::Delete, self.buffer[idx].value.clone()));
-        }
-        for idx in outer_added.iter().cloned().flatten() {
-            delta.push((Op::Insert, self.buffer[idx].value.clone()));
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Append a key-value pair to the buffer.
-    pub fn append(&mut self, key: K, value: V) {
+    pub fn append(&mut self, key: W::Key, value: W::Value) {
         let old_outer = self.curr_window_outer();
 
         self.buffer.push_back(Entry { key, value });
@@ -232,15 +152,9 @@ impl<K: Ord, V: Clone> WindowBuffer<K, V> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Get the smallest key that is still kept in the buffer.
-    /// Returns `None` if there's nothing yet.
-    pub fn smallest_key(&self) -> Option<&K> {
-        self.buffer.front().map(|Entry { key, .. }| key)
-    }
-
     /// Slide the current window forward.
     /// Returns the keys that are removed from the buffer.
-    pub fn slide(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (K, V)> + '_ {
+    pub fn slide(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (W::Key, W::Value)> + '_ {
         let old_outer = self.curr_window_outer();
 
         self.curr_idx += 1;
@@ -258,6 +172,165 @@ impl<K: Ord, V: Clone> WindowBuffer<K, V> {
             .drain(0..min_needed_idx)
             .map(|Entry { key, value }| (key, value))
     }
+
+    fn maintain_delta(&mut self, old_outer: Range<usize>, new_outer: Range<usize>) {
+        debug_assert!(self.frame_exclusion.is_no_others());
+
+        let (outer_removed, outer_added) = range_diff(old_outer.clone(), new_outer.clone());
+        let delta = self.curr_delta.as_mut().unwrap();
+        for idx in outer_removed.iter().cloned().flatten() {
+            delta.push((Op::Delete, self.buffer[idx].value.clone()));
+        }
+        for idx in outer_added.iter().cloned().flatten() {
+            delta.push((Op::Insert, self.buffer[idx].value.clone()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn recalculate_left_right(&mut self) {
+        let buffer_ref = BufferRefMut {
+            buffer: &self.buffer,
+            curr_idx: &mut self.curr_idx,
+            left_idx: &mut self.left_idx,
+            right_excl_idx: &mut self.right_excl_idx,
+        };
+        self.window_impl.recalculate_left_right(buffer_ref);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Wraps a reference to the buffer and some indices, to be used by [`WindowImpl`]s.
+#[derive(Educe)]
+#[educe(Clone, Copy)]
+pub(super) struct BufferRef<'a, K: Ord, V: Clone> {
+    buffer: &'a VecDeque<Entry<K, V>>,
+    curr_idx: usize,
+    left_idx: usize,
+    right_excl_idx: usize,
+}
+
+/// Wraps a reference to the buffer and some mutable indices, to be used by [`WindowImpl`]s.
+pub(super) struct BufferRefMut<'a, K: Ord, V: Clone> {
+    buffer: &'a VecDeque<Entry<K, V>>,
+    curr_idx: &'a mut usize,
+    left_idx: &'a mut usize,
+    right_excl_idx: &'a mut usize,
+}
+
+/// A trait for sliding window implementations. This trait is used by [`WindowBuffer`] to
+/// determine the status of current window and how to slide the window.
+pub(super) trait WindowImpl {
+    type Key: Ord;
+    type Value: Clone;
+
+    /// Whether the preceding half of the current window is saturated.
+    /// By "saturated" we mean that every row that is possible to be in the preceding half of the
+    /// current window is already in the buffer.
+    fn preceding_saturated(&self, buffer_ref: BufferRef<'_, Self::Key, Self::Value>) -> bool;
+
+    /// Whether the following half of the current window is saturated.
+    fn following_saturated(&self, buffer_ref: BufferRef<'_, Self::Key, Self::Value>) -> bool;
+
+    /// Recalculate the left and right indices of the current window, according to the latest
+    /// `curr_idx`. The indices are indices in the buffer vector.
+    fn recalculate_left_right(&self, buffer_ref: BufferRefMut<'_, Self::Key, Self::Value>);
+}
+
+/// The sliding window implementation for `ROWS` frames.
+pub(super) struct RowsWindow<K: Ord, V: Clone> {
+    frame_bounds: RowsFrameBounds,
+    _phantom: std::marker::PhantomData<K>,
+    _phantom2: std::marker::PhantomData<V>,
+}
+
+impl<K: Ord, V: Clone> RowsWindow<K, V> {
+    pub fn new(frame_bounds: RowsFrameBounds) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            frame_bounds,
+            _phantom: std::marker::PhantomData,
+            _phantom2: std::marker::PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<K: Ord, V: Clone> WindowImpl for RowsWindow<K, V> {
+    type Key = K;
+    type Value = V;
+
+    fn preceding_saturated(&self, buffer_ref: BufferRef<'_, Self::Key, Self::Value>) -> bool {
+        buffer_ref.curr_idx < buffer_ref.buffer.len() && {
+            let start_off = self.frame_bounds.start.to_offset();
+            if let Some(start_off) = start_off {
+                if start_off >= 0 {
+                    true // pure following frame, always preceding-saturated
+                } else {
+                    // FIXME(rc): Clippy rule `clippy::nonminimal_bool` is misreporting that
+                    // the following can be simplified.
+                    #[allow(clippy::nonminimal_bool)]
+                    {
+                        assert!(buffer_ref.curr_idx >= buffer_ref.left_idx);
+                    }
+                    buffer_ref.curr_idx - buffer_ref.left_idx >= start_off.unsigned_abs()
+                }
+            } else {
+                false // unbounded frame start, never preceding-saturated
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn following_saturated(&self, buffer_ref: BufferRef<'_, Self::Key, Self::Value>) -> bool {
+        buffer_ref.curr_idx < buffer_ref.buffer.len() && {
+            let end_off = self.frame_bounds.end.to_offset();
+            if let Some(end_off) = end_off {
+                if end_off <= 0 {
+                    true // pure preceding frame, always following-saturated
+                } else {
+                    // FIXME(rc): Ditto.
+                    #[allow(clippy::nonminimal_bool)]
+                    {
+                        assert!(buffer_ref.right_excl_idx > 0);
+                        assert!(buffer_ref.right_excl_idx > buffer_ref.curr_idx);
+                        assert!(buffer_ref.right_excl_idx <= buffer_ref.buffer.len());
+                    }
+                    buffer_ref.right_excl_idx - 1 - buffer_ref.curr_idx >= end_off as usize
+                }
+            } else {
+                false // unbounded frame end, never following-saturated
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn recalculate_left_right(&self, buffer_ref: BufferRefMut<'_, Self::Key, Self::Value>) {
+        if buffer_ref.buffer.is_empty() {
+            *buffer_ref.left_idx = 0;
+            *buffer_ref.right_excl_idx = 0;
+        }
+
+        let start_off = self.frame_bounds.start.to_offset();
+        let end_off = self.frame_bounds.end.to_offset();
+        if let Some(start_off) = start_off {
+            let logical_left_idx = *buffer_ref.curr_idx as isize + start_off;
+            if logical_left_idx >= 0 {
+                *buffer_ref.left_idx =
+                    std::cmp::min(logical_left_idx as usize, buffer_ref.buffer.len());
+            } else {
+                *buffer_ref.left_idx = 0;
+            }
+        } else {
+            // unbounded start
+            *buffer_ref.left_idx = 0;
+        }
+        if let Some(end_off) = end_off {
+            let logical_right_excl_idx = *buffer_ref.curr_idx as isize + end_off + 1;
+            if logical_right_excl_idx >= 0 {
+                *buffer_ref.right_excl_idx =
+                    std::cmp::min(logical_right_excl_idx as usize, buffer_ref.buffer.len());
+            } else {
+                *buffer_ref.right_excl_idx = 0;
+            }
+        } else {
+            // unbounded end
+            *buffer_ref.right_excl_idx = buffer_ref.buffer.len();
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -265,12 +338,18 @@ mod tests {
     use itertools::Itertools;
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::window_function::{Frame, FrameBound};
+    use crate::window_function::FrameBound::{
+        CurrentRow, Following, Preceding, UnboundedFollowing, UnboundedPreceding,
+    };
 
     #[test]
     fn test_rows_frame_unbounded_preceding_to_current_row() {
-        let mut buffer = WindowBuffer::new(
-            Frame::rows(FrameBound::UnboundedPreceding, FrameBound::CurrentRow),
+        let mut buffer = WindowBuffer::<RowsWindow<_, _>>::new(
+            RowsWindow::new(RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: UnboundedPreceding,
+                end: CurrentRow,
+            }),
+            FrameExclusion::NoOthers,
             true,
         );
 
@@ -303,8 +382,12 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_rows_frame_preceding_to_current_row() {
-        let mut buffer = WindowBuffer::new(
-            Frame::rows(FrameBound::Preceding(1), FrameBound::CurrentRow),
+        let mut buffer = WindowBuffer::<RowsWindow<_, _>>::new(
+            RowsWindow::new(RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: Preceding(1),
+                end: CurrentRow,
+            }),
+            FrameExclusion::NoOthers,
             true,
         );
 
@@ -342,8 +425,12 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_rows_frame_preceding_to_preceding() {
-        let mut buffer = WindowBuffer::new(
-            Frame::rows(FrameBound::Preceding(2), FrameBound::Preceding(1)),
+        let mut buffer = WindowBuffer::<RowsWindow<_, _>>::new(
+            RowsWindow::new(RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: Preceding(2),
+                end: Preceding(1),
+            }),
+            FrameExclusion::NoOthers,
             true,
         );
 
@@ -384,8 +471,12 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_rows_frame_current_row_to_unbounded_following() {
-        let mut buffer = WindowBuffer::new(
-            Frame::rows(FrameBound::CurrentRow, FrameBound::UnboundedFollowing),
+        let mut buffer = WindowBuffer::<RowsWindow<_, _>>::new(
+            RowsWindow::new(RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: CurrentRow,
+                end: UnboundedFollowing,
+            }),
+            FrameExclusion::NoOthers,
             true,
         );
 
@@ -422,8 +513,12 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_rows_frame_current_row_to_following() {
-        let mut buffer = WindowBuffer::new(
-            Frame::rows(FrameBound::CurrentRow, FrameBound::Following(1)),
+        let mut buffer = WindowBuffer::<RowsWindow<_, _>>::new(
+            RowsWindow::new(RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: CurrentRow,
+                end: Following(1),
+            }),
+            FrameExclusion::NoOthers,
             true,
         );
 
@@ -468,8 +563,12 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_rows_frame_following_to_following() {
-        let mut buffer = WindowBuffer::new(
-            Frame::rows(FrameBound::Following(1), FrameBound::Following(2)),
+        let mut buffer = WindowBuffer::<RowsWindow<_, _>>::new(
+            RowsWindow::new(RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: Following(1),
+                end: Following(2),
+            }),
+            FrameExclusion::NoOthers,
             true,
         );
 
@@ -511,12 +610,12 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_rows_frame_exclude_current_row() {
-        let mut buffer = WindowBuffer::new(
-            Frame::rows_with_exclusion(
-                FrameBound::UnboundedPreceding,
-                FrameBound::CurrentRow,
-                FrameExclusion::CurrentRow,
-            ),
+        let mut buffer = WindowBuffer::<RowsWindow<_, _>>::new(
+            RowsWindow::new(RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: UnboundedPreceding,
+                end: CurrentRow,
+            }),
+            FrameExclusion::CurrentRow,
             false,
         );
 
diff --git a/src/expr/core/src/window_function/state/mod.rs b/src/expr/core/src/window_function/state/mod.rs
index 37ee086ca7ba4..fbaec55a84c38 100644
--- a/src/expr/core/src/window_function/state/mod.rs
+++ b/src/expr/core/src/window_function/state/mod.rs
@@ -114,7 +114,9 @@ pub trait WindowState: EstimateSize {
     fn slide_no_output(&mut self) -> Result<StateEvictHint>;
 }
 
-pub fn create_window_state(call: &WindowFuncCall) -> Result<Box<dyn WindowState + Send + Sync>> {
+pub type BoxedWindowState = Box<dyn WindowState + Send + Sync>;
+
+pub fn create_window_state(call: &WindowFuncCall) -> Result<BoxedWindowState> {
     assert!(call.frame.bounds.validate().is_ok());
 
     use WindowFuncKind::*;
@@ -122,7 +124,7 @@ pub fn create_window_state(call: &WindowFuncCall) -> Result<Box<dyn WindowState
         RowNumber => Box::new(rank::RankState::<rank::RowNumber>::new(call)),
         Rank => Box::new(rank::RankState::<rank::Rank>::new(call)),
         DenseRank => Box::new(rank::RankState::<rank::DenseRank>::new(call)),
-        Aggregate(_) => Box::new(aggregate::AggregateState::new(call)?),
+        Aggregate(_) => aggregate::new(call)?,
         kind => {
             return Err(ExprError::UnsupportedFunction(format!(
                 "{}({}) -> {}",
diff --git a/src/expr/impl/Cargo.toml b/src/expr/impl/Cargo.toml
index bee2e4eb10c04..a8c66be8a2281 100644
--- a/src/expr/impl/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/expr/impl/Cargo.toml
@@ -32,8 +32,10 @@ hex = "0.4"
 icelake = { workspace = true }
 itertools = "0.12"
 jsonbb = "0.1.2"
+linkme = { version = "0.3", features = ["used_linker"] }
 md5 = "0.7"
 num-traits = "0.2"
+openssl = { version = "0.10", features = ["vendored"] }
 regex = "1"
 risingwave_common = { workspace = true }
 risingwave_expr = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/src/expr/impl/src/lib.rs b/src/expr/impl/src/lib.rs
index e9e3cc2b55ad3..a47754cb4e821 100644
--- a/src/expr/impl/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/expr/impl/src/lib.rs
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #![feature(test)]
 #![feature(iter_array_chunks)]
 #![feature(result_flattening)]
+#![feature(used_with_arg)]
 
 mod aggregate;
 mod scalar;
diff --git a/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/case.rs b/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/case.rs
index 64a68b987f860..99ec8cb880ddc 100644
--- a/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/case.rs
+++ b/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/case.rs
@@ -133,6 +133,35 @@ impl ConstantLookupExpression {
             operand,
         }
     }
+
+    /// Evaluate the fallback arm with the given input
+    async fn eval_fallback(&self, input: &OwnedRow) -> Result<Datum> {
+        let Some(ref fallback) = self.fallback else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        let Ok(res) = fallback.eval_row(input).await else {
+            bail!("failed to evaluate the input for fallback arm");
+        };
+        Ok(res)
+    }
+
+    /// The actual lookup & evaluation logic
+    /// used in both `eval_row` & `eval`
+    async fn lookup(&self, datum: Datum, input: &OwnedRow) -> Result<Datum> {
+        if datum.is_none() {
+            return self.eval_fallback(input).await;
+        }
+
+        if let Some(expr) = self.arms.get(datum.as_ref().unwrap()) {
+            let Ok(res) = expr.eval_row(input).await else {
+                bail!("failed to evaluate the input for normal arm");
+            };
+            Ok(res)
+        } else {
+            // Fallback arm goes here
+            self.eval_fallback(input).await
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[async_trait::async_trait]
@@ -162,16 +191,11 @@ impl Expression for ConstantLookupExpression {
             // rather than from `eval_result`
             let owned_row = row.into_owned_row();
 
-            if let Some(expr) = self.arms.get(datum.as_ref().unwrap()) {
-                builder.append(expr.eval_row(&owned_row).await.unwrap().as_ref());
+            // Lookup and evaluate the current input datum
+            if let Ok(datum) = self.lookup(datum, &owned_row).await {
+                builder.append(datum.as_ref());
             } else {
-                // Otherwise this should goes to the fallback arm
-                // The fallback arm should also be const
-                if let Some(ref fallback) = self.fallback {
-                    builder.append(fallback.eval_row(&owned_row).await.unwrap().as_ref());
-                } else {
-                    builder.append_null();
-                }
+                bail!("failed to lookup and evaluate the expression in `eval`");
             }
         }
 
@@ -180,15 +204,7 @@ impl Expression for ConstantLookupExpression {
 
     async fn eval_row(&self, input: &OwnedRow) -> Result<Datum> {
         let datum = self.operand.eval_row(input).await?;
-
-        if let Some(expr) = self.arms.get(datum.as_ref().unwrap()) {
-            expr.eval_row(input).await
-        } else {
-            let Some(ref expr) = self.fallback else {
-                return Ok(None);
-            };
-            expr.eval_row(input).await
-        }
+        self.lookup(datum, input).await
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/encrypt.rs b/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/encrypt.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..2c7dd89ed980e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/encrypt.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+// Copyright 2024 RisingWave Labs
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::sync::LazyLock;
+
+use openssl::error::ErrorStack;
+use openssl::symm::{Cipher, Crypter, Mode as CipherMode};
+use regex::Regex;
+use risingwave_expr::{function, CryptographyError, CryptographyStage, ExprError, Result};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+enum Algorithm {
+    Aes,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+enum Mode {
+    Cbc,
+    Ecb,
+}
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+enum Padding {
+    Pkcs,
+    None,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct CipherConfig {
+    algorithm: Algorithm,
+    mode: Mode,
+    cipher: Cipher,
+    padding: Padding,
+    crypt_key: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+/// Because `Cipher` is not `Debug`, we include algorithm, key length and mode manually.
+impl std::fmt::Debug for CipherConfig {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("CipherConfig")
+            .field("algorithm", &self.algorithm)
+            .field("key_len", &self.crypt_key.len())
+            .field("mode", &self.mode)
+            .field("padding", &self.padding)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+static CIPHER_CONFIG_RE: LazyLock<Regex> =
+    LazyLock::new(|| Regex::new(r"^(aes)(?:-(cbc|ecb))?(?:/pad:(pkcs|none))?$").unwrap());
+
+impl CipherConfig {
+    fn parse_cipher_config(key: &[u8], input: &str) -> Result<CipherConfig> {
+        let Some(caps) = CIPHER_CONFIG_RE.captures(input) else {
+            return Err(ExprError::InvalidParam {
+                name: "mode",
+                reason: format!(
+                    "invalid mode: {}, expect pattern algorithm[-mode][/pad:padding]",
+                    input
+                )
+                .into(),
+            });
+        };
+
+        let algorithm = match caps.get(1).map(|s| s.as_str()) {
+            Some("aes") => Algorithm::Aes,
+            algo => {
+                return Err(ExprError::InvalidParam {
+                    name: "mode",
+                    reason: format!("expect aes for algorithm, but got: {:?}", algo).into(),
+                })
+            }
+        };
+
+        let mode = match caps.get(2).map(|m| m.as_str()) {
+            Some("cbc") | None => Mode::Cbc, // Default to Cbc if not specified
+            Some("ecb") => Mode::Ecb,
+            Some(mode) => {
+                return Err(ExprError::InvalidParam {
+                    name: "mode",
+                    reason: format!("expect cbc or ecb for mode, but got: {}", mode).into(),
+                })
+            }
+        };
+
+        let padding = match caps.get(3).map(|m| m.as_str()) {
+            Some("pkcs") | None => Padding::Pkcs, // Default to Pkcs if not specified
+            Some("none") => Padding::None,
+            Some(padding) => {
+                return Err(ExprError::InvalidParam {
+                    name: "mode",
+                    reason: format!("expect pkcs or none for padding, but got: {}", padding).into(),
+                })
+            }
+        };
+
+        let cipher = match (&algorithm, key.len(), &mode) {
+            (Algorithm::Aes, 16, Mode::Cbc) => Cipher::aes_128_cbc(),
+            (Algorithm::Aes, 16, Mode::Ecb) => Cipher::aes_128_ecb(),
+            (Algorithm::Aes, 24, Mode::Cbc) => Cipher::aes_192_cbc(),
+            (Algorithm::Aes, 24, Mode::Ecb) => Cipher::aes_192_ecb(),
+            (Algorithm::Aes, 32, Mode::Cbc) => Cipher::aes_256_cbc(),
+            (Algorithm::Aes, 32, Mode::Ecb) => Cipher::aes_256_ecb(),
+            (Algorithm::Aes, n, Mode::Cbc | Mode::Ecb) => {
+                return Err(ExprError::InvalidParam {
+                    name: "key",
+                    reason: format!("invalid key length: {}, expect 16, 24 or 32", n).into(),
+                })
+            }
+        };
+
+        Ok(CipherConfig {
+            algorithm,
+            mode,
+            cipher,
+            padding,
+            crypt_key: key.to_vec(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn eval(&self, input: &[u8], stage: CryptographyStage) -> Result<Box<[u8]>> {
+        let operation = match stage {
+            CryptographyStage::Encrypt => CipherMode::Encrypt,
+            CryptographyStage::Decrypt => CipherMode::Decrypt,
+        };
+        self.eval_inner(input, operation).map_err(|reason| {
+            ExprError::Cryptography(Box::new(CryptographyError { stage, reason }))
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn eval_inner(
+        &self,
+        input: &[u8],
+        operation: CipherMode,
+    ) -> std::result::Result<Box<[u8]>, ErrorStack> {
+        let mut decrypter = Crypter::new(self.cipher, operation, self.crypt_key.as_ref(), None)?;
+        let enable_padding = match self.padding {
+            Padding::Pkcs => true,
+            Padding::None => false,
+        };
+        decrypter.pad(enable_padding);
+        let mut decrypt = vec![0; input.len() + self.cipher.block_size()];
+        let count = decrypter.update(input, &mut decrypt)?;
+        let rest = decrypter.finalize(&mut decrypt[count..])?;
+        decrypt.truncate(count + rest);
+        Ok(decrypt.into())
+    }
+}
+
+/// from [pg doc](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgcrypto.html#PGCRYPTO-RAW-ENC-FUNCS)
+#[function(
+    "decrypt(bytea, bytea, varchar) -> bytea",
+    prebuild = "CipherConfig::parse_cipher_config($1, $2)?"
+)]
+pub fn decrypt(data: &[u8], config: &CipherConfig) -> Result<Box<[u8]>> {
+    config.eval(data, CryptographyStage::Decrypt)
+}
+
+#[function(
+    "encrypt(bytea, bytea, varchar) -> bytea",
+    prebuild = "CipherConfig::parse_cipher_config($1, $2)?"
+)]
+pub fn encrypt(data: &[u8], config: &CipherConfig) -> Result<Box<[u8]>> {
+    config.eval(data, CryptographyStage::Encrypt)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_decrypt() {
+        let data = b"hello world";
+        let mode = "aes";
+
+        let config = CipherConfig::parse_cipher_config(
+            b"\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\x09\x0A\x0B\x0C\x0D\x0E\x0F" as &[u8],
+            mode,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let encrypted = encrypt(data, &config).unwrap();
+
+        let decrypted = decrypt(&encrypted, &config).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(decrypted, (*data).into());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn encrypt_testcase() {
+        let encrypt_wrapper = |data: &[u8], key: &[u8], mode: &str| -> Result<Box<[u8]>> {
+            let config = CipherConfig::parse_cipher_config(key, mode)?;
+            encrypt(data, &config)
+        };
+        let decrypt_wrapper = |data: &[u8], key: &[u8], mode: &str| -> Result<Box<[u8]>> {
+            let config = CipherConfig::parse_cipher_config(key, mode)?;
+            decrypt(data, &config)
+        };
+        let key = b"\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\x09\x0a\x0b\x0c\x0d\x0e\x0f";
+
+        let encrypted = encrypt_wrapper(
+            b"\x00\x11\x22\x33\x44\x55\x66\x77\x88\x99\xaa\xbb\xcc\xdd\xee\xff",
+            key,
+            "aes-ecb/pad:none",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let decrypted = decrypt_wrapper(&encrypted, key, "aes-ecb/pad:none").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            decrypted,
+            (*b"\x00\x11\x22\x33\x44\x55\x66\x77\x88\x99\xaa\xbb\xcc\xdd\xee\xff").into()
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_cipher_config() {
+        let key = b"\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\x09\x0a\x0b\x0c\x0d\x0e\x0f";
+
+        let mode_1 = "aes-ecb/pad:none";
+        let config = CipherConfig::parse_cipher_config(key, mode_1).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(config.algorithm, Algorithm::Aes);
+        assert_eq!(config.mode, Mode::Ecb);
+        assert_eq!(config.padding, Padding::None);
+
+        let mode_2 = "aes-cbc/pad:pkcs";
+        let config = CipherConfig::parse_cipher_config(key, mode_2).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(config.algorithm, Algorithm::Aes);
+        assert_eq!(config.mode, Mode::Cbc);
+        assert_eq!(config.padding, Padding::Pkcs);
+
+        let mode_3 = "aes";
+        let config = CipherConfig::parse_cipher_config(key, mode_3).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(config.algorithm, Algorithm::Aes);
+        assert_eq!(config.mode, Mode::Cbc);
+        assert_eq!(config.padding, Padding::Pkcs);
+
+        let mode_4 = "cbc";
+        assert!(CipherConfig::parse_cipher_config(key, mode_4).is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/make_time.rs b/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/make_time.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..add8759299197
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/make_time.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+// Copyright 2024 RisingWave Labs
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use chrono::{NaiveDate, NaiveDateTime, NaiveTime};
+use risingwave_common::types::{Date, FloatExt, Time, Timestamp, Timestamptz, F64};
+use risingwave_expr::expr_context::TIME_ZONE;
+use risingwave_expr::{capture_context, function, ExprError, Result};
+
+use crate::scalar::timestamptz::timestamp_at_time_zone;
+
+pub fn make_naive_date(mut year: i32, month: i32, day: i32) -> Result<NaiveDate> {
+    if year == 0 {
+        return Err(ExprError::InvalidParam {
+            name: "year, month, day",
+            reason: format!("invalid date: {}-{}-{}", year, month, day).into(),
+        });
+    }
+    if year < 0 {
+        year += 1
+    }
+    NaiveDate::from_ymd_opt(year, month as u32, day as u32).ok_or_else(|| ExprError::InvalidParam {
+        name: "year, month, day",
+        reason: format!("invalid date: {}-{}-{}", year, month, day).into(),
+    })
+}
+
+fn make_naive_time(hour: i32, min: i32, sec: F64) -> Result<NaiveTime> {
+    if !sec.is_finite() || sec.0.is_sign_negative() {
+        return Err(ExprError::InvalidParam {
+            name: "sec",
+            reason: format!("invalid sec: {}", sec).into(),
+        });
+    }
+    let sec_u32 = sec.0.trunc() as u32;
+    let microsecond_u32 = ((sec.0 - sec.0.trunc()) * 1_000_000.0).round_ties_even() as u32;
+    NaiveTime::from_hms_micro_opt(hour as u32, min as u32, sec_u32, microsecond_u32).ok_or_else(
+        || ExprError::InvalidParam {
+            name: "hour, min, sec",
+            reason: format!("invalid time: {}:{}:{}", hour, min, sec).into(),
+        },
+    )
+}
+
+// year int, month int, day int
+#[function("make_date(int4, int4, int4) -> date")]
+pub fn make_date(year: i32, month: i32, day: i32) -> Result<Date> {
+    Ok(Date(make_naive_date(year, month, day)?))
+}
+
+// hour int, min int, sec double precision
+#[function("make_time(int4, int4, float8) -> time")]
+pub fn make_time(hour: i32, min: i32, sec: F64) -> Result<Time> {
+    Ok(Time(make_naive_time(hour, min, sec)?))
+}
+
+// year int, month int, day int, hour int, min int, sec double precision
+#[function("make_timestamp(int4, int4, int4, int4, int4, float8) -> timestamp")]
+pub fn make_timestamp(
+    year: i32,
+    month: i32,
+    day: i32,
+    hour: i32,
+    min: i32,
+    sec: F64,
+) -> Result<Timestamp> {
+    Ok(Timestamp(NaiveDateTime::new(
+        make_naive_date(year, month, day)?,
+        make_naive_time(hour, min, sec)?,
+    )))
+}
+
+// year int, month int, day int, hour int, min int, sec double precision
+#[function("make_timestamptz(int4, int4, int4, int4, int4, float8) -> timestamptz")]
+pub fn make_timestamptz(
+    year: i32,
+    month: i32,
+    day: i32,
+    hour: i32,
+    min: i32,
+    sec: F64,
+) -> Result<Timestamptz> {
+    make_timestamptz_impl_captured(year, month, day, hour, min, sec)
+}
+
+// year int, month int, day int, hour int, min int, sec double precision, timezone text
+#[function("make_timestamptz(int4, int4, int4, int4, int4, float8, varchar) -> timestamptz")]
+pub fn make_timestamptz_with_time_zone(
+    year: i32,
+    month: i32,
+    day: i32,
+    hour: i32,
+    min: i32,
+    sec: F64,
+    time_zone: &str,
+) -> Result<Timestamptz> {
+    make_timestamptz_impl(time_zone, year, month, day, hour, min, sec)
+}
+
+#[capture_context(TIME_ZONE)]
+fn make_timestamptz_impl(
+    time_zone: &str,
+    year: i32,
+    month: i32,
+    day: i32,
+    hour: i32,
+    min: i32,
+    sec: F64,
+) -> Result<Timestamptz> {
+    let naive_date_time = NaiveDateTime::new(
+        make_naive_date(year, month, day)?,
+        make_naive_time(hour, min, sec)?,
+    );
+    timestamp_at_time_zone(Timestamp(naive_date_time), time_zone)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use chrono::{NaiveDate, NaiveDateTime, NaiveTime};
+    use risingwave_common::types::{Date, Timestamp};
+
+    /// This test is to testify that our `Date` expressess a year `-X` as `X+1 BC`, while `Timestamp` expresses it as `-X`.
+    /// Can be removed if we change the `ToText` implementation of `Date` or `Timestamp`.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_naive_date_and_time() {
+        let year = -1973;
+        let month = 2;
+        let day = 2;
+        let hour = 12;
+        let min = 34;
+        let sec: f64 = 56.789;
+        let naive_date = NaiveDate::from_ymd_opt(year, month as u32, day as u32).unwrap();
+        let naive_time = NaiveTime::from_hms_micro_opt(
+            hour as u32,
+            min as u32,
+            sec.trunc() as u32,
+            ((sec - sec.trunc()) * 1_000_000.0).round() as u32,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(naive_date.to_string(), String::from("-1973-02-02"));
+        let date = Date(naive_date);
+        assert_eq!(date.to_string(), String::from("1974-02-02 BC"));
+        assert_eq!(naive_time.to_string(), String::from("12:34:56.789"));
+        let date_time = Timestamp(NaiveDateTime::new(naive_date, naive_time));
+        assert_eq!(
+            date_time.to_string(),
+            String::from("-1973-02-02 12:34:56.789")
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/make_timestamptz.rs b/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/make_timestamptz.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 967eba94f4406..0000000000000
--- a/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/make_timestamptz.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 RisingWave Labs
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-use chrono::{NaiveDate, NaiveDateTime, NaiveTime};
-use risingwave_common::types::{FloatExt, Timestamp, Timestamptz, F64};
-use risingwave_expr::expr_context::TIME_ZONE;
-use risingwave_expr::{capture_context, function, ExprError, Result};
-
-use crate::scalar::timestamptz::timestamp_at_time_zone;
-
-// year int, month int, day int, hour int, min int, sec double precision
-#[function("make_timestamptz(int4, int4, int4, int4, int4, float8) -> timestamptz")]
-pub fn make_timestamptz(
-    year: i32,
-    month: i32,
-    day: i32,
-    hour: i32,
-    min: i32,
-    sec: F64,
-) -> Result<Timestamptz> {
-    make_timestamptz_impl_captured(year, month, day, hour, min, sec)
-}
-
-// year int, month int, day int, hour int, min int, sec double precision, timezone text
-#[function("make_timestamptz(int4, int4, int4, int4, int4, float8, varchar) -> timestamptz")]
-pub fn make_timestamptz_with_time_zone(
-    year: i32,
-    month: i32,
-    day: i32,
-    hour: i32,
-    min: i32,
-    sec: F64,
-    time_zone: &str,
-) -> Result<Timestamptz> {
-    make_timestamptz_impl(time_zone, year, month, day, hour, min, sec)
-}
-
-#[capture_context(TIME_ZONE)]
-fn make_timestamptz_impl(
-    time_zone: &str,
-    year: i32,
-    month: i32,
-    day: i32,
-    hour: i32,
-    min: i32,
-    sec: F64,
-) -> Result<Timestamptz> {
-    if !sec.is_finite() || sec.0.is_sign_negative() {
-        return Err(ExprError::InvalidParam {
-            name: "sec",
-            reason: "invalid sec".into(),
-        });
-    }
-    let sec_u32 = sec.0.trunc() as u32;
-    let microsecond_u32 = ((sec.0 - sec.0.trunc()) * 1_000_000.0).round_ties_even() as u32;
-    let naive_date_time = NaiveDateTime::new(
-        NaiveDate::from_ymd_opt(year, month as u32, day as u32).ok_or_else(|| {
-            ExprError::InvalidParam {
-                name: "year, month, day",
-                reason: "invalid date".into(),
-            }
-        })?,
-        NaiveTime::from_hms_micro_opt(hour as u32, min as u32, sec_u32, microsecond_u32)
-            .ok_or_else(|| ExprError::InvalidParam {
-                name: "hour, min, sec",
-                reason: "invalid time".into(),
-            })?,
-    );
-
-    timestamp_at_time_zone(Timestamp(naive_date_time), time_zone)
-}
diff --git a/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/mod.rs b/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/mod.rs
index bc925e3f2831c..c5dc3defc57b7 100644
--- a/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/mod.rs
+++ b/src/expr/impl/src/scalar/mod.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ mod jsonb_object;
 mod jsonb_path;
 mod length;
 mod lower;
-mod make_timestamptz;
+mod make_time;
 mod md5;
 mod overlay;
 mod position;
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ mod to_char;
 mod to_jsonb;
 mod vnode;
 pub use to_jsonb::*;
+mod encrypt;
 mod external;
 mod to_timestamp;
 mod translate;
diff --git a/src/expr/macro/src/gen.rs b/src/expr/macro/src/gen.rs
index b7a8cd6424503..89033ccdbd714 100644
--- a/src/expr/macro/src/gen.rs
+++ b/src/expr/macro/src/gen.rs
@@ -126,12 +126,12 @@ impl FunctionAttr {
         let deprecated = self.deprecated;
 
         Ok(quote! {
-            #[risingwave_expr::codegen::ctor]
-            fn #ctor_name() {
+            #[risingwave_expr::codegen::linkme::distributed_slice(risingwave_expr::sig::FUNCTIONS)]
+            fn #ctor_name() -> risingwave_expr::sig::FuncSign {
                 use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, DataTypeName};
-                use risingwave_expr::sig::{_register, FuncSign, SigDataType, FuncBuilder};
+                use risingwave_expr::sig::{FuncSign, SigDataType, FuncBuilder};
 
-                unsafe { _register(FuncSign {
+                FuncSign {
                     name: risingwave_pb::expr::expr_node::Type::#pb_type.into(),
                     inputs_type: vec![#(#args),*],
                     variadic: #variadic,
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ impl FunctionAttr {
                     build: FuncBuilder::Scalar(#build_fn),
                     type_infer: #type_infer_fn,
                     deprecated: #deprecated,
-                }) };
+                }
             }
         })
     }
@@ -615,12 +615,12 @@ impl FunctionAttr {
         let deprecated = self.deprecated;
 
         Ok(quote! {
-            #[risingwave_expr::codegen::ctor]
-            fn #ctor_name() {
+            #[risingwave_expr::codegen::linkme::distributed_slice(risingwave_expr::sig::FUNCTIONS)]
+            fn #ctor_name() -> risingwave_expr::sig::FuncSign {
                 use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, DataTypeName};
-                use risingwave_expr::sig::{_register, FuncSign, SigDataType, FuncBuilder};
+                use risingwave_expr::sig::{FuncSign, SigDataType, FuncBuilder};
 
-                unsafe { _register(FuncSign {
+                FuncSign {
                     name: risingwave_expr::aggregate::AggKind::#pb_type.into(),
                     inputs_type: vec![#(#args),*],
                     variadic: false,
@@ -633,7 +633,7 @@ impl FunctionAttr {
                     },
                     type_infer: #type_infer_fn,
                     deprecated: #deprecated,
-                }) };
+                }
             }
         })
     }
@@ -946,12 +946,12 @@ impl FunctionAttr {
         let deprecated = self.deprecated;
 
         Ok(quote! {
-            #[risingwave_expr::codegen::ctor]
-            fn #ctor_name() {
+            #[risingwave_expr::codegen::linkme::distributed_slice(risingwave_expr::sig::FUNCTIONS)]
+            fn #ctor_name() -> risingwave_expr::sig::FuncSign {
                 use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, DataTypeName};
-                use risingwave_expr::sig::{_register, FuncSign, SigDataType, FuncBuilder};
+                use risingwave_expr::sig::{FuncSign, SigDataType, FuncBuilder};
 
-                unsafe { _register(FuncSign {
+                FuncSign {
                     name: risingwave_pb::expr::table_function::Type::#pb_type.into(),
                     inputs_type: vec![#(#args),*],
                     variadic: false,
@@ -959,7 +959,7 @@ impl FunctionAttr {
                     build: FuncBuilder::Table(#build_fn),
                     type_infer: #type_infer_fn,
                     deprecated: #deprecated,
-                }) };
+                }
             }
         })
     }
diff --git a/src/frontend/Cargo.toml b/src/frontend/Cargo.toml
index 7e6ff16ac8cf3..bf4dd37c233b6 100644
--- a/src/frontend/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/frontend/Cargo.toml
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ base64 = "0.21"
 bk-tree = "0.5.0"
 bytes = "1"
 clap = { version = "4", features = ["derive"] }
-ctor = "0.2"
 downcast-rs = "1.2"
 dyn-clone = "1.0.14"
 easy-ext = "1"
@@ -38,7 +37,9 @@ fixedbitset = "0.4.2"
 futures = { version = "0.3", default-features = false, features = ["alloc"] }
 futures-async-stream = { workspace = true }
 iana-time-zone = "0.1"
+icelake = { workspace = true }
 itertools = "0.12"
+linkme = { version = "0.3", features = ["used_linker"] }
 maplit = "1"
 md5 = "0.7.0"
 num-integer = "0.1"
diff --git a/src/frontend/planner_test/src/lib.rs b/src/frontend/planner_test/src/lib.rs
index f3c7d9250ec44..f7ce8cc04a950 100644
--- a/src/frontend/planner_test/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/planner_test/src/lib.rs
@@ -833,6 +833,7 @@ impl TestCase {
                     format_desc,
                     false,
                     None,
+                    None,
                 ) {
                     Ok(sink_plan) => {
                         ret.sink_plan = Some(explain_plan(&sink_plan.into()));
diff --git a/src/frontend/planner_test/tests/testdata/input/sink.yaml b/src/frontend/planner_test/tests/testdata/input/sink.yaml
index 70a09e211a4ac..f9241cdc7c9a9 100644
--- a/src/frontend/planner_test/tests/testdata/input/sink.yaml
+++ b/src/frontend/planner_test/tests/testdata/input/sink.yaml
@@ -81,3 +81,76 @@
     explain create sink sk1 from t2 emit on window close with (connector='blackhole');
   expected_outputs:
     - explain_output
+- id: create_mock_iceberg_sink_append_only_with_sparse_partition
+  sql: |
+    create table t1 (v1 int, v2 bigint, v3 varchar, v4 time);
+    explain create sink s1 as select v1 as v1, v2 as v2, v3 as v3, v4 as v4 from t1 WITH (
+      connector = 'iceberg',
+      type = 'append-only',
+      force_append_only = 'true',
+      catalog.type = 'mock',
+      database.name = 'demo_db',
+      table.name = 'sparse_table',
+      warehouse.path = 's3://icebergdata/demo',
+      s3.endpoint = 'http://127.0.0.1:9301',
+      s3.region = 'us-east-1',
+      s3.access.key = 'hummockadmin',
+      s3.secret.key = 'hummockadmin'
+    );
+  expected_outputs:
+    - explain_output
+- id: create_mock_iceberg_sink_append_only_with_range_partition
+  sql: |
+    create table t1 (v1 date, v2 timestamp, v3 timestamp with time zone, v4 timestamp);
+    explain create sink s1 as select v1 as v1, v2 as v2, v3 as v3, v4 as v4 from t1 WITH (
+      connector = 'iceberg',
+      type = 'append-only',
+      force_append_only = 'true',
+      catalog.type = 'mock',
+      database.name = 'demo_db',
+      table.name = 'range_table',
+      warehouse.path = 's3://icebergdata/demo',
+      s3.endpoint = 'http://127.0.0.1:9301',
+      s3.region = 'us-east-1',
+      s3.access.key = 'hummockadmin',
+      s3.secret.key = 'hummockadmin'
+    );
+  expected_outputs:
+    - explain_output
+- id: create_mock_iceberg_sink_upsert_with_sparse_partition
+  sql: |
+    create table t1 (v1 int, v2 bigint, v3 varchar, v4 time);
+    explain create sink s1 as select v1 as v1, v2 as v2, v3 as v3, v4 as v4 from t1 WITH (
+      connector = 'iceberg',
+      type = 'upsert',
+      catalog.type = 'mock',
+      database.name = 'demo_db',
+      table.name = 'sparse_table',
+      warehouse.path = 's3://icebergdata/demo',
+      s3.endpoint = 'http://127.0.0.1:9301',
+      s3.region = 'us-east-1',
+      s3.access.key = 'hummockadmin',
+      s3.secret.key = 'hummockadmin',
+      primary_key = 'v1'
+    );
+  expected_outputs:
+    - explain_output
+- id: create_mock_iceberg_sink_upsert_with_range_partition
+  sql: |
+    create table t1 (v1 date, v2 timestamp, v3 timestamp with time zone, v4 timestamp);
+    explain create sink s1 as select v1 as v1, v2 as v2, v3 as v3, v4 as v4 from t1 WITH (
+      connector = 'iceberg',
+      type = 'upsert',
+      catalog.type = 'mock',
+      database.name = 'demo_db',
+      table.name = 'range_table',
+      warehouse.path = 's3://icebergdata/demo',
+      s3.endpoint = 'http://127.0.0.1:9301',
+      s3.region = 'us-east-1',
+      s3.access.key = 'hummockadmin',
+      s3.secret.key = 'hummockadmin',
+      primary_key = 'v1'
+    );
+  expected_outputs:
+    - explain_output
+
diff --git a/src/frontend/planner_test/tests/testdata/output/sink.yaml b/src/frontend/planner_test/tests/testdata/output/sink.yaml
index e2aadf7ee85fb..f733646a905aa 100644
--- a/src/frontend/planner_test/tests/testdata/output/sink.yaml
+++ b/src/frontend/planner_test/tests/testdata/output/sink.yaml
@@ -56,16 +56,18 @@
     ├── columns:
     │   ┌── kv_log_store_epoch: bigint
     │   ├── kv_log_store_seq_id: integer
+    │   ├── kv_log_store_vnode: smallint
     │   ├── kv_log_store_row_op: smallint
     │   ├── v1: integer
     │   ├── v2: double precision
     │   ├── v3: character varying
     │   ├── v5: numeric
     │   └── t1.v4: bigint
-    ├── primary key: [ $0 ASC, $1 ASC ]
-    ├── value indices: [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ]
-    ├── distribution key: [ 3, 4 ]
-    └── read pk prefix len hint: 2
+    ├── primary key: [ $0 ASC, $1 ASC, $2 ASC ]
+    ├── value indices: [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ]
+    ├── distribution key: [ 4, 5 ]
+    ├── read pk prefix len hint: 3
+    └── vnode column idx: 2
 
     Table 1
     ├── columns: [ vnode: smallint, v3: character varying, v4: bigint, t1_backfill_finished: boolean, t1_row_count: bigint ]
@@ -106,15 +108,17 @@
     ├── columns:
     │   ┌── kv_log_store_epoch: bigint
     │   ├── kv_log_store_seq_id: integer
+    │   ├── kv_log_store_vnode: smallint
     │   ├── kv_log_store_row_op: smallint
     │   ├── v1: integer
     │   ├── v2: double precision
     │   ├── v3: character varying
     │   └── v5: numeric
-    ├── primary key: [ $0 ASC, $1 ASC ]
-    ├── value indices: [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ]
-    ├── distribution key: [ 5, 6 ]
-    └── read pk prefix len hint: 2
+    ├── primary key: [ $0 ASC, $1 ASC, $2 ASC ]
+    ├── value indices: [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ]
+    ├── distribution key: [ 6, 7 ]
+    ├── read pk prefix len hint: 3
+    └── vnode column idx: 2
 
     Table 1
     ├── columns: [ vnode: smallint, v1: integer, v2: double precision, t1_backfill_finished: boolean, t1_row_count: bigint ]
@@ -172,3 +176,83 @@
     StreamSink { type: upsert, columns: [a, b, t2._row_id(hidden)], pk: [t2._row_id] }
     └─StreamEowcSort { sort_column: t2.b }
       └─StreamTableScan { table: t2, columns: [a, b, _row_id] }
+- id: create_mock_iceberg_sink_append_only_with_sparse_partition
+  sql: |
+    create table t1 (v1 int, v2 bigint, v3 varchar, v4 time);
+    explain create sink s1 as select v1 as v1, v2 as v2, v3 as v3, v4 as v4 from t1 WITH (
+      connector = 'iceberg',
+      type = 'append-only',
+      force_append_only = 'true',
+      catalog.type = 'mock',
+      database.name = 'demo_db',
+      table.name = 'sparse_table',
+      warehouse.path = 's3://icebergdata/demo',
+      s3.endpoint = 'http://127.0.0.1:9301',
+      s3.region = 'us-east-1',
+      s3.access.key = 'hummockadmin',
+      s3.secret.key = 'hummockadmin'
+    );
+  explain_output: |
+    StreamSink { type: append-only, columns: [v1, v2, v3, v4, t1._row_id(hidden)] }
+    └─StreamExchange { dist: HashShard($expr1) }
+      └─StreamProject { exprs: [t1.v1, t1.v2, t1.v3, t1.v4, t1._row_id, Row(t1.v1, IcebergTransform('bucket[1]':Varchar, t1.v2), IcebergTransform('truncate[1]':Varchar, t1.v3), null:Int32) as $expr1] }
+        └─StreamTableScan { table: t1, columns: [v1, v2, v3, v4, _row_id] }
+- id: create_mock_iceberg_sink_append_only_with_range_partition
+  sql: |
+    create table t1 (v1 date, v2 timestamp, v3 timestamp with time zone, v4 timestamp);
+    explain create sink s1 as select v1 as v1, v2 as v2, v3 as v3, v4 as v4 from t1 WITH (
+      connector = 'iceberg',
+      type = 'append-only',
+      force_append_only = 'true',
+      catalog.type = 'mock',
+      database.name = 'demo_db',
+      table.name = 'range_table',
+      warehouse.path = 's3://icebergdata/demo',
+      s3.endpoint = 'http://127.0.0.1:9301',
+      s3.region = 'us-east-1',
+      s3.access.key = 'hummockadmin',
+      s3.secret.key = 'hummockadmin'
+    );
+  explain_output: |
+    StreamSink { type: append-only, columns: [v1, v2, v3, v4, t1._row_id(hidden)] }
+    └─StreamTableScan { table: t1, columns: [v1, v2, v3, v4, _row_id] }
+- id: create_mock_iceberg_sink_upsert_with_sparse_partition
+  sql: |
+    create table t1 (v1 int, v2 bigint, v3 varchar, v4 time);
+    explain create sink s1 as select v1 as v1, v2 as v2, v3 as v3, v4 as v4 from t1 WITH (
+      connector = 'iceberg',
+      type = 'upsert',
+      catalog.type = 'mock',
+      database.name = 'demo_db',
+      table.name = 'sparse_table',
+      warehouse.path = 's3://icebergdata/demo',
+      s3.endpoint = 'http://127.0.0.1:9301',
+      s3.region = 'us-east-1',
+      s3.access.key = 'hummockadmin',
+      s3.secret.key = 'hummockadmin',
+      primary_key = 'v1'
+    );
+  explain_output: |
+    StreamSink { type: upsert, columns: [v1, v2, v3, v4, t1._row_id(hidden)], pk: [t1._row_id] }
+    └─StreamExchange { dist: HashShard($expr1) }
+      └─StreamProject { exprs: [t1.v1, t1.v2, t1.v3, t1.v4, t1._row_id, Row(t1.v1, IcebergTransform('bucket[1]':Varchar, t1.v2), IcebergTransform('truncate[1]':Varchar, t1.v3), null:Int32) as $expr1] }
+        └─StreamTableScan { table: t1, columns: [v1, v2, v3, v4, _row_id] }
+- id: create_mock_iceberg_sink_upsert_with_range_partition
+  sql: |
+    create table t1 (v1 date, v2 timestamp, v3 timestamp with time zone, v4 timestamp);
+    explain create sink s1 as select v1 as v1, v2 as v2, v3 as v3, v4 as v4 from t1 WITH (
+      connector = 'iceberg',
+      type = 'upsert',
+      catalog.type = 'mock',
+      database.name = 'demo_db',
+      table.name = 'range_table',
+      warehouse.path = 's3://icebergdata/demo',
+      s3.endpoint = 'http://127.0.0.1:9301',
+      s3.region = 'us-east-1',
+      s3.access.key = 'hummockadmin',
+      s3.secret.key = 'hummockadmin',
+      primary_key = 'v1'
+    );
+  explain_output: |
+    StreamSink { type: upsert, columns: [v1, v2, v3, v4, t1._row_id(hidden)], pk: [t1._row_id] }
+    └─StreamTableScan { table: t1, columns: [v1, v2, v3, v4, _row_id] }
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/binder/expr/column.rs b/src/frontend/src/binder/expr/column.rs
index dbee0b0708cb6..9fb17c6e43520 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/binder/expr/column.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/binder/expr/column.rs
@@ -52,6 +52,8 @@ impl Binder {
                 // The reason that we directly return error here,
                 // is because during a valid sql udf binding,
                 // there will not exist any column identifiers
+                // And invalid cases should already be caught
+                // during semantic check phase
                 return Err(ErrorCode::BindError(format!(
                     "failed to find named parameter {column_name}"
                 ))
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/binder/expr/function.rs b/src/frontend/src/binder/expr/function.rs
index ddc2100db0ffe..5372ff596cbbc 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/binder/expr/function.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/binder/expr/function.rs
@@ -820,6 +820,9 @@ impl Binder {
                 ),
                 ("date_trunc", raw_call(ExprType::DateTrunc)),
                 ("date_part", raw_call(ExprType::DatePart)),
+                ("make_date", raw_call(ExprType::MakeDate)),
+                ("make_time", raw_call(ExprType::MakeTime)),
+                ("make_timestamp", raw_call(ExprType::MakeTimestamp)),
                 ("to_date", raw_call(ExprType::CharToDate)),
                 ("make_timestamptz", raw_call(ExprType::MakeTimestamptz)),
                 // string
@@ -873,6 +876,8 @@ impl Binder {
                 ("sha256", raw_call(ExprType::Sha256)),
                 ("sha384", raw_call(ExprType::Sha384)),
                 ("sha512", raw_call(ExprType::Sha512)),
+                ("encrypt", raw_call(ExprType::Encrypt)),
+                ("decrypt", raw_call(ExprType::Decrypt)),
                 ("left", raw_call(ExprType::Left)),
                 ("right", raw_call(ExprType::Right)),
                 ("int8send", raw_call(ExprType::PgwireSend)),
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/binder/mod.rs b/src/frontend/src/binder/mod.rs
index 978074e7455e8..e726d7dc01d4c 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/binder/mod.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/binder/mod.rs
@@ -219,26 +219,29 @@ impl UdfContext {
         Ok(expr)
     }
 
-    /// TODO: add name related logic
-    /// NOTE: need to think of a way to prevent naming conflict
-    /// e.g., when existing column names conflict with parameter names in sql udf
     pub fn create_udf_context(
         args: &[FunctionArg],
-        _catalog: &Arc<FunctionCatalog>,
+        catalog: &Arc<FunctionCatalog>,
     ) -> Result<HashMap<String, AstExpr>> {
         let mut ret: HashMap<String, AstExpr> = HashMap::new();
         for (i, current_arg) in args.iter().enumerate() {
-            if let FunctionArg::Unnamed(arg) = current_arg {
-                let FunctionArgExpr::Expr(e) = arg else {
-                    return Err(ErrorCode::InvalidInputSyntax("invalid syntax".to_string()).into());
-                };
-                // if catalog.arg_names.is_some() {
-                //      todo!()
-                // }
-                ret.insert(format!("${}", i + 1), e.clone());
-                continue;
+            match current_arg {
+                FunctionArg::Unnamed(arg) => {
+                    let FunctionArgExpr::Expr(e) = arg else {
+                        return Err(
+                            ErrorCode::InvalidInputSyntax("invalid syntax".to_string()).into()
+                        );
+                    };
+                    if catalog.arg_names[i].is_empty() {
+                        ret.insert(format!("${}", i + 1), e.clone());
+                    } else {
+                        // The index mapping here is accurate
+                        // So that we could directly use the index
+                        ret.insert(catalog.arg_names[i].clone(), e.clone());
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => return Err(ErrorCode::InvalidInputSyntax("invalid syntax".to_string()).into()),
             }
-            return Err(ErrorCode::InvalidInputSyntax("invalid syntax".to_string()).into());
         }
         Ok(ret)
     }
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/catalog/catalog_service.rs b/src/frontend/src/catalog/catalog_service.rs
index 28b2c64b28551..a785ed9ac0282 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/catalog/catalog_service.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/catalog/catalog_service.rs
@@ -178,8 +178,12 @@ pub trait CatalogWriter: Send + Sync {
 
     async fn alter_source_with_sr(&self, source: PbSource) -> Result<()>;
 
-    async fn alter_parallelism(&self, table_id: u32, parallelism: PbTableParallelism)
-        -> Result<()>;
+    async fn alter_parallelism(
+        &self,
+        table_id: u32,
+        parallelism: PbTableParallelism,
+        deferred: bool,
+    ) -> Result<()>;
 
     async fn alter_set_schema(
         &self,
@@ -506,9 +510,10 @@ impl CatalogWriter for CatalogWriterImpl {
         &self,
         table_id: u32,
         parallelism: PbTableParallelism,
+        deferred: bool,
     ) -> Result<()> {
         self.meta_client
-            .alter_parallelism(table_id, parallelism)
+            .alter_parallelism(table_id, parallelism, deferred)
             .await
             .map_err(|e| anyhow!(e))?;
 
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/catalog/system_catalog/mod.rs b/src/frontend/src/catalog/system_catalog/mod.rs
index ddd8f70bcced3..52462d9111ad9 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/catalog/system_catalog/mod.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/catalog/system_catalog/mod.rs
@@ -212,19 +212,18 @@ fn infer_dummy_view_sql(columns: &[SystemCatalogColumnsDef<'_>]) -> String {
 }
 
 fn extract_parallelism_from_table_state(state: &TableFragmentState) -> String {
-    let parallelism = match state
+    match state
         .parallelism
         .as_ref()
         .and_then(|parallelism| parallelism.parallelism.as_ref())
     {
-        None => "unknown".to_string(),
-        Some(PbParallelism::Auto(_)) => "auto".to_string(),
+        Some(PbParallelism::Auto(_)) | Some(PbParallelism::Adaptive(_)) => "adaptive".to_string(),
         Some(PbParallelism::Fixed(PbFixedParallelism { parallelism })) => {
             format!("fixed({parallelism})")
         }
         Some(PbParallelism::Custom(_)) => "custom".to_string(),
-    };
-    parallelism
+        None => "unknown".to_string(),
+    }
 }
 
 /// get acl items of `object` in string, ignore public.
@@ -297,12 +296,13 @@ pub fn get_sys_views_in_schema(schema_name: &str) -> Option<Vec<Arc<ViewCatalog>
 
 /// The global registry of all builtin catalogs.
 pub static SYS_CATALOGS: LazyLock<SystemCatalog> = LazyLock::new(|| {
-    // SAFETY: this function is called after all `#[ctor]` functions are called.
     let mut table_by_schema_name = HashMap::new();
     let mut table_name_by_id = HashMap::new();
     let mut view_by_schema_name = HashMap::new();
-    tracing::info!("found {} catalogs", unsafe { SYS_CATALOGS_INIT.len() });
-    for (id, catalog) in unsafe { SYS_CATALOGS_INIT.drain(..) } {
+    tracing::info!("found {} catalogs", SYS_CATALOGS_SLICE.len());
+    for catalog in SYS_CATALOGS_SLICE {
+        let (id, catalog) = catalog();
+        assert!(id < NON_RESERVED_SYS_CATALOG_ID as u32);
         match catalog {
             BuiltinCatalog::Table(table) => {
                 let sys_table: SystemTableCatalog = table.into();
@@ -328,28 +328,19 @@ pub static SYS_CATALOGS: LazyLock<SystemCatalog> = LazyLock::new(|| {
     }
 });
 
-pub static mut SYS_CATALOGS_INIT: Vec<(u32, BuiltinCatalog)> = vec![];
-
-/// Register the catalog to global registry.
-///
-/// Note: The function is used by macro generated code. Don't call it directly.
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub(super) unsafe fn _register(id: u32, builtin_catalog: BuiltinCatalog) {
-    assert!(id < NON_RESERVED_SYS_CATALOG_ID as u32);
-
-    SYS_CATALOGS_INIT.push((id, builtin_catalog));
-}
+#[linkme::distributed_slice]
+pub static SYS_CATALOGS_SLICE: [fn() -> (u32, BuiltinCatalog)];
 
 macro_rules! prepare_sys_catalog {
     ($( { $builtin_catalog:expr $(, $func:ident $($await:ident)?)? } ),* $(,)?) => {
-        paste::paste! {
-            $(
-                #[ctor::ctor]
-                unsafe fn [<register_${index()}>]() {
-                    _register((${index()} + 1) as u32, $builtin_catalog);
+        $(
+            const _: () = {
+                #[linkme::distributed_slice(crate::catalog::system_catalog::SYS_CATALOGS_SLICE)]
+                fn catalog() -> (u32, BuiltinCatalog) {
+                    (${index()} as u32 + 1, $builtin_catalog)
                 }
-            )*
-        }
+            };
+        )*
 
         #[async_trait]
         impl SysCatalogReader for SysCatalogReaderImpl {
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/catalog/system_catalog/rw_catalog/rw_columns.rs b/src/frontend/src/catalog/system_catalog/rw_catalog/rw_columns.rs
index c6369d6fae81c..b2675de869231 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/catalog/system_catalog/rw_catalog/rw_columns.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/catalog/system_catalog/rw_catalog/rw_columns.rs
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ impl SysCatalogReaderImpl {
 
         Ok(schemas
             .flat_map(|schema| {
+                // view columns
                 let view_rows = schema.iter_view().flat_map(|view| {
                     view.columns.iter().enumerate().map(|(index, column)| {
                         OwnedRow::new(vec![
@@ -64,6 +65,7 @@ impl SysCatalogReaderImpl {
                     })
                 });
 
+                // sink columns
                 let sink_rows = schema
                     .iter_sink()
                     .flat_map(|sink| {
@@ -87,7 +89,8 @@ impl SysCatalogReaderImpl {
                     })
                     .chain(view_rows);
 
-                let rows = schema
+                // pg_catalog columns
+                let catalog_rows = schema
                     .iter_system_tables()
                     .flat_map(|table| {
                         table
@@ -111,7 +114,8 @@ impl SysCatalogReaderImpl {
                     })
                     .chain(sink_rows);
 
-                schema
+                // table columns
+                let table_rows = schema
                     .iter_valid_table()
                     .flat_map(|table| {
                         table
@@ -137,7 +141,34 @@ impl SysCatalogReaderImpl {
                                 ])
                             })
                     })
-                    .chain(rows)
+                    .chain(catalog_rows);
+
+                // source columns
+                schema
+                    .iter_source()
+                    .flat_map(|source| {
+                        source
+                            .columns
+                            .iter()
+                            .enumerate()
+                            .map(move |(index, column)| {
+                                OwnedRow::new(vec![
+                                    Some(ScalarImpl::Int32(source.id as i32)),
+                                    Some(ScalarImpl::Utf8(column.name().into())),
+                                    Some(ScalarImpl::Int32(index as i32 + 1)),
+                                    Some(ScalarImpl::Bool(column.is_hidden)),
+                                    Some(ScalarImpl::Bool(
+                                        source.pk_col_ids.contains(&column.column_id()),
+                                    )),
+                                    Some(ScalarImpl::Bool(false)),
+                                    Some(ScalarImpl::Utf8(column.data_type().to_string().into())),
+                                    Some(ScalarImpl::Int32(column.data_type().to_oid())),
+                                    Some(ScalarImpl::Int16(column.data_type().type_len())),
+                                    Some(ScalarImpl::Utf8(column.data_type().pg_name().into())),
+                                ])
+                            })
+                    })
+                    .chain(table_rows)
             })
             .collect_vec())
     }
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/expr/pure.rs b/src/frontend/src/expr/pure.rs
index b87c6d18feb10..c50f1cc2460b8 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/expr/pure.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/expr/pure.rs
@@ -63,6 +63,9 @@ impl ExprVisitor for ImpureAnalyzer {
             | expr_node::Type::ToTimestamp
             | expr_node::Type::AtTimeZone
             | expr_node::Type::DateTrunc
+            | expr_node::Type::MakeDate
+            | expr_node::Type::MakeTime
+            | expr_node::Type::MakeTimestamp
             | expr_node::Type::ToTimestamp1
             | expr_node::Type::CharToDate
             | expr_node::Type::CastWithTimeZone
@@ -216,6 +219,8 @@ impl ExprVisitor for ImpureAnalyzer {
             | expr_node::Type::Sha256
             | expr_node::Type::Sha384
             | expr_node::Type::Sha512
+            | expr_node::Type::Decrypt
+            | expr_node::Type::Encrypt
             | expr_node::Type::Tand
             | expr_node::Type::ArrayPositions
             | expr_node::Type::StringToArray
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/handler/alter_parallelism.rs b/src/frontend/src/handler/alter_parallelism.rs
index 50bbb1792ff9a..2e1f1facea0f2 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/handler/alter_parallelism.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/handler/alter_parallelism.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@
 use pgwire::pg_response::StatementType;
 use risingwave_common::bail;
 use risingwave_common::error::{ErrorCode, Result};
-use risingwave_pb::meta::table_parallelism::{AutoParallelism, FixedParallelism, PbParallelism};
+use risingwave_pb::meta::table_parallelism::{
+    AdaptiveParallelism, FixedParallelism, PbParallelism,
+};
 use risingwave_pb::meta::{PbTableParallelism, TableParallelism};
 use risingwave_sqlparser::ast::{ObjectName, SetVariableValue, SetVariableValueSingle, Value};
 use risingwave_sqlparser::keywords::Keyword;
@@ -32,6 +34,7 @@ pub async fn handle_alter_parallelism(
     obj_name: ObjectName,
     parallelism: SetVariableValue,
     stmt_type: StatementType,
+    deferred: bool,
 ) -> Result<RwPgResponse> {
     let session = handler_args.session;
     let db_name = session.database();
@@ -93,15 +96,21 @@ pub async fn handle_alter_parallelism(
 
     let catalog_writer = session.catalog_writer()?;
     catalog_writer
-        .alter_parallelism(table_id, target_parallelism)
+        .alter_parallelism(table_id, target_parallelism, deferred)
         .await?;
 
-    Ok(RwPgResponse::empty_result(stmt_type))
+    let mut builder = RwPgResponse::builder(stmt_type);
+
+    if deferred {
+        builder = builder.notice("DEFERRED is used, please ensure that automatic parallelism control is enabled on the meta, otherwise, the alter will not take effect.".to_string());
+    }
+
+    Ok(builder.into())
 }
 
 fn extract_table_parallelism(parallelism: SetVariableValue) -> Result<TableParallelism> {
-    let auto_parallelism = PbTableParallelism {
-        parallelism: Some(PbParallelism::Auto(AutoParallelism {})),
+    let adaptive_parallelism = PbTableParallelism {
+        parallelism: Some(PbParallelism::Adaptive(AdaptiveParallelism {})),
     };
 
     // If the target parallelism is set to 0/auto/default, we would consider it as auto parallelism.
@@ -109,22 +118,22 @@ fn extract_table_parallelism(parallelism: SetVariableValue) -> Result<TableParal
         SetVariableValue::Single(SetVariableValueSingle::Ident(ident))
             if ident
                 .real_value()
-                .eq_ignore_ascii_case(&Keyword::AUTO.to_string()) =>
+                .eq_ignore_ascii_case(&Keyword::ADAPTIVE.to_string()) =>
         {
-            auto_parallelism
+            adaptive_parallelism
         }
 
-        SetVariableValue::Default => auto_parallelism,
+        SetVariableValue::Default => adaptive_parallelism,
         SetVariableValue::Single(SetVariableValueSingle::Literal(Value::Number(v))) => {
             let fixed_parallelism = v.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| {
                 ErrorCode::InvalidInputSyntax(format!(
-                    "target parallelism must be a valid number or auto: {}",
+                    "target parallelism must be a valid number or adaptive: {}",
                     e.as_report()
                 ))
             })?;
 
             if fixed_parallelism == 0 {
-                auto_parallelism
+                adaptive_parallelism
             } else {
                 PbTableParallelism {
                     parallelism: Some(PbParallelism::Fixed(FixedParallelism {
@@ -136,7 +145,7 @@ fn extract_table_parallelism(parallelism: SetVariableValue) -> Result<TableParal
 
         _ => {
             return Err(ErrorCode::InvalidInputSyntax(
-                "target parallelism must be a valid number or auto".to_string(),
+                "target parallelism must be a valid number or adaptive".to_string(),
             )
             .into());
         }
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/handler/alter_source_column.rs b/src/frontend/src/handler/alter_source_column.rs
index 290ca6a78501b..bc9781689c414 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/handler/alter_source_column.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/handler/alter_source_column.rs
@@ -58,6 +58,13 @@ pub async fn handle_alter_source_column(
         (db.id(), schema.id(), (**source).clone())
     };
 
+    if catalog.associated_table_id.is_some() {
+        Err(ErrorCode::NotSupported(
+            "alter table with connector with ALTER SOURCE statement".to_string(),
+            "try to use ALTER TABLE instead".to_string(),
+        ))?
+    };
+
     // Currently only allow source without schema registry
     let SourceStruct { encode, .. } = extract_source_struct(&catalog.info)?;
     match encode {
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/handler/create_sink.rs b/src/frontend/src/handler/create_sink.rs
index f3d9053571558..2ccd32a4c0065 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/handler/create_sink.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/handler/create_sink.rs
@@ -17,16 +17,18 @@ use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::sync::{Arc, LazyLock};
 
 use anyhow::Context;
+use arrow_schema::DataType as ArrowDataType;
 use either::Either;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use maplit::{convert_args, hashmap};
 use pgwire::pg_response::{PgResponse, StatementType};
 use risingwave_common::catalog::{ConnectionId, DatabaseId, SchemaId, UserId};
 use risingwave_common::error::{ErrorCode, Result, RwError};
-use risingwave_common::types::Datum;
+use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, Datum};
 use risingwave_common::util::value_encoding::DatumFromProtoExt;
 use risingwave_common::{bail, catalog};
 use risingwave_connector::sink::catalog::{SinkCatalog, SinkFormatDesc, SinkType};
+use risingwave_connector::sink::iceberg::{create_table, IcebergConfig, ICEBERG_SINK};
 use risingwave_connector::sink::{
     CONNECTOR_TYPE_KEY, SINK_TYPE_OPTION, SINK_USER_FORCE_APPEND_ONLY_OPTION, SINK_WITHOUT_BACKFILL,
 };
@@ -43,6 +45,7 @@ use risingwave_sqlparser::ast::{
 use risingwave_sqlparser::parser::Parser;
 
 use super::create_mv::get_column_names;
+use super::create_source::UPSTREAM_SOURCE_KEY;
 use super::RwPgResponse;
 use crate::binder::Binder;
 use crate::catalog::catalog_service::CatalogReadGuard;
@@ -52,13 +55,15 @@ use crate::handler::create_table::{generate_stream_graph_for_table, ColumnIdGene
 use crate::handler::privilege::resolve_query_privileges;
 use crate::handler::util::SourceSchemaCompatExt;
 use crate::handler::HandlerArgs;
-use crate::optimizer::plan_node::{generic, Explain, LogicalSource, StreamProject};
+use crate::optimizer::plan_node::{
+    generic, IcebergPartitionInfo, LogicalSource, PartitionComputeInfo, StreamProject,
+};
 use crate::optimizer::{OptimizerContext, OptimizerContextRef, PlanRef, RelationCollectorVisitor};
 use crate::scheduler::streaming_manager::CreatingStreamingJobInfo;
 use crate::session::SessionImpl;
 use crate::stream_fragmenter::build_graph;
 use crate::utils::resolve_privatelink_in_with_option;
-use crate::{Planner, TableCatalog, WithOptions};
+use crate::{Explain, Planner, TableCatalog, WithOptions};
 
 pub fn gen_sink_query_from_name(from_name: ObjectName) -> Result<Query> {
     let table_factor = TableFactor::Table {
@@ -98,6 +103,7 @@ pub fn gen_sink_plan(
     session: &SessionImpl,
     context: OptimizerContextRef,
     stmt: CreateSinkStatement,
+    partition_info: Option<PartitionComputeInfo>,
 ) -> Result<SinkPlanContext> {
     let db_name = session.database();
     let (sink_schema_name, sink_table_name) =
@@ -227,6 +233,7 @@ pub fn gen_sink_plan(
         format_desc,
         without_backfill,
         target_table,
+        partition_info,
     )?;
     let sink_desc = sink_plan.sink_desc().clone();
 
@@ -291,6 +298,96 @@ pub fn gen_sink_plan(
     })
 }
 
+// This function is used to return partition compute info for a sink. More details refer in `PartitionComputeInfo`.
+// Return:
+// `Some(PartitionComputeInfo)` if the sink need to compute partition.
+// `None` if the sink does not need to compute partition.
+pub async fn get_partition_compute_info(
+    with_options: &WithOptions,
+) -> Result<Option<PartitionComputeInfo>> {
+    let properties = HashMap::from_iter(with_options.clone().into_inner().into_iter());
+    let Some(connector) = properties.get(UPSTREAM_SOURCE_KEY) else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+    match connector.as_str() {
+        ICEBERG_SINK => {
+            let iceberg_config = IcebergConfig::from_hashmap(properties)?;
+            get_partition_compute_info_for_iceberg(&iceberg_config).await
+        }
+        _ => Ok(None),
+    }
+}
+
+async fn get_partition_compute_info_for_iceberg(
+    iceberg_config: &IcebergConfig,
+) -> Result<Option<PartitionComputeInfo>> {
+    let table = create_table(iceberg_config).await?;
+    let Some(partition_spec) = table.current_table_metadata().current_partition_spec().ok() else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+
+    if partition_spec.is_unpartitioned() {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+
+    // Separate the partition spec into two parts: sparse partition and range partition.
+    // Sparse partition means that the data distribution is more sparse at a given time.
+    // Range partition means that the data distribution is likely same at a given time.
+    // Only compute the partition and shuffle by them for the sparse partition.
+    let has_sparse_partition = partition_spec.fields.iter().any(|f| match f.transform {
+        // Sparse partition
+        icelake::types::Transform::Identity
+        | icelake::types::Transform::Truncate(_)
+        | icelake::types::Transform::Bucket(_) => true,
+        // Range partition
+        icelake::types::Transform::Year
+        | icelake::types::Transform::Month
+        | icelake::types::Transform::Day
+        | icelake::types::Transform::Hour
+        | icelake::types::Transform::Void => false,
+    });
+
+    if !has_sparse_partition {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+
+    let arrow_type: ArrowDataType = table
+        .current_partition_type()
+        .map_err(|err| RwError::from(ErrorCode::SinkError(err.into())))?
+        .try_into()
+        .map_err(|_| {
+            RwError::from(ErrorCode::SinkError(
+                "Fail to convert iceberg partition type to arrow type".into(),
+            ))
+        })?;
+    let Some(schema) = table.current_table_metadata().current_schema().ok() else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+    let partition_fields = partition_spec
+        .fields
+        .iter()
+        .map(|f| {
+            let source_f = schema
+                .look_up_field_by_id(f.source_column_id)
+                .ok_or(RwError::from(ErrorCode::SinkError(
+                    "Fail to look up iceberg partition field".into(),
+                )))?;
+            Ok((source_f.name.clone(), f.transform))
+        })
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+
+    let DataType::Struct(partition_type) = arrow_type.into() else {
+        return Err(RwError::from(ErrorCode::SinkError(
+            "Partition type of iceberg should be a struct type".into(),
+        )));
+    };
+
+    Ok(Some(PartitionComputeInfo::Iceberg(IcebergPartitionInfo {
+        partition_type,
+        partition_fields,
+    })))
+}
+
 pub async fn handle_create_sink(
     handle_args: HandlerArgs,
     stmt: CreateSinkStatement,
@@ -305,6 +402,8 @@ pub async fn handle_create_sink(
         return Ok(resp);
     }
 
+    let partition_info = get_partition_compute_info(&handle_args.with_options).await?;
+
     let (sink, graph, target_table_catalog) = {
         let context = Rc::new(OptimizerContext::from_handler_args(handle_args));
 
@@ -313,7 +412,7 @@ pub async fn handle_create_sink(
             sink_plan: plan,
             sink_catalog: sink,
             target_table_catalog,
-        } = gen_sink_plan(&session, context.clone(), stmt)?;
+        } = gen_sink_plan(&session, context.clone(), stmt, partition_info)?;
 
         let has_order_by = !query.order_by.is_empty();
         if has_order_by {
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/handler/create_sql_function.rs b/src/frontend/src/handler/create_sql_function.rs
index 166e940b60810..4eaa78f82533e 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/handler/create_sql_function.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/handler/create_sql_function.rs
@@ -29,18 +29,28 @@ use thiserror_ext::AsReport;
 use super::*;
 use crate::binder::UdfContext;
 use crate::catalog::CatalogError;
-use crate::expr::{ExprImpl, Literal};
+use crate::expr::{Expr, ExprImpl, Literal};
 use crate::{bind_data_type, Binder};
 
 /// Create a mock `udf_context`, which is used for semantic check
-fn create_mock_udf_context(arg_types: Vec<DataType>) -> HashMap<String, ExprImpl> {
-    (1..=arg_types.len())
+fn create_mock_udf_context(
+    arg_types: Vec<DataType>,
+    arg_names: Vec<String>,
+) -> HashMap<String, ExprImpl> {
+    let mut ret: HashMap<String, ExprImpl> = (1..=arg_types.len())
         .map(|i| {
             let mock_expr =
                 ExprImpl::Literal(Box::new(Literal::new(None, arg_types[i - 1].clone())));
-            (format!("${i}"), mock_expr.clone())
+            (format!("${i}"), mock_expr)
         })
-        .collect()
+        .collect();
+
+    for (i, arg_name) in arg_names.into_iter().enumerate() {
+        let mock_expr = ExprImpl::Literal(Box::new(Literal::new(None, arg_types[i].clone())));
+        ret.insert(arg_name, mock_expr);
+    }
+
+    ret
 }
 
 pub async fn handle_create_sql_function(
@@ -173,15 +183,31 @@ pub async fn handle_create_sql_function(
 
         binder
             .udf_context_mut()
-            .update_context(create_mock_udf_context(arg_types.clone()));
+            .update_context(create_mock_udf_context(
+                arg_types.clone(),
+                arg_names.clone(),
+            ));
+
+        binder.set_udf_binding_flag();
 
         if let Ok(expr) = UdfContext::extract_udf_expression(ast) {
-            if let Err(e) = binder.bind_expr(expr) {
-                return Err(ErrorCode::InvalidInputSyntax(format!(
+            match binder.bind_expr(expr) {
+                Ok(expr) => {
+                    // Check if the return type mismatches
+                    if expr.return_type() != return_type {
+                        return Err(ErrorCode::InvalidInputSyntax(format!(
+                            "\nreturn type mismatch detected\nexpected: [{}]\nactual: [{}]\nplease adjust your function definition accordingly",
+                            return_type,
+                            expr.return_type()
+                        ))
+                        .into());
+                    }
+                }
+                Err(e) => return Err(ErrorCode::InvalidInputSyntax(format!(
                     "failed to conduct semantic check, please see if you are calling non-existence functions: {}",
                     e.as_report()
                 ))
-                .into());
+                .into()),
             }
         } else {
             return Err(ErrorCode::InvalidInputSyntax(
@@ -191,6 +217,8 @@ pub async fn handle_create_sql_function(
             )
             .into());
         }
+
+        binder.unset_udf_binding_flag();
     }
 
     // Create the actual function, will be stored in function catalog
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/handler/create_table.rs b/src/frontend/src/handler/create_table.rs
index 2ee247880191d..ee871bc68702f 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/handler/create_table.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/handler/create_table.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
 use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::str::FromStr;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use anyhow::anyhow;
@@ -33,6 +34,7 @@ use risingwave_connector::source;
 use risingwave_connector::source::cdc::external::{
     DATABASE_NAME_KEY, SCHEMA_NAME_KEY, TABLE_NAME_KEY,
 };
+use risingwave_connector::source::cdc::CDC_BACKFILL_ENABLE_KEY;
 use risingwave_pb::catalog::source::OptionalAssociatedTableId;
 use risingwave_pb::catalog::{PbSource, PbTable, StreamSourceInfo, Table, WatermarkDesc};
 use risingwave_pb::ddl_service::TableJobType;
@@ -808,10 +810,20 @@ pub(crate) fn gen_create_table_plan_for_cdc_source(
 
     tracing::debug!(?cdc_table_desc, "create cdc table");
 
+    // disable backfill if 'snapshot=false'
+    let disable_backfill = match context.with_options().get(CDC_BACKFILL_ENABLE_KEY) {
+        None => false,
+        Some(v) => {
+            !(bool::from_str(v)
+                .map_err(|_| anyhow!("Invalid value for {}", CDC_BACKFILL_ENABLE_KEY))?)
+        }
+    };
+
     let logical_scan = LogicalCdcScan::create(
         external_table_name,
         Rc::new(cdc_table_desc),
         context.clone(),
+        disable_backfill,
     );
 
     let scan_node: PlanRef = logical_scan.into();
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/handler/explain.rs b/src/frontend/src/handler/explain.rs
index b7981cf7aec6e..e5489bf258f8b 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/handler/explain.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/handler/explain.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ use thiserror_ext::AsReport;
 
 use super::create_index::gen_create_index_plan;
 use super::create_mv::gen_create_mv_plan;
-use super::create_sink::gen_sink_plan;
+use super::create_sink::{gen_sink_plan, get_partition_compute_info};
 use super::create_table::ColumnIdGenerator;
 use super::query::gen_batch_plan_by_statement;
 use super::util::SourceSchemaCompatExt;
@@ -88,6 +88,13 @@ async fn do_handle_explain(
                 let context = plan.ctx();
                 (Ok(plan), context)
             }
+            Statement::CreateSink { stmt } => {
+                let partition_info = get_partition_compute_info(context.with_options()).await?;
+                let plan = gen_sink_plan(&session, context.into(), stmt, partition_info)
+                    .map(|plan| plan.sink_plan)?;
+                let context = plan.ctx();
+                (Ok(plan), context)
+            }
 
             // For other queries without `await` point, we can keep a copy of reference to the
             // `OptimizerContext` even if the planning fails. This enables us to log the partial
@@ -122,10 +129,6 @@ async fn do_handle_explain(
                             "A created VIEW is just an alias. Instead, use EXPLAIN on the queries which reference the view.".into()
                         ).into());
                     }
-                    Statement::CreateSink { stmt } => {
-                        gen_sink_plan(&session, context.clone(), stmt).map(|plan| plan.sink_plan)
-                    }
-
                     Statement::CreateIndex {
                         name,
                         table_name,
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/handler/mod.rs b/src/frontend/src/handler/mod.rs
index 806daa89ce026..5becea016e108 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/handler/mod.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/handler/mod.rs
@@ -528,13 +528,18 @@ pub async fn handle(
         }
         Statement::AlterTable {
             name,
-            operation: AlterTableOperation::SetParallelism { parallelism },
+            operation:
+                AlterTableOperation::SetParallelism {
+                    parallelism,
+                    deferred,
+                },
         } => {
             alter_parallelism::handle_alter_parallelism(
                 handler_args,
                 name,
                 parallelism,
                 StatementType::ALTER_TABLE,
+                deferred,
             )
             .await
         }
@@ -557,13 +562,18 @@ pub async fn handle(
         } => alter_rename::handle_rename_index(handler_args, name, index_name).await,
         Statement::AlterIndex {
             name,
-            operation: AlterIndexOperation::SetParallelism { parallelism },
+            operation:
+                AlterIndexOperation::SetParallelism {
+                    parallelism,
+                    deferred,
+                },
         } => {
             alter_parallelism::handle_alter_parallelism(
                 handler_args,
                 name,
                 parallelism,
                 StatementType::ALTER_INDEX,
+                deferred,
             )
             .await
         }
@@ -587,13 +597,18 @@ pub async fn handle(
         Statement::AlterView {
             materialized,
             name,
-            operation: AlterViewOperation::SetParallelism { parallelism },
+            operation:
+                AlterViewOperation::SetParallelism {
+                    parallelism,
+                    deferred,
+                },
         } if materialized => {
             alter_parallelism::handle_alter_parallelism(
                 handler_args,
                 name,
                 parallelism,
                 StatementType::ALTER_MATERIALIZED_VIEW,
+                deferred,
             )
             .await
         }
@@ -677,13 +692,18 @@ pub async fn handle(
         }
         Statement::AlterSink {
             name,
-            operation: AlterSinkOperation::SetParallelism { parallelism },
+            operation:
+                AlterSinkOperation::SetParallelism {
+                    parallelism,
+                    deferred,
+                },
         } => {
             alter_parallelism::handle_alter_parallelism(
                 handler_args,
                 name,
                 parallelism,
                 StatementType::ALTER_SINK,
+                deferred,
             )
             .await
         }
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/handler/variable.rs b/src/frontend/src/handler/variable.rs
index c317bfde004b2..dd633449050ce 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/handler/variable.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/handler/variable.rs
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ use risingwave_common::session_config::{ConfigReporter, SESSION_CONFIG_LIST_SEP}
 use risingwave_common::system_param::is_mutable;
 use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, ScalarRefImpl};
 use risingwave_sqlparser::ast::{Ident, SetTimeZoneValue, SetVariableValue, Value};
+use risingwave_sqlparser::keywords::Keyword;
 
 use super::RwPgResponse;
 use crate::handler::HandlerArgs;
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ pub fn handle_set(
         .eq_ignore_ascii_case("streaming_parallelism")
         && string_val
             .as_ref()
-            .map(|val| val.eq_ignore_ascii_case("auto"))
+            .map(|val| val.eq_ignore_ascii_case(Keyword::ADAPTIVE.to_string().as_str()))
             .unwrap_or(false)
     {
         string_val = None;
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/lib.rs b/src/frontend/src/lib.rs
index f78591a4d8c40..805221327f016 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/lib.rs
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 #![feature(error_generic_member_access)]
 #![feature(round_ties_even)]
 #![feature(iterator_try_collect)]
+#![feature(used_with_arg)]
 #![recursion_limit = "256"]
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -105,6 +106,8 @@ pub struct FrontendOpts {
     #[clap(long, env = "RW_META_ADDR", default_value = "http://127.0.0.1:5690")]
     pub meta_addr: MetaAddressStrategy,
 
+    /// We will start a http server at this address via `MetricsManager`.
+    /// Then the prometheus instance will poll the metrics from this address.
     #[clap(
         long,
         env = "RW_PROMETHEUS_LISTENER_ADDR",
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/mod.rs b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/mod.rs
index 8eca9de358fed..e27220feb279a 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/mod.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/mod.rs
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ use self::heuristic_optimizer::ApplyOrder;
 use self::plan_node::generic::{self, PhysicalPlanRef};
 use self::plan_node::{
     stream_enforce_eowc_requirement, BatchProject, Convention, LogicalProject, LogicalSource,
-    StreamDml, StreamMaterialize, StreamProject, StreamRowIdGen, StreamSink, StreamWatermarkFilter,
-    ToStreamContext,
+    PartitionComputeInfo, StreamDml, StreamMaterialize, StreamProject, StreamRowIdGen, StreamSink,
+    StreamWatermarkFilter, ToStreamContext,
 };
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 use self::plan_visitor::InputRefValidator;
@@ -774,6 +774,7 @@ impl PlanRoot {
     }
 
     /// Optimize and generate a create sink plan.
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
     pub fn gen_sink_plan(
         &mut self,
         sink_name: String,
@@ -785,6 +786,7 @@ impl PlanRoot {
         format_desc: Option<SinkFormatDesc>,
         without_backfill: bool,
         target_table: Option<TableId>,
+        partition_info: Option<PartitionComputeInfo>,
     ) -> Result<StreamSink> {
         let stream_scan_type = if without_backfill {
             StreamScanType::UpstreamOnly
@@ -815,6 +817,7 @@ impl PlanRoot {
             definition,
             properties,
             format_desc,
+            partition_info,
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/batch_exchange.rs b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/batch_exchange.rs
index 5927dce274497..cd0f6ef8e1e0b 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/batch_exchange.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/batch_exchange.rs
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ use crate::optimizer::property::{Distribution, DistributionDisplay, Order, Order
 pub struct BatchExchange {
     pub base: PlanBase<Batch>,
     input: PlanRef,
+    // sequential means each tasks of the exchange node will be executed sequentially.
+    // Currently, it is used to avoid spawn too many tasks for limit operator.
     sequential: bool,
 }
 
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/generic/cdc_scan.rs b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/generic/cdc_scan.rs
index 22d37bba5e556..f742238de8912 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/generic/cdc_scan.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/generic/cdc_scan.rs
@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@ pub struct CdcScan {
     #[educe(PartialEq(ignore))]
     #[educe(Hash(ignore))]
     pub ctx: OptimizerContextRef,
+
+    pub disable_backfill: bool,
 }
 
 impl CdcScan {
@@ -102,12 +104,14 @@ impl CdcScan {
         output_col_idx: Vec<usize>, // the column index in the table
         cdc_table_desc: Rc<CdcTableDesc>,
         ctx: OptimizerContextRef,
+        disable_backfill: bool,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             table_name,
             output_col_idx,
             cdc_table_desc,
             ctx,
+            disable_backfill,
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/logical_cdc_scan.rs b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/logical_cdc_scan.rs
index a6787d43b8e2d..a65d297b0681a 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/logical_cdc_scan.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/logical_cdc_scan.rs
@@ -60,12 +60,14 @@ impl LogicalCdcScan {
         table_name: String, // explain-only
         cdc_table_desc: Rc<CdcTableDesc>,
         ctx: OptimizerContextRef,
+        disable_backfill: bool,
     ) -> Self {
         generic::CdcScan::new(
             table_name,
             (0..cdc_table_desc.columns.len()).collect(),
             cdc_table_desc,
             ctx,
+            disable_backfill,
         )
         .into()
     }
@@ -94,6 +96,7 @@ impl LogicalCdcScan {
             output_col_idx,
             self.core.cdc_table_desc.clone(),
             self.base.ctx().clone(),
+            self.core.disable_backfill,
         )
         .into()
     }
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/mod.rs b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/mod.rs
index a0475c4ae092e..248bb59f4edde 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/mod.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/mod.rs
@@ -943,7 +943,7 @@ pub use stream_project_set::StreamProjectSet;
 pub use stream_row_id_gen::StreamRowIdGen;
 pub use stream_share::StreamShare;
 pub use stream_simple_agg::StreamSimpleAgg;
-pub use stream_sink::StreamSink;
+pub use stream_sink::{IcebergPartitionInfo, PartitionComputeInfo, StreamSink};
 pub use stream_sort::StreamEowcSort;
 pub use stream_source::StreamSource;
 pub use stream_stateless_simple_agg::StreamStatelessSimpleAgg;
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/stream_cdc_table_scan.rs b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/stream_cdc_table_scan.rs
index bbce650a7cd44..064882423de44 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/stream_cdc_table_scan.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/stream_cdc_table_scan.rs
@@ -199,7 +199,6 @@ impl StreamCdcTableScan {
             node_body: Some(PbNodeBody::CdcFilter(CdcFilterNode {
                 search_condition: Some(filter_expr.to_expr_proto()),
                 upstream_source_id,
-                upstream_column_ids: vec![], // not used,
             })),
         };
 
@@ -256,6 +255,7 @@ impl StreamCdcTableScan {
             state_table: Some(catalog),
             cdc_table_desc: Some(self.core.cdc_table_desc.to_protobuf()),
             rate_limit: self.base.ctx().overwrite_options().streaming_rate_limit,
+            disable_backfill: self.core.disable_backfill,
         });
 
         // plan: merge -> filter -> exchange(simple) -> stream_scan
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/stream_sink.rs b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/stream_sink.rs
index 8f7abc66fb455..27c2e34cd60d3 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/stream_sink.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/optimizer/plan_node/stream_sink.rs
@@ -17,27 +17,36 @@ use std::io::{Error, ErrorKind};
 
 use anyhow::anyhow;
 use fixedbitset::FixedBitSet;
+use icelake::types::Transform;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use pretty_xmlish::{Pretty, XmlNode};
 use risingwave_common::catalog::{ColumnCatalog, Field, TableId};
-use risingwave_common::constants::log_store::v1::{KV_LOG_STORE_PREDEFINED_COLUMNS, PK_ORDERING};
+use risingwave_common::constants::log_store::v2::{
+    KV_LOG_STORE_PREDEFINED_COLUMNS, PK_ORDERING, VNODE_COLUMN_INDEX,
+};
 use risingwave_common::error::{ErrorCode, Result};
 use risingwave_common::session_config::sink_decouple::SinkDecouple;
+use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, StructType};
+use risingwave_common::util::iter_util::ZipEqDebug;
 use risingwave_connector::match_sink_name_str;
 use risingwave_connector::sink::catalog::desc::SinkDesc;
 use risingwave_connector::sink::catalog::{SinkFormat, SinkFormatDesc, SinkId, SinkType};
+use risingwave_connector::sink::iceberg::ICEBERG_SINK;
 use risingwave_connector::sink::trivial::TABLE_SINK;
 use risingwave_connector::sink::{
     SinkError, CONNECTOR_TYPE_KEY, SINK_TYPE_APPEND_ONLY, SINK_TYPE_DEBEZIUM, SINK_TYPE_OPTION,
     SINK_TYPE_UPSERT, SINK_USER_FORCE_APPEND_ONLY_OPTION,
 };
+use risingwave_pb::expr::expr_node::Type;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::stream_node::PbNodeBody;
+use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::SinkLogStoreType;
 
 use super::derive::{derive_columns, derive_pk};
-use super::generic::GenericPlanRef;
+use super::generic::{self, GenericPlanRef};
 use super::stream::prelude::*;
 use super::utils::{childless_record, Distill, IndicesDisplay, TableCatalogBuilder};
-use super::{ExprRewritable, PlanBase, PlanRef, StreamNode};
+use super::{ExprRewritable, PlanBase, PlanRef, StreamNode, StreamProject};
+use crate::expr::{ExprImpl, FunctionCall, InputRef};
 use crate::optimizer::plan_node::expr_visitable::ExprVisitable;
 use crate::optimizer::plan_node::PlanTreeNodeUnary;
 use crate::optimizer::property::{Distribution, Order, RequiredDist};
@@ -46,17 +55,131 @@ use crate::{TableCatalog, WithOptions};
 
 const DOWNSTREAM_PK_KEY: &str = "primary_key";
 
+/// ## Why we need `PartitionComputeInfo`?
+///
+/// For some sink, it will write the data into different file based on the partition value. E.g. iceberg sink(<https://iceberg.apache.org/spec/#partitioning>)
+/// For this kind of sink, the file num can be reduced if we can shuffle the data based on the partition value. More details can be found in <https://github.com/risingwavelabs/rfcs/pull/77>.
+/// So if the `PartitionComputeInfo` provided, we will create a `StreamProject` node to compute the partition value and shuffle the data based on the partition value before the sink.
+///
+/// ## What is `PartitionComputeInfo`?
+/// The `PartitionComputeInfo` contains the information about partition compute. The stream sink will use
+/// these information to create the corresponding expression in `StreamProject` node.
+///
+/// #TODO
+/// Maybe we should move this in sink?
+pub enum PartitionComputeInfo {
+    Iceberg(IcebergPartitionInfo),
+}
+
+impl PartitionComputeInfo {
+    pub fn convert_to_expression(self, columns: &[ColumnCatalog]) -> Result<ExprImpl> {
+        match self {
+            PartitionComputeInfo::Iceberg(info) => info.convert_to_expression(columns),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct IcebergPartitionInfo {
+    pub partition_type: StructType,
+    // (partition_field_name, partition_field_transform)
+    pub partition_fields: Vec<(String, Transform)>,
+}
+
+impl IcebergPartitionInfo {
+    #[inline]
+    fn transform_to_expression(
+        transform: &Transform,
+        col_id: usize,
+        columns: &[ColumnCatalog],
+        result_type: DataType,
+    ) -> Result<ExprImpl> {
+        match transform {
+            Transform::Identity => {
+                if columns[col_id].column_desc.data_type != result_type {
+                    return Err(ErrorCode::SinkError(Box::new(Error::new(
+                        ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
+                        format!(
+                            "The partition field {} has type {}, but the partition field is {}",
+                            columns[col_id].column_desc.name,
+                            columns[col_id].column_desc.data_type,
+                            result_type
+                        ),
+                    )))
+                    .into());
+                }
+                Ok(ExprImpl::InputRef(
+                    InputRef::new(col_id, result_type).into(),
+                ))
+            }
+            Transform::Void => Ok(ExprImpl::literal_null(result_type)),
+            _ => Ok(ExprImpl::FunctionCall(
+                FunctionCall::new_unchecked(
+                    Type::IcebergTransform,
+                    vec![
+                        ExprImpl::literal_varchar(transform.to_string()),
+                        ExprImpl::InputRef(
+                            InputRef::new(col_id, columns[col_id].column_desc.data_type.clone())
+                                .into(),
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    result_type,
+                )
+                .into(),
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn convert_to_expression(self, columns: &[ColumnCatalog]) -> Result<ExprImpl> {
+        let child_exprs = self
+            .partition_fields
+            .into_iter()
+            .zip_eq_debug(self.partition_type.iter())
+            .map(|((field_name, transform), (_, result_type))| {
+                let col_id = find_column_idx_by_name(columns, &field_name)?;
+                Self::transform_to_expression(&transform, col_id, columns, result_type.clone())
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+
+        Ok(ExprImpl::FunctionCall(
+            FunctionCall::new_unchecked(
+                Type::Row,
+                child_exprs,
+                DataType::Struct(self.partition_type),
+            )
+            .into(),
+        ))
+    }
+}
+#[inline]
+fn find_column_idx_by_name(columns: &[ColumnCatalog], col_name: &str) -> Result<usize> {
+    columns
+            .iter()
+            .position(|col| col.column_desc.name == col_name)
+            .ok_or_else(|| {
+                ErrorCode::SinkError(Box::new(Error::new(
+                    ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
+                    format!("Sink primary key column not found: {}. Please use ',' as the delimiter for different primary key columns.", col_name)
+                )))
+                .into()
+            })
+}
+
 /// [`StreamSink`] represents a table/connector sink at the very end of the graph.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub struct StreamSink {
     pub base: PlanBase<Stream>,
     input: PlanRef,
     sink_desc: SinkDesc,
+    default_log_store_type: SinkLogStoreType,
 }
 
 impl StreamSink {
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn new(input: PlanRef, sink_desc: SinkDesc) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(
+        input: PlanRef,
+        sink_desc: SinkDesc,
+        default_log_store_type: SinkLogStoreType,
+    ) -> Self {
         let base = input
             .plan_base()
             .into_stream()
@@ -66,6 +189,7 @@ impl StreamSink {
             base,
             input,
             sink_desc,
+            default_log_store_type,
         }
     }
 
@@ -87,6 +211,7 @@ impl StreamSink {
         definition: String,
         properties: WithOptions,
         format_desc: Option<SinkFormatDesc>,
+        partition_info: Option<PartitionComputeInfo>,
     ) -> Result<Self> {
         let columns = derive_columns(input.schema(), out_names, &user_cols)?;
         let (input, sink) = Self::derive_sink_desc(
@@ -101,13 +226,14 @@ impl StreamSink {
             definition,
             properties,
             format_desc,
+            partition_info,
         )?;
 
         let unsupported_sink =
             |sink: &str| Err(SinkError::Config(anyhow!("unsupported sink type {}", sink)));
 
         // check and ensure that the sink connector is specified and supported
-        match sink.properties.get(CONNECTOR_TYPE_KEY) {
+        let default_sink_decouple = match sink.properties.get(CONNECTOR_TYPE_KEY) {
             Some(connector) => {
                 match_sink_name_str!(
                     connector.to_lowercase().as_str(),
@@ -117,25 +243,64 @@ impl StreamSink {
                         if connector == TABLE_SINK && sink.target_table.is_none() {
                             unsupported_sink(TABLE_SINK)
                         } else {
-                            Ok(())
+                            Ok(SinkType::default_sink_decouple(&sink))
                         }
                     },
                     |other: &str| unsupported_sink(other)
-                )?;
+                )?
             }
             None => {
                 return Err(
                     SinkError::Config(anyhow!("connector not specified when create sink")).into(),
                 );
             }
-        }
+        };
 
-        Ok(Self::new(input, sink))
+        let default_log_store_type = if default_sink_decouple {
+            SinkLogStoreType::KvLogStore
+        } else {
+            SinkLogStoreType::InMemoryLogStore
+        };
+
+        Ok(Self::new(input, sink, default_log_store_type))
+    }
+
+    fn derive_iceberg_sink_distribution(
+        input: PlanRef,
+        partition_info: Option<PartitionComputeInfo>,
+        columns: &[ColumnCatalog],
+    ) -> Result<(RequiredDist, PlanRef, Option<usize>)> {
+        // For here, we need to add the plan node to compute the partition value, and add it as a extra column.
+        if let Some(partition_info) = partition_info {
+            let input_fields = input.schema().fields();
+
+            let mut exprs: Vec<_> = input_fields
+                .iter()
+                .enumerate()
+                .map(|(idx, field)| InputRef::new(idx, field.data_type.clone()).into())
+                .collect();
+
+            // Add the partition compute expression to the end of the exprs
+            exprs.push(partition_info.convert_to_expression(columns)?);
+            let partition_col_idx = exprs.len() - 1;
+            let project = StreamProject::new(generic::Project::new(exprs.clone(), input));
+            Ok((
+                RequiredDist::shard_by_key(project.schema().len(), &[partition_col_idx]),
+                project.into(),
+                Some(partition_col_idx),
+            ))
+        } else {
+            Ok((
+                RequiredDist::shard_by_key(input.schema().len(), input.expect_stream_key()),
+                input,
+                None,
+            ))
+        }
     }
 
     #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
     fn derive_sink_desc(
-        input: PlanRef,
+        mut input: PlanRef,
         user_distributed_by: RequiredDist,
         name: String,
         db_name: String,
@@ -146,12 +311,14 @@ impl StreamSink {
         definition: String,
         properties: WithOptions,
         format_desc: Option<SinkFormatDesc>,
+        partition_info: Option<PartitionComputeInfo>,
     ) -> Result<(PlanRef, SinkDesc)> {
         let sink_type =
             Self::derive_sink_type(input.append_only(), &properties, format_desc.as_ref())?;
         let (pk, _) = derive_pk(input.clone(), user_order_by, &columns);
-        let downstream_pk = Self::parse_downstream_pk(&columns, properties.get(DOWNSTREAM_PK_KEY))?;
-
+        let mut downstream_pk =
+            Self::parse_downstream_pk(&columns, properties.get(DOWNSTREAM_PK_KEY))?;
+        let mut extra_partition_col_idx = None;
         let required_dist = match input.distribution() {
             Distribution::Single => RequiredDist::single(),
             _ => {
@@ -171,6 +338,21 @@ impl StreamSink {
                         // lock contentions
                         RequiredDist::hash_shard(downstream_pk.as_slice())
                     }
+                    Some(s) if s == ICEBERG_SINK => {
+                        // If user doesn't specify the downstream primary key, we use the stream key as the pk.
+                        if sink_type.is_upsert() && downstream_pk.is_empty() {
+                            downstream_pk = pk.iter().map(|k| k.column_index).collect_vec();
+                        }
+                        let (required_dist, new_input, partition_col_idx) =
+                            Self::derive_iceberg_sink_distribution(
+                                input,
+                                partition_info,
+                                &columns,
+                            )?;
+                        input = new_input;
+                        extra_partition_col_idx = partition_col_idx;
+                        required_dist
+                    }
                     _ => {
                         assert_matches!(user_distributed_by, RequiredDist::Any);
                         if downstream_pk.is_empty() {
@@ -206,6 +388,7 @@ impl StreamSink {
             sink_type,
             format_desc,
             target_table,
+            extra_partition_col_idx,
         };
         Ok((input, sink_desc))
     }
@@ -312,19 +495,7 @@ impl StreamSink {
                     if trimmed_key.is_empty() {
                         continue;
                     }
-                    match columns
-                        .iter()
-                        .position(|col| col.column_desc.name == trimmed_key)
-                    {
-                        Some(index) => downstream_pk_indices.push(index),
-                        None => {
-                            return Err(ErrorCode::SinkError(Box::new(Error::new(
-                                ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
-                                format!("Sink primary key column not found: {}. Please use ',' as the delimiter for different primary key columns.", trimmed_key),
-                            )))
-                            .into());
-                        }
-                    }
+                    downstream_pk_indices.push(find_column_idx_by_name(columns, trimmed_key)?);
                 }
                 Ok(downstream_pk_indices)
             }
@@ -351,13 +522,27 @@ impl StreamSink {
             value_indices.push(indice);
         }
 
+        table_catalog_builder.set_vnode_col_idx(VNODE_COLUMN_INDEX);
+
         for (i, ordering) in PK_ORDERING.iter().enumerate() {
             table_catalog_builder.add_order_column(i, *ordering);
         }
 
         let read_prefix_len_hint = table_catalog_builder.get_current_pk_len();
 
-        let payload_indices = table_catalog_builder.extend_columns(&self.sink_desc().columns);
+        let payload_indices = table_catalog_builder.extend_columns(
+            &self
+                .sink_desc()
+                .columns
+                .iter()
+                .map(|column| {
+                    // make payload hidden column visible in kv log store batch query
+                    let mut column = column.clone();
+                    column.is_hidden = false;
+                    column
+                })
+                .collect_vec(),
+        );
 
         value_indices.extend(payload_indices);
         table_catalog_builder.set_value_indices(value_indices);
@@ -381,7 +566,7 @@ impl PlanTreeNodeUnary for StreamSink {
     }
 
     fn clone_with_input(&self, input: PlanRef) -> Self {
-        Self::new(input, self.sink_desc.clone())
+        Self::new(input, self.sink_desc.clone(), self.default_log_store_type)
         // TODO(nanderstabel): Add assertions (assert_eq!)
     }
 }
@@ -435,24 +620,7 @@ impl StreamNode for StreamSink {
             sink_desc: Some(self.sink_desc.to_proto()),
             table: Some(table.to_internal_table_prost()),
             log_store_type: match self.base.ctx().session_ctx().config().sink_decouple() {
-                SinkDecouple::Default => {
-                    let enable_sink_decouple =
-                        match_sink_name_str!(
-                        self.sink_desc.properties.get(CONNECTOR_TYPE_KEY).expect(
-                            "have checked connector is contained when create the `StreamSink`"
-                        ).to_lowercase().as_str(),
-                        SinkTypeName,
-                        SinkTypeName::default_sink_decouple(&self.sink_desc),
-                        |_unsupported| unreachable!(
-                            "have checked connector is supported when create the `StreamSink`"
-                        )
-                    );
-                    if enable_sink_decouple {
-                        SinkLogStoreType::KvLogStore as i32
-                    } else {
-                        SinkLogStoreType::InMemoryLogStore as i32
-                    }
-                }
+                SinkDecouple::Default => self.default_log_store_type as i32,
                 SinkDecouple::Enable => SinkLogStoreType::KvLogStore as i32,
                 SinkDecouple::Disable => SinkLogStoreType::InMemoryLogStore as i32,
             },
@@ -463,3 +631,98 @@ impl StreamNode for StreamSink {
 impl ExprRewritable for StreamSink {}
 
 impl ExprVisitable for StreamSink {}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use icelake::types::Transform;
+    use risingwave_common::catalog::{ColumnCatalog, ColumnDesc, ColumnId};
+    use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, StructType};
+    use risingwave_common::util::iter_util::ZipEqDebug;
+    use risingwave_pb::expr::expr_node::Type;
+
+    use super::IcebergPartitionInfo;
+    use crate::expr::{Expr, ExprImpl};
+
+    fn create_column_catalog() -> Vec<ColumnCatalog> {
+        vec![
+            ColumnCatalog {
+                column_desc: ColumnDesc::named("v1", ColumnId::new(1), DataType::Int32),
+                is_hidden: false,
+            },
+            ColumnCatalog {
+                column_desc: ColumnDesc::named("v2", ColumnId::new(2), DataType::Timestamptz),
+                is_hidden: false,
+            },
+            ColumnCatalog {
+                column_desc: ColumnDesc::named("v3", ColumnId::new(2), DataType::Timestamp),
+                is_hidden: false,
+            },
+        ]
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn test_iceberg_convert_to_expression() {
+        let partition_type = StructType::new(vec![
+            ("f1", DataType::Int32),
+            ("f2", DataType::Int32),
+            ("f3", DataType::Int32),
+            ("f4", DataType::Int32),
+            ("f5", DataType::Int32),
+            ("f6", DataType::Int32),
+            ("f7", DataType::Int32),
+            ("f8", DataType::Int32),
+            ("f9", DataType::Int32),
+        ]);
+        let partition_fields = vec![
+            ("v1".into(), Transform::Identity),
+            ("v1".into(), Transform::Bucket(10)),
+            ("v1".into(), Transform::Truncate(3)),
+            ("v2".into(), Transform::Year),
+            ("v2".into(), Transform::Month),
+            ("v3".into(), Transform::Day),
+            ("v3".into(), Transform::Hour),
+            ("v1".into(), Transform::Void),
+            ("v3".into(), Transform::Void),
+        ];
+        let partition_info = IcebergPartitionInfo {
+            partition_type: partition_type.clone(),
+            partition_fields: partition_fields.clone(),
+        };
+        let catalog = create_column_catalog();
+        let actual_expr = partition_info.convert_to_expression(&catalog).unwrap();
+        let actual_expr = actual_expr.as_function_call().unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            actual_expr.return_type(),
+            DataType::Struct(partition_type.clone())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(actual_expr.inputs().len(), partition_fields.len());
+        assert_eq!(actual_expr.func_type(), Type::Row);
+
+        for ((expr, (_, transform)), (_, expect_type)) in actual_expr
+            .inputs()
+            .iter()
+            .zip_eq_debug(partition_fields.iter())
+            .zip_eq_debug(partition_type.iter())
+        {
+            match transform {
+                Transform::Identity => {
+                    assert!(expr.is_input_ref());
+                    assert_eq!(expr.return_type(), *expect_type);
+                }
+                Transform::Void => {
+                    assert!(expr.is_literal());
+                    assert_eq!(expr.return_type(), *expect_type);
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    let expr = expr.as_function_call().unwrap();
+                    assert_eq!(expr.func_type(), Type::IcebergTransform);
+                    assert_eq!(expr.inputs().len(), 2);
+                    assert_eq!(
+                        expr.inputs()[0],
+                        ExprImpl::literal_varchar(transform.to_string())
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/scheduler/distributed/stage.rs b/src/frontend/src/scheduler/distributed/stage.rs
index 5d5d6755b27d5..9585e18713d58 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/scheduler/distributed/stage.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/scheduler/distributed/stage.rs
@@ -935,12 +935,12 @@ impl StageRunner {
                 let exchange_sources = child_stage.all_exchange_sources_for(task_id);
 
                 match &execution_plan_node.node {
-                    NodeBody::Exchange(_exchange_node) => PlanNodePb {
+                    NodeBody::Exchange(exchange_node) => PlanNodePb {
                         children: vec![],
                         identity,
                         node_body: Some(NodeBody::Exchange(ExchangeNode {
                             sources: exchange_sources,
-                            sequential: true,
+                            sequential: exchange_node.sequential,
                             input_schema: execution_plan_node.schema.clone(),
                         })),
                     },
@@ -950,7 +950,7 @@ impl StageRunner {
                         node_body: Some(NodeBody::MergeSortExchange(MergeSortExchangeNode {
                             exchange: Some(ExchangeNode {
                                 sources: exchange_sources,
-                                sequential: true,
+                                sequential: false,
                                 input_schema: execution_plan_node.schema.clone(),
                             }),
                             column_orders: sort_merge_exchange_node.column_orders.clone(),
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/test_utils.rs b/src/frontend/src/test_utils.rs
index 223fc739f6453..c7fbea9d401f7 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/test_utils.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/src/test_utils.rs
@@ -598,6 +598,7 @@ impl CatalogWriter for MockCatalogWriter {
         &self,
         _table_id: u32,
         _parallelism: PbTableParallelism,
+        _deferred: bool,
     ) -> Result<()> {
         todo!()
     }
diff --git a/src/meta/model_v2/migration/src/lib.rs b/src/meta/model_v2/migration/src/lib.rs
index 6b8a2b01c2d46..c021942bcbadd 100644
--- a/src/meta/model_v2/migration/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/meta/model_v2/migration/src/lib.rs
@@ -16,3 +16,33 @@ impl MigratorTrait for Migrator {
         ]
     }
 }
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! assert_not_has_tables {
+    ($manager:expr, $( $table:ident ),+) => {
+        $(
+            assert!(
+                !$manager
+                    .has_table($table::Table.to_string())
+                    .await?
+            );
+        )+
+    };
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! drop_tables {
+    ($manager:expr, $( $table:ident ),+) => {
+        $(
+            $manager
+                .drop_table(
+                    sea_orm_migration::prelude::Table::drop()
+                        .table($table::Table)
+                        .if_exists()
+                        .cascade()
+                        .to_owned(),
+                )
+                .await?;
+        )+
+    };
+}
diff --git a/src/meta/model_v2/migration/src/m20230908_072257_init.rs b/src/meta/model_v2/migration/src/m20230908_072257_init.rs
index bf8cb8c0fc1e1..66e8db40418c3 100644
--- a/src/meta/model_v2/migration/src/m20230908_072257_init.rs
+++ b/src/meta/model_v2/migration/src/m20230908_072257_init.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 use sea_orm_migration::prelude::{Index as MigrationIndex, Table as MigrationTable, *};
 
+use crate::{assert_not_has_tables, drop_tables};
+
 #[derive(DeriveMigrationName)]
 pub struct Migration;
 
@@ -7,38 +9,30 @@ pub struct Migration;
 impl MigrationTrait for Migration {
     async fn up(&self, manager: &SchemaManager) -> Result<(), DbErr> {
         // 1. check if the table exists.
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(Cluster::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(Worker::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(WorkerProperty::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(User::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(UserPrivilege::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(Database::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(Schema::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(StreamingJob::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(Fragment::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(Actor::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(
-            !manager
-                .has_table(ActorDispatcher::Table.to_string())
-                .await?
-        );
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(Table::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(Source::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(Sink::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(Connection::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(View::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(Index::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(Function::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(!manager.has_table(Object::Table.to_string()).await?);
-        assert!(
-            !manager
-                .has_table(ObjectDependency::Table.to_string())
-                .await?
-        );
-        assert!(
-            !manager
-                .has_table(SystemParameter::Table.to_string())
-                .await?
+        assert_not_has_tables!(
+            manager,
+            Cluster,
+            Worker,
+            WorkerProperty,
+            User,
+            UserPrivilege,
+            Database,
+            Schema,
+            StreamingJob,
+            Fragment,
+            Actor,
+            ActorDispatcher,
+            Table,
+            Source,
+            Sink,
+            Connection,
+            View,
+            Index,
+            Function,
+            Object,
+            ObjectDependency,
+            SystemParameter,
+            CatalogVersion
         );
 
         // 2. create tables.
@@ -334,6 +328,7 @@ impl MigrationTrait for Migration {
                     .col(ColumnDef::new(StreamingJob::JobStatus).string().not_null())
                     .col(ColumnDef::new(StreamingJob::CreateType).string().not_null())
                     .col(ColumnDef::new(StreamingJob::Timezone).string())
+                    .col(ColumnDef::new(StreamingJob::Parallelism).json().not_null())
                     .foreign_key(
                         &mut ForeignKey::create()
                             .name("FK_streaming_job_object_id")
@@ -742,6 +737,24 @@ impl MigrationTrait for Migration {
                     .to_owned(),
             )
             .await?;
+        manager
+            .create_table(
+                crate::Table::create()
+                    .table(CatalogVersion::Table)
+                    .col(
+                        ColumnDef::new(CatalogVersion::Name)
+                            .string()
+                            .not_null()
+                            .primary_key(),
+                    )
+                    .col(
+                        ColumnDef::new(CatalogVersion::Version)
+                            .big_integer()
+                            .not_null(),
+                    )
+                    .to_owned(),
+            )
+            .await?;
 
         // 3. create indexes.
         manager
@@ -836,22 +849,6 @@ impl MigrationTrait for Migration {
     }
 
     async fn down(&self, manager: &SchemaManager) -> Result<(), DbErr> {
-        macro_rules! drop_tables {
-            ($manager:expr, $( $table:ident ),+) => {
-                $(
-                    $manager
-                        .drop_table(
-                            MigrationTable::drop()
-                                .table($table::Table)
-                                .if_exists()
-                                .cascade()
-                                .to_owned(),
-                        )
-                        .await?;
-                )+
-            };
-        }
-
         // drop tables cascade.
         drop_tables!(
             manager,
@@ -875,7 +872,8 @@ impl MigrationTrait for Migration {
             Function,
             Object,
             ObjectDependency,
-            SystemParameter
+            SystemParameter,
+            CatalogVersion
         );
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -994,6 +992,7 @@ enum StreamingJob {
     JobStatus,
     Timezone,
     CreateType,
+    Parallelism,
 }
 
 #[derive(DeriveIden)]
@@ -1136,3 +1135,10 @@ enum SystemParameter {
     IsMutable,
     Description,
 }
+
+#[derive(DeriveIden)]
+enum CatalogVersion {
+    Table,
+    Name,
+    Version,
+}
diff --git a/src/meta/model_v2/migration/src/m20231008_020431_hummock.rs b/src/meta/model_v2/migration/src/m20231008_020431_hummock.rs
index 5f1f26b3e21db..b90e088da1f14 100644
--- a/src/meta/model_v2/migration/src/m20231008_020431_hummock.rs
+++ b/src/meta/model_v2/migration/src/m20231008_020431_hummock.rs
@@ -1,22 +1,13 @@
 use sea_orm_migration::prelude::*;
 
+use crate::{assert_not_has_tables, drop_tables};
+
 #[derive(DeriveMigrationName)]
 pub struct Migration;
 
 #[async_trait::async_trait]
 impl MigrationTrait for Migration {
     async fn up(&self, manager: &SchemaManager) -> Result<(), DbErr> {
-        macro_rules! assert_not_has_tables {
-            ($manager:expr, $( $table:ident ),+) => {
-                $(
-                    assert!(
-                        !$manager
-                            .has_table($table::Table.to_string())
-                            .await?
-                    );
-                )+
-            };
-        }
         assert_not_has_tables!(
             manager,
             CompactionTask,
@@ -25,7 +16,8 @@ impl MigrationTrait for Migration {
             HummockPinnedVersion,
             HummockPinnedSnapshot,
             HummockVersionDelta,
-            HummockVersionStats
+            HummockVersionStats,
+            HummockSequence
         );
 
         manager
@@ -196,21 +188,6 @@ impl MigrationTrait for Migration {
     }
 
     async fn down(&self, manager: &SchemaManager) -> Result<(), DbErr> {
-        macro_rules! drop_tables {
-            ($manager:expr, $( $table:ident ),+) => {
-                $(
-                    $manager
-                        .drop_table(
-                            Table::drop()
-                                .table($table::Table)
-                                .if_exists()
-                                .cascade()
-                                .to_owned(),
-                        )
-                        .await?;
-                )+
-            };
-        }
         drop_tables!(
             manager,
             CompactionTask,
diff --git a/src/meta/model_v2/src/catalog_version.rs b/src/meta/model_v2/src/catalog_version.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..53c6f9109635c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/meta/model_v2/src/catalog_version.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// Copyright 2024 RisingWave Labs
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use sea_orm::entity::prelude::*;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, EnumIter, DeriveActiveEnum)]
+#[sea_orm(rs_type = "String", db_type = "String(None)")]
+pub enum VersionCategory {
+    #[sea_orm(string_value = "NOTIFICATION")]
+    Notification,
+    #[sea_orm(string_value = "TABLE_REVISION")]
+    TableRevision,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, DeriveEntityModel, Eq)]
+#[sea_orm(table_name = "catalog_version")]
+pub struct Model {
+    #[sea_orm(primary_key, auto_increment = false)]
+    pub name: VersionCategory,
+    pub version: i64,
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, EnumIter, DeriveRelation)]
+pub enum Relation {}
+
+impl ActiveModelBehavior for ActiveModel {}
diff --git a/src/meta/model_v2/src/lib.rs b/src/meta/model_v2/src/lib.rs
index 572e59c820356..8c85cad2a6597 100644
--- a/src/meta/model_v2/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/meta/model_v2/src/lib.rs
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ pub mod prelude;
 
 pub mod actor;
 pub mod actor_dispatcher;
+pub mod catalog_version;
 pub mod cluster;
 pub mod compaction_config;
 pub mod compaction_status;
@@ -226,3 +227,11 @@ derive_from_json_struct!(
     FragmentVnodeMapping,
     risingwave_pb::common::ParallelUnitMapping
 );
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, FromJsonQueryResult, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum StreamingParallelism {
+    Adaptive,
+    Fixed(usize),
+}
+
+impl Eq for StreamingParallelism {}
diff --git a/src/meta/model_v2/src/prelude.rs b/src/meta/model_v2/src/prelude.rs
index b1cc5c54ff343..6a5316b0e422c 100644
--- a/src/meta/model_v2/src/prelude.rs
+++ b/src/meta/model_v2/src/prelude.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 pub use super::actor::Entity as Actor;
 pub use super::actor_dispatcher::Entity as ActorDispatcher;
+pub use super::catalog_version::Entity as CatalogVersion;
 pub use super::cluster::Entity as Cluster;
 pub use super::compaction_config::Entity as CompactionConfig;
 pub use super::compaction_status::Entity as CompactionStatus;
diff --git a/src/meta/model_v2/src/streaming_job.rs b/src/meta/model_v2/src/streaming_job.rs
index b78f637a838c1..bbb6ac332f2e0 100644
--- a/src/meta/model_v2/src/streaming_job.rs
+++ b/src/meta/model_v2/src/streaming_job.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 use sea_orm::entity::prelude::*;
 
-use crate::{CreateType, JobStatus};
+use crate::{CreateType, JobStatus, StreamingParallelism};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, DeriveEntityModel, Eq)]
 #[sea_orm(table_name = "streaming_job")]
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ pub struct Model {
     pub job_status: JobStatus,
     pub create_type: CreateType,
     pub timezone: Option<String>,
+    pub parallelism: StreamingParallelism,
 }
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, EnumIter, DeriveRelation)]
diff --git a/src/meta/node/src/lib.rs b/src/meta/node/src/lib.rs
index fb5365edf3e84..1fe65aaaf1633 100644
--- a/src/meta/node/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/meta/node/src/lib.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ use risingwave_common_heap_profiling::HeapProfiler;
 use risingwave_meta::*;
 use risingwave_meta_service::*;
 pub use rpc::{ElectionClient, ElectionMember, EtcdElectionClient};
-use server::{rpc_serve, MetaStoreSqlBackend};
+use server::rpc_serve;
 
 use crate::manager::MetaOpts;
 
@@ -59,8 +59,10 @@ pub struct MetaNodeOpts {
     #[clap(long, env = "RW_DASHBOARD_HOST")]
     dashboard_host: Option<String>,
 
-    #[clap(long, env = "RW_PROMETHEUS_HOST")]
-    pub prometheus_host: Option<String>,
+    /// We will start a http server at this address via `MetricsManager`.
+    /// Then the prometheus instance will poll the metrics from this address.
+    #[clap(long, env = "RW_PROMETHEUS_HOST", alias = "prometheus-host")]
+    pub prometheus_listener_addr: Option<String>,
 
     #[clap(long, env = "RW_ETCD_ENDPOINTS", default_value_t = String::from(""))]
     etcd_endpoints: String,
@@ -84,7 +86,9 @@ pub struct MetaNodeOpts {
     #[clap(long, env = "RW_DASHBOARD_UI_PATH")]
     dashboard_ui_path: Option<String>,
 
-    /// For dashboard service to fetch cluster info.
+    /// The HTTP REST-API address of the Prometheus instance associated to this cluster.
+    /// This address is used to serve PromQL queries to Prometheus.
+    /// It is also used by Grafana Dashboard Service to fetch metrics and visualize them.
     #[clap(long, env = "RW_PROMETHEUS_ENDPOINT")]
     prometheus_endpoint: Option<String>,
 
@@ -196,7 +200,7 @@ pub fn start(opts: MetaNodeOpts) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send>> {
         info!("> version: {} ({})", RW_VERSION, GIT_SHA);
         let listen_addr = opts.listen_addr.parse().unwrap();
         let dashboard_addr = opts.dashboard_host.map(|x| x.parse().unwrap());
-        let prometheus_addr = opts.prometheus_host.map(|x| x.parse().unwrap());
+        let prometheus_addr = opts.prometheus_listener_addr.map(|x| x.parse().unwrap());
         let backend = match config.meta.backend {
             MetaBackend::Etcd => MetaStoreBackend::Etcd {
                 endpoints: opts
@@ -213,10 +217,10 @@ pub fn start(opts: MetaNodeOpts) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send>> {
                 },
             },
             MetaBackend::Mem => MetaStoreBackend::Mem,
+            MetaBackend::Sql => MetaStoreBackend::Sql {
+                endpoint: opts.sql_endpoint.expect("sql endpoint is required"),
+            },
         };
-        let sql_backend = opts
-            .sql_endpoint
-            .map(|endpoint| MetaStoreSqlBackend { endpoint });
 
         validate_config(&config);
 
@@ -273,15 +277,13 @@ pub fn start(opts: MetaNodeOpts) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send>> {
         let (mut join_handle, leader_lost_handle, shutdown_send) = rpc_serve(
             add_info,
             backend,
-            sql_backend,
             max_heartbeat_interval,
             config.meta.meta_leader_lease_secs,
             MetaOpts {
                 enable_recovery: !config.meta.disable_recovery,
-                enable_scale_in_when_recovery: config.meta.enable_scale_in_when_recovery,
-                enable_automatic_parallelism_control: config
+                disable_automatic_parallelism_control: config
                     .meta
-                    .enable_automatic_parallelism_control,
+                    .disable_automatic_parallelism_control,
                 in_flight_barrier_nums,
                 max_idle_ms,
                 compaction_deterministic_test: config.meta.enable_compaction_deterministic,
diff --git a/src/meta/node/src/server.rs b/src/meta/node/src/server.rs
index 71486dbece5cb..47dcaf54f2643 100644
--- a/src/meta/node/src/server.rs
+++ b/src/meta/node/src/server.rs
@@ -22,22 +22,26 @@ use futures::future::join_all;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use otlp_embedded::TraceServiceServer;
 use regex::Regex;
+use risingwave_common::config::MetaBackend;
 use risingwave_common::monitor::connection::{RouterExt, TcpConfig};
 use risingwave_common::system_param::reader::SystemParamsRead;
 use risingwave_common::telemetry::manager::TelemetryManager;
 use risingwave_common::telemetry::telemetry_env_enabled;
 use risingwave_common_service::metrics_manager::MetricsManager;
 use risingwave_common_service::tracing::TracingExtractLayer;
+use risingwave_meta::barrier::StreamRpcManager;
 use risingwave_meta::controller::catalog::CatalogController;
 use risingwave_meta::controller::cluster::ClusterController;
 use risingwave_meta::manager::MetadataManager;
 use risingwave_meta::rpc::intercept::MetricsMiddlewareLayer;
 use risingwave_meta::rpc::ElectionClientRef;
+use risingwave_meta::MetaStoreBackend;
 use risingwave_meta_model_migration::{Migrator, MigratorTrait};
 use risingwave_meta_service::backup_service::BackupServiceImpl;
 use risingwave_meta_service::cloud_service::CloudServiceImpl;
 use risingwave_meta_service::cluster_service::ClusterServiceImpl;
 use risingwave_meta_service::ddl_service::DdlServiceImpl;
+use risingwave_meta_service::event_log_service::EventLogServiceImpl;
 use risingwave_meta_service::health_service::HealthServiceImpl;
 use risingwave_meta_service::heartbeat_service::HeartbeatServiceImpl;
 use risingwave_meta_service::hummock_service::HummockServiceImpl;
@@ -50,6 +54,7 @@ use risingwave_meta_service::stream_service::StreamServiceImpl;
 use risingwave_meta_service::system_params_service::SystemParamsServiceImpl;
 use risingwave_meta_service::telemetry_service::TelemetryInfoServiceImpl;
 use risingwave_meta_service::user_service::UserServiceImpl;
+use risingwave_meta_service::AddressInfo;
 use risingwave_pb::backup_service::backup_service_server::BackupServiceServer;
 use risingwave_pb::cloud_service::cloud_service_server::CloudServiceServer;
 use risingwave_pb::connector_service::sink_coordination_service_server::SinkCoordinationServiceServer;
@@ -57,6 +62,7 @@ use risingwave_pb::ddl_service::ddl_service_server::DdlServiceServer;
 use risingwave_pb::health::health_server::HealthServer;
 use risingwave_pb::hummock::hummock_manager_service_server::HummockManagerServiceServer;
 use risingwave_pb::meta::cluster_service_server::ClusterServiceServer;
+use risingwave_pb::meta::event_log_service_server::EventLogServiceServer;
 use risingwave_pb::meta::heartbeat_service_server::HeartbeatServiceServer;
 use risingwave_pb::meta::meta_member_service_server::MetaMemberServiceServer;
 use risingwave_pb::meta::notification_service_server::NotificationServiceServer;
@@ -101,58 +107,15 @@ use crate::storage::{
 use crate::stream::{GlobalStreamManager, SourceManager};
 use crate::telemetry::{MetaReportCreator, MetaTelemetryInfoFetcher};
 use crate::{hummock, serving, MetaError, MetaResult};
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct MetaStoreSqlBackend {
-    pub(crate) endpoint: String,
-}
-
-use risingwave_meta::MetaStoreBackend;
-use risingwave_meta_service::event_log_service::EventLogServiceImpl;
-use risingwave_meta_service::AddressInfo;
-use risingwave_pb::meta::event_log_service_server::EventLogServiceServer;
 
 pub async fn rpc_serve(
     address_info: AddressInfo,
     meta_store_backend: MetaStoreBackend,
-    meta_store_sql_backend: Option<MetaStoreSqlBackend>,
     max_cluster_heartbeat_interval: Duration,
     lease_interval_secs: u64,
     opts: MetaOpts,
     init_system_params: SystemParams,
 ) -> MetaResult<(JoinHandle<()>, Option<JoinHandle<()>>, WatchSender<()>)> {
-    let meta_store_sql = match meta_store_sql_backend {
-        Some(backend) => {
-            let mut options = sea_orm::ConnectOptions::new(backend.endpoint);
-            options
-                .max_connections(20)
-                .connect_timeout(Duration::from_secs(10))
-                .idle_timeout(Duration::from_secs(30));
-            let conn = sea_orm::Database::connect(options).await?;
-            Some(SqlMetaStore::new(conn))
-        }
-        None => None,
-    };
-
-    let mut election_client = if let Some(sql_store) = &meta_store_sql {
-        let id = address_info.advertise_addr.clone();
-        let conn = sql_store.conn.clone();
-        let election_client: ElectionClientRef = match conn.get_database_backend() {
-            DbBackend::Sqlite => {
-                Arc::new(SqlBackendElectionClient::new(id, SqliteDriver::new(conn)))
-            }
-            DbBackend::Postgres => {
-                Arc::new(SqlBackendElectionClient::new(id, PostgresDriver::new(conn)))
-            }
-            DbBackend::MySql => Arc::new(SqlBackendElectionClient::new(id, MySqlDriver::new(conn))),
-        };
-
-        election_client.init().await?;
-
-        Some(election_client)
-    } else {
-        None
-    };
-
     match meta_store_backend {
         MetaStoreBackend::Etcd {
             endpoints,
@@ -170,28 +133,26 @@ pub async fn rpc_serve(
                     .context("failed to connect etcd")?;
             let meta_store = EtcdMetaStore::new(client).into_ref();
 
-            if election_client.is_none() {
-                // `with_keep_alive` option will break the long connection in election client.
-                let mut election_options = ConnectOptions::default();
-                if let Some((username, password)) = &credentials {
-                    election_options = election_options.with_user(username, password)
-                }
-
-                election_client = Some(Arc::new(
-                    EtcdElectionClient::new(
-                        endpoints,
-                        Some(election_options),
-                        auth_enabled,
-                        address_info.advertise_addr.clone(),
-                    )
-                    .await?,
-                ));
+            // `with_keep_alive` option will break the long connection in election client.
+            let mut election_options = ConnectOptions::default();
+            if let Some((username, password)) = &credentials {
+                election_options = election_options.with_user(username, password)
             }
 
+            let election_client: ElectionClientRef = Arc::new(
+                EtcdElectionClient::new(
+                    endpoints,
+                    Some(election_options),
+                    auth_enabled,
+                    address_info.advertise_addr.clone(),
+                )
+                .await?,
+            );
+
             rpc_serve_with_store(
-                meta_store,
-                election_client,
-                meta_store_sql,
+                Some(meta_store),
+                Some(election_client),
+                None,
                 address_info,
                 max_cluster_heartbeat_interval,
                 lease_interval_secs,
@@ -202,9 +163,45 @@ pub async fn rpc_serve(
         MetaStoreBackend::Mem => {
             let meta_store = MemStore::new().into_ref();
             rpc_serve_with_store(
-                meta_store,
-                election_client,
-                meta_store_sql,
+                Some(meta_store),
+                None,
+                None,
+                address_info,
+                max_cluster_heartbeat_interval,
+                lease_interval_secs,
+                opts,
+                init_system_params,
+            )
+        }
+        MetaStoreBackend::Sql { endpoint } => {
+            let mut options = sea_orm::ConnectOptions::new(endpoint);
+            options
+                .max_connections(20)
+                .connect_timeout(Duration::from_secs(10))
+                .idle_timeout(Duration::from_secs(30));
+            let conn = sea_orm::Database::connect(options).await?;
+            let meta_store_sql = SqlMetaStore::new(conn);
+
+            // Init election client.
+            let id = address_info.advertise_addr.clone();
+            let conn = meta_store_sql.conn.clone();
+            let election_client: ElectionClientRef = match conn.get_database_backend() {
+                DbBackend::Sqlite => {
+                    Arc::new(SqlBackendElectionClient::new(id, SqliteDriver::new(conn)))
+                }
+                DbBackend::Postgres => {
+                    Arc::new(SqlBackendElectionClient::new(id, PostgresDriver::new(conn)))
+                }
+                DbBackend::MySql => {
+                    Arc::new(SqlBackendElectionClient::new(id, MySqlDriver::new(conn)))
+                }
+            };
+            election_client.init().await?;
+
+            rpc_serve_with_store(
+                None,
+                Some(election_client),
+                Some(meta_store_sql),
                 address_info,
                 max_cluster_heartbeat_interval,
                 lease_interval_secs,
@@ -217,7 +214,7 @@ pub async fn rpc_serve(
 
 #[expect(clippy::type_complexity)]
 pub fn rpc_serve_with_store(
-    meta_store: MetaStoreRef,
+    meta_store: Option<MetaStoreRef>,
     election_client: Option<ElectionClientRef>,
     meta_store_sql: Option<SqlMetaStore>,
     address_info: AddressInfo,
@@ -372,7 +369,7 @@ pub async fn start_service_as_election_follower(
 /// ## Returns
 /// Returns an error if the service initialization failed
 pub async fn start_service_as_election_leader(
-    meta_store: MetaStoreRef,
+    meta_store: Option<MetaStoreRef>,
     meta_store_sql: Option<SqlMetaStore>,
     address_info: AddressInfo,
     max_cluster_heartbeat_interval: Duration,
@@ -397,14 +394,7 @@ pub async fn start_service_as_election_leader(
     )
     .await?;
 
-    let system_params_manager = env.system_params_manager_ref();
-    let mut system_params_reader = system_params_manager.get_params().await;
-
-    // Using new reader instead if the controller is set.
-    let system_params_controller = env.system_params_controller_ref();
-    if let Some(ctl) = &system_params_controller {
-        system_params_reader = ctl.get_params().await;
-    }
+    let system_params_reader = env.system_params_reader().await;
 
     let data_directory = system_params_reader.data_directory();
     if !is_correct_data_directory(data_directory) {
@@ -537,6 +527,8 @@ pub async fn start_service_as_election_leader(
     let (sink_manager, shutdown_handle) = SinkCoordinatorManager::start_worker();
     let mut sub_tasks = vec![shutdown_handle];
 
+    let stream_rpc_manager = StreamRpcManager::new(env.clone());
+
     let barrier_manager = GlobalBarrierManager::new(
         scheduled_barriers,
         env.clone(),
@@ -545,6 +537,7 @@ pub async fn start_service_as_election_leader(
         source_manager.clone(),
         sink_manager.clone(),
         meta_metrics.clone(),
+        stream_rpc_manager.clone(),
     );
 
     {
@@ -561,6 +554,7 @@ pub async fn start_service_as_election_leader(
             barrier_scheduler.clone(),
             source_manager.clone(),
             hummock_manager.clone(),
+            stream_rpc_manager,
         )
         .unwrap(),
     );
@@ -651,8 +645,8 @@ pub async fn start_service_as_election_leader(
     let backup_srv = BackupServiceImpl::new(backup_manager);
     let telemetry_srv = TelemetryInfoServiceImpl::new(meta_store.clone(), env.sql_meta_store());
     let system_params_srv = SystemParamsServiceImpl::new(
-        system_params_manager.clone(),
-        system_params_controller.clone(),
+        env.system_params_manager_ref(),
+        env.system_params_controller_ref(),
     );
     let serving_srv =
         ServingServiceImpl::new(serving_vnode_mapping.clone(), metadata_manager.clone());
@@ -681,13 +675,13 @@ pub async fn start_service_as_election_leader(
         hummock_manager.clone(),
         meta_metrics.clone(),
     ));
-    if let Some(system_params_ctl) = system_params_controller {
+    if let Some(system_params_ctl) = env.system_params_controller_ref() {
         sub_tasks.push(SystemParamsController::start_params_notifier(
             system_params_ctl,
         ));
     } else {
         sub_tasks.push(SystemParamsManager::start_params_notifier(
-            system_params_manager.clone(),
+            env.system_params_manager_ref().unwrap(),
         ));
     }
     sub_tasks.push(HummockManager::hummock_timer_task(hummock_manager.clone()));
@@ -718,7 +712,7 @@ pub async fn start_service_as_election_leader(
         sub_tasks.push(task);
         sub_tasks.push(GlobalBarrierManager::start(barrier_manager));
 
-        if env.opts.enable_automatic_parallelism_control {
+        if !env.opts.disable_automatic_parallelism_control {
             sub_tasks.push(stream_manager.start_auto_parallelism_monitor());
         }
     }
@@ -742,7 +736,10 @@ pub async fn start_service_as_election_leader(
         Arc::new(MetaTelemetryInfoFetcher::new(env.cluster_id().clone())),
         Arc::new(MetaReportCreator::new(
             metadata_manager.clone(),
-            meta_store.meta_store_type(),
+            meta_store
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(|m| m.meta_store_type())
+                .unwrap_or(MetaBackend::Sql),
         )),
     );
 
@@ -787,8 +784,10 @@ pub async fn start_service_as_election_leader(
     // Persist params before starting services so that invalid params that cause meta node
     // to crash will not be persisted.
     if meta_store_sql.is_none() {
-        system_params_manager.flush_params().await?;
-        env.cluster_id().put_at_meta_store(&meta_store).await?;
+        env.system_params_manager().unwrap().flush_params().await?;
+        env.cluster_id()
+            .put_at_meta_store(meta_store.as_ref().unwrap())
+            .await?;
     }
 
     tracing::info!("Assigned cluster id {:?}", *env.cluster_id());
diff --git a/src/meta/service/src/ddl_service.rs b/src/meta/service/src/ddl_service.rs
index 7b7d46260052b..223ee2238032c 100644
--- a/src/meta/service/src/ddl_service.rs
+++ b/src/meta/service/src/ddl_service.rs
@@ -841,9 +841,10 @@ impl DdlService for DdlServiceImpl {
 
         let table_id = req.get_table_id();
         let parallelism = req.get_parallelism()?.clone();
+        let deferred = req.get_deferred();
 
         self.ddl_controller
-            .alter_parallelism(table_id, parallelism)
+            .alter_parallelism(table_id, parallelism, deferred)
             .await?;
 
         Ok(Response::new(AlterParallelismResponse {}))
diff --git a/src/meta/service/src/scale_service.rs b/src/meta/service/src/scale_service.rs
index acfca997d8040..33270fc2204f9 100644
--- a/src/meta/service/src/scale_service.rs
+++ b/src/meta/service/src/scale_service.rs
@@ -15,9 +15,11 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
+use risingwave_common::catalog;
 use risingwave_meta::manager::MetadataManager;
 use risingwave_meta::model::TableParallelism;
 use risingwave_meta::stream::{ScaleController, ScaleControllerRef, TableRevision};
+use risingwave_meta_model_v2::FragmentId;
 use risingwave_pb::common::WorkerType;
 use risingwave_pb::meta::scale_service_server::ScaleService;
 use risingwave_pb::meta::{
@@ -38,7 +40,7 @@ pub struct ScaleServiceImpl {
     source_manager: SourceManagerRef,
     stream_manager: GlobalStreamManagerRef,
     barrier_manager: BarrierManagerRef,
-    scale_controller: Option<ScaleControllerRef>,
+    scale_controller: ScaleControllerRef,
 }
 
 impl ScaleServiceImpl {
@@ -48,14 +50,13 @@ impl ScaleServiceImpl {
         stream_manager: GlobalStreamManagerRef,
         barrier_manager: BarrierManagerRef,
     ) -> Self {
-        let scale_controller = match &metadata_manager {
-            MetadataManager::V1(_) => Some(Arc::new(ScaleController::new(
-                &metadata_manager,
-                source_manager.clone(),
-                stream_manager.env.clone(),
-            ))),
-            MetadataManager::V2(_) => None,
-        };
+        let scale_controller = Arc::new(ScaleController::new(
+            &metadata_manager,
+            source_manager.clone(),
+            stream_manager.stream_rpc_manager.clone(),
+            stream_manager.env.clone(),
+        ));
+
         Self {
             metadata_manager,
             source_manager,
@@ -68,7 +69,8 @@ impl ScaleServiceImpl {
     async fn get_revision(&self) -> TableRevision {
         match &self.metadata_manager {
             MetadataManager::V1(mgr) => mgr.fragment_manager.get_revision().await,
-            MetadataManager::V2(_) => unimplemented!("support table revision in v2"),
+            // todo, support table revision in meta model v2
+            MetadataManager::V2(_) => Default::default(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -141,10 +143,6 @@ impl ScaleService for ScaleServiceImpl {
     ) -> Result<Response<RescheduleResponse>, Status> {
         self.barrier_manager.check_status_running().await?;
 
-        let MetadataManager::V1(mgr) = &self.metadata_manager else {
-            unimplemented!("only available in v1");
-        };
-
         let RescheduleRequest {
             reschedules,
             revision,
@@ -163,19 +161,36 @@ impl ScaleService for ScaleServiceImpl {
         }
 
         let table_parallelisms = {
-            let guard = mgr.fragment_manager.get_fragment_read_guard().await;
-
-            let mut table_parallelisms = HashMap::new();
-            for (table_id, table) in guard.table_fragments() {
-                if table
-                    .fragment_ids()
-                    .any(|fragment_id| reschedules.contains_key(&fragment_id))
-                {
-                    table_parallelisms.insert(*table_id, TableParallelism::Custom);
+            match &self.metadata_manager {
+                MetadataManager::V1(mgr) => {
+                    let guard = mgr.fragment_manager.get_fragment_read_guard().await;
+
+                    let mut table_parallelisms = HashMap::new();
+                    for (table_id, table) in guard.table_fragments() {
+                        if table
+                            .fragment_ids()
+                            .any(|fragment_id| reschedules.contains_key(&fragment_id))
+                        {
+                            table_parallelisms.insert(*table_id, TableParallelism::Custom);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    table_parallelisms
                 }
-            }
+                MetadataManager::V2(mgr) => {
+                    let streaming_job_ids = mgr
+                        .catalog_controller
+                        .get_fragment_job_id(
+                            reschedules.keys().map(|id| *id as FragmentId).collect(),
+                        )
+                        .await?;
 
-            table_parallelisms
+                    streaming_job_ids
+                        .into_iter()
+                        .map(|id| (catalog::TableId::new(id as _), TableParallelism::Custom))
+                        .collect()
+                }
+            }
         };
 
         self.stream_manager
@@ -240,11 +255,8 @@ impl ScaleService for ScaleServiceImpl {
             .policy
             .ok_or_else(|| Status::invalid_argument("policy is required"))?;
 
-        let Some(scale_controller) = &self.scale_controller else {
-            return Err(Status::unimplemented(
-                "reschedule plan is not supported in v2",
-            ));
-        };
+        let scale_controller = &self.scale_controller;
+
         let plan = scale_controller.get_reschedule_plan(policy).await?;
 
         let next_revision = self.get_revision().await;
diff --git a/src/meta/service/src/stream_service.rs b/src/meta/service/src/stream_service.rs
index 5b81c8333bf7c..7d57adaf3522d 100644
--- a/src/meta/service/src/stream_service.rs
+++ b/src/meta/service/src/stream_service.rs
@@ -17,9 +17,10 @@ use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use risingwave_common::catalog::TableId;
 use risingwave_meta::manager::MetadataManager;
+use risingwave_meta::model;
 use risingwave_meta::model::ActorId;
 use risingwave_meta::stream::ThrottleConfig;
-use risingwave_meta_model_v2::SourceId;
+use risingwave_meta_model_v2::{SourceId, StreamingParallelism};
 use risingwave_pb::meta::cancel_creating_jobs_request::Jobs;
 use risingwave_pb::meta::list_table_fragments_response::{
     ActorInfo, FragmentInfo, TableFragmentInfo,
@@ -280,11 +281,18 @@ impl StreamManagerService for StreamServiceImpl {
                 let job_states = mgr.catalog_controller.list_streaming_job_states().await?;
                 job_states
                     .into_iter()
-                    .map(|(table_id, state)| {
+                    .map(|(table_id, state, parallelism)| {
+                        let parallelism = match parallelism {
+                            StreamingParallelism::Adaptive => model::TableParallelism::Adaptive,
+                            StreamingParallelism::Fixed(n) => {
+                                model::TableParallelism::Fixed(n as _)
+                            }
+                        };
+
                         list_table_fragment_states_response::TableFragmentState {
                             table_id: table_id as _,
                             state: PbState::from(state) as _,
-                            parallelism: None, // TODO: support parallelism.
+                            parallelism: Some(parallelism.into()),
                         }
                     })
                     .collect_vec()
diff --git a/src/meta/service/src/system_params_service.rs b/src/meta/service/src/system_params_service.rs
index fb4a59c0c2879..9d1e3ad3969f8 100644
--- a/src/meta/service/src/system_params_service.rs
+++ b/src/meta/service/src/system_params_service.rs
@@ -23,13 +23,13 @@ use crate::controller::system_param::SystemParamsControllerRef;
 use crate::manager::SystemParamsManagerRef;
 
 pub struct SystemParamsServiceImpl {
-    system_params_manager: SystemParamsManagerRef,
+    system_params_manager: Option<SystemParamsManagerRef>,
     system_params_controller: Option<SystemParamsControllerRef>,
 }
 
 impl SystemParamsServiceImpl {
     pub fn new(
-        system_params_manager: SystemParamsManagerRef,
+        system_params_manager: Option<SystemParamsManagerRef>,
         system_params_controller: Option<SystemParamsControllerRef>,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -48,7 +48,11 @@ impl SystemParamsService for SystemParamsServiceImpl {
         let params = if let Some(ctl) = &self.system_params_controller {
             ctl.get_pb_params().await
         } else {
-            self.system_params_manager.get_pb_params().await
+            self.system_params_manager
+                .as_ref()
+                .unwrap()
+                .get_pb_params()
+                .await
         };
 
         Ok(Response::new(GetSystemParamsResponse {
@@ -65,6 +69,8 @@ impl SystemParamsService for SystemParamsServiceImpl {
             ctl.set_param(&req.param, req.value).await?
         } else {
             self.system_params_manager
+                .as_ref()
+                .unwrap()
                 .set_param(&req.param, req.value)
                 .await?
         };
diff --git a/src/meta/service/src/telemetry_service.rs b/src/meta/service/src/telemetry_service.rs
index 963f0884a30ed..6670fe1481389 100644
--- a/src/meta/service/src/telemetry_service.rs
+++ b/src/meta/service/src/telemetry_service.rs
@@ -24,12 +24,12 @@ use crate::storage::MetaStoreRef;
 use crate::MetaResult;
 
 pub struct TelemetryInfoServiceImpl {
-    meta_store: MetaStoreRef,
+    meta_store: Option<MetaStoreRef>,
     sql_meta_store: Option<SqlMetaStore>,
 }
 
 impl TelemetryInfoServiceImpl {
-    pub fn new(meta_store: MetaStoreRef, sql_meta_store: Option<SqlMetaStore>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(meta_store: Option<MetaStoreRef>, sql_meta_store: Option<SqlMetaStore>) -> Self {
         Self {
             meta_store,
             sql_meta_store,
@@ -42,10 +42,12 @@ impl TelemetryInfoServiceImpl {
             return Ok(cluster.map(|c| c.cluster_id.to_string().into()));
         }
 
-        Ok(ClusterId::from_meta_store(&self.meta_store)
-            .await
-            .ok()
-            .flatten())
+        Ok(
+            ClusterId::from_meta_store(self.meta_store.as_ref().unwrap())
+                .await
+                .ok()
+                .flatten(),
+        )
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/meta/src/backup_restore/utils.rs b/src/meta/src/backup_restore/utils.rs
index 0e40085a2b97c..48eec28f4ffea 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/backup_restore/utils.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/backup_restore/utils.rs
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ pub async fn get_meta_store(opts: RestoreOpts) -> BackupResult<MetaStoreBackendI
             },
         },
         MetaBackend::Mem => MetaStoreBackend::Mem,
+        MetaBackend::Sql => panic!("not supported"),
     };
     match meta_store_backend {
         MetaStoreBackend::Etcd {
@@ -79,6 +80,7 @@ pub async fn get_meta_store(opts: RestoreOpts) -> BackupResult<MetaStoreBackendI
             Ok(MetaStoreBackendImpl::Etcd(EtcdMetaStore::new(client)))
         }
         MetaStoreBackend::Mem => Ok(MetaStoreBackendImpl::Mem(MemStore::new())),
+        MetaStoreBackend::Sql { .. } => panic!("not supported"),
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/meta/src/barrier/command.rs b/src/meta/src/barrier/command.rs
index 6ece437ffb2de..6b1b73d6ca697 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/barrier/command.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/barrier/command.rs
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ use risingwave_common::catalog::TableId;
 use risingwave_common::hash::ActorMapping;
 use risingwave_connector::source::SplitImpl;
 use risingwave_hummock_sdk::HummockEpoch;
+use risingwave_pb::meta::table_fragments::PbActorStatus;
 use risingwave_pb::meta::PausedReason;
 use risingwave_pb::source::{ConnectorSplit, ConnectorSplits};
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::barrier::BarrierKind;
@@ -31,12 +32,11 @@ use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::throttle_mutation::RateLimit;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::update_mutation::*;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::{
     AddMutation, BarrierMutation, CombinedMutation, Dispatcher, Dispatchers, FragmentTypeFlag,
-    PauseMutation, ResumeMutation, SourceChangeSplitMutation, StopMutation, ThrottleMutation,
-    UpdateMutation,
+    PauseMutation, ResumeMutation, SourceChangeSplitMutation, StopMutation, StreamActor,
+    ThrottleMutation, UpdateMutation,
 };
-use risingwave_pb::stream_service::{DropActorsRequest, WaitEpochCommitRequest};
+use risingwave_pb::stream_service::WaitEpochCommitRequest;
 use thiserror_ext::AsReport;
-use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use super::info::{ActorDesc, CommandActorChanges, InflightActorInfo};
 use super::trace::TracedEpoch;
@@ -76,6 +76,8 @@ pub struct Reschedule {
     /// Whether this fragment is injectable. The injectable means whether the fragment contains
     /// any executors that are able to receive barrier.
     pub injectable: bool,
+
+    pub newly_created_actors: Vec<(StreamActor, PbActorStatus)>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -478,18 +480,15 @@ impl CommandContext {
                 ),
 
                 Command::RescheduleFragment { reschedules, .. } => {
-                    let MetadataManager::V1(mgr) = &self.barrier_manager_context.metadata_manager
-                    else {
-                        unimplemented!("implement scale functions in v2");
-                    };
+                    let metadata_manager = &self.barrier_manager_context.metadata_manager;
+
                     let mut dispatcher_update = HashMap::new();
                     for reschedule in reschedules.values() {
                         for &(upstream_fragment_id, dispatcher_id) in
                             &reschedule.upstream_fragment_dispatcher_ids
                         {
                             // Find the actors of the upstream fragment.
-                            let upstream_actor_ids = mgr
-                                .fragment_manager
+                            let upstream_actor_ids = metadata_manager
                                 .get_running_actors_of_fragment(upstream_fragment_id)
                                 .await?;
 
@@ -527,8 +526,7 @@ impl CommandContext {
                     for (&fragment_id, reschedule) in reschedules {
                         for &downstream_fragment_id in &reschedule.downstream_fragment_ids {
                             // Find the actors of the downstream fragment.
-                            let downstream_actor_ids = mgr
-                                .fragment_manager
+                            let downstream_actor_ids = metadata_manager
                                 .get_running_actors_of_fragment(downstream_fragment_id)
                                 .await?;
 
@@ -740,27 +738,16 @@ impl CommandContext {
 
     /// Clean up actors in CNs if needed, used by drop, cancel and reschedule commands.
     async fn clean_up(&self, actors: Vec<ActorId>) -> MetaResult<()> {
-        let futures = self.info.node_map.values().map(|node| {
-            let request_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
-            let actor_ids = actors.clone();
-
-            async move {
-                let client = self
-                    .barrier_manager_context
-                    .env
-                    .stream_client_pool()
-                    .get(node)
-                    .await?;
-                let request = DropActorsRequest {
-                    request_id,
-                    actor_ids,
-                };
-                client.drop_actors(request).await
-            }
-        });
-
-        try_join_all(futures).await?;
-        Ok(())
+        self.barrier_manager_context
+            .stream_rpc_manager
+            .drop_actors(
+                &self.info.node_map,
+                self.info
+                    .node_map
+                    .keys()
+                    .map(|worker_id| (*worker_id, actors.clone())),
+            )
+            .await
     }
 
     pub async fn wait_epoch_commit(&self, epoch: HummockEpoch) -> MetaResult<()> {
@@ -968,8 +955,6 @@ impl CommandContext {
                 self.clean_up(removed_actors).await?;
                 self.barrier_manager_context
                     .scale_controller
-                    .as_ref()
-                    .unwrap()
                     .post_apply_reschedule(reschedules, table_parallelism)
                     .await?;
             }
diff --git a/src/meta/src/barrier/mod.rs b/src/meta/src/barrier/mod.rs
index 0884560045398..8536a611aafaa 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/barrier/mod.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/barrier/mod.rs
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ mod state;
 mod trace;
 
 pub use self::command::{Command, ReplaceTablePlan, Reschedule};
+pub use self::rpc::StreamRpcManager;
 pub use self::schedule::BarrierScheduler;
 pub use self::trace::TracedEpoch;
 
@@ -143,12 +144,14 @@ pub struct GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
 
     source_manager: SourceManagerRef,
 
-    scale_controller: Option<ScaleControllerRef>,
+    scale_controller: ScaleControllerRef,
 
     sink_manager: SinkCoordinatorManager,
 
     metrics: Arc<MetaMetrics>,
 
+    stream_rpc_manager: StreamRpcManager,
+
     env: MetaSrvEnv,
 }
 
@@ -381,6 +384,7 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManager {
         source_manager: SourceManagerRef,
         sink_manager: SinkCoordinatorManager,
         metrics: Arc<MetaMetrics>,
+        stream_rpc_manager: StreamRpcManager,
     ) -> Self {
         let enable_recovery = env.opts.enable_recovery;
         let in_flight_barrier_nums = env.opts.in_flight_barrier_nums;
@@ -394,14 +398,13 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManager {
 
         let tracker = CreateMviewProgressTracker::new();
 
-        let scale_controller = match &metadata_manager {
-            MetadataManager::V1(_) => Some(Arc::new(ScaleController::new(
-                &metadata_manager,
-                source_manager.clone(),
-                env.clone(),
-            ))),
-            MetadataManager::V2(_) => None,
-        };
+        let scale_controller = Arc::new(ScaleController::new(
+            &metadata_manager,
+            source_manager.clone(),
+            stream_rpc_manager.clone(),
+            env.clone(),
+        ));
+
         let context = GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
             status: Arc::new(Mutex::new(BarrierManagerStatus::Starting)),
             metadata_manager,
@@ -411,6 +414,7 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManager {
             sink_manager,
             metrics,
             tracker: Arc::new(Mutex::new(tracker)),
+            stream_rpc_manager,
             env: env.clone(),
         };
 
@@ -462,6 +466,7 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManager {
             } else {
                 self.env
                     .system_params_manager()
+                    .unwrap()
                     .set_param(PAUSE_ON_NEXT_BOOTSTRAP_KEY, Some("false".to_owned()))
                     .await?;
             }
diff --git a/src/meta/src/barrier/recovery.rs b/src/meta/src/barrier/recovery.rs
index 12e298648f5db..61a35629f6c69 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/barrier/recovery.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/barrier/recovery.rs
@@ -17,26 +17,19 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
 use anyhow::{anyhow, Context};
-use futures::future::try_join_all;
-use futures::stream::FuturesUnordered;
-use futures::TryStreamExt;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use risingwave_common::catalog::TableId;
-use risingwave_common::hash::ParallelUnitId;
 use risingwave_hummock_sdk::compaction_group::StateTableId;
+use risingwave_meta_model_v2::StreamingParallelism;
 use risingwave_pb::common::ActorInfo;
 use risingwave_pb::meta::PausedReason;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::barrier::BarrierKind;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::barrier_mutation::Mutation;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::AddMutation;
-use risingwave_pb::stream_service::{
-    BroadcastActorInfoTableRequest, BuildActorsRequest, ForceStopActorsRequest, UpdateActorsRequest,
-};
 use thiserror_ext::AsReport;
 use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 use tokio_retry::strategy::{jitter, ExponentialBackoff};
-use tracing::{debug, info, warn, Instrument};
-use uuid::Uuid;
+use tracing::{debug, warn, Instrument};
 
 use super::TracedEpoch;
 use crate::barrier::command::CommandContext;
@@ -48,7 +41,7 @@ use crate::barrier::state::BarrierManagerState;
 use crate::barrier::{Command, GlobalBarrierManagerContext};
 use crate::controller::catalog::ReleaseContext;
 use crate::manager::{MetadataManager, WorkerId};
-use crate::model::{MetadataModel, MigrationPlan, TableFragments};
+use crate::model::{MetadataModel, MigrationPlan, TableFragments, TableParallelism};
 use crate::stream::{build_actor_connector_splits, RescheduleOptions, TableResizePolicy};
 use crate::MetaResult;
 
@@ -374,16 +367,12 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
 
                     // Resolve actor info for recovery. If there's no actor to recover, most of the
                     // following steps will be no-op, while the compute nodes will still be reset.
-                    let mut info = if self.env.opts.enable_scale_in_when_recovery {
-                        let info = self.resolve_actor_info().await;
-                        let scaled = self.scale_actors(&info).await.inspect_err(|err| {
+                    let mut info = if !self.env.opts.disable_automatic_parallelism_control {
+                        self.scale_actors().await.inspect_err(|err| {
                             warn!(error = %err.as_report(), "scale actors failed");
                         })?;
-                        if scaled {
-                            self.resolve_actor_info().await
-                        } else {
-                            info
-                        }
+
+                        self.resolve_actor_info().await
                     } else {
                         // Migrate actors in expired CN to newly joined one.
                         self.migrate_actors().await.inspect_err(|err| {
@@ -596,66 +585,170 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
             .migrate_fragment_actors(&migration_plan)
             .await?;
         // 3. remove the migration plan.
-        migration_plan.delete(self.env.meta_store()).await?;
+        migration_plan.delete(self.env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
         debug!("migrate actors succeed.");
 
         let info = self.resolve_actor_info().await;
         Ok(info)
     }
 
-    async fn scale_actors(&self, info: &InflightActorInfo) -> MetaResult<bool> {
+    async fn scale_actors(&self) -> MetaResult<()> {
         match &self.metadata_manager {
-            MetadataManager::V1(_) => self.scale_actors_v1(info).await,
-            MetadataManager::V2(_) => self.scale_actors_v2(info),
+            MetadataManager::V1(_) => self.scale_actors_v1().await,
+            MetadataManager::V2(_) => self.scale_actors_v2().await,
         }
     }
 
-    fn scale_actors_v2(&self, _info: &InflightActorInfo) -> MetaResult<bool> {
-        let _mgr = self.metadata_manager.as_v2_ref();
-        unimplemented!("implement auto-scale funcs in sql backend")
-    }
+    async fn scale_actors_v2(&self) -> MetaResult<()> {
+        let mgr = self.metadata_manager.as_v2_ref();
+        debug!("start resetting actors distribution");
 
-    async fn scale_actors_v1(&self, info: &InflightActorInfo) -> MetaResult<bool> {
-        let mgr = self.metadata_manager.as_v1_ref();
-        debug!("start scaling-in offline actors.");
+        let table_parallelisms: HashMap<_, _> = {
+            let streaming_parallelisms = mgr
+                .catalog_controller
+                .get_all_streaming_parallelisms()
+                .await?;
 
-        let prev_worker_parallel_units = mgr.fragment_manager.all_worker_parallel_units().await;
+            streaming_parallelisms
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|(table_id, parallelism)| {
+                    // no custom for sql backend
+                    let table_parallelism = match parallelism {
+                        StreamingParallelism::Adaptive => TableParallelism::Adaptive,
+                        StreamingParallelism::Fixed(n) => TableParallelism::Fixed(n),
+                    };
 
-        let curr_worker_parallel_units: HashMap<WorkerId, HashSet<ParallelUnitId>> = info
-            .node_map
+                    (table_id as u32, table_parallelism)
+                })
+                .collect()
+        };
+
+        let workers = mgr
+            .cluster_controller
+            .list_active_streaming_workers()
+            .await?;
+
+        let schedulable_worker_ids = workers
             .iter()
-            .map(|(worker_id, worker_node)| {
-                (
-                    *worker_id,
-                    worker_node
-                        .parallel_units
-                        .iter()
-                        .map(|parallel_unit| parallel_unit.id)
-                        .collect(),
-                )
+            .filter(|worker| {
+                !worker
+                    .property
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .map(|p| p.is_unschedulable)
+                    .unwrap_or(false)
             })
+            .map(|worker| worker.id)
             .collect();
 
-        // todo: maybe we can only check the reduced workers
-        if curr_worker_parallel_units == prev_worker_parallel_units {
-            debug!("no changed workers, skipping.");
-            return Ok(false);
+        let plan = self
+            .scale_controller
+            .generate_table_resize_plan(TableResizePolicy {
+                worker_ids: schedulable_worker_ids,
+                table_parallelisms: table_parallelisms.clone(),
+            })
+            .await?;
+
+        let table_parallelisms: HashMap<_, _> = table_parallelisms
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(table_id, parallelism)| {
+                debug_assert_ne!(parallelism, TableParallelism::Custom);
+                (TableId::new(table_id), parallelism)
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        let mut compared_table_parallelisms = table_parallelisms.clone();
+
+        let (reschedule_fragment, _) = self
+            .scale_controller
+            .prepare_reschedule_command(
+                plan,
+                RescheduleOptions {
+                    resolve_no_shuffle_upstream: true,
+                },
+                Some(&mut compared_table_parallelisms),
+            )
+            .await?;
+
+        // Because custom parallelism doesn't exist, this function won't result in a no-shuffle rewrite for table parallelisms.
+        debug_assert_eq!(compared_table_parallelisms, table_parallelisms);
+
+        if let Err(e) = self
+            .scale_controller
+            .post_apply_reschedule(&reschedule_fragment, &table_parallelisms)
+            .await
+        {
+            tracing::error!(
+                error = %e.as_report(),
+                "failed to apply reschedule for offline scaling in recovery",
+            );
+
+            return Err(e);
         }
 
-        info!("parallel unit has changed, triggering a forced reschedule.");
+        debug!("scaling-in actors succeed.");
+        Ok(())
+    }
 
-        debug!(
-            "previous worker parallel units {:?}, current worker parallel units {:?}",
-            prev_worker_parallel_units, curr_worker_parallel_units
-        );
+    async fn scale_actors_v1(&self) -> MetaResult<()> {
+        let info = self.resolve_actor_info().await;
+
+        let mgr = self.metadata_manager.as_v1_ref();
+        debug!("start resetting actors distribution");
+
+        if info.actor_location_map.is_empty() {
+            debug!("empty cluster, skipping");
+            return Ok(());
+        }
 
-        let table_parallelisms = {
+        let current_parallelism = info
+            .node_map
+            .values()
+            .flat_map(|worker_node| worker_node.parallel_units.iter())
+            .count();
+
+        if current_parallelism == 0 {
+            return Err(anyhow!("no available parallel units for auto scaling").into());
+        }
+
+        /// We infer the new parallelism strategy based on the prior level of parallelism of the table.
+        /// If the parallelism strategy is Fixed or Auto, we won't make any modifications.
+        /// For Custom, we'll assess the parallelism of the core fragment;
+        /// if the parallelism is higher than the currently available parallelism, we'll set it to Auto.
+        /// If it's lower, we'll set it to Fixed.
+        fn derive_target_parallelism_for_custom(
+            current_parallelism: usize,
+            table: &TableFragments,
+        ) -> TableParallelism {
+            let derive_from_fragment = table.mview_fragment().or_else(|| table.sink_fragment());
+
+            if let TableParallelism::Custom = &table.assigned_parallelism {
+                if let Some(fragment) = derive_from_fragment {
+                    let fragment_parallelism = fragment.get_actors().len();
+                    if fragment_parallelism >= current_parallelism {
+                        TableParallelism::Adaptive
+                    } else {
+                        TableParallelism::Fixed(fragment_parallelism)
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    TableParallelism::Adaptive
+                }
+            } else {
+                table.assigned_parallelism
+            }
+        }
+
+        let table_parallelisms: HashMap<_, _> = {
             let guard = mgr.fragment_manager.get_fragment_read_guard().await;
 
             guard
                 .table_fragments()
                 .iter()
-                .map(|(table_id, table)| (table_id.table_id, table.assigned_parallelism))
+                .map(|(table_id, table)| {
+                    let target_parallelism =
+                        derive_target_parallelism_for_custom(current_parallelism, table);
+
+                    (table_id.table_id, target_parallelism)
+                })
                 .collect()
         };
 
@@ -678,32 +771,39 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
 
         let plan = self
             .scale_controller
-            .as_ref()
-            .unwrap()
             .generate_table_resize_plan(TableResizePolicy {
                 worker_ids: schedulable_worker_ids,
-                table_parallelisms,
+                table_parallelisms: table_parallelisms.clone(),
             })
             .await?;
 
+        let table_parallelisms: HashMap<_, _> = table_parallelisms
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(table_id, parallelism)| {
+                debug_assert_ne!(parallelism, TableParallelism::Custom);
+                (TableId::new(table_id), parallelism)
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        let mut compared_table_parallelisms = table_parallelisms.clone();
+
         let (reschedule_fragment, applied_reschedules) = self
             .scale_controller
-            .as_ref()
-            .unwrap()
             .prepare_reschedule_command(
                 plan,
                 RescheduleOptions {
                     resolve_no_shuffle_upstream: true,
                 },
-                None,
+                Some(&mut compared_table_parallelisms),
             )
             .await?;
 
+        // Because custom parallelism doesn't exist, this function won't result in a no-shuffle rewrite for table parallelisms.
+        debug_assert_eq!(compared_table_parallelisms, table_parallelisms);
+
         if let Err(e) = self
             .scale_controller
-            .as_ref()
-            .unwrap()
-            .post_apply_reschedule(&reschedule_fragment, &Default::default())
+            .post_apply_reschedule(&reschedule_fragment, &table_parallelisms)
             .await
         {
             tracing::error!(
@@ -719,7 +819,7 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
         }
 
         debug!("scaling-in actors succeed.");
-        Ok(true)
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     /// This function will generate a migration plan, which includes the mapping for all expired and
@@ -730,7 +830,7 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
     ) -> MetaResult<MigrationPlan> {
         let mgr = self.metadata_manager.as_v1_ref();
 
-        let mut cached_plan = MigrationPlan::get(self.env.meta_store()).await?;
+        let mut cached_plan = MigrationPlan::get(self.env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
 
         let all_worker_parallel_units = mgr.fragment_manager.all_worker_parallel_units().await;
 
@@ -827,7 +927,7 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
             new_plan.parallel_unit_plan
         );
 
-        new_plan.insert(self.env.meta_store()).await?;
+        new_plan.insert(self.env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
         Ok(new_plan)
     }
 
@@ -870,31 +970,19 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
             return Err(anyhow!("actors dropped during update").into());
         }
 
-        info.actor_map.iter().map(|(node_id, actors)| {
-            let node_actors = all_node_actors.remove(node_id).unwrap_or_default();
-            let node = info.node_map.get(node_id).unwrap();
-            let actor_infos = actor_infos.clone();
-
-            async move {
-                let client = self.env.stream_client_pool().get(node).await?;
-                client
-                    .broadcast_actor_info_table(BroadcastActorInfoTableRequest {
-                        info: actor_infos,
-                    })
-                    .await?;
-
-                let request_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
-                tracing::debug!(request_id = request_id.as_str(), actors = ?actors, "update actors");
-                client
-                    .update_actors(UpdateActorsRequest {
-                        request_id,
-                        actors: node_actors,
-                    })
-                    .await?;
-
-                Ok(()) as MetaResult<()>
-            }
-        }).collect::<FuturesUnordered<_>>().try_collect::<()>().await?;
+        self.stream_rpc_manager
+            .broadcast_update_actor_info(
+                &info.node_map,
+                info.actor_map.keys().cloned(),
+                actor_infos.into_iter(),
+                info.actor_map.keys().map(|node_id| {
+                    (
+                        *node_id,
+                        all_node_actors.remove(node_id).unwrap_or_default(),
+                    )
+                }),
+            )
+            .await?;
 
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -906,26 +994,14 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
             return Ok(());
         }
 
-        info.actor_map
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(node_id, actors)| async move {
-                let actors = actors.iter().cloned().collect();
-                let node = info.node_map.get(node_id).unwrap();
-                let client = self.env.stream_client_pool().get(node).await?;
-
-                let request_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
-                tracing::debug!(request_id = request_id.as_str(), actors = ?actors, "build actors");
-                client
-                    .build_actors(BuildActorsRequest {
-                        request_id,
-                        actor_id: actors,
-                    })
-                    .await?;
-
-                Ok(()) as MetaResult<_>
-            })
-            .collect::<FuturesUnordered<_>>()
-            .try_collect::<()>()
+        self.stream_rpc_manager
+            .build_actors(
+                &info.node_map,
+                info.actor_map.iter().map(|(node_id, actors)| {
+                    let actors = actors.iter().cloned().collect();
+                    (*node_id, actors)
+                }),
+            )
             .await?;
 
         Ok(())
@@ -933,17 +1009,11 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
 
     /// Reset all compute nodes by calling `force_stop_actors`.
     async fn reset_compute_nodes(&self, info: &InflightActorInfo) -> MetaResult<()> {
-        let futures = info.node_map.values().map(|worker_node| async move {
-            let client = self.env.stream_client_pool().get(worker_node).await?;
-            debug!(worker = ?worker_node.id, "force stop actors");
-            client
-                .force_stop_actors(ForceStopActorsRequest {
-                    request_id: Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
-                })
-                .await
-        });
+        debug!(worker = ?info.node_map.keys().collect_vec(), "force stop actors");
+        self.stream_rpc_manager
+            .force_stop_actors(info.node_map.values())
+            .await?;
 
-        try_join_all(futures).await?;
         debug!("all compute nodes have been reset.");
 
         Ok(())
diff --git a/src/meta/src/barrier/rpc.rs b/src/meta/src/barrier/rpc.rs
index 55c9fce4c4081..670ee7cf10929 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/barrier/rpc.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/barrier/rpc.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::future::Future;
-use std::ops::Deref;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use anyhow::anyhow;
@@ -24,10 +23,16 @@ use futures::stream::FuturesUnordered;
 use futures::{FutureExt, StreamExt};
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use risingwave_common::bail;
+use risingwave_common::hash::ActorId;
 use risingwave_common::util::tracing::TracingContext;
-use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::{Barrier, BarrierMutation};
-use risingwave_pb::stream_service::{BarrierCompleteRequest, InjectBarrierRequest};
-use risingwave_rpc_client::StreamClientPoolRef;
+use risingwave_pb::common::{ActorInfo, WorkerNode};
+use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::{Barrier, BarrierMutation, StreamActor};
+use risingwave_pb::stream_service::{
+    BarrierCompleteRequest, BroadcastActorInfoTableRequest, BuildActorsRequest, DropActorsRequest,
+    ForceStopActorsRequest, InjectBarrierRequest, UpdateActorsRequest,
+};
+use risingwave_rpc_client::error::RpcError;
+use risingwave_rpc_client::StreamClient;
 use rw_futures_util::pending_on_none;
 use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 use uuid::Uuid;
@@ -77,17 +82,21 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
     ) -> BarrierCompletionFuture {
         let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
         let prev_epoch = command_context.prev_epoch.value().0;
-        let result = self.inject_barrier_inner(command_context.clone()).await;
+        let result = self
+            .stream_rpc_manager
+            .inject_barrier(command_context.clone())
+            .await;
         match result {
             Ok(node_need_collect) => {
                 // todo: the collect handler should be abort when recovery.
-                tokio::spawn(Self::collect_barrier(
-                    self.env.clone(),
-                    node_need_collect,
-                    self.env.stream_client_pool_ref(),
-                    command_context,
-                    tx,
-                ));
+                tokio::spawn({
+                    let stream_rpc_manager = self.stream_rpc_manager.clone();
+                    async move {
+                        stream_rpc_manager
+                            .collect_barrier(node_need_collect, command_context, tx)
+                            .await
+                    }
+                });
             }
             Err(e) => {
                 let _ = tx.send(BarrierCompletion {
@@ -104,9 +113,11 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
             },
         })
     }
+}
 
+impl StreamRpcManager {
     /// Send inject-barrier-rpc to stream service and wait for its response before returns.
-    async fn inject_barrier_inner(
+    async fn inject_barrier(
         &self,
         command_context: Arc<CommandContext>,
     ) -> MetaResult<HashMap<WorkerId, bool>> {
@@ -114,38 +125,44 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
         let mutation = command_context.to_mutation().await?;
         let info = command_context.info.clone();
         let mut node_need_collect = HashMap::new();
-        let inject_futures = info.node_map.iter().filter_map(|(node_id, node)| {
-            let actor_ids_to_send = info.actor_ids_to_send(node_id).collect_vec();
-            let actor_ids_to_collect = info.actor_ids_to_collect(node_id).collect_vec();
-            if actor_ids_to_collect.is_empty() {
-                // No need to send or collect barrier for this node.
-                assert!(actor_ids_to_send.is_empty());
-                node_need_collect.insert(*node_id, false);
-                None
-            } else {
-                node_need_collect.insert(*node_id, true);
-                let mutation = mutation.clone();
-                let request_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
-                let barrier = Barrier {
-                    epoch: Some(risingwave_pb::data::Epoch {
-                        curr: command_context.curr_epoch.value().0,
-                        prev: command_context.prev_epoch.value().0,
-                    }),
-                    mutation: mutation.clone().map(|_| BarrierMutation { mutation }),
-                    tracing_context: TracingContext::from_span(command_context.curr_epoch.span())
+        self.make_request(
+            info.node_map.iter().filter_map(|(node_id, node)| {
+                let actor_ids_to_send = info.actor_ids_to_send(node_id).collect_vec();
+                let actor_ids_to_collect = info.actor_ids_to_collect(node_id).collect_vec();
+                if actor_ids_to_collect.is_empty() {
+                    // No need to send or collect barrier for this node.
+                    assert!(actor_ids_to_send.is_empty());
+                    node_need_collect.insert(*node_id, false);
+                    None
+                } else {
+                    node_need_collect.insert(*node_id, true);
+                    let mutation = mutation.clone();
+                    let barrier = Barrier {
+                        epoch: Some(risingwave_pb::data::Epoch {
+                            curr: command_context.curr_epoch.value().0,
+                            prev: command_context.prev_epoch.value().0,
+                        }),
+                        mutation: mutation.clone().map(|_| BarrierMutation { mutation }),
+                        tracing_context: TracingContext::from_span(
+                            command_context.curr_epoch.span(),
+                        )
                         .to_protobuf(),
-                    kind: command_context.kind as i32,
-                    passed_actors: vec![],
-                };
-                async move {
-                    let client = self.env.stream_client_pool().get(node).await?;
-
-                    let request = InjectBarrierRequest {
-                        request_id,
-                        barrier: Some(barrier),
-                        actor_ids_to_send,
-                        actor_ids_to_collect,
+                        kind: command_context.kind as i32,
+                        passed_actors: vec![],
                     };
+                    Some((
+                        node,
+                        InjectBarrierRequest {
+                            request_id: Self::new_request_id(),
+                            barrier: Some(barrier),
+                            actor_ids_to_send,
+                            actor_ids_to_collect,
+                        },
+                    ))
+                }
+            }),
+            |client, request| {
+                async move {
                     tracing::debug!(
                         target: "events::meta::barrier::inject_barrier",
                         ?request, "inject barrier request"
@@ -154,10 +171,10 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
                     // This RPC returns only if this worker node has injected this barrier.
                     client.inject_barrier(request).await
                 }
-                .into()
-            }
-        });
-        try_join_all(inject_futures).await.inspect_err(|e| {
+            },
+        )
+        .await
+        .inspect_err(|e| {
             // Record failure in event log.
             use risingwave_pb::meta::event_log;
             use thiserror_ext::AsReport;
@@ -175,9 +192,8 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
 
     /// Send barrier-complete-rpc and wait for responses from all CNs
     async fn collect_barrier(
-        env: MetaSrvEnv,
+        &self,
         node_need_collect: HashMap<WorkerId, bool>,
-        client_pool_ref: StreamClientPoolRef,
         command_context: Arc<CommandContext>,
         barrier_complete_tx: oneshot::Sender<BarrierCompletion>,
     ) {
@@ -186,34 +202,34 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
             TracingContext::from_span(command_context.prev_epoch.span()).to_protobuf();
 
         let info = command_context.info.clone();
-        let client_pool = client_pool_ref.deref();
-        let collect_futures = info.node_map.iter().filter_map(|(node_id, node)| {
-            if !*node_need_collect.get(node_id).unwrap() {
-                // No need to send or collect barrier for this node.
-                None
-            } else {
-                let request_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
-                let tracing_context = tracing_context.clone();
-                async move {
-                    let client = client_pool.get(node).await?;
-                    let request = BarrierCompleteRequest {
-                        request_id,
-                        prev_epoch,
-                        tracing_context,
-                    };
-                    tracing::debug!(
-                        target: "events::meta::barrier::barrier_complete",
-                        ?request, "barrier complete"
-                    );
+        let result = self
+            .broadcast(
+                info.node_map.iter().filter_map(|(node_id, node)| {
+                    if !*node_need_collect.get(node_id).unwrap() {
+                        // No need to send or collect barrier for this node.
+                        None
+                    } else {
+                        Some(node)
+                    }
+                }),
+                |client| {
+                    let tracing_context = tracing_context.clone();
+                    async move {
+                        let request = BarrierCompleteRequest {
+                            request_id: Self::new_request_id(),
+                            prev_epoch,
+                            tracing_context,
+                        };
+                        tracing::debug!(
+                            target: "events::meta::barrier::barrier_complete",
+                            ?request, "barrier complete"
+                        );
 
-                    // This RPC returns only if this worker node has collected this barrier.
-                    client.barrier_complete(request).await
-                }
-                .into()
-            }
-        });
-
-        let result = try_join_all(collect_futures)
+                        // This RPC returns only if this worker node has collected this barrier.
+                        client.barrier_complete(request).await
+                    }
+                },
+            )
             .await
             .inspect_err(|e| {
                 // Record failure in event log.
@@ -224,7 +240,8 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
                     cur_epoch: command_context.curr_epoch.value().0,
                     error: e.to_report_string(),
                 };
-                env.event_log_manager_ref()
+                self.env
+                    .event_log_manager_ref()
                     .add_event_logs(vec![event_log::Event::CollectBarrierFail(event)]);
             })
             .map_err(Into::into);
@@ -233,3 +250,144 @@ impl GlobalBarrierManagerContext {
             .inspect_err(|_| tracing::warn!(prev_epoch, "failed to notify barrier completion"));
     }
 }
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct StreamRpcManager {
+    env: MetaSrvEnv,
+}
+
+impl StreamRpcManager {
+    pub fn new(env: MetaSrvEnv) -> Self {
+        Self { env }
+    }
+
+    async fn make_request<REQ, RSP, Fut: Future<Output = Result<RSP, RpcError>> + 'static>(
+        &self,
+        request: impl Iterator<Item = (&WorkerNode, REQ)>,
+        f: impl Fn(StreamClient, REQ) -> Fut,
+    ) -> MetaResult<Vec<RSP>> {
+        let pool = self.env.stream_client_pool();
+        let f = &f;
+        Ok(try_join_all(request.map(|(node, input)| async move {
+            let client = pool.get(node).await?;
+            f(client, input).await
+        }))
+        .await?)
+    }
+
+    async fn broadcast<RSP, Fut: Future<Output = Result<RSP, RpcError>> + 'static>(
+        &self,
+        nodes: impl Iterator<Item = &WorkerNode>,
+        f: impl Fn(StreamClient) -> Fut,
+    ) -> MetaResult<Vec<RSP>> {
+        self.make_request(nodes.map(|node| (node, ())), |client, ()| f(client))
+            .await
+    }
+
+    fn new_request_id() -> String {
+        Uuid::new_v4().to_string()
+    }
+
+    pub async fn build_actors(
+        &self,
+        node_map: &HashMap<WorkerId, WorkerNode>,
+        node_actors: impl Iterator<Item = (WorkerId, Vec<ActorId>)>,
+    ) -> MetaResult<()> {
+        self.make_request(
+            node_actors.map(|(worker_id, actors)| (node_map.get(&worker_id).unwrap(), actors)),
+            |client, actors| async move {
+                let request_id = Self::new_request_id();
+                tracing::debug!(request_id = request_id.as_str(), actors = ?actors, "build actors");
+                client
+                    .build_actors(BuildActorsRequest {
+                        request_id,
+                        actor_id: actors,
+                    })
+                    .await
+            },
+        )
+        .await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Broadcast and update actor info in CN.
+    /// `node_actors_to_create` must be a subset of `broadcast_worker_ids`.
+    pub async fn broadcast_update_actor_info(
+        &self,
+        worker_nodes: &HashMap<WorkerId, WorkerNode>,
+        broadcast_worker_ids: impl Iterator<Item = WorkerId>,
+        actor_infos_to_broadcast: impl Iterator<Item = ActorInfo>,
+        node_actors_to_create: impl Iterator<Item = (WorkerId, Vec<StreamActor>)>,
+    ) -> MetaResult<()> {
+        let actor_infos = actor_infos_to_broadcast.collect_vec();
+        let mut node_actors_to_create = node_actors_to_create.collect::<HashMap<_, _>>();
+        self.make_request(
+            broadcast_worker_ids
+                .map(|worker_id| {
+                    let node = worker_nodes.get(&worker_id).unwrap();
+                    let actors = node_actors_to_create.remove(&worker_id);
+                    (node, actors)
+                }),
+            |client, actors| {
+                let info = actor_infos.clone();
+                async move {
+                    client
+                        .broadcast_actor_info_table(BroadcastActorInfoTableRequest { info })
+                        .await?;
+                    if let Some(actors) = actors {
+                        let request_id = Self::new_request_id();
+                        let actor_ids = actors.iter().map(|actor| actor.actor_id).collect_vec();
+                        tracing::debug!(request_id = request_id.as_str(), actors = ?actor_ids, "update actors");
+                        client
+                            .update_actors(UpdateActorsRequest { request_id, actors })
+                            .await?;
+                    }
+                    Ok(())
+                }
+            },
+        )
+        .await?;
+        assert!(
+            node_actors_to_create.is_empty(),
+            "remaining uncreated actors: {:?}",
+            node_actors_to_create
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub async fn drop_actors(
+        &self,
+        node_map: &HashMap<WorkerId, WorkerNode>,
+        node_actors: impl Iterator<Item = (WorkerId, Vec<ActorId>)>,
+    ) -> MetaResult<()> {
+        self.make_request(
+            node_actors
+                .map(|(worker_id, actor_ids)| (node_map.get(&worker_id).unwrap(), actor_ids)),
+            |client, actor_ids| async move {
+                client
+                    .drop_actors(DropActorsRequest {
+                        request_id: Self::new_request_id(),
+                        actor_ids,
+                    })
+                    .await
+            },
+        )
+        .await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub async fn force_stop_actors(
+        &self,
+        nodes: impl Iterator<Item = &WorkerNode>,
+    ) -> MetaResult<()> {
+        self.broadcast(nodes, |client| async move {
+            client
+                .force_stop_actors(ForceStopActorsRequest {
+                    request_id: Self::new_request_id(),
+                })
+                .await
+        })
+        .await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/meta/src/controller/catalog.rs b/src/meta/src/controller/catalog.rs
index d4f67c6ad1ee9..a89fe23b43e7d 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/controller/catalog.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/controller/catalog.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,8 @@ use risingwave_meta_model_v2::{
     connection, database, function, index, object, object_dependency, schema, sink, source,
     streaming_job, table, user_privilege, view, ActorId, ColumnCatalogArray, ConnectionId,
     CreateType, DatabaseId, FragmentId, FunctionId, IndexId, JobStatus, ObjectId,
-    PrivateLinkService, Property, SchemaId, SourceId, StreamSourceInfo, TableId, UserId,
+    PrivateLinkService, Property, SchemaId, SourceId, StreamSourceInfo, StreamingParallelism,
+    TableId, UserId,
 };
 use risingwave_pb::catalog::table::PbTableType;
 use risingwave_pb::catalog::{
@@ -55,9 +56,9 @@ use crate::controller::utils::{
     check_connection_name_duplicate, check_database_name_duplicate,
     check_function_signature_duplicate, check_relation_name_duplicate, check_schema_name_duplicate,
     ensure_object_id, ensure_object_not_refer, ensure_schema_empty, ensure_user_id,
-    get_fragment_mappings, get_referring_objects, get_referring_objects_cascade,
-    get_user_privilege, list_user_info_by_ids, resolve_source_register_info_for_jobs,
-    PartialObject,
+    get_fragment_mappings, get_fragment_mappings_by_jobs, get_referring_objects,
+    get_referring_objects_cascade, get_user_privilege, list_user_info_by_ids,
+    resolve_source_register_info_for_jobs, PartialObject,
 };
 use crate::controller::ObjectModel;
 use crate::manager::{Catalog, MetaSrvEnv, NotificationVersion, IGNORED_NOTIFICATION_VERSION};
@@ -266,6 +267,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
             .into_tuple()
             .all(&txn)
             .await?;
+        let fragment_mappings = get_fragment_mappings_by_jobs(&txn, streaming_jobs).await?;
 
         // The schema and objects in the database will be delete cascade.
         let res = Object::delete_by_id(database_id).exec(&txn).await?;
@@ -286,6 +288,8 @@ impl CatalogController {
                 }),
             )
             .await;
+        self.notify_fragment_mapping(NotificationOperation::Delete, fragment_mappings)
+            .await;
         Ok((
             ReleaseContext {
                 state_table_ids,
@@ -1013,18 +1017,6 @@ impl CatalogController {
                         .await?;
                 }
 
-                if !index_ids.is_empty() {
-                    let index_objs = Index::find()
-                        .find_also_related(Object)
-                        .filter(index::Column::IndexId.is_in(index_ids))
-                        .all(&txn)
-                        .await?;
-                    for (index, index_obj) in index_objs {
-                        relations.push(PbRelationInfo::Index(
-                            ObjectModel(index, index_obj.unwrap()).into(),
-                        ));
-                    }
-                }
                 if !table_ids.is_empty() {
                     let table_objs = Table::find()
                         .find_also_related(Object)
@@ -1037,6 +1029,19 @@ impl CatalogController {
                         ));
                     }
                 }
+                // FIXME: frontend will update index/primary table from cache, requires apply updates of indexes after tables.
+                if !index_ids.is_empty() {
+                    let index_objs = Index::find()
+                        .find_also_related(Object)
+                        .filter(index::Column::IndexId.is_in(index_ids))
+                        .all(&txn)
+                        .await?;
+                    for (index, index_obj) in index_objs {
+                        relations.push(PbRelationInfo::Index(
+                            ObjectModel(index, index_obj.unwrap()).into(),
+                        ));
+                    }
+                }
             }
             ObjectType::Source => {
                 let source = Source::find_by_id(object_id)
@@ -1425,7 +1430,16 @@ impl CatalogController {
             DropMode::Cascade => get_referring_objects_cascade(object_id, &txn).await?,
             DropMode::Restrict => {
                 ensure_object_not_refer(object_type, object_id, &txn).await?;
-                vec![]
+                if obj.obj_type == ObjectType::Table {
+                    let indexes = get_referring_objects(object_id, &txn).await?;
+                    assert!(
+                        indexes.iter().all(|obj| obj.obj_type == ObjectType::Index),
+                        "only index could be dropped in restrict mode"
+                    );
+                    indexes
+                } else {
+                    vec![]
+                }
             }
         };
         assert!(
@@ -1439,11 +1453,15 @@ impl CatalogController {
 
         let to_drop_table_ids = to_drop_objects
             .iter()
-            .filter(|obj| obj.obj_type == ObjectType::Table)
+            .filter(|obj| obj.obj_type == ObjectType::Table || obj.obj_type == ObjectType::Index)
             .map(|obj| obj.oid);
         let mut to_drop_streaming_jobs = to_drop_objects
             .iter()
-            .filter(|obj| obj.obj_type == ObjectType::Table || obj.obj_type == ObjectType::Sink)
+            .filter(|obj| {
+                obj.obj_type == ObjectType::Table
+                    || obj.obj_type == ObjectType::Sink
+                    || obj.obj_type == ObjectType::Index
+            })
             .map(|obj| obj.oid)
             .collect_vec();
 
@@ -1478,11 +1496,6 @@ impl CatalogController {
         }
 
         let mut to_drop_state_table_ids = to_drop_table_ids.clone().collect_vec();
-        let to_drop_index_ids = to_drop_objects
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|obj| obj.obj_type == ObjectType::Index)
-            .map(|obj| obj.oid)
-            .collect_vec();
 
         // Add associated sources.
         let mut to_drop_source_ids: Vec<SourceId> = Table::find()
@@ -1506,16 +1519,6 @@ impl CatalogController {
             to_drop_source_ids.push(object_id);
         }
 
-        // add internal tables.
-        let index_table_ids: Vec<TableId> = Index::find()
-            .select_only()
-            .column(index::Column::IndexTableId)
-            .filter(index::Column::IndexId.is_in(to_drop_index_ids))
-            .into_tuple()
-            .all(&txn)
-            .await?;
-        to_drop_streaming_jobs.extend(index_table_ids);
-
         if !to_drop_streaming_jobs.is_empty() {
             let to_drop_internal_table_objs: Vec<PartialObject> = Object::find()
                 .select_only()
@@ -1536,7 +1539,8 @@ impl CatalogController {
         }
 
         let (source_fragments, removed_actors) =
-            resolve_source_register_info_for_jobs(&txn, to_drop_streaming_jobs).await?;
+            resolve_source_register_info_for_jobs(&txn, to_drop_streaming_jobs.clone()).await?;
+        let fragment_mappings = get_fragment_mappings_by_jobs(&txn, to_drop_streaming_jobs).await?;
 
         // Find affect users with privileges on all this objects.
         let to_update_user_ids: Vec<UserId> = UserPrivilege::find()
@@ -1565,58 +1569,70 @@ impl CatalogController {
 
         // notify about them.
         self.notify_users_update(user_infos).await;
-        let relations = to_drop_objects
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|obj| match obj.obj_type {
-                ObjectType::Table => PbRelation {
+        let mut relations = vec![];
+        for obj in to_drop_objects {
+            match obj.obj_type {
+                ObjectType::Table => relations.push(PbRelation {
                     relation_info: Some(PbRelationInfo::Table(PbTable {
                         id: obj.oid as _,
                         schema_id: obj.schema_id.unwrap() as _,
                         database_id: obj.database_id.unwrap() as _,
                         ..Default::default()
                     })),
-                },
-                ObjectType::Source => PbRelation {
+                }),
+                ObjectType::Source => relations.push(PbRelation {
                     relation_info: Some(PbRelationInfo::Source(PbSource {
                         id: obj.oid as _,
                         schema_id: obj.schema_id.unwrap() as _,
                         database_id: obj.database_id.unwrap() as _,
                         ..Default::default()
                     })),
-                },
-                ObjectType::Sink => PbRelation {
+                }),
+                ObjectType::Sink => relations.push(PbRelation {
                     relation_info: Some(PbRelationInfo::Sink(PbSink {
                         id: obj.oid as _,
                         schema_id: obj.schema_id.unwrap() as _,
                         database_id: obj.database_id.unwrap() as _,
                         ..Default::default()
                     })),
-                },
-                ObjectType::View => PbRelation {
+                }),
+                ObjectType::View => relations.push(PbRelation {
                     relation_info: Some(PbRelationInfo::View(PbView {
                         id: obj.oid as _,
                         schema_id: obj.schema_id.unwrap() as _,
                         database_id: obj.database_id.unwrap() as _,
                         ..Default::default()
                     })),
-                },
-                ObjectType::Index => PbRelation {
-                    relation_info: Some(PbRelationInfo::Index(PbIndex {
-                        id: obj.oid as _,
-                        schema_id: obj.schema_id.unwrap() as _,
-                        database_id: obj.database_id.unwrap() as _,
-                        ..Default::default()
-                    })),
-                },
+                }),
+                ObjectType::Index => {
+                    relations.push(PbRelation {
+                        relation_info: Some(PbRelationInfo::Index(PbIndex {
+                            id: obj.oid as _,
+                            schema_id: obj.schema_id.unwrap() as _,
+                            database_id: obj.database_id.unwrap() as _,
+                            ..Default::default()
+                        })),
+                    });
+                    relations.push(PbRelation {
+                        relation_info: Some(PbRelationInfo::Table(PbTable {
+                            id: obj.oid as _,
+                            schema_id: obj.schema_id.unwrap() as _,
+                            database_id: obj.database_id.unwrap() as _,
+                            ..Default::default()
+                        })),
+                    });
+                }
                 _ => unreachable!("only relations will be dropped."),
-            })
-            .collect_vec();
+            }
+        }
         let version = self
             .notify_frontend(
                 NotificationOperation::Delete,
                 NotificationInfo::RelationGroup(PbRelationGroup { relations }),
             )
             .await;
+        self.notify_fragment_mapping(NotificationOperation::Delete, fragment_mappings)
+            .await;
 
         Ok((
             ReleaseContext {
@@ -1729,9 +1745,12 @@ impl CatalogController {
                     .one(&txn)
                     .await?
                     .unwrap();
+                let obj = obj.unwrap();
                 let old_name = relation.name.clone();
                 relation.name = object_name.into();
-                relation.definition = alter_relation_rename(&relation.definition, object_name);
+                if obj.obj_type != ObjectType::Index {
+                    relation.definition = alter_relation_rename(&relation.definition, object_name);
+                }
                 let active_model = $table::ActiveModel {
                     $identity: Set(relation.$identity),
                     name: Set(object_name.into()),
@@ -1740,9 +1759,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
                 };
                 active_model.update(&txn).await?;
                 to_update_relations.push(PbRelation {
-                    relation_info: Some(PbRelationInfo::$entity(
-                        ObjectModel(relation, obj.unwrap()).into(),
-                    )),
+                    relation_info: Some(PbRelationInfo::$entity(ObjectModel(relation, obj).into())),
                 });
                 old_name
             }};
@@ -1803,6 +1820,22 @@ impl CatalogController {
             }};
         }
         let objs = get_referring_objects(object_id, &txn).await?;
+        // TODO: For sink into table. when sink into table is ready.
+        // if object_type == ObjectType::Table {
+        //     let incoming_sinks: Vec<_> = Table::find_by_id(object_id)
+        //         .select_only()
+        //         .column(table::Column::IncomingSinks)
+        //         .into_tuple()
+        //         .one(&txn)
+        //         .await?
+        //         .ok_or_else(|| MetaError::catalog_id_not_found("table", object_id))?;
+        //     objs.extend(incoming_sinks.into_iter().map(|id| PartialObject {
+        //         oid: id as _,
+        //         obj_type: ObjectType::Sink,
+        //         ..Default::default()
+        //     }));
+        // }
+
         for obj in objs {
             match obj.obj_type {
                 ObjectType::Table => rename_relation_ref!(Table, table, table_id, obj.oid),
@@ -2065,6 +2098,26 @@ impl CatalogController {
             .collect())
     }
 
+    pub async fn get_all_streaming_parallelisms(
+        &self,
+    ) -> MetaResult<HashMap<ObjectId, StreamingParallelism>> {
+        let inner = self.inner.read().await;
+
+        let job_parallelisms = StreamingJob::find()
+            .select_only()
+            .columns([
+                streaming_job::Column::JobId,
+                streaming_job::Column::Parallelism,
+            ])
+            .into_tuple::<(ObjectId, StreamingParallelism)>()
+            .all(&inner.db)
+            .await?;
+
+        Ok(job_parallelisms
+            .into_iter()
+            .collect::<HashMap<ObjectId, StreamingParallelism>>())
+    }
+
     pub async fn get_table_name_type_mapping(
         &self,
     ) -> MetaResult<HashMap<TableId, (String, String)>> {
diff --git a/src/meta/src/controller/cluster.rs b/src/meta/src/controller/cluster.rs
index 042993bd5bd4c..622a3efa6b564 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/controller/cluster.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/controller/cluster.rs
@@ -109,7 +109,11 @@ impl ClusterController {
         let meta_store = env
             .sql_meta_store()
             .expect("sql meta store is not initialized");
-        let inner = ClusterControllerInner::new(meta_store.conn).await?;
+        let inner = ClusterControllerInner::new(
+            meta_store.conn,
+            env.opts.disable_automatic_parallelism_control,
+        )
+        .await?;
         Ok(Self {
             env,
             max_heartbeat_interval,
@@ -460,13 +464,17 @@ pub struct ClusterControllerInner {
     /// Record for tracking available machine ids, one is available.
     available_transactional_ids: VecDeque<TransactionId>,
     worker_extra_info: HashMap<WorkerId, WorkerExtraInfo>,
+    disable_automatic_parallelism_control: bool,
 }
 
 impl ClusterControllerInner {
     pub const MAX_WORKER_REUSABLE_ID_BITS: usize = 10;
     pub const MAX_WORKER_REUSABLE_ID_COUNT: usize = 1 << Self::MAX_WORKER_REUSABLE_ID_BITS;
 
-    pub async fn new(db: DatabaseConnection) -> MetaResult<Self> {
+    pub async fn new(
+        db: DatabaseConnection,
+        disable_automatic_parallelism_control: bool,
+    ) -> MetaResult<Self> {
         let workers: Vec<(WorkerId, Option<TransactionId>)> = Worker::find()
             .select_only()
             .column(worker::Column::WorkerId)
@@ -492,6 +500,7 @@ impl ClusterControllerInner {
             db,
             available_transactional_ids,
             worker_extra_info,
+            disable_automatic_parallelism_control,
         })
     }
 
@@ -598,14 +607,25 @@ impl ClusterControllerInner {
 
                 match new_parallelism.cmp(&current_parallelism.len()) {
                     Ordering::Less => {
-                        // Warn and keep the original parallelism if the worker registered with a
-                        // smaller parallelism.
-                        tracing::warn!(
-                            "worker {} parallelism is less than current, current is {}, but received {}",
-                            worker.worker_id,
-                            current_parallelism.len(),
-                            new_parallelism
-                        );
+                        if !self.disable_automatic_parallelism_control {
+                            // Handing over to the subsequent recovery loop for a forced reschedule.
+                            tracing::info!(
+                                "worker {} parallelism reduced from {} to {}",
+                                worker.worker_id,
+                                current_parallelism.len(),
+                                new_parallelism
+                            );
+                            current_parallelism.truncate(new_parallelism);
+                        } else {
+                            // Warn and keep the original parallelism if the worker registered with a
+                            // smaller parallelism.
+                            tracing::warn!(
+                                "worker {} parallelism is less than current, current is {}, but received {}",
+                                worker.worker_id,
+                                current_parallelism.len(),
+                                new_parallelism
+                            );
+                        }
                     }
                     Ordering::Greater => {
                         tracing::info!(
diff --git a/src/meta/src/controller/fragment.rs b/src/meta/src/controller/fragment.rs
index d5e50c6fecfe1..bf84fc41e2198 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/controller/fragment.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/controller/fragment.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ use risingwave_meta_model_v2::prelude::{Actor, ActorDispatcher, Fragment, Sink,
 use risingwave_meta_model_v2::{
     actor, actor_dispatcher, fragment, object, sink, streaming_job, ActorId, ConnectorSplits,
     ExprContext, FragmentId, FragmentVnodeMapping, I32Array, JobStatus, ObjectId, SinkId, SourceId,
-    StreamNode, TableId, VnodeBitmap, WorkerId,
+    StreamNode, StreamingParallelism, TableId, VnodeBitmap, WorkerId,
 };
 use risingwave_pb::common::PbParallelUnit;
 use risingwave_pb::meta::subscribe_response::{
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ use crate::controller::utils::{
     PartialActorLocation, PartialFragmentStateTables,
 };
 use crate::manager::{ActorInfos, LocalNotification};
+use crate::model::TableParallelism;
 use crate::stream::SplitAssignment;
 use crate::{MetaError, MetaResult};
 
@@ -311,6 +312,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
             HashMap<ActorId, Vec<actor_dispatcher::Model>>,
         )>,
         parallel_units_map: &HashMap<u32, PbParallelUnit>,
+        parallelism: StreamingParallelism,
     ) -> MetaResult<PbTableFragments> {
         let mut pb_fragments = HashMap::new();
         let mut pb_actor_splits = HashMap::new();
@@ -333,8 +335,13 @@ impl CatalogController {
             actor_status: pb_actor_status,
             actor_splits: pb_actor_splits,
             ctx: Some(ctx.unwrap_or_default()),
-            // TODO(peng): fix this for model v2
-            parallelism: None,
+            parallelism: Some(
+                match parallelism {
+                    StreamingParallelism::Adaptive => TableParallelism::Adaptive,
+                    StreamingParallelism::Fixed(n) => TableParallelism::Fixed(n as _),
+                }
+                .into(),
+            ),
         };
 
         Ok(table_fragments)
@@ -576,6 +583,23 @@ impl CatalogController {
         Ok(upstream_job_counts)
     }
 
+    pub async fn get_fragment_job_id(
+        &self,
+        fragment_ids: Vec<FragmentId>,
+    ) -> MetaResult<Vec<ObjectId>> {
+        let inner = self.inner.read().await;
+
+        let object_ids: Vec<ObjectId> = Fragment::find()
+            .select_only()
+            .column(fragment::Column::JobId)
+            .filter(fragment::Column::FragmentId.is_in(fragment_ids))
+            .into_tuple()
+            .all(&inner.db)
+            .await?;
+
+        Ok(object_ids)
+    }
+
     pub async fn get_job_fragments_by_id(&self, job_id: ObjectId) -> MetaResult<PbTableFragments> {
         let inner = self.inner.read().await;
         let fragment_actors = Fragment::find()
@@ -614,16 +638,20 @@ impl CatalogController {
             job_info.timezone.map(|tz| PbStreamContext { timezone: tz }),
             fragment_info,
             &parallel_units_map,
+            job_info.parallelism.clone(),
         )
     }
 
-    pub async fn list_streaming_job_states(&self) -> MetaResult<Vec<(ObjectId, JobStatus)>> {
+    pub async fn list_streaming_job_states(
+        &self,
+    ) -> MetaResult<Vec<(ObjectId, JobStatus, StreamingParallelism)>> {
         let inner = self.inner.read().await;
-        let job_states: Vec<(ObjectId, JobStatus)> = StreamingJob::find()
+        let job_states: Vec<(ObjectId, JobStatus, StreamingParallelism)> = StreamingJob::find()
             .select_only()
             .columns([
                 streaming_job::Column::JobId,
                 streaming_job::Column::JobStatus,
+                streaming_job::Column::Parallelism,
             ])
             .into_tuple()
             .all(&inner.db)
@@ -716,6 +744,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
                     job.timezone.map(|tz| PbStreamContext { timezone: tz }),
                     fragment_info,
                     &parallel_units_map,
+                    job.parallelism.clone(),
                 )?,
             );
         }
diff --git a/src/meta/src/controller/streaming_job.rs b/src/meta/src/controller/streaming_job.rs
index c7547632e6105..a6273cf12067e 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/controller/streaming_job.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/controller/streaming_job.rs
@@ -12,41 +12,54 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
 
 use itertools::Itertools;
+use risingwave_common::buffer::Bitmap;
+use risingwave_common::hash::{ActorMapping, ParallelUnitId, ParallelUnitMapping};
 use risingwave_common::util::column_index_mapping::ColIndexMapping;
 use risingwave_common::util::stream_graph_visitor::visit_stream_node;
 use risingwave_meta_model_v2::actor::ActorStatus;
+use risingwave_meta_model_v2::actor_dispatcher::DispatcherType;
 use risingwave_meta_model_v2::object::ObjectType;
 use risingwave_meta_model_v2::prelude::{
-    Actor, ActorDispatcher, Fragment, Index, Object, ObjectDependency, Source, Table,
+    Actor, ActorDispatcher, Fragment, Index, Object, ObjectDependency, Source,
+    StreamingJob as StreamingJobModel, Table,
 };
 use risingwave_meta_model_v2::{
     actor, actor_dispatcher, fragment, index, object, object_dependency, sink, source,
     streaming_job, table, ActorId, ActorUpstreamActors, CreateType, DatabaseId, ExprNodeArray,
-    FragmentId, I32Array, IndexId, JobStatus, ObjectId, SchemaId, SourceId, StreamNode, TableId,
-    TableVersion, UserId,
+    FragmentId, I32Array, IndexId, JobStatus, ObjectId, SchemaId, SourceId, StreamNode,
+    StreamingParallelism, TableId, TableVersion, UserId,
 };
 use risingwave_pb::catalog::source::PbOptionalAssociatedTableId;
 use risingwave_pb::catalog::table::{PbOptionalAssociatedSourceId, PbTableVersion};
 use risingwave_pb::catalog::{PbCreateType, PbTable};
 use risingwave_pb::meta::relation::PbRelationInfo;
 use risingwave_pb::meta::subscribe_response::{
-    Info as NotificationInfo, Operation as NotificationOperation,
+    Info as NotificationInfo, Info, Operation as NotificationOperation, Operation,
+};
+use risingwave_pb::meta::table_fragments::PbActorStatus;
+use risingwave_pb::meta::{
+    FragmentParallelUnitMapping, PbRelation, PbRelationGroup, PbTableFragments,
 };
-use risingwave_pb::meta::{PbRelation, PbRelationGroup, PbTableFragments};
 use risingwave_pb::source::{PbConnectorSplit, PbConnectorSplits};
+use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::stream_fragment_graph::Parallelism;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::stream_node::PbNodeBody;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::update_mutation::PbMergeUpdate;
-use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::{PbDispatcher, PbFragmentTypeFlag};
+use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::{
+    PbDispatcher, PbDispatcherType, PbFragmentTypeFlag, PbStreamActor,
+};
 use sea_orm::sea_query::SimpleExpr;
 use sea_orm::ActiveValue::Set;
 use sea_orm::{
     ActiveEnum, ActiveModelTrait, ColumnTrait, DatabaseTransaction, EntityTrait, IntoActiveModel,
-    ModelTrait, NotSet, PaginatorTrait, QueryFilter, QuerySelect, TransactionTrait,
+    JoinType, ModelTrait, NotSet, PaginatorTrait, QueryFilter, QuerySelect, RelationTrait,
+    TransactionTrait,
 };
 
+use crate::barrier::Reschedule;
 use crate::controller::catalog::CatalogController;
 use crate::controller::rename::ReplaceTableExprRewriter;
 use crate::controller::utils::{
@@ -55,7 +68,7 @@ use crate::controller::utils::{
 };
 use crate::controller::ObjectModel;
 use crate::manager::{NotificationVersion, SinkId, StreamingJob};
-use crate::model::StreamContext;
+use crate::model::{StreamContext, TableParallelism};
 use crate::stream::SplitAssignment;
 use crate::{MetaError, MetaResult};
 
@@ -68,6 +81,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
         schema_id: Option<SchemaId>,
         create_type: PbCreateType,
         ctx: &StreamContext,
+        streaming_parallelism: StreamingParallelism,
     ) -> MetaResult<ObjectId> {
         let obj = Self::create_object(txn, obj_type, owner_id, database_id, schema_id).await?;
         let job = streaming_job::ActiveModel {
@@ -75,6 +89,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
             job_status: Set(JobStatus::Initial),
             create_type: Set(create_type.into()),
             timezone: Set(ctx.timezone.clone()),
+            parallelism: Set(streaming_parallelism),
         };
         job.insert(txn).await?;
 
@@ -85,11 +100,17 @@ impl CatalogController {
         &self,
         streaming_job: &mut StreamingJob,
         ctx: &StreamContext,
+        parallelism: &Option<Parallelism>,
     ) -> MetaResult<()> {
         let inner = self.inner.write().await;
         let txn = inner.db.begin().await?;
         let create_type = streaming_job.create_type();
 
+        let streaming_parallelism = match parallelism {
+            None => StreamingParallelism::Adaptive,
+            Some(n) => StreamingParallelism::Fixed(n.parallelism as _),
+        };
+
         ensure_user_id(streaming_job.owner() as _, &txn).await?;
         ensure_object_id(ObjectType::Database, streaming_job.database_id() as _, &txn).await?;
         ensure_object_id(ObjectType::Schema, streaming_job.schema_id() as _, &txn).await?;
@@ -111,6 +132,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
                     Some(table.schema_id as _),
                     create_type,
                     ctx,
+                    streaming_parallelism,
                 )
                 .await?;
                 table.id = job_id as _;
@@ -126,6 +148,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
                     Some(sink.schema_id as _),
                     create_type,
                     ctx,
+                    streaming_parallelism,
                 )
                 .await?;
                 sink.id = job_id as _;
@@ -141,6 +164,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
                     Some(table.schema_id as _),
                     create_type,
                     ctx,
+                    streaming_parallelism,
                 )
                 .await?;
                 table.id = job_id as _;
@@ -175,6 +199,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
                     Some(index.schema_id as _),
                     create_type,
                     ctx,
+                    streaming_parallelism,
                 )
                 .await?;
                 // to be compatible with old implementation.
@@ -204,6 +229,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
                     Some(src.schema_id as _),
                     create_type,
                     ctx,
+                    streaming_parallelism,
                 )
                 .await?;
                 src.id = job_id as _;
@@ -446,6 +472,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
         streaming_job: &StreamingJob,
         ctx: &StreamContext,
         version: &PbTableVersion,
+        default_parallelism: &Option<NonZeroUsize>,
     ) -> MetaResult<ObjectId> {
         let id = streaming_job.id();
         let inner = self.inner.write().await;
@@ -464,6 +491,11 @@ impl CatalogController {
             return Err(MetaError::permission_denied("table version is stale"));
         }
 
+        let parallelism = match default_parallelism {
+            None => StreamingParallelism::Adaptive,
+            Some(n) => StreamingParallelism::Fixed(n.get() as _),
+        };
+
         // 2. create streaming object for new replace table.
         let obj_id = Self::create_streaming_job_obj(
             &txn,
@@ -473,6 +505,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
             Some(streaming_job.schema_id() as _),
             PbCreateType::Foreground,
             ctx,
+            parallelism,
         )
         .await?;
 
@@ -510,6 +543,7 @@ impl CatalogController {
 
         let table = table::ActiveModel::from(table).update(&txn).await?;
 
+        let old_fragment_mappings = get_fragment_mappings(&txn, job_id).await?;
         // 1. replace old fragments/actors with new ones.
         Fragment::delete_many()
             .filter(fragment::Column::JobId.eq(job_id))
@@ -667,6 +701,8 @@ impl CatalogController {
 
         txn.commit().await?;
 
+        self.notify_fragment_mapping(NotificationOperation::Delete, old_fragment_mappings)
+            .await;
         self.notify_fragment_mapping(NotificationOperation::Add, fragment_mapping)
             .await;
         let version = self
@@ -831,4 +867,346 @@ impl CatalogController {
 
         Ok(fragment_actors)
     }
+
+    pub async fn post_apply_reschedules(
+        &self,
+        reschedules: HashMap<FragmentId, Reschedule>,
+        table_parallelism_assignment: HashMap<
+            risingwave_common::catalog::TableId,
+            TableParallelism,
+        >,
+    ) -> MetaResult<()> {
+        fn update_actors(
+            actors: &mut Vec<ActorId>,
+            to_remove: &HashSet<ActorId>,
+            to_create: &Vec<ActorId>,
+        ) {
+            let actor_id_set: HashSet<_> = actors.iter().copied().collect();
+            for actor_id in to_create {
+                debug_assert!(!actor_id_set.contains(actor_id));
+            }
+            for actor_id in to_remove {
+                debug_assert!(actor_id_set.contains(actor_id));
+            }
+
+            actors.retain(|actor_id| !to_remove.contains(actor_id));
+            actors.extend_from_slice(to_create);
+        }
+
+        let new_created_actors: HashSet<_> = reschedules
+            .values()
+            .flat_map(|reschedule| {
+                reschedule
+                    .added_actors
+                    .values()
+                    .flatten()
+                    .map(|actor_id| *actor_id as ActorId)
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        let inner = self.inner.write().await;
+
+        let txn = inner.db.begin().await?;
+
+        let mut fragment_mapping_to_notify = vec![];
+
+        // for assert only
+        let mut assert_dispatcher_update_checker = HashSet::new();
+
+        for (
+            fragment_id,
+            Reschedule {
+                added_actors,
+                removed_actors,
+                vnode_bitmap_updates,
+                actor_splits,
+                injectable: _,
+                newly_created_actors,
+                upstream_fragment_dispatcher_ids,
+                upstream_dispatcher_mapping,
+                downstream_fragment_ids,
+            },
+        ) in reschedules
+        {
+            // drop removed actors
+            Actor::delete_many()
+                .filter(
+                    actor::Column::ActorId
+                        .is_in(removed_actors.iter().map(|id| *id as ActorId).collect_vec()),
+                )
+                .exec(&txn)
+                .await?;
+
+            // newly created actor
+            let mut new_actors = vec![];
+            let mut new_actor_dispatchers = vec![];
+
+            for (
+                PbStreamActor {
+                    actor_id,
+                    fragment_id,
+                    mut nodes,
+                    dispatcher,
+                    upstream_actor_id,
+                    vnode_bitmap,
+                    expr_context,
+                    ..
+                },
+                // actor_status
+                PbActorStatus {
+                    parallel_unit,
+                    state: _,
+                },
+            ) in newly_created_actors
+            {
+                let mut actor_upstreams = BTreeMap::<FragmentId, BTreeSet<ActorId>>::new();
+
+                if let Some(nodes) = &mut nodes {
+                    visit_stream_node(nodes, |node| {
+                        if let PbNodeBody::Merge(node) = node {
+                            actor_upstreams
+                                .entry(node.upstream_fragment_id as FragmentId)
+                                .or_default()
+                                .extend(node.upstream_actor_id.iter().map(|id| *id as ActorId));
+                        }
+                    });
+                }
+
+                let actor_upstreams: BTreeMap<FragmentId, Vec<ActorId>> = actor_upstreams
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|(k, v)| (k, v.into_iter().collect()))
+                    .collect();
+
+                debug_assert_eq!(
+                    actor_upstreams
+                        .values()
+                        .flatten()
+                        .cloned()
+                        .sorted()
+                        .collect_vec(),
+                    upstream_actor_id
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|actor_id| *actor_id as i32)
+                        .sorted()
+                        .collect_vec()
+                );
+
+                let actor_upstreams = ActorUpstreamActors(actor_upstreams);
+                let parallel_unit_id = parallel_unit.unwrap().id;
+
+                let splits = actor_splits
+                    .get(&actor_id)
+                    .map(|splits| splits.iter().map(PbConnectorSplit::from).collect_vec());
+
+                new_actors.push(actor::ActiveModel {
+                    actor_id: Set(actor_id as _),
+                    fragment_id: Set(fragment_id as _),
+                    status: Set(ActorStatus::Running),
+                    splits: Set(splits.map(|splits| PbConnectorSplits { splits }.into())),
+                    parallel_unit_id: Set(parallel_unit_id as _),
+                    upstream_actor_ids: Set(actor_upstreams),
+                    vnode_bitmap: Set(vnode_bitmap.map(|bitmap| bitmap.into())),
+                    expr_context: Set(expr_context.unwrap().into()),
+                });
+
+                for PbDispatcher {
+                    r#type: dispatcher_type,
+                    dist_key_indices,
+                    output_indices,
+                    hash_mapping,
+                    dispatcher_id,
+                    downstream_actor_id,
+                } in dispatcher
+                {
+                    new_actor_dispatchers.push(actor_dispatcher::ActiveModel {
+                        id: Default::default(),
+                        actor_id: Set(actor_id as _),
+                        dispatcher_type: Set(PbDispatcherType::try_from(dispatcher_type)
+                            .unwrap()
+                            .into()),
+                        dist_key_indices: Set(dist_key_indices.into()),
+                        output_indices: Set(output_indices.into()),
+                        hash_mapping: Set(hash_mapping.map(|mapping| mapping.into())),
+                        dispatcher_id: Set(dispatcher_id as _),
+                        downstream_actor_ids: Set(downstream_actor_id.into()),
+                    })
+                }
+            }
+
+            if !new_actors.is_empty() {
+                Actor::insert_many(new_actors).exec(&txn).await?;
+            }
+
+            if !new_actor_dispatchers.is_empty() {
+                ActorDispatcher::insert_many(new_actor_dispatchers)
+                    .exec(&txn)
+                    .await?;
+            }
+
+            // actor update
+            for (actor_id, bitmap) in vnode_bitmap_updates {
+                let actor = Actor::find_by_id(actor_id as ActorId)
+                    .one(&txn)
+                    .await?
+                    .ok_or_else(|| MetaError::catalog_id_not_found("actor", actor_id))?;
+
+                let mut actor = actor.into_active_model();
+                actor.vnode_bitmap = Set(Some(bitmap.to_protobuf().into()));
+                actor.update(&txn).await?;
+            }
+
+            // fragment update
+            let fragment = Fragment::find_by_id(fragment_id)
+                .one(&txn)
+                .await?
+                .ok_or_else(|| MetaError::catalog_id_not_found("fragment", fragment_id))?;
+
+            let fragment_actors = fragment.find_related(Actor).all(&txn).await?;
+
+            let mut actor_to_parallel_unit = HashMap::with_capacity(fragment_actors.len());
+            let mut actor_to_vnode_bitmap = HashMap::with_capacity(fragment_actors.len());
+            for actor in &fragment_actors {
+                actor_to_parallel_unit.insert(actor.actor_id as u32, actor.parallel_unit_id as _);
+                if let Some(vnode_bitmap) = &actor.vnode_bitmap {
+                    let bitmap = Bitmap::from(vnode_bitmap.inner_ref());
+                    actor_to_vnode_bitmap.insert(actor.actor_id as u32, bitmap);
+                }
+            }
+
+            let vnode_mapping = if actor_to_vnode_bitmap.is_empty() {
+                let parallel_unit = *actor_to_parallel_unit.values().exactly_one().unwrap();
+                ParallelUnitMapping::new_single(parallel_unit as ParallelUnitId)
+            } else {
+                // Generate the parallel unit mapping from the fragment's actor bitmaps.
+                assert_eq!(actor_to_vnode_bitmap.len(), actor_to_parallel_unit.len());
+                ActorMapping::from_bitmaps(&actor_to_vnode_bitmap)
+                    .to_parallel_unit(&actor_to_parallel_unit)
+            }
+            .to_protobuf();
+
+            let mut fragment = fragment.into_active_model();
+            fragment.vnode_mapping = Set(vnode_mapping.clone().into());
+            fragment.update(&txn).await?;
+
+            fragment_mapping_to_notify.push(FragmentParallelUnitMapping {
+                fragment_id: fragment_id as u32,
+                mapping: Some(vnode_mapping),
+            });
+
+            // for downstream and upstream
+            let removed_actor_ids: HashSet<_> = removed_actors
+                .iter()
+                .map(|actor_id| *actor_id as ActorId)
+                .collect();
+
+            let added_actor_ids = added_actors
+                .values()
+                .flatten()
+                .map(|actor_id| *actor_id as ActorId)
+                .collect_vec();
+
+            // first step, upstream fragment
+            for (upstream_fragment_id, dispatcher_id) in upstream_fragment_dispatcher_ids {
+                let upstream_fragment = Fragment::find_by_id(upstream_fragment_id as FragmentId)
+                    .one(&txn)
+                    .await?
+                    .ok_or_else(|| MetaError::catalog_id_not_found("fragment", fragment_id))?;
+
+                let all_dispatchers = actor_dispatcher::Entity::find()
+                    .join(JoinType::InnerJoin, actor_dispatcher::Relation::Actor.def())
+                    .filter(actor::Column::FragmentId.eq(upstream_fragment.fragment_id))
+                    .filter(actor_dispatcher::Column::DispatcherId.eq(dispatcher_id as i32))
+                    .all(&txn)
+                    .await?;
+
+                for dispatcher in all_dispatchers {
+                    debug_assert!(assert_dispatcher_update_checker.insert(dispatcher.id));
+                    if new_created_actors.contains(&dispatcher.actor_id) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    let mut dispatcher = dispatcher.into_active_model();
+
+                    if dispatcher.dispatcher_type.as_ref() == &DispatcherType::Hash {
+                        dispatcher.hash_mapping =
+                            Set(upstream_dispatcher_mapping.as_ref().map(|m| {
+                                risingwave_meta_model_v2::ActorMapping::from(m.to_protobuf())
+                            }));
+                    } else {
+                        debug_assert!(upstream_dispatcher_mapping.is_none());
+                    }
+
+                    let mut new_downstream_actor_ids =
+                        dispatcher.downstream_actor_ids.as_ref().inner_ref().clone();
+
+                    update_actors(
+                        new_downstream_actor_ids.as_mut(),
+                        &removed_actor_ids,
+                        &added_actor_ids,
+                    );
+
+                    dispatcher.downstream_actor_ids = Set(new_downstream_actor_ids.into());
+                    dispatcher.update(&txn).await?;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // second step, downstream fragment
+            for downstream_fragment_id in downstream_fragment_ids {
+                let actors = Actor::find()
+                    .filter(actor::Column::FragmentId.eq(downstream_fragment_id as FragmentId))
+                    .all(&txn)
+                    .await?;
+
+                for actor in actors {
+                    if new_created_actors.contains(&actor.actor_id) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    let mut actor = actor.into_active_model();
+
+                    let mut new_upstream_actor_ids =
+                        actor.upstream_actor_ids.as_ref().inner_ref().clone();
+
+                    update_actors(
+                        new_upstream_actor_ids.get_mut(&fragment_id).unwrap(),
+                        &removed_actor_ids,
+                        &added_actor_ids,
+                    );
+
+                    actor.upstream_actor_ids = Set(new_upstream_actor_ids.into());
+
+                    actor.update(&txn).await?;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (table_id, parallelism) in table_parallelism_assignment {
+            let mut streaming_job = StreamingJobModel::find_by_id(table_id.table_id() as ObjectId)
+                .one(&txn)
+                .await?
+                .ok_or_else(|| MetaError::catalog_id_not_found("table", table_id))?
+                .into_active_model();
+
+            streaming_job.parallelism = Set(match parallelism {
+                TableParallelism::Adaptive => StreamingParallelism::Adaptive,
+                TableParallelism::Fixed(n) => StreamingParallelism::Fixed(n as _),
+                TableParallelism::Custom => {
+                    unreachable!("sql backend doesn't support custom parallelism")
+                }
+            });
+
+            streaming_job.update(&txn).await?;
+        }
+
+        txn.commit().await?;
+
+        for mapping in fragment_mapping_to_notify {
+            self.env
+                .notification_manager()
+                .notify_frontend(Operation::Update, Info::ParallelUnitMapping(mapping))
+                .await;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/meta/src/controller/system_param.rs b/src/meta/src/controller/system_param.rs
index b97bf0804a955..6802ad17e1769 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/controller/system_param.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/controller/system_param.rs
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ impl SystemParamsController {
             .await;
 
         // Sync params to worker nodes.
-        self.notify_workers(&params).await;
+        self.notify_workers(&params);
 
         Ok(params)
     }
@@ -241,8 +241,7 @@ impl SystemParamsController {
                     }
                 }
                 system_params_controller
-                    .notify_workers(&*system_params_controller.params.read().await)
-                    .await;
+                    .notify_workers(&*system_params_controller.params.read().await);
             }
         });
 
@@ -250,16 +249,14 @@ impl SystemParamsController {
     }
 
     // Notify workers of parameter change.
-    async fn notify_workers(&self, params: &PbSystemParams) {
+    // TODO: add system params into snapshot to avoid periodically sync.
+    fn notify_workers(&self, params: &PbSystemParams) {
         self.notification_manager
-            .notify_frontend(Operation::Update, Info::SystemParams(params.clone()))
-            .await;
+            .notify_frontend_without_version(Operation::Update, Info::SystemParams(params.clone()));
         self.notification_manager
-            .notify_compute(Operation::Update, Info::SystemParams(params.clone()))
-            .await;
+            .notify_compute_without_version(Operation::Update, Info::SystemParams(params.clone()));
         self.notification_manager
-            .notify_compactor(Operation::Update, Info::SystemParams(params.clone()))
-            .await;
+            .notify_compute_without_version(Operation::Update, Info::SystemParams(params.clone()));
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/meta/src/controller/utils.rs b/src/meta/src/controller/utils.rs
index 893f8812a86d3..e5c6044271e31 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/controller/utils.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/controller/utils.rs
@@ -669,7 +669,7 @@ where
     Ok(actor_dispatchers_map)
 }
 
-/// `get_fragment_parallel_unit_mappings` returns the fragment vnode mappings of the given job.
+/// `get_fragment_mappings` returns the fragment vnode mappings of the given job.
 pub async fn get_fragment_mappings<C>(
     db: &C,
     job_id: ObjectId,
@@ -694,6 +694,35 @@ where
         .collect())
 }
 
+/// `get_fragment_mappings_by_jobs` returns the fragment vnode mappings of the given job list.
+pub async fn get_fragment_mappings_by_jobs<C>(
+    db: &C,
+    job_ids: Vec<ObjectId>,
+) -> MetaResult<Vec<PbFragmentParallelUnitMapping>>
+where
+    C: ConnectionTrait,
+{
+    if job_ids.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(vec![]);
+    }
+
+    let fragment_mappings: Vec<(FragmentId, FragmentVnodeMapping)> = Fragment::find()
+        .select_only()
+        .columns([fragment::Column::FragmentId, fragment::Column::VnodeMapping])
+        .filter(fragment::Column::JobId.is_in(job_ids))
+        .into_tuple()
+        .all(db)
+        .await?;
+
+    Ok(fragment_mappings
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|(fragment_id, mapping)| PbFragmentParallelUnitMapping {
+            fragment_id: fragment_id as _,
+            mapping: Some(mapping.into_inner()),
+        })
+        .collect())
+}
+
 /// `get_fragment_actor_ids` returns the fragment actor ids of the given fragments.
 pub async fn get_fragment_actor_ids<C>(
     db: &C,
diff --git a/src/meta/src/hummock/compactor_manager.rs b/src/meta/src/hummock/compactor_manager.rs
index d472fa20037a3..8a548d2522e89 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/hummock/compactor_manager.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/hummock/compactor_manager.rs
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ impl CompactorManagerInner {
         use sea_orm::EntityTrait;
         // Retrieve the existing task assignments from metastore.
         let task_assignment: Vec<CompactTaskAssignment> = match env.sql_meta_store() {
-            None => CompactTaskAssignment::list(env.meta_store()).await?,
+            None => CompactTaskAssignment::list(env.meta_store_checked()).await?,
             Some(sql_meta_store) => compaction_task::Entity::find()
                 .all(&sql_meta_store.conn)
                 .await
diff --git a/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/compaction_group_manager.rs b/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/compaction_group_manager.rs
index 51f8e63dd6eb0..8db45a2286478 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/compaction_group_manager.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/compaction_group_manager.rs
@@ -782,10 +782,10 @@ pub(super) struct CompactionGroupManager {
 }
 
 impl CompactionGroupManager {
-    async fn init<S: MetaStore>(&mut self, meta_store: &S) -> Result<()> {
+    async fn init<S: MetaStore>(&mut self, meta_store: Option<&S>) -> Result<()> {
         let loaded_compaction_groups: BTreeMap<CompactionGroupId, CompactionGroup> =
             match &self.sql_meta_store {
-                None => CompactionGroup::list(meta_store)
+                None => CompactionGroup::list(meta_store.unwrap())
                     .await?
                     .into_iter()
                     .map(|cg| (cg.group_id(), cg))
@@ -811,7 +811,7 @@ impl CompactionGroupManager {
     pub(super) async fn get_or_insert_compaction_group_config<S: MetaStore>(
         &mut self,
         compaction_group_id: CompactionGroupId,
-        meta_store: &S,
+        meta_store: Option<&S>,
     ) -> Result<CompactionGroup> {
         let r = self
             .get_or_insert_compaction_group_configs(&[compaction_group_id], meta_store)
@@ -823,7 +823,7 @@ impl CompactionGroupManager {
     pub(super) async fn get_or_insert_compaction_group_configs<S: MetaStore>(
         &mut self,
         compaction_group_ids: &[CompactionGroupId],
-        meta_store: &S,
+        meta_store: Option<&S>,
     ) -> Result<HashMap<CompactionGroupId, CompactionGroup>> {
         let mut compaction_groups = create_trx_wrapper!(
             self.sql_meta_store,
@@ -862,7 +862,7 @@ impl CompactionGroupManager {
         &mut self,
         compaction_group_ids: &[CompactionGroupId],
         config_to_update: &[MutableConfig],
-        meta_store: &S,
+        meta_store: Option<&S>,
     ) -> Result<Vec<CompactionGroup>> {
         let mut compaction_groups = create_trx_wrapper!(
             self.sql_meta_store,
@@ -894,7 +894,7 @@ impl CompactionGroupManager {
         &mut self,
         group_id: CompactionGroupId,
         config: CompactionConfig,
-        meta_store: &S,
+        meta_store: Option<&S>,
     ) -> Result<()> {
         let insert = create_trx_wrapper!(
             self.sql_meta_store,
@@ -916,7 +916,7 @@ impl CompactionGroupManager {
     async fn purge<S: MetaStore>(
         &mut self,
         existing_groups: HashSet<CompactionGroupId>,
-        meta_store: &S,
+        meta_store: Option<&S>,
     ) -> Result<()> {
         let mut compaction_groups = create_trx_wrapper!(
             self.sql_meta_store,
diff --git a/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/mod.rs b/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/mod.rs
index bab6ef381d95e..f43408df23d44 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/mod.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/mod.rs
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ impl HummockManager {
         // Make sure data dir is not used by another cluster.
         // Skip this check in e2e compaction test, which needs to start a secondary cluster with
         // same bucket
-        if env.cluster_first_launch() && !deterministic_mode {
+        if !deterministic_mode {
             write_exclusive_cluster_id(
                 state_store_dir,
                 env.cluster_id().clone(),
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ impl HummockManager {
         let sql_meta_store = self.sql_meta_store();
         let compaction_statuses: BTreeMap<CompactionGroupId, CompactStatus> = match &sql_meta_store
         {
-            None => CompactStatus::list(self.env.meta_store())
+            None => CompactStatus::list(self.env.meta_store_checked())
                 .await?
                 .into_iter()
                 .map(|cg| (cg.compaction_group_id(), cg))
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ impl HummockManager {
         }
 
         compaction_guard.compact_task_assignment = match &sql_meta_store {
-            None => CompactTaskAssignment::list(self.env.meta_store())
+            None => CompactTaskAssignment::list(self.env.meta_store_checked())
                 .await?
                 .into_iter()
                 .map(|assigned| (assigned.key().unwrap(), assigned))
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ impl HummockManager {
 
         let hummock_version_deltas: BTreeMap<HummockVersionId, HummockVersionDelta> =
             match &sql_meta_store {
-                None => HummockVersionDelta::list(self.env.meta_store())
+                None => HummockVersionDelta::list(self.env.meta_store_checked())
                     .await?
                     .into_iter()
                     .map(|version_delta| (version_delta.id, version_delta))
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ impl HummockManager {
             }
         }
         versioning_guard.version_stats = match &sql_meta_store {
-            None => HummockVersionStats::list(self.env.meta_store())
+            None => HummockVersionStats::list(self.env.meta_store_checked())
                 .await?
                 .into_iter()
                 .next(),
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ impl HummockManager {
         versioning_guard.hummock_version_deltas = hummock_version_deltas;
 
         versioning_guard.pinned_versions = match &sql_meta_store {
-            None => HummockPinnedVersion::list(self.env.meta_store())
+            None => HummockPinnedVersion::list(self.env.meta_store_checked())
                 .await?
                 .into_iter()
                 .map(|p| (p.context_id, p))
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ impl HummockManager {
         };
 
         versioning_guard.pinned_snapshots = match &sql_meta_store {
-            None => HummockPinnedSnapshot::list(self.env.meta_store())
+            None => HummockPinnedSnapshot::list(self.env.meta_store_checked())
                 .await?
                 .into_iter()
                 .map(|p| (p.context_id, p))
@@ -1927,7 +1927,7 @@ impl HummockManager {
         compaction_groups: Vec<PbCompactionGroupInfo>,
     ) -> Result<()> {
         for table in &table_catalogs {
-            table.insert(self.env.meta_store()).await?;
+            table.insert(self.env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
         }
         for group in &compaction_groups {
             assert!(
diff --git a/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/tests.rs b/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/tests.rs
index 0921e4d2351d8..877be8919262e 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/tests.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/tests.rs
@@ -101,7 +101,9 @@ fn get_compaction_group_object_ids(
 
 async fn list_pinned_snapshot_from_meta_store(env: &MetaSrvEnv) -> Vec<HummockPinnedSnapshot> {
     match env.sql_meta_store() {
-        None => HummockPinnedSnapshot::list(env.meta_store()).await.unwrap(),
+        None => HummockPinnedSnapshot::list(env.meta_store_checked())
+            .await
+            .unwrap(),
         Some(sql_meta_store) => {
             use risingwave_meta_model_v2::hummock_pinned_snapshot;
             use sea_orm::EntityTrait;
@@ -118,7 +120,9 @@ async fn list_pinned_snapshot_from_meta_store(env: &MetaSrvEnv) -> Vec<HummockPi
 
 async fn list_pinned_version_from_meta_store(env: &MetaSrvEnv) -> Vec<HummockPinnedVersion> {
     match env.sql_meta_store() {
-        None => HummockPinnedVersion::list(env.meta_store()).await.unwrap(),
+        None => HummockPinnedVersion::list(env.meta_store_checked())
+            .await
+            .unwrap(),
         Some(sql_meta_store) => {
             use risingwave_meta_model_v2::hummock_pinned_version;
             use sea_orm::EntityTrait;
diff --git a/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/utils.rs b/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/utils.rs
index 9ddc9699cb5e3..07c26d7a24243 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/utils.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/hummock/manager/utils.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ macro_rules! commit_multi_var {
                         $(
                             $val_txn.as_v1_ref().apply_to_txn(&mut trx).await?;
                         )*
-                        $meta_store.txn(trx).await?;
+                        $meta_store.unwrap().txn(trx).await?;
                         $(
                             $val_txn.into_v1().commit();
                         )*
diff --git a/src/meta/src/lib.rs b/src/meta/src/lib.rs
index 69d75fb40d79b..bce4f082db4c1 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/lib.rs
@@ -58,4 +58,7 @@ pub enum MetaStoreBackend {
         credentials: Option<(String, String)>,
     },
     Mem,
+    Sql {
+        endpoint: String,
+    },
 }
diff --git a/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/database.rs b/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/database.rs
index a9c7459d745d9..d060a610b6fd5 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/database.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/database.rs
@@ -83,15 +83,15 @@ pub struct DatabaseManager {
 
 impl DatabaseManager {
     pub async fn new(env: MetaSrvEnv) -> MetaResult<Self> {
-        let databases = Database::list(env.meta_store()).await?;
-        let schemas = Schema::list(env.meta_store()).await?;
-        let sources = Source::list(env.meta_store()).await?;
-        let sinks = Sink::list(env.meta_store()).await?;
-        let tables = Table::list(env.meta_store()).await?;
-        let indexes = Index::list(env.meta_store()).await?;
-        let views = View::list(env.meta_store()).await?;
-        let functions = Function::list(env.meta_store()).await?;
-        let connections = Connection::list(env.meta_store()).await?;
+        let databases = Database::list(env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
+        let schemas = Schema::list(env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
+        let sources = Source::list(env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
+        let sinks = Sink::list(env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
+        let tables = Table::list(env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
+        let indexes = Index::list(env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
+        let views = View::list(env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
+        let functions = Function::list(env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
+        let connections = Connection::list(env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
 
         let mut relation_ref_count = HashMap::new();
 
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ impl DatabaseManager {
     }
 
     pub fn unmark_creating(&mut self, relation: &RelationKey) {
-        self.in_progress_creation_tracker.remove(&relation.clone());
+        self.in_progress_creation_tracker.remove(relation);
     }
 
     pub fn unmark_creating_streaming_job(&mut self, table_id: TableId) {
diff --git a/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/fragment.rs b/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/fragment.rs
index f71ea1567725c..fdae16efe5a7b 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/fragment.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/fragment.rs
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ pub type FragmentManagerRef = Arc<FragmentManager>;
 
 impl FragmentManager {
     pub async fn new(env: MetaSrvEnv) -> MetaResult<Self> {
-        let table_fragments = TableFragments::list(env.meta_store()).await?;
+        let table_fragments = TableFragments::list(env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
 
         // `expr_context` of `StreamActor` is introduced in 1.6.0.
         // To ensure compatibility, we fill it for table fragments that were created with older versions.
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ impl FragmentManager {
             .map(|tf| (tf.table_id(), tf.fill_expr_context()))
             .collect();
 
-        let table_revision = TableRevision::get(env.meta_store()).await?;
+        let table_revision = TableRevision::get(env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
 
         Ok(Self {
             env,
@@ -1316,7 +1316,9 @@ impl FragmentManager {
 
         for (table_id, parallelism) in table_parallelism_assignment {
             if let Some(mut table) = table_fragments.get_mut(table_id) {
-                table.assigned_parallelism = parallelism;
+                if table.assigned_parallelism != parallelism {
+                    table.assigned_parallelism = parallelism;
+                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -1489,4 +1491,8 @@ impl FragmentManager {
             .await
             .running_fragment_parallelisms(id_filter)
     }
+
+    pub async fn count_streaming_job(&self) -> usize {
+        self.core.read().await.table_fragments().len()
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/mod.rs b/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/mod.rs
index 89294fdcd43df..33990548f01b8 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/mod.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/mod.rs
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ macro_rules! commit_meta_with_trx {
                     $val_txn.apply_to_txn(&mut $trx).await?;
                 )*
                 // Commit to meta store
-                $manager.env.meta_store().txn($trx).await?;
+                $manager.env.meta_store_checked().txn($trx).await?;
                 // Upon successful commit, commit the change to in-mem meta
                 $(
                     $val_txn.commit();
@@ -1749,7 +1749,9 @@ impl CatalogManager {
         }
 
         for sink in database_mgr.sinks.values() {
-            if sink.dependent_relations.contains(&relation_id) {
+            if sink.dependent_relations.contains(&relation_id)
+                || sink.target_table == Some(relation_id)
+            {
                 let mut sink = sink.clone();
                 sink.definition = alter_relation_rename_refs(&sink.definition, from, to);
                 to_update_sinks.push(sink);
@@ -3397,7 +3399,7 @@ impl CatalogManager {
                     ..Default::default()
                 };
 
-                default_user.insert(self.env.meta_store()).await?;
+                default_user.insert(self.env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
                 core.user_info.insert(default_user.id, default_user);
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/user.rs b/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/user.rs
index 851016ec0e603..456dd116b9daf 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/user.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/user.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ pub struct UserManager {
 
 impl UserManager {
     pub async fn new(env: MetaSrvEnv, database: &DatabaseManager) -> MetaResult<Self> {
-        let users = UserInfo::list(env.meta_store()).await?;
+        let users = UserInfo::list(env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
         let user_info = BTreeMap::from_iter(users.into_iter().map(|user| (user.id, user)));
 
         let mut user_manager = Self {
diff --git a/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/utils.rs b/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/utils.rs
index b9272b533daac..69592180aa60a 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/utils.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/manager/catalog/utils.rs
@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ pub fn alter_relation_rename_refs(definition: &str, from: &str, to: &str) -> Str
             stmt:
                 CreateSinkStatement {
                     sink_from: CreateSink::AsQuery(query),
+                    into_table_name: None,
                     ..
                 },
         } => {
@@ -117,9 +118,27 @@ pub fn alter_relation_rename_refs(definition: &str, from: &str, to: &str) -> Str
             stmt:
                 CreateSinkStatement {
                     sink_from: CreateSink::From(table_name),
+                    into_table_name: None,
                     ..
                 },
         } => replace_table_name(table_name, to),
+        Statement::CreateSink {
+            stmt: CreateSinkStatement {
+                sink_from,
+                into_table_name: Some(table_name),
+                ..
+            }
+        } => {
+            let idx = table_name.0.len() - 1;
+            if table_name.0[idx].real_value() == from {
+                table_name.0[idx] = Ident::new_unchecked(to);
+            } else {
+                match sink_from {
+                    CreateSink::From(table_name) => replace_table_name(table_name, to),
+                    CreateSink::AsQuery(query) => QueryRewriter::rewrite_query(query, from, to),
+                }
+            }
+        }
         _ => unreachable!(),
     };
     stmt.to_string()
diff --git a/src/meta/src/manager/cluster.rs b/src/meta/src/manager/cluster.rs
index 27a97167d3e4b..38e1ff3ca8f33 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/manager/cluster.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/manager/cluster.rs
@@ -112,6 +112,7 @@ impl ClusterManager {
         let mut core = self.core.write().await;
 
         if let Some(worker) = core.get_worker_by_host_mut(host_address.clone()) {
+            tracing::info!("worker {} re-joined the cluster", worker.worker_id());
             worker.update_resource(Some(resource));
             worker.update_started_at(timestamp_now_sec());
             if let Some(property) = &mut property {
@@ -149,7 +150,7 @@ impl ClusterManager {
                     new_worker.worker_node.parallel_units.extend(parallel_units);
                 }
                 Ordering::Greater => {
-                    if self.env.opts.enable_scale_in_when_recovery {
+                    if !self.env.opts.disable_automatic_parallelism_control {
                         // Handing over to the subsequent recovery loop for a forced reschedule.
                         tracing::info!(
                             "worker {} parallelism reduced from {} to {}",
@@ -186,7 +187,7 @@ impl ClusterManager {
             }
 
             new_worker.update_expire_at(self.max_heartbeat_interval);
-            new_worker.insert(self.env.meta_store()).await?;
+            new_worker.insert(self.env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
             *worker = new_worker;
             return Ok(worker.to_protobuf());
         }
@@ -230,18 +231,31 @@ impl ClusterManager {
         worker.update_started_at(timestamp_now_sec());
         worker.update_resource(Some(resource));
         // Persist worker node.
-        worker.insert(self.env.meta_store()).await?;
+        worker.insert(self.env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
         // Update core.
         core.add_worker_node(worker);
+
+        tracing::info!(
+            "new worker {} from {}:{} joined cluster",
+            worker_id,
+            host_address.get_host(),
+            host_address.get_port()
+        );
+
         Ok(worker_node)
     }
 
     pub async fn activate_worker_node(&self, host_address: HostAddress) -> MetaResult<()> {
         let mut core = self.core.write().await;
         let mut worker = core.get_worker_by_host_checked(host_address.clone())?;
+
+        let worker_id = worker.worker_id();
+
+        tracing::info!("worker {} activating", worker_id);
+
         if worker.worker_node.state != State::Running as i32 {
             worker.worker_node.state = State::Running as i32;
-            worker.insert(self.env.meta_store()).await?;
+            worker.insert(self.env.meta_store_checked()).await?;
             core.update_worker_node(worker.clone());
         }
 
@@ -258,6 +272,8 @@ impl ClusterManager {
             .notify_local_subscribers(LocalNotification::WorkerNodeActivated(worker.worker_node))
             .await;
 
+        tracing::info!("worker {} activated", worker_id);
+
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -292,7 +308,7 @@ impl ClusterManager {
             }
         }
 
-        self.env.meta_store().txn(txn).await?;
+        self.env.meta_store_checked().txn(txn).await?;
 
         for var_txn in var_txns {
             var_txn.commit();
@@ -308,7 +324,7 @@ impl ClusterManager {
         let worker_node = worker.to_protobuf();
 
         // Persist deletion.
-        Worker::delete(self.env.meta_store(), &host_address).await?;
+        Worker::delete(self.env.meta_store_checked(), &host_address).await?;
 
         // Update core.
         core.delete_worker_node(worker);
@@ -536,7 +552,7 @@ impl ClusterManagerCore {
     pub const MAX_WORKER_REUSABLE_ID_COUNT: usize = 1 << Self::MAX_WORKER_REUSABLE_ID_BITS;
 
     async fn new(env: MetaSrvEnv) -> MetaResult<Self> {
-        let meta_store = env.meta_store();
+        let meta_store = env.meta_store_checked();
         let mut workers = Worker::list(meta_store).await?;
 
         let used_transactional_ids: HashSet<_> = workers
@@ -790,8 +806,11 @@ mod tests {
     async fn test_cluster_manager() -> MetaResult<()> {
         let env = MetaSrvEnv::for_test().await;
 
-        let cluster_manager =
-            Arc::new(ClusterManager::new(env, Duration::new(0, 0)).await.unwrap());
+        let cluster_manager = Arc::new(
+            ClusterManager::new(env.clone(), Duration::new(0, 0))
+                .await
+                .unwrap(),
+        );
 
         let mut worker_nodes = Vec::new();
         let worker_count = 5usize;
@@ -878,8 +897,15 @@ mod tests {
             )
             .await
             .unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(worker_node.parallel_units.len(), fake_parallelism + 4);
-        assert_cluster_manager(&cluster_manager, parallel_count + 4).await;
+
+        if !env.opts.disable_automatic_parallelism_control {
+            assert_eq!(worker_node.parallel_units.len(), fake_parallelism - 2);
+            assert_cluster_manager(&cluster_manager, parallel_count - 2).await;
+        } else {
+            // compatibility mode
+            assert_eq!(worker_node.parallel_units.len(), fake_parallelism + 4);
+            assert_cluster_manager(&cluster_manager, parallel_count + 4).await;
+        }
 
         let worker_to_delete_count = 4usize;
         for i in 0..worker_to_delete_count {
diff --git a/src/meta/src/manager/env.rs b/src/meta/src/manager/env.rs
index 26601f6af0373..f10138b56e81e 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/manager/env.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/manager/env.rs
@@ -45,13 +45,13 @@ use crate::MetaResult;
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct MetaSrvEnv {
     /// id generator manager.
-    id_gen_manager: IdGeneratorManagerRef,
+    id_gen_manager: Option<IdGeneratorManagerRef>,
 
     /// sql id generator manager.
     sql_id_gen_manager: Option<SqlIdGeneratorManagerRef>,
 
     /// meta store.
-    meta_store: MetaStoreRef,
+    meta_store: Option<MetaStoreRef>,
 
     /// sql meta store.
     meta_store_sql: Option<SqlMetaStore>,
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ pub struct MetaSrvEnv {
     event_log_manager: EventLogMangerRef,
 
     /// system param manager.
-    system_params_manager: SystemParamsManagerRef,
+    system_params_manager: Option<SystemParamsManagerRef>,
 
     /// system param controller.
     system_params_controller: Option<SystemParamsControllerRef>,
@@ -76,9 +76,6 @@ pub struct MetaSrvEnv {
     /// Unique identifier of the cluster.
     cluster_id: ClusterId,
 
-    /// Whether the cluster is launched for the first time.
-    cluster_first_launch: bool,
-
     /// Client to connector node. `None` if endpoint unspecified or unable to connect.
     connector_client: Option<ConnectorClient>,
 
@@ -94,11 +91,8 @@ pub struct MetaOpts {
     /// Whether to enable the recovery of the cluster. If disabled, the meta service will exit on
     /// abnormal cases.
     pub enable_recovery: bool,
-    /// Whether to enable the scale-in feature when compute-node is removed.
-    pub enable_scale_in_when_recovery: bool,
-    /// Whether to enable the auto-scaling feature when compute-node is joined.
-    /// The semantics of this configuration will be expanded in the future to control the automatic scaling of the entire cluster.
-    pub enable_automatic_parallelism_control: bool,
+    /// Whether to disable the auto-scaling feature.
+    pub disable_automatic_parallelism_control: bool,
     /// The maximum number of barriers in-flight in the compute nodes.
     pub in_flight_barrier_nums: usize,
     /// After specified seconds of idle (no mview or flush), the process will be exited.
@@ -226,8 +220,7 @@ impl MetaOpts {
     pub fn test(enable_recovery: bool) -> Self {
         Self {
             enable_recovery,
-            enable_scale_in_when_recovery: false,
-            enable_automatic_parallelism_control: false,
+            disable_automatic_parallelism_control: false,
             in_flight_barrier_nums: 40,
             max_idle_ms: 0,
             compaction_deterministic_test: false,
@@ -280,38 +273,50 @@ impl MetaSrvEnv {
     pub async fn new(
         opts: MetaOpts,
         init_system_params: SystemParams,
-        meta_store: MetaStoreRef,
+        meta_store: Option<MetaStoreRef>,
         meta_store_sql: Option<SqlMetaStore>,
     ) -> MetaResult<Self> {
-        // change to sync after refactor `IdGeneratorManager::new` sync.
-        let id_gen_manager = Arc::new(IdGeneratorManager::new(meta_store.clone()).await);
-        let stream_client_pool = Arc::new(StreamClientPool::default());
-        let notification_manager = Arc::new(NotificationManager::new(meta_store.clone()).await);
+        let notification_manager =
+            Arc::new(NotificationManager::new(meta_store.clone(), meta_store_sql.clone()).await);
         let idle_manager = Arc::new(IdleManager::new(opts.max_idle_ms));
-        let (mut cluster_id, cluster_first_launch) =
-            if let Some(id) = ClusterId::from_meta_store(&meta_store).await? {
-                (id, false)
-            } else {
-                (ClusterId::new(), true)
-            };
-        let system_params_manager = Arc::new(
-            SystemParamsManager::new(
-                meta_store.clone(),
-                notification_manager.clone(),
-                init_system_params.clone(),
-                cluster_first_launch,
-            )
-            .await?,
-        );
-        // TODO: remove `cluster_first_launch` and check equality of cluster id stored in hummock to
-        // make sure the data dir of hummock is not used by another cluster.
+        let stream_client_pool = Arc::new(StreamClientPool::default());
+
+        let (id_gen_manager, mut cluster_id, system_params_manager) = match meta_store.clone() {
+            Some(meta_store) => {
+                // change to sync after refactor `IdGeneratorManager::new` sync.
+                let id_gen_manager = Arc::new(IdGeneratorManager::new(meta_store.clone()).await);
+                let (cluster_id, cluster_first_launch) =
+                    if let Some(id) = ClusterId::from_meta_store(&meta_store).await? {
+                        (id, false)
+                    } else {
+                        (ClusterId::new(), true)
+                    };
+                let system_params_manager = Arc::new(
+                    SystemParamsManager::new(
+                        meta_store.clone(),
+                        notification_manager.clone(),
+                        init_system_params.clone(),
+                        cluster_first_launch,
+                    )
+                    .await?,
+                );
+                (
+                    Some(id_gen_manager),
+                    Some(cluster_id),
+                    Some(system_params_manager),
+                )
+            }
+            None => (None, None, None),
+        };
         let system_params_controller = match &meta_store_sql {
             Some(store) => {
-                cluster_id = Cluster::find()
-                    .one(&store.conn)
-                    .await?
-                    .map(|c| c.cluster_id.to_string().into())
-                    .unwrap();
+                cluster_id = Some(
+                    Cluster::find()
+                        .one(&store.conn)
+                        .await?
+                        .map(|c| c.cluster_id.to_string().into())
+                        .unwrap(),
+                );
                 Some(Arc::new(
                     SystemParamsController::new(
                         store.clone(),
@@ -349,8 +354,7 @@ impl MetaSrvEnv {
             event_log_manager,
             system_params_manager,
             system_params_controller,
-            cluster_id,
-            cluster_first_launch,
+            cluster_id: cluster_id.unwrap(),
             connector_client,
             opts: opts.into(),
             hummock_seq,
@@ -358,23 +362,23 @@ impl MetaSrvEnv {
     }
 
     pub fn meta_store_ref(&self) -> MetaStoreRef {
-        self.meta_store.clone()
+        self.meta_store.clone().unwrap()
     }
 
-    pub fn meta_store(&self) -> &MetaStoreRef {
-        &self.meta_store
+    pub fn meta_store_checked(&self) -> &MetaStoreRef {
+        self.meta_store.as_ref().unwrap()
     }
 
-    pub fn sql_meta_store(&self) -> Option<SqlMetaStore> {
-        self.meta_store_sql.clone()
+    pub fn meta_store(&self) -> Option<&MetaStoreRef> {
+        self.meta_store.as_ref()
     }
 
-    pub fn id_gen_manager_ref(&self) -> IdGeneratorManagerRef {
-        self.id_gen_manager.clone()
+    pub fn sql_meta_store(&self) -> Option<SqlMetaStore> {
+        self.meta_store_sql.clone()
     }
 
     pub fn id_gen_manager(&self) -> &IdGeneratorManager {
-        self.id_gen_manager.deref()
+        self.id_gen_manager.as_ref().unwrap()
     }
 
     pub fn sql_id_gen_manager_ref(&self) -> Option<SqlIdGeneratorManagerRef> {
@@ -401,15 +405,19 @@ impl MetaSrvEnv {
         if let Some(system_ctl) = &self.system_params_controller {
             return system_ctl.get_params().await;
         }
-        self.system_params_manager.get_params().await
+        self.system_params_manager
+            .as_ref()
+            .unwrap()
+            .get_params()
+            .await
     }
 
-    pub fn system_params_manager_ref(&self) -> SystemParamsManagerRef {
+    pub fn system_params_manager_ref(&self) -> Option<SystemParamsManagerRef> {
         self.system_params_manager.clone()
     }
 
-    pub fn system_params_manager(&self) -> &SystemParamsManager {
-        self.system_params_manager.deref()
+    pub fn system_params_manager(&self) -> Option<&SystemParamsManagerRef> {
+        self.system_params_manager.as_ref()
     }
 
     pub fn system_params_controller_ref(&self) -> Option<SystemParamsControllerRef> {
@@ -432,10 +440,6 @@ impl MetaSrvEnv {
         &self.cluster_id
     }
 
-    pub fn cluster_first_launch(&self) -> bool {
-        self.cluster_first_launch
-    }
-
     pub fn connector_client(&self) -> Option<ConnectorClient> {
         self.connector_client.clone()
     }
@@ -455,18 +459,19 @@ impl MetaSrvEnv {
     pub async fn for_test_opts(opts: Arc<MetaOpts>) -> Self {
         use crate::manager::event_log::EventLogManger;
 
-        // change to sync after refactor `IdGeneratorManager::new` sync.
         let meta_store = MemStore::default().into_ref();
         #[cfg(madsim)]
         let meta_store_sql: Option<SqlMetaStore> = None;
         #[cfg(not(madsim))]
         let meta_store_sql = Some(SqlMetaStore::for_test().await);
 
-        let id_gen_manager = Arc::new(IdGeneratorManager::new(meta_store.clone()).await);
-        let notification_manager = Arc::new(NotificationManager::new(meta_store.clone()).await);
+        let id_gen_manager = Some(Arc::new(IdGeneratorManager::new(meta_store.clone()).await));
+        let notification_manager = Arc::new(
+            NotificationManager::new(Some(meta_store.clone()), meta_store_sql.clone()).await,
+        );
         let stream_client_pool = Arc::new(StreamClientPool::default());
         let idle_manager = Arc::new(IdleManager::disabled());
-        let (cluster_id, cluster_first_launch) = (ClusterId::new(), true);
+        let cluster_id = ClusterId::new();
         let system_params_manager = Arc::new(
             SystemParamsManager::new(
                 meta_store.clone(),
@@ -506,16 +511,15 @@ impl MetaSrvEnv {
         Self {
             id_gen_manager,
             sql_id_gen_manager,
-            meta_store,
+            meta_store: Some(meta_store),
             meta_store_sql,
             notification_manager,
             stream_client_pool,
             idle_manager,
             event_log_manager,
-            system_params_manager,
+            system_params_manager: Some(system_params_manager),
             system_params_controller,
             cluster_id,
-            cluster_first_launch,
             connector_client: None,
             opts,
             hummock_seq,
diff --git a/src/meta/src/manager/metadata.rs b/src/meta/src/manager/metadata.rs
index 4606edfb1dd1e..be16ec0601941 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/manager/metadata.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/manager/metadata.rs
@@ -20,15 +20,16 @@ use risingwave_pb::catalog::{PbSource, PbTable};
 use risingwave_pb::common::worker_node::{PbResource, State};
 use risingwave_pb::common::{HostAddress, PbWorkerNode, PbWorkerType, WorkerType};
 use risingwave_pb::meta::add_worker_node_request::Property as AddNodeProperty;
-use risingwave_pb::meta::table_fragments::{Fragment, PbFragment};
-use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::{PbDispatchStrategy, PbStreamActor};
+use risingwave_pb::meta::table_fragments::{ActorStatus, Fragment, PbFragment};
+use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::{PbDispatchStrategy, PbStreamActor, StreamActor};
 
+use crate::barrier::Reschedule;
 use crate::controller::catalog::CatalogControllerRef;
 use crate::controller::cluster::{ClusterControllerRef, WorkerExtraInfo};
 use crate::manager::{
     CatalogManagerRef, ClusterManagerRef, FragmentManagerRef, StreamingClusterInfo, WorkerId,
 };
-use crate::model::{ActorId, FragmentId, MetadataModel, TableFragments};
+use crate::model::{ActorId, FragmentId, MetadataModel, TableFragments, TableParallelism};
 use crate::stream::SplitAssignment;
 use crate::MetaResult;
 
@@ -189,6 +190,69 @@ impl MetadataManager {
         }
     }
 
+    pub async fn pre_apply_reschedules(
+        &self,
+        created_actors: HashMap<FragmentId, HashMap<ActorId, (StreamActor, ActorStatus)>>,
+    ) -> HashMap<FragmentId, HashSet<ActorId>> {
+        match self {
+            MetadataManager::V1(mgr) => {
+                mgr.fragment_manager
+                    .pre_apply_reschedules(created_actors)
+                    .await
+            }
+
+            // V2 doesn't need to pre apply reschedules.
+            MetadataManager::V2(_) => HashMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub async fn post_apply_reschedules(
+        &self,
+        reschedules: HashMap<FragmentId, Reschedule>,
+        table_parallelism_assignment: HashMap<TableId, TableParallelism>,
+    ) -> MetaResult<()> {
+        match self {
+            MetadataManager::V1(mgr) => {
+                mgr.fragment_manager
+                    .post_apply_reschedules(reschedules, table_parallelism_assignment)
+                    .await
+            }
+            MetadataManager::V2(mgr) => {
+                // temp convert u32 to i32
+                let reschedules = reschedules.into_iter().map(|(k, v)| (k as _, v)).collect();
+
+                mgr.catalog_controller
+                    .post_apply_reschedules(reschedules, table_parallelism_assignment)
+                    .await
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub async fn running_fragment_parallelisms(
+        &self,
+        id_filter: Option<HashSet<FragmentId>>,
+    ) -> MetaResult<HashMap<FragmentId, usize>> {
+        match self {
+            MetadataManager::V1(mgr) => Ok(mgr
+                .fragment_manager
+                .running_fragment_parallelisms(id_filter)
+                .await
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|(k, v)| (k as FragmentId, v))
+                .collect()),
+            MetadataManager::V2(mgr) => {
+                let id_filter = id_filter.map(|ids| ids.into_iter().map(|id| id as _).collect());
+                Ok(mgr
+                    .catalog_controller
+                    .running_fragment_parallelisms(id_filter)
+                    .await?
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|(k, v)| (k as FragmentId, v))
+                    .collect())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Get and filter the "**root**" fragments of the specified relations.
     /// The root fragment is the bottom-most fragment of its fragment graph, and can be a `MView` or a `Source`.
     ///
@@ -433,6 +497,31 @@ impl MetadataManager {
         }
     }
 
+    pub async fn count_streaming_job(&self) -> MetaResult<usize> {
+        match self {
+            MetadataManager::V1(mgr) => Ok(mgr.fragment_manager.count_streaming_job().await),
+            MetadataManager::V2(mgr) => mgr
+                .catalog_controller
+                .list_streaming_job_states()
+                .await
+                .map(|x| x.len()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub async fn drop_streaming_job_by_ids(&self, table_ids: &HashSet<TableId>) -> MetaResult<()> {
+        match self {
+            MetadataManager::V1(mgr) => {
+                mgr.fragment_manager
+                    .drop_table_fragments_vec(table_ids)
+                    .await
+            }
+            MetadataManager::V2(_) => {
+                // Do nothing. Need to refine drop and cancel process.
+                Ok(())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     pub async fn update_source_rate_limit_by_source_id(
         &self,
         source_id: SourceId,
diff --git a/src/meta/src/manager/mod.rs b/src/meta/src/manager/mod.rs
index 4ab91c388792d..24c9810084259 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/manager/mod.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/manager/mod.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ mod id;
 mod idle;
 mod metadata;
 mod notification;
+mod notification_version;
 pub mod sink_coordination;
 mod streaming_job;
 mod system_param;
diff --git a/src/meta/src/manager/notification.rs b/src/meta/src/manager/notification.rs
index 3132f662cd765..166f35655aa3c 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/manager/notification.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/manager/notification.rs
@@ -28,8 +28,10 @@ use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, UnboundedSender};
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 use tonic::Status;
 
+use crate::controller::SqlMetaStore;
 use crate::manager::cluster::WorkerKey;
-use crate::model::{FragmentId, NotificationVersion as Version};
+use crate::manager::notification_version::NotificationVersionGenerator;
+use crate::model::FragmentId;
 use crate::storage::MetaStoreRef;
 
 pub type MessageStatus = Status;
@@ -77,17 +79,22 @@ pub struct NotificationManager {
     core: Arc<Mutex<NotificationManagerCore>>,
     /// Sender used to add a notification into the waiting queue.
     task_tx: UnboundedSender<Task>,
-    /// The current notification version.
-    current_version: Mutex<Version>,
-    meta_store: MetaStoreRef,
+    /// The current notification version generator.
+    version_generator: Mutex<NotificationVersionGenerator>,
 }
 
 impl NotificationManager {
-    pub async fn new(meta_store: MetaStoreRef) -> Self {
+    pub async fn new(
+        meta_store: Option<MetaStoreRef>,
+        meta_store_sql: Option<SqlMetaStore>,
+    ) -> Self {
         // notification waiting queue.
         let (task_tx, mut task_rx) = mpsc::unbounded_channel::<Task>();
         let core = Arc::new(Mutex::new(NotificationManagerCore::new()));
         let core_clone = core.clone();
+        let version_generator = NotificationVersionGenerator::new(meta_store, meta_store_sql)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
 
         tokio::spawn(async move {
             while let Some(task) = task_rx.recv().await {
@@ -105,8 +112,7 @@ impl NotificationManager {
         Self {
             core: core_clone,
             task_tx,
-            current_version: Mutex::new(Version::new(&meta_store).await),
-            meta_store,
+            version_generator: Mutex::new(version_generator),
         }
     }
 
@@ -140,9 +146,9 @@ impl NotificationManager {
         operation: Operation,
         info: Info,
     ) -> NotificationVersion {
-        let mut version_guard = self.current_version.lock().await;
-        version_guard.increase_version(&self.meta_store).await;
-        let version = version_guard.version();
+        let mut version_guard = self.version_generator.lock().await;
+        version_guard.increase_version().await;
+        let version = version_guard.current_version();
         self.notify(target, operation, info, Some(version));
         version
     }
@@ -252,6 +258,10 @@ impl NotificationManager {
         self.notify_without_version(SubscribeType::Hummock.into(), operation, info)
     }
 
+    pub fn notify_compactor_without_version(&self, operation: Operation, info: Info) {
+        self.notify_without_version(SubscribeType::Compactor.into(), operation, info)
+    }
+
     #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test"))]
     pub fn notify_hummock_with_version(
         &self,
@@ -320,8 +330,8 @@ impl NotificationManager {
     }
 
     pub async fn current_version(&self) -> NotificationVersion {
-        let version_guard = self.current_version.lock().await;
-        version_guard.version()
+        let version_guard = self.version_generator.lock().await;
+        version_guard.current_version()
     }
 }
 
@@ -411,7 +421,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_multiple_subscribers_one_worker() {
-        let mgr = NotificationManager::new(MemStore::new().into_ref()).await;
+        let mgr = NotificationManager::new(Some(MemStore::new().into_ref()), None).await;
         let worker_key1 = WorkerKey(HostAddress {
             host: "a".to_string(),
             port: 1,
diff --git a/src/meta/src/manager/notification_version.rs b/src/meta/src/manager/notification_version.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..87ccd3ff7f548
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/meta/src/manager/notification_version.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+// Copyright 2024 RisingWave Labs
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use risingwave_meta_model_v2::catalog_version;
+use risingwave_meta_model_v2::catalog_version::VersionCategory;
+use risingwave_meta_model_v2::prelude::CatalogVersion;
+use sea_orm::ActiveValue::Set;
+use sea_orm::{ActiveModelTrait, DatabaseConnection, EntityTrait, TransactionTrait};
+
+use crate::controller::SqlMetaStore;
+use crate::model::NotificationVersion as NotificationModelV1;
+use crate::storage::MetaStoreRef;
+use crate::MetaResult;
+
+pub enum NotificationVersionGenerator {
+    KvGenerator(NotificationModelV1, MetaStoreRef),
+    SqlGenerator(u64, DatabaseConnection),
+}
+
+// TODO: add pre-allocation if necessary
+impl NotificationVersionGenerator {
+    pub async fn new(
+        meta_store: Option<MetaStoreRef>,
+        meta_store_sql: Option<SqlMetaStore>,
+    ) -> MetaResult<Self> {
+        if let Some(sql) = meta_store_sql {
+            let txn = sql.conn.begin().await?;
+            let model = CatalogVersion::find_by_id(VersionCategory::Notification)
+                .one(&txn)
+                .await?;
+            let current_version = model.as_ref().map(|m| m.version).unwrap_or(1) as u64;
+            if model.is_none() {
+                catalog_version::ActiveModel {
+                    name: Set(VersionCategory::Notification),
+                    version: Set(1),
+                }
+                .insert(&txn)
+                .await?;
+                txn.commit().await?;
+            }
+
+            Ok(Self::SqlGenerator(current_version, sql.conn))
+        } else {
+            let meta_store = meta_store.unwrap();
+            let current_version = NotificationModelV1::new(&meta_store).await;
+            Ok(Self::KvGenerator(current_version, meta_store))
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn current_version(&self) -> u64 {
+        match self {
+            NotificationVersionGenerator::KvGenerator(v, _) => v.version(),
+            NotificationVersionGenerator::SqlGenerator(v, _) => *v,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub async fn increase_version(&mut self) {
+        match self {
+            NotificationVersionGenerator::KvGenerator(v, meta_store) => {
+                v.increase_version(meta_store).await
+            }
+            NotificationVersionGenerator::SqlGenerator(v, conn) => {
+                catalog_version::ActiveModel {
+                    name: Set(VersionCategory::Notification),
+                    version: Set((*v + 1) as i64),
+                }
+                .update(conn)
+                .await
+                .unwrap();
+                *v += 1;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/meta/src/manager/system_param/mod.rs b/src/meta/src/manager/system_param/mod.rs
index a7336a10e5de6..bdd54d3ed7b55 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/manager/system_param/mod.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/manager/system_param/mod.rs
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ impl SystemParamsManager {
             .await;
 
         // Sync params to worker nodes.
-        self.notify_workers(params).await;
+        self.notify_workers(params);
 
         Ok(params.clone())
     }
@@ -142,9 +142,7 @@ impl SystemParamsManager {
                         return;
                     }
                 }
-                system_params_manager
-                    .notify_workers(&*system_params_manager.params.read().await)
-                    .await;
+                system_params_manager.notify_workers(&*system_params_manager.params.read().await);
             }
         });
 
@@ -152,16 +150,16 @@ impl SystemParamsManager {
     }
 
     // Notify workers of parameter change.
-    async fn notify_workers(&self, params: &SystemParams) {
+    // TODO: add system params into snapshot to avoid periodically sync.
+    fn notify_workers(&self, params: &SystemParams) {
         self.notification_manager
-            .notify_frontend(Operation::Update, Info::SystemParams(params.clone()))
-            .await;
-        self.notification_manager
-            .notify_compute(Operation::Update, Info::SystemParams(params.clone()))
-            .await;
+            .notify_frontend_without_version(Operation::Update, Info::SystemParams(params.clone()));
         self.notification_manager
-            .notify_compactor(Operation::Update, Info::SystemParams(params.clone()))
-            .await;
+            .notify_compute_without_version(Operation::Update, Info::SystemParams(params.clone()));
+        self.notification_manager.notify_compactor_without_version(
+            Operation::Update,
+            Info::SystemParams(params.clone()),
+        );
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/meta/src/model/catalog.rs b/src/meta/src/model/catalog.rs
index 5d0d00a037ec2..146bbc2690afc 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/model/catalog.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/model/catalog.rs
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_database() -> MetadataModelResult<()> {
         let env = MetaSrvEnv::for_test().await;
-        let store = env.meta_store();
+        let store = env.meta_store_checked();
         let databases = Database::list(store).await?;
         assert!(databases.is_empty());
         assert!(Database::select(store, &0).await.unwrap().is_none());
diff --git a/src/meta/src/model/stream.rs b/src/meta/src/model/stream.rs
index 54993d8fee805..ef55f78493f85 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/model/stream.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/model/stream.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use risingwave_pb::common::{ParallelUnit, ParallelUnitMapping};
 use risingwave_pb::meta::table_fragments::actor_status::ActorState;
 use risingwave_pb::meta::table_fragments::{ActorStatus, Fragment, State};
 use risingwave_pb::meta::table_parallelism::{
-    FixedParallelism, Parallelism, PbAutoParallelism, PbCustomParallelism, PbFixedParallelism,
+    FixedParallelism, Parallelism, PbAdaptiveParallelism, PbCustomParallelism, PbFixedParallelism,
     PbParallelism,
 };
 use risingwave_pb::meta::{PbTableFragments, PbTableParallelism};
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ const TABLE_FRAGMENTS_CF_NAME: &str = "cf/table_fragments";
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub enum TableParallelism {
     /// This is when the system decides the parallelism, based on the available parallel units.
-    Auto,
+    Adaptive,
     /// We set this when the `TableFragments` parallelism is changed.
     /// All fragments which are part of the `TableFragment` will have the same parallelism as this.
     Fixed(usize),
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ impl From<PbTableParallelism> for TableParallelism {
         use Parallelism::*;
         match &value.parallelism {
             Some(Fixed(FixedParallelism { parallelism: n })) => Self::Fixed(*n as usize),
-            Some(Auto(_)) => Self::Auto,
+            Some(Adaptive(_)) | Some(Auto(_)) => Self::Adaptive,
             Some(Custom(_)) => Self::Custom,
             _ => unreachable!(),
         }
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ impl From<TableParallelism> for PbTableParallelism {
         use TableParallelism::*;
 
         let parallelism = match value {
-            Auto => PbParallelism::Auto(PbAutoParallelism {}),
+            Adaptive => PbParallelism::Adaptive(PbAdaptiveParallelism {}),
             Fixed(n) => PbParallelism::Fixed(PbFixedParallelism {
                 parallelism: n as u32,
             }),
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ impl TableFragments {
             fragments,
             &BTreeMap::new(),
             StreamContext::default(),
-            TableParallelism::Auto,
+            TableParallelism::Adaptive,
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/src/meta/src/rpc/ddl_controller.rs b/src/meta/src/rpc/ddl_controller.rs
index 55f86f93ea747..52459bce9ddc2 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/rpc/ddl_controller.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/rpc/ddl_controller.rs
@@ -353,9 +353,10 @@ impl DdlController {
         &self,
         table_id: u32,
         parallelism: PbTableParallelism,
+        deferred: bool,
     ) -> MetaResult<()> {
         self.stream_manager
-            .alter_table_parallelism(table_id, parallelism.into())
+            .alter_table_parallelism(table_id, parallelism.into(), deferred)
             .await
     }
 
@@ -673,9 +674,32 @@ impl DdlController {
         mgr.catalog_manager
             .start_create_stream_job_procedure(&stream_job, internal_tables.clone())
             .await?;
+        let affected_table_replace_info = match affected_table_replace_info {
+            Some(replace_table_info) => {
+                let MetadataManager::V1(mgr) = &self.metadata_manager else {
+                    unimplemented!("support replace table in v2");
+                };
+
+                let ReplaceTableInfo {
+                    mut streaming_job,
+                    fragment_graph,
+                    ..
+                } = replace_table_info;
+                let fragment_graph = self
+                    .prepare_replace_table(
+                        mgr.catalog_manager.clone(),
+                        &mut streaming_job,
+                        fragment_graph,
+                    )
+                    .await?;
+
+                Some((streaming_job, fragment_graph))
+            }
+            None => None,
+        };
 
         // 4. Build and persist stream job.
-        let result = try {
+        let result: MetaResult<_> = try {
             tracing::debug!(id = stream_job.id(), "building stream job");
             let (ctx, table_fragments) = self
                 .build_stream_job(
@@ -723,6 +747,7 @@ impl DdlController {
         let (ctx, table_fragments) = match result {
             Ok(r) => r,
             Err(e) => {
+                tracing::error!(error = %e.as_report(), id = stream_job.id(), "failed to create streaming job");
                 self.cancel_stream_job(&stream_job, internal_tables, Some(&e))
                     .await?;
                 return Err(e);
@@ -825,19 +850,9 @@ impl DdlController {
         sink: Option<&Sink>,
         creating_sink_table_fragments: Option<&TableFragments>,
         dropping_sink_id: Option<SinkId>,
-        ReplaceTableInfo {
-            mut streaming_job,
-            fragment_graph,
-            ..
-        }: ReplaceTableInfo,
-    ) -> MetaResult<(StreamingJob, ReplaceTableContext, TableFragments)> {
-        let fragment_graph = self
-            .prepare_replace_table(
-                mgr.catalog_manager.clone(),
-                &mut streaming_job,
-                fragment_graph,
-            )
-            .await?;
+        streaming_job: &StreamingJob,
+        fragment_graph: StreamFragmentGraph,
+    ) -> MetaResult<(ReplaceTableContext, TableFragments)> {
         let dummy_id = self
             .env
             .id_gen_manager()
@@ -845,7 +860,7 @@ impl DdlController {
             .await? as u32;
 
         let (mut replace_table_ctx, mut table_fragments) = self
-            .build_replace_table(stream_ctx, &streaming_job, fragment_graph, None, dummy_id)
+            .build_replace_table(stream_ctx, streaming_job, fragment_graph, None, dummy_id)
             .await?;
 
         let mut union_fragment_id = None;
@@ -935,7 +950,7 @@ impl DdlController {
             }
         }
 
-        Ok((streaming_job, replace_table_ctx, table_fragments))
+        Ok((replace_table_ctx, table_fragments))
     }
 
     fn inject_replace_table_plan_for_sink(
@@ -1188,35 +1203,61 @@ impl DdlController {
                 panic!("additional replace table event only occurs when dropping sink into table")
             };
 
-            let (streaming_job, context, table_fragments) = self
-                .inject_replace_table_job_for_table_sink(
-                    mgr,
-                    stream_ctx,
-                    None,
-                    None,
-                    Some(sink_id),
-                    replace_table_info,
+            let ReplaceTableInfo {
+                mut streaming_job,
+                fragment_graph,
+                ..
+            } = replace_table_info;
+            let fragment_graph = self
+                .prepare_replace_table(
+                    mgr.catalog_manager.clone(),
+                    &mut streaming_job,
+                    fragment_graph,
                 )
                 .await?;
 
-            // Add table fragments to meta store with state: `State::Initial`.
-            mgr.fragment_manager
-                .start_create_table_fragments(table_fragments.clone())
-                .await?;
+            let result: MetaResult<()> = try {
+                tracing::debug!(id = streaming_job.id(), "replacing table for dropped sink");
+                let (context, table_fragments) = self
+                    .inject_replace_table_job_for_table_sink(
+                        mgr,
+                        stream_ctx,
+                        None,
+                        None,
+                        Some(sink_id),
+                        &streaming_job,
+                        fragment_graph,
+                    )
+                    .await?;
 
-            self.stream_manager
-                .replace_table(table_fragments, context)
-                .await?;
+                // Add table fragments to meta store with state: `State::Initial`.
+                mgr.fragment_manager
+                    .start_create_table_fragments(table_fragments.clone())
+                    .await?;
 
-            version = self
-                .finish_replace_table(
-                    mgr.catalog_manager.clone(),
-                    &streaming_job,
-                    None,
-                    None,
-                    Some(sink_id),
-                )
-                .await?;
+                self.stream_manager
+                    .replace_table(table_fragments, context)
+                    .await?;
+            };
+
+            match result {
+                Ok(_) => {
+                    version = self
+                        .finish_replace_table(
+                            mgr.catalog_manager.clone(),
+                            &streaming_job,
+                            None,
+                            None,
+                            Some(sink_id),
+                        )
+                        .await?;
+                }
+                Err(err) => {
+                    tracing::error!(error = %err.as_report(), "failed to replace table for dropped sink");
+                    self.cancel_replace_table(mgr.catalog_manager.clone(), &streaming_job)
+                        .await?;
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         self.stream_manager
@@ -1274,7 +1315,7 @@ impl DdlController {
         stream_ctx: StreamContext,
         stream_job: &StreamingJob,
         fragment_graph: StreamFragmentGraph,
-        affected_table_replace_info: Option<ReplaceTableInfo>,
+        affected_table_replace_info: Option<(StreamingJob, StreamFragmentGraph)>,
     ) -> MetaResult<(CreateStreamingJobContext, TableFragments)> {
         let id = stream_job.id();
         let default_parallelism = fragment_graph.default_parallelism();
@@ -1329,7 +1370,7 @@ impl DdlController {
         // actors on the compute nodes.
 
         let table_parallelism = match default_parallelism {
-            None => TableParallelism::Auto,
+            None => TableParallelism::Adaptive,
             Some(parallelism) => TableParallelism::Fixed(parallelism.get()),
         };
 
@@ -1342,7 +1383,7 @@ impl DdlController {
         );
 
         let replace_table_job_info = match affected_table_replace_info {
-            Some(replace_table_info) => {
+            Some((streaming_job, fragment_graph)) => {
                 let StreamingJob::Sink(s, _) = stream_job else {
                     bail!("additional replace table event only occurs when sinking into table");
                 };
@@ -1350,17 +1391,19 @@ impl DdlController {
                     unimplemented!("support create sink into table in v2");
                 };
 
-                Some(
-                    self.inject_replace_table_job_for_table_sink(
+                let (context, table_fragments) = self
+                    .inject_replace_table_job_for_table_sink(
                         mgr,
                         stream_ctx,
                         Some(s),
                         Some(&table_fragments),
                         None,
-                        replace_table_info,
+                        &streaming_job,
+                        fragment_graph,
                     )
-                    .await?,
-                )
+                    .await?;
+
+                Some((streaming_job, context, table_fragments))
             }
             None => None,
         };
@@ -1613,7 +1656,7 @@ impl DdlController {
             .generate::<{ IdCategory::Table }>()
             .await? as u32;
 
-        let result = try {
+        let result: MetaResult<()> = try {
             let (ctx, table_fragments) = self
                 .build_replace_table(
                     stream_ctx,
@@ -1646,6 +1689,7 @@ impl DdlController {
                 .await
             }
             Err(err) => {
+                tracing::error!(error = %err.as_report(), "failed to replace table");
                 self.cancel_replace_table(mgr.catalog_manager.clone(), &stream_job)
                     .await?;
                 Err(err)
@@ -1757,7 +1801,7 @@ impl DdlController {
         assert!(dispatchers.is_empty());
 
         let table_parallelism = match default_parallelism {
-            None => TableParallelism::Auto,
+            None => TableParallelism::Adaptive,
             Some(parallelism) => TableParallelism::Fixed(parallelism.get()),
         };
 
diff --git a/src/meta/src/rpc/ddl_controller_v2.rs b/src/meta/src/rpc/ddl_controller_v2.rs
index 946f16078bcf5..dd3defd141aef 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/rpc/ddl_controller_v2.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/rpc/ddl_controller_v2.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ impl DdlController {
 
         let ctx = StreamContext::from_protobuf(fragment_graph.get_ctx().unwrap());
         mgr.catalog_controller
-            .create_job_catalog(&mut streaming_job, &ctx)
+            .create_job_catalog(&mut streaming_job, &ctx, &fragment_graph.parallelism)
             .await?;
         let job_id = streaming_job.id();
 
@@ -299,7 +299,12 @@ impl DdlController {
         };
         let dummy_id = mgr
             .catalog_controller
-            .create_job_catalog_for_replace(&streaming_job, &ctx, table.get_version()?)
+            .create_job_catalog_for_replace(
+                &streaming_job,
+                &ctx,
+                table.get_version()?,
+                &fragment_graph.default_parallelism(),
+            )
             .await?;
 
         tracing::debug!(id = streaming_job.id(), "building replace streaming job");
diff --git a/src/meta/src/rpc/metrics.rs b/src/meta/src/rpc/metrics.rs
index 086d8656839f2..d2dca20f98edf 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/rpc/metrics.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/rpc/metrics.rs
@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@ impl MetaMetrics {
 
         let actor_info = register_int_gauge_vec_with_registry!(
             "actor_info",
-            "Mapping from actor id to (fragment id, compute node",
+            "Mapping from actor id to (fragment id, compute node)",
             &["actor_id", "fragment_id", "compute_node"],
             registry
         )
diff --git a/src/meta/src/stream/scale.rs b/src/meta/src/stream/scale.rs
index 40b3d9ef25a11..59164dea02e68 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/stream/scale.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/stream/scale.rs
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ use risingwave_common::buffer::{Bitmap, BitmapBuilder};
 use risingwave_common::catalog::TableId;
 use risingwave_common::hash::{ActorMapping, ParallelUnitId, VirtualNode};
 use risingwave_common::util::iter_util::ZipEqDebug;
+use risingwave_meta_model_v2::StreamingParallelism;
 use risingwave_pb::common::{ActorInfo, ParallelUnit, WorkerNode};
 use risingwave_pb::meta::get_reschedule_plan_request::{Policy, StableResizePolicy};
 use risingwave_pb::meta::subscribe_response::{Info, Operation};
@@ -39,21 +40,14 @@ use risingwave_pb::meta::table_fragments::{self, ActorStatus, Fragment};
 use risingwave_pb::meta::FragmentParallelUnitMappings;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::stream_node::NodeBody;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::{DispatcherType, FragmentTypeFlag, StreamActor, StreamNode};
-use risingwave_pb::stream_service::{
-    BroadcastActorInfoTableRequest, BuildActorsRequest, UpdateActorsRequest,
-};
 use thiserror_ext::AsReport;
 use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 use tokio::sync::oneshot::Receiver;
 use tokio::task::JoinHandle;
 use tokio::time::MissedTickBehavior;
-use uuid::Uuid;
 
-use crate::barrier::{Command, Reschedule};
-use crate::manager::{
-    ClusterManagerRef, FragmentManagerRef, IdCategory, LocalNotification, MetaSrvEnv,
-    MetadataManager, WorkerId,
-};
+use crate::barrier::{Command, Reschedule, StreamRpcManager};
+use crate::manager::{IdCategory, LocalNotification, MetaSrvEnv, MetadataManager, WorkerId};
 use crate::model::{ActorId, DispatcherId, FragmentId, TableFragments, TableParallelism};
 use crate::serving::{
     to_deleted_fragment_parallel_unit_mapping, to_fragment_parallel_unit_mapping,
@@ -61,9 +55,9 @@ use crate::serving::{
 };
 use crate::storage::{MetaStore, MetaStoreError, MetaStoreRef, Transaction, DEFAULT_COLUMN_FAMILY};
 use crate::stream::{GlobalStreamManager, SourceManagerRef};
-use crate::{MetaError, MetaResult};
+use crate::{model, MetaError, MetaResult};
 
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd)]
+#[derive(Default, Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd)]
 pub struct TableRevision(u64);
 
 const TABLE_REVISION_KEY: &[u8] = b"table_revision";
@@ -190,6 +184,11 @@ pub fn rebalance_actor_vnode(
     actors_to_remove: &BTreeSet<ActorId>,
     actors_to_create: &BTreeSet<ActorId>,
 ) -> HashMap<ActorId, Bitmap> {
+    let actor_ids: BTreeSet<_> = actors.iter().map(|actor| actor.actor_id).collect();
+
+    assert_eq!(actors_to_remove.difference(&actor_ids).count(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(actors_to_create.intersection(&actor_ids).count(), 0);
+
     assert!(actors.len() >= actors_to_remove.len());
 
     let target_actor_count = actors.len() - actors_to_remove.len() + actors_to_create.len();
@@ -369,12 +368,12 @@ pub struct RescheduleOptions {
 pub type ScaleControllerRef = Arc<ScaleController>;
 
 pub struct ScaleController {
-    pub(super) fragment_manager: FragmentManagerRef,
-
-    pub cluster_manager: ClusterManagerRef,
+    pub metadata_manager: MetadataManager,
 
     pub source_manager: SourceManagerRef,
 
+    pub stream_rpc_manager: StreamRpcManager,
+
     pub env: MetaSrvEnv,
 }
 
@@ -382,16 +381,14 @@ impl ScaleController {
     pub fn new(
         metadata_manager: &MetadataManager,
         source_manager: SourceManagerRef,
+        stream_rpc_manager: StreamRpcManager,
         env: MetaSrvEnv,
     ) -> Self {
-        match metadata_manager {
-            MetadataManager::V1(mgr) => Self {
-                fragment_manager: mgr.fragment_manager.clone(),
-                cluster_manager: mgr.cluster_manager.clone(),
-                source_manager,
-                env,
-            },
-            MetadataManager::V2(_) => unimplemented!("support v2 in scale controller"),
+        Self {
+            stream_rpc_manager,
+            metadata_manager: metadata_manager.clone(),
+            source_manager,
+            env,
         }
     }
 
@@ -402,11 +399,10 @@ impl ScaleController {
         options: RescheduleOptions,
         table_parallelisms: Option<&mut HashMap<TableId, TableParallelism>>,
     ) -> MetaResult<RescheduleContext> {
-        // Index worker node, used to create actor
         let worker_nodes: HashMap<WorkerId, WorkerNode> = self
-            .cluster_manager
+            .metadata_manager
             .list_active_streaming_compute_nodes()
-            .await
+            .await?
             .into_iter()
             .map(|worker_node| (worker_node.id, worker_node))
             .collect();
@@ -464,7 +460,10 @@ impl ScaleController {
         let mut actor_status = BTreeMap::new();
         let mut fragment_state = HashMap::new();
         let mut fragment_to_table = HashMap::new();
-        for table_fragments in self.fragment_manager.list_table_fragments().await {
+
+        let all_table_fragments = self.list_all_table_fragments().await?;
+
+        for table_fragments in all_table_fragments {
             fragment_state.extend(
                 table_fragments
                     .fragment_ids()
@@ -695,52 +694,35 @@ impl ScaleController {
     async fn create_actors_on_compute_node(
         &self,
         worker_nodes: &HashMap<WorkerId, WorkerNode>,
-        actor_infos_to_broadcast: BTreeMap<u32, ActorInfo>,
+        actor_infos_to_broadcast: BTreeMap<ActorId, ActorInfo>,
         node_actors_to_create: HashMap<WorkerId, Vec<StreamActor>>,
-        broadcast_worker_ids: HashSet<u32>,
+        broadcast_worker_ids: HashSet<WorkerId>,
     ) -> MetaResult<()> {
-        for worker_id in &broadcast_worker_ids {
-            let node = worker_nodes.get(worker_id).unwrap();
-            let client = self.env.stream_client_pool().get(node).await?;
-
-            let actor_infos_to_broadcast = actor_infos_to_broadcast.values().cloned().collect();
-
-            client
-                .to_owned()
-                .broadcast_actor_info_table(BroadcastActorInfoTableRequest {
-                    info: actor_infos_to_broadcast,
-                })
-                .await?;
-        }
-
-        for (node_id, stream_actors) in &node_actors_to_create {
-            let node = worker_nodes.get(node_id).unwrap();
-            let client = self.env.stream_client_pool().get(node).await?;
-            let request_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
-            let request = UpdateActorsRequest {
-                request_id,
-                actors: stream_actors.clone(),
-            };
-
-            client.to_owned().update_actors(request).await?;
-        }
-
-        for (node_id, stream_actors) in node_actors_to_create {
-            let node = worker_nodes.get(&node_id).unwrap();
-            let client = self.env.stream_client_pool().get(node).await?;
-            let request_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
+        self.stream_rpc_manager
+            .broadcast_update_actor_info(
+                worker_nodes,
+                broadcast_worker_ids.into_iter(),
+                actor_infos_to_broadcast.values().cloned(),
+                node_actors_to_create.clone().into_iter(),
+            )
+            .await?;
 
-            client
-                .to_owned()
-                .build_actors(BuildActorsRequest {
-                    request_id,
-                    actor_id: stream_actors
-                        .iter()
-                        .map(|stream_actor| stream_actor.actor_id)
-                        .collect(),
-                })
-                .await?;
-        }
+        self.stream_rpc_manager
+            .build_actors(
+                worker_nodes,
+                node_actors_to_create
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|(node_id, stream_actors)| {
+                        (
+                            *node_id,
+                            stream_actors
+                                .iter()
+                                .map(|stream_actor| stream_actor.actor_id)
+                                .collect_vec(),
+                        )
+                    }),
+            )
+            .await?;
 
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -1291,6 +1273,7 @@ impl ScaleController {
                     downstream_fragment_ids,
                     actor_splits,
                     injectable,
+                    newly_created_actors: vec![],
                 },
             );
         }
@@ -1323,8 +1306,13 @@ impl ScaleController {
             fragment_created_actors.insert(*fragment_id, created_actors);
         }
 
+        for (fragment_id, to_create) in &fragment_created_actors {
+            let reschedule = reschedule_fragment.get_mut(fragment_id).unwrap();
+            reschedule.newly_created_actors = to_create.values().cloned().collect();
+        }
+
         let applied_reschedules = self
-            .fragment_manager
+            .metadata_manager
             .pre_apply_reschedules(fragment_created_actors)
             .await;
 
@@ -1378,11 +1366,19 @@ impl ScaleController {
             }
 
             for created_parallel_unit_id in added_parallel_units {
-                let id = self
-                    .env
-                    .id_gen_manager()
-                    .generate::<{ IdCategory::Actor }>()
-                    .await? as ActorId;
+                let id = match self.env.sql_id_gen_manager_ref() {
+                    None => {
+                        self.env
+                            .id_gen_manager()
+                            .generate::<{ IdCategory::Actor }>()
+                            .await? as ActorId
+                    }
+                    Some(id_gen) => {
+                        let id = id_gen.generate_interval::<{ IdCategory::Actor }>(1);
+
+                        id as ActorId
+                    }
+                };
 
                 actors_to_create.insert(id, *created_parallel_unit_id);
             }
@@ -1554,20 +1550,20 @@ impl ScaleController {
         table_parallelism: &HashMap<TableId, TableParallelism>,
     ) -> MetaResult<()> {
         // Update fragment info after rescheduling in meta store.
-        self.fragment_manager
+        self.metadata_manager
             .post_apply_reschedules(reschedules.clone(), table_parallelism.clone())
             .await?;
 
         // Update serving fragment info after rescheduling in meta store.
         if !reschedules.is_empty() {
             let workers = self
-                .cluster_manager
-                .list_active_serving_compute_nodes()
-                .await;
+                .metadata_manager
+                .list_active_streaming_compute_nodes()
+                .await?;
             let streaming_parallelisms = self
-                .fragment_manager
+                .metadata_manager
                 .running_fragment_parallelisms(Some(reschedules.keys().cloned().collect()))
-                .await;
+                .await?;
             let serving_vnode_mapping = Arc::new(ServingVnodeMapping::default());
             let (upserted, failed) = serving_vnode_mapping.upsert(streaming_parallelisms, &workers);
             if !upserted.is_empty() {
@@ -1624,6 +1620,23 @@ impl ScaleController {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    // FIXME: should be removed
+    async fn list_all_table_fragments(&self) -> MetaResult<Vec<model::TableFragments>> {
+        use crate::model::MetadataModel;
+        let all_table_fragments = match &self.metadata_manager {
+            MetadataManager::V1(mgr) => mgr.fragment_manager.list_table_fragments().await,
+            MetadataManager::V2(mgr) => mgr
+                .catalog_controller
+                .table_fragments()
+                .await?
+                .into_values()
+                .map(model::TableFragments::from_protobuf)
+                .collect(),
+        };
+
+        Ok(all_table_fragments)
+    }
+
     pub async fn generate_table_resize_plan(
         &self,
         policy: TableResizePolicy,
@@ -1634,9 +1647,9 @@ impl ScaleController {
         } = policy;
 
         let workers = self
-            .cluster_manager
+            .metadata_manager
             .list_active_streaming_compute_nodes()
-            .await;
+            .await?;
 
         let unschedulable_worker_ids = Self::filter_unschedulable_workers(&workers);
 
@@ -1665,7 +1678,7 @@ impl ScaleController {
             })
             .collect::<BTreeMap<_, _>>();
 
-        let all_table_fragments = self.fragment_manager.list_table_fragments().await;
+        let all_table_fragments = self.list_all_table_fragments().await?;
 
         // FIXME: only need actor id and dispatcher info, avoid clone it.
         let mut actor_map = HashMap::new();
@@ -1767,7 +1780,7 @@ impl ScaleController {
                         );
                     }
                     FragmentDistributionType::Hash => match parallelism {
-                        TableParallelism::Auto => {
+                        TableParallelism::Adaptive => {
                             target_plan.insert(
                                 fragment_id,
                                 Self::diff_parallel_unit_change(
@@ -1825,9 +1838,9 @@ impl ScaleController {
         let mut target_plan = HashMap::with_capacity(fragment_worker_changes.len());
 
         let workers = self
-            .cluster_manager
+            .metadata_manager
             .list_active_streaming_compute_nodes()
-            .await;
+            .await?;
 
         let unschedulable_worker_ids = Self::filter_unschedulable_workers(&workers);
 
@@ -1853,7 +1866,7 @@ impl ScaleController {
             })
             .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>();
 
-        let all_table_fragments = self.fragment_manager.list_table_fragments().await;
+        let all_table_fragments = self.list_all_table_fragments().await?;
 
         // FIXME: only need actor id and dispatcher info, avoid clone it.
         let mut actor_map = HashMap::new();
@@ -2379,16 +2392,10 @@ impl GlobalStreamManager {
         options: RescheduleOptions,
         table_parallelism: Option<HashMap<TableId, TableParallelism>>,
     ) -> MetaResult<()> {
-        let MetadataManager::V1(mgr) = &self.metadata_manager else {
-            unimplemented!("support reschedule in v2");
-        };
-
         let mut table_parallelism = table_parallelism;
 
         let (reschedule_fragment, applied_reschedules) = self
             .scale_controller
-            .as_ref()
-            .unwrap()
             .prepare_reschedule_command(reschedules, options, table_parallelism.as_mut())
             .await?;
 
@@ -2399,79 +2406,146 @@ impl GlobalStreamManager {
             table_parallelism: table_parallelism.unwrap_or_default(),
         };
 
-        let fragment_manager_ref = mgr.fragment_manager.clone();
+        match &self.metadata_manager {
+            MetadataManager::V1(mgr) => {
+                let fragment_manager_ref = mgr.fragment_manager.clone();
 
-        revert_funcs.push(Box::pin(async move {
-            fragment_manager_ref
-                .cancel_apply_reschedules(applied_reschedules)
-                .await;
-        }));
+                revert_funcs.push(Box::pin(async move {
+                    fragment_manager_ref
+                        .cancel_apply_reschedules(applied_reschedules)
+                        .await;
+                }));
+            }
+            MetadataManager::V2(_) => {
+                // meta model v2 does not need to revert
+            }
+        }
 
+        tracing::debug!("pausing tick lock in source manager");
         let _source_pause_guard = self.source_manager.paused.lock().await;
 
         self.barrier_scheduler
             .run_config_change_command_with_pause(command)
             .await?;
 
+        tracing::info!("reschedule done");
+
         Ok(())
     }
 
     async fn trigger_parallelism_control(&self) -> MetaResult<()> {
         let _reschedule_job_lock = self.reschedule_lock.write().await;
 
-        let MetadataManager::V1(mgr) = &self.metadata_manager else {
-            unimplemented!("support reschedule in v2");
-        };
+        match &self.metadata_manager {
+            MetadataManager::V1(mgr) => {
+                let table_parallelisms = {
+                    let guard = mgr.fragment_manager.get_fragment_read_guard().await;
 
-        let table_parallelisms = {
-            let guard = mgr.fragment_manager.get_fragment_read_guard().await;
+                    guard
+                        .table_fragments()
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|(table_id, table)| (table_id.table_id, table.assigned_parallelism))
+                        .collect()
+                };
 
-            guard
-                .table_fragments()
-                .iter()
-                .map(|(table_id, table)| (table_id.table_id, table.assigned_parallelism))
-                .collect()
-        };
+                let workers = mgr
+                    .cluster_manager
+                    .list_active_streaming_compute_nodes()
+                    .await;
 
-        let workers = mgr
-            .cluster_manager
-            .list_active_streaming_compute_nodes()
-            .await;
+                let schedulable_worker_ids = workers
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter(|worker| {
+                        !worker
+                            .property
+                            .as_ref()
+                            .map(|p| p.is_unschedulable)
+                            .unwrap_or(false)
+                    })
+                    .map(|worker| worker.id)
+                    .collect();
 
-        let schedulable_worker_ids = workers
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|worker| {
-                !worker
-                    .property
-                    .as_ref()
-                    .map(|p| p.is_unschedulable)
-                    .unwrap_or(false)
-            })
-            .map(|worker| worker.id)
-            .collect();
+                let reschedules = self
+                    .scale_controller
+                    .generate_table_resize_plan(TableResizePolicy {
+                        worker_ids: schedulable_worker_ids,
+                        table_parallelisms,
+                    })
+                    .await?;
 
-        let reschedules = self
-            .scale_controller
-            .as_ref()
-            .unwrap()
-            .generate_table_resize_plan(TableResizePolicy {
-                worker_ids: schedulable_worker_ids,
-                table_parallelisms,
-            })
-            .await?;
+                if reschedules.is_empty() {
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
 
-        if reschedules.is_empty() {
-            return Ok(());
-        }
+                self.reschedule_actors(
+                    reschedules,
+                    RescheduleOptions {
+                        resolve_no_shuffle_upstream: true,
+                    },
+                    None,
+                )
+                .await?;
+            }
+            MetadataManager::V2(mgr) => {
+                let table_parallelisms: HashMap<_, _> = {
+                    let streaming_parallelisms = mgr
+                        .catalog_controller
+                        .get_all_streaming_parallelisms()
+                        .await?;
+
+                    streaming_parallelisms
+                        .into_iter()
+                        .map(|(table_id, parallelism)| {
+                            // no custom for sql backend
+                            let table_parallelism = match parallelism {
+                                StreamingParallelism::Adaptive => TableParallelism::Adaptive,
+                                StreamingParallelism::Fixed(n) => TableParallelism::Fixed(n),
+                            };
+
+                            (table_id as u32, table_parallelism)
+                        })
+                        .collect()
+                };
 
-        self.reschedule_actors(
-            reschedules,
-            RescheduleOptions {
-                resolve_no_shuffle_upstream: true,
-            },
-            None,
-        )
-        .await?;
+                let workers = mgr
+                    .cluster_controller
+                    .list_active_streaming_workers()
+                    .await?;
+
+                let schedulable_worker_ids = workers
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter(|worker| {
+                        !worker
+                            .property
+                            .as_ref()
+                            .map(|p| p.is_unschedulable)
+                            .unwrap_or(false)
+                    })
+                    .map(|worker| worker.id)
+                    .collect();
+
+                let reschedules = self
+                    .scale_controller
+                    .generate_table_resize_plan(TableResizePolicy {
+                        worker_ids: schedulable_worker_ids,
+                        table_parallelisms: table_parallelisms.clone(),
+                    })
+                    .await?;
+
+                if reschedules.is_empty() {
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+
+                self.reschedule_actors(
+                    reschedules,
+                    RescheduleOptions {
+                        resolve_no_shuffle_upstream: true,
+                    },
+                    None,
+                )
+                .await?;
+            }
+        }
 
         Ok(())
     }
diff --git a/src/meta/src/stream/stream_graph/fragment.rs b/src/meta/src/stream/stream_graph/fragment.rs
index ccea576f03939..fdf43532ca629 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/stream/stream_graph/fragment.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/stream/stream_graph/fragment.rs
@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@ pub(super) struct BuildingFragment {
     table_id: Option<u32>,
 
     /// The required columns of each upstream table.
+    ///
+    /// For shared CDC table on source, its `vec![]`, since the upstream source's output schema is fixed.
     upstream_table_columns: HashMap<TableId, Vec<i32>>,
 }
 
@@ -174,10 +176,7 @@ impl BuildingFragment {
                     stream_scan.table_id.into(),
                     stream_scan.upstream_column_ids.clone(),
                 ),
-                NodeBody::CdcFilter(cdc_filter) => (
-                    cdc_filter.upstream_source_id.into(),
-                    cdc_filter.upstream_column_ids.clone(),
-                ),
+                NodeBody::CdcFilter(cdc_filter) => (cdc_filter.upstream_source_id.into(), vec![]),
                 _ => return,
             };
             table_columns
@@ -670,22 +669,8 @@ impl CompleteStreamFragmentGraph {
                                 let nodes = mview_fragment.actors[0].get_nodes().unwrap();
                                 let mview_node =
                                     nodes.get_node_body().unwrap().as_materialize().unwrap();
-                                let all_column_ids = mview_node
-                                    .get_table()
-                                    .unwrap()
-                                    .columns
-                                    .iter()
-                                    .map(|c| c.column_desc.as_ref().unwrap().column_id)
-                                    .collect_vec();
-                                let dist_key_indices: Vec<_> = mview_node
-                                    .table
-                                    .as_ref()
-                                    .unwrap()
-                                    .distribution_key
-                                    .iter()
-                                    .map(|i| *i as u32)
-                                    .collect();
-
+                                let all_column_ids = mview_node.column_ids();
+                                let dist_key_indices = mview_node.dist_key_indices();
                                 let output_indices = output_columns
                                     .iter()
                                     .map(|c| {
@@ -700,27 +685,11 @@ impl CompleteStreamFragmentGraph {
                                     )?;
                                 (dist_key_indices, output_indices)
                             };
-                            let dispatch_strategy = if uses_arrangement_backfill {
-                                if !dist_key_indices.is_empty() {
-                                    DispatchStrategy {
-                                        r#type: DispatcherType::Hash as _,
-                                        dist_key_indices,
-                                        output_indices,
-                                    }
-                                } else {
-                                    DispatchStrategy {
-                                        r#type: DispatcherType::Simple as _,
-                                        dist_key_indices: vec![], // empty for Simple
-                                        output_indices,
-                                    }
-                                }
-                            } else {
-                                DispatchStrategy {
-                                    r#type: DispatcherType::NoShuffle as _,
-                                    dist_key_indices: vec![], // not used for `NoShuffle`
-                                    output_indices,
-                                }
-                            };
+                            let dispatch_strategy = mv_on_mv_dispatch_strategy(
+                                uses_arrangement_backfill,
+                                dist_key_indices,
+                                output_indices,
+                            );
                             let edge = StreamFragmentEdge {
                                 id: EdgeId::UpstreamExternal {
                                     upstream_table_id,
@@ -806,6 +775,34 @@ impl CompleteStreamFragmentGraph {
     }
 }
 
+fn mv_on_mv_dispatch_strategy(
+    uses_arrangement_backfill: bool,
+    dist_key_indices: Vec<u32>,
+    output_indices: Vec<u32>,
+) -> DispatchStrategy {
+    if uses_arrangement_backfill {
+        if !dist_key_indices.is_empty() {
+            DispatchStrategy {
+                r#type: DispatcherType::Hash as _,
+                dist_key_indices,
+                output_indices,
+            }
+        } else {
+            DispatchStrategy {
+                r#type: DispatcherType::Simple as _,
+                dist_key_indices: vec![], // empty for Simple
+                output_indices,
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        DispatchStrategy {
+            r#type: DispatcherType::NoShuffle as _,
+            dist_key_indices: vec![], // not used for `NoShuffle`
+            output_indices,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl CompleteStreamFragmentGraph {
     /// Returns **all** fragment IDs in the complete graph, including the ones that are not in the
     /// building graph.
diff --git a/src/meta/src/stream/stream_manager.rs b/src/meta/src/stream/stream_manager.rs
index 098325f4ad4d6..b098800168fd3 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/stream/stream_manager.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/stream/stream_manager.rs
@@ -15,26 +15,20 @@
 use std::collections::{BTreeSet, HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use futures::future::{join_all, try_join_all, BoxFuture};
-use futures::stream::FuturesUnordered;
-use futures::TryStreamExt;
+use futures::future::{join_all, BoxFuture};
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use risingwave_common::catalog::TableId;
 use risingwave_hummock_sdk::compaction_group::StateTableId;
 use risingwave_pb::catalog::{CreateType, Table};
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::update_mutation::MergeUpdate;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::Dispatcher;
-use risingwave_pb::stream_service::{
-    BroadcastActorInfoTableRequest, BuildActorsRequest, DropActorsRequest, UpdateActorsRequest,
-};
 use thiserror_ext::AsReport;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc::Sender;
 use tokio::sync::{oneshot, Mutex, RwLock};
 use tracing::Instrument;
-use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use super::{Locations, RescheduleOptions, ScaleController, ScaleControllerRef, TableResizePolicy};
-use crate::barrier::{BarrierScheduler, Command, ReplaceTablePlan};
+use crate::barrier::{BarrierScheduler, Command, ReplaceTablePlan, StreamRpcManager};
 use crate::hummock::HummockManagerRef;
 use crate::manager::{DdlType, MetaSrvEnv, MetadataManager, StreamingJob};
 use crate::model::{ActorId, TableFragments, TableParallelism};
@@ -201,7 +195,9 @@ pub struct GlobalStreamManager {
 
     pub reschedule_lock: RwLock<()>,
 
-    pub(crate) scale_controller: Option<ScaleControllerRef>,
+    pub(crate) scale_controller: ScaleControllerRef,
+
+    pub stream_rpc_manager: StreamRpcManager,
 }
 
 impl GlobalStreamManager {
@@ -211,15 +207,15 @@ impl GlobalStreamManager {
         barrier_scheduler: BarrierScheduler,
         source_manager: SourceManagerRef,
         hummock_manager: HummockManagerRef,
+        stream_rpc_manager: StreamRpcManager,
     ) -> MetaResult<Self> {
-        let scale_controller = match &metadata_manager {
-            MetadataManager::V1(_) => {
-                let scale_controller =
-                    ScaleController::new(&metadata_manager, source_manager.clone(), env.clone());
-                Some(Arc::new(scale_controller))
-            }
-            MetadataManager::V2(_) => None,
-        };
+        let scale_controller = Arc::new(ScaleController::new(
+            &metadata_manager,
+            source_manager.clone(),
+            stream_rpc_manager.clone(),
+            env.clone(),
+        ));
+
         Ok(Self {
             env,
             metadata_manager,
@@ -229,6 +225,7 @@ impl GlobalStreamManager {
             creating_job_info: Arc::new(CreatingStreamingJobInfo::default()),
             reschedule_lock: RwLock::new(()),
             scale_controller,
+            stream_rpc_manager,
         })
     }
 
@@ -308,28 +305,12 @@ impl GlobalStreamManager {
                                 let node_actors = table_fragments.worker_actor_ids();
                                 let cluster_info =
                                     self.metadata_manager.get_streaming_cluster_info().await?;
-                                let node_actors = node_actors
-                                    .into_iter()
-                                    .map(|(id, actor_ids)| {
-                                        (
-                                            cluster_info.worker_nodes.get(&id).cloned().unwrap(),
-                                            actor_ids,
-                                        )
-                                    })
-                                    .collect_vec();
-                                let futures = node_actors.into_iter().map(|(node, actor_ids)| {
-                                    let request_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
-                                    async move {
-                                        let client =
-                                            self.env.stream_client_pool().get(&node).await?;
-                                        let request = DropActorsRequest {
-                                            request_id,
-                                            actor_ids,
-                                        };
-                                        client.drop_actors(request).await
-                                    }
-                                });
-                                try_join_all(futures).await?;
+                                self.stream_rpc_manager
+                                    .drop_actors(
+                                        &cluster_info.worker_nodes,
+                                        node_actors.into_iter(),
+                                    )
+                                    .await?;
 
                                 if let MetadataManager::V1(mgr) = &self.metadata_manager {
                                     mgr.fragment_manager
@@ -369,7 +350,6 @@ impl GlobalStreamManager {
         res
     }
 
-    /// First broadcasts the actor info to `WorkerNodes`, and then let them build actors and channels.
     async fn build_actors(
         &self,
         table_fragments: &TableFragments,
@@ -384,8 +364,7 @@ impl GlobalStreamManager {
         // 2. all upstream actors.
         let actor_infos_to_broadcast = building_locations
             .actor_infos()
-            .chain(existing_locations.actor_infos())
-            .collect_vec();
+            .chain(existing_locations.actor_infos());
 
         let building_worker_actors = building_locations.worker_actors();
 
@@ -393,57 +372,28 @@ impl GlobalStreamManager {
         // The first stage does 2 things: broadcast actor info, and send local actor ids to
         // different WorkerNodes. Such that each WorkerNode knows the overall actor
         // allocation, but not actually builds it. We initialize all channels in this stage.
-        building_worker_actors.iter().map(|(worker_id, actors)| {
-            let stream_actors = actors
-                .iter()
-                .map(|actor_id| actor_map[actor_id].clone())
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-            let worker_node = building_locations.worker_locations.get(worker_id).unwrap();
-            let actor_infos_to_broadcast = &actor_infos_to_broadcast;
-            async move {
-                let client = self.env.stream_client_pool().get(worker_node).await?;
-
-                client
-                    .broadcast_actor_info_table(BroadcastActorInfoTableRequest {
-                        info: actor_infos_to_broadcast.clone(),
-                    })
-                    .await?;
-
-                let request_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
-                tracing::debug!(request_id = request_id.as_str(), actors = ?actors, "update actors");
-                client
-                    .update_actors(UpdateActorsRequest {
-                        request_id,
-                        actors: stream_actors.clone(),
-                    })
-                    .await?;
-
-                Ok(()) as MetaResult<_>
-            }
-        }).collect::<FuturesUnordered<_>>().try_collect::<()>().await?;
+        self.stream_rpc_manager
+            .broadcast_update_actor_info(
+                &building_locations.worker_locations,
+                building_worker_actors.keys().cloned(),
+                actor_infos_to_broadcast,
+                building_worker_actors.iter().map(|(worker_id, actors)| {
+                    let stream_actors = actors
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|actor_id| actor_map[actor_id].clone())
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                    (*worker_id, stream_actors)
+                }),
+            )
+            .await?;
 
         // In the second stage, each [`WorkerNode`] builds local actors and connect them with
         // channels.
-        building_worker_actors
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(worker_id, actors)| async move {
-                let worker_node = building_locations.worker_locations.get(worker_id).unwrap();
-
-                let client = self.env.stream_client_pool().get(worker_node).await?;
-
-                let request_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
-                tracing::debug!(request_id = request_id.as_str(), actors = ?actors, "build actors");
-                client
-                    .build_actors(BuildActorsRequest {
-                        request_id,
-                        actor_id: actors.clone(),
-                    })
-                    .await?;
-
-                Ok(()) as MetaResult<()>
-            })
-            .collect::<FuturesUnordered<_>>()
-            .try_collect::<()>()
+        self.stream_rpc_manager
+            .build_actors(
+                &building_locations.worker_locations,
+                building_worker_actors.into_iter(),
+            )
             .await?;
 
         Ok(())
@@ -738,16 +688,14 @@ impl GlobalStreamManager {
         &self,
         table_id: u32,
         parallelism: TableParallelism,
+        deferred: bool,
     ) -> MetaResult<()> {
-        let MetadataManager::V1(mgr) = &self.metadata_manager else {
-            unimplemented!("support alter table parallelism in v2");
-        };
         let _reschedule_job_lock = self.reschedule_lock.write().await;
 
-        let worker_nodes = mgr
-            .cluster_manager
+        let worker_nodes = self
+            .metadata_manager
             .list_active_streaming_compute_nodes()
-            .await;
+            .await?;
 
         let worker_ids = worker_nodes
             .iter()
@@ -755,24 +703,45 @@ impl GlobalStreamManager {
             .map(|node| node.id)
             .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
 
-        let reschedules = self
-            .scale_controller
-            .as_ref()
-            .unwrap()
-            .generate_table_resize_plan(TableResizePolicy {
-                worker_ids,
-                table_parallelisms: vec![(table_id, parallelism)].into_iter().collect(),
-            })
-            .await?;
+        let table_parallelism_assignment = HashMap::from([(TableId::new(table_id), parallelism)]);
 
-        self.reschedule_actors(
-            reschedules,
-            RescheduleOptions {
-                resolve_no_shuffle_upstream: false,
-            },
-            Some(HashMap::from([(TableId::new(table_id), parallelism)])),
-        )
-        .await?;
+        if deferred {
+            tracing::debug!(
+                "deferred mode enabled for job {}, set the parallelism directly to {:?}",
+                table_id,
+                parallelism
+            );
+            self.scale_controller
+                .post_apply_reschedule(&HashMap::new(), &table_parallelism_assignment)
+                .await?;
+        } else {
+            let reschedules = self
+                .scale_controller
+                .generate_table_resize_plan(TableResizePolicy {
+                    worker_ids,
+                    table_parallelisms: table_parallelism_assignment
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|(id, parallelism)| (id.table_id, *parallelism))
+                        .collect(),
+                })
+                .await?;
+
+            if reschedules.is_empty() {
+                tracing::debug!("empty reschedule plan generated for job {}, set the parallelism directly to {:?}", table_id, parallelism);
+                self.scale_controller
+                    .post_apply_reschedule(&HashMap::new(), &table_parallelism_assignment)
+                    .await?;
+            } else {
+                self.reschedule_actors(
+                    reschedules,
+                    RescheduleOptions {
+                        resolve_no_shuffle_upstream: false,
+                    },
+                    Some(table_parallelism_assignment),
+                )
+                .await?;
+            }
+        };
 
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -809,7 +778,7 @@ mod tests {
     use tonic::{Request, Response, Status};
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::barrier::GlobalBarrierManager;
+    use crate::barrier::{GlobalBarrierManager, StreamRpcManager};
     use crate::hummock::{CompactorManager, HummockManager};
     use crate::manager::sink_coordination::SinkCoordinatorManager;
     use crate::manager::{
@@ -836,7 +805,7 @@ mod tests {
     impl StreamService for FakeStreamService {
         async fn update_actors(
             &self,
-            request: Request<UpdateActorsRequest>,
+            request: Request<risingwave_pb::stream_service::UpdateActorsRequest>,
         ) -> std::result::Result<Response<UpdateActorsResponse>, Status> {
             let req = request.into_inner();
             let mut guard = self.inner.actor_streams.lock().unwrap();
@@ -865,7 +834,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         async fn broadcast_actor_info_table(
             &self,
-            request: Request<BroadcastActorInfoTableRequest>,
+            request: Request<risingwave_pb::stream_service::BroadcastActorInfoTableRequest>,
         ) -> std::result::Result<Response<BroadcastActorInfoTableResponse>, Status> {
             let req = request.into_inner();
             let mut guard = self.inner.actor_infos.lock().unwrap();
@@ -1017,6 +986,8 @@ mod tests {
 
             let (sink_manager, _) = SinkCoordinatorManager::start_worker();
 
+            let stream_rpc_manager = StreamRpcManager::new(env.clone());
+
             let barrier_manager = GlobalBarrierManager::new(
                 scheduled_barriers,
                 env.clone(),
@@ -1025,6 +996,7 @@ mod tests {
                 source_manager.clone(),
                 sink_manager,
                 meta_metrics.clone(),
+                stream_rpc_manager.clone(),
             );
 
             let stream_manager = GlobalStreamManager::new(
@@ -1033,6 +1005,7 @@ mod tests {
                 barrier_scheduler.clone(),
                 source_manager.clone(),
                 hummock_manager,
+                stream_rpc_manager,
             )?;
 
             let (join_handle_2, shutdown_tx_2) = GlobalBarrierManager::start(barrier_manager);
@@ -1077,7 +1050,9 @@ mod tests {
                 let actor_locations = fragments
                     .values()
                     .flat_map(|f| &f.actors)
-                    .map(|a| (a.actor_id, parallel_units[&0].clone()))
+                    .sorted_by(|a, b| a.actor_id.cmp(&b.actor_id))
+                    .enumerate()
+                    .map(|(idx, a)| (a.actor_id, parallel_units[&(idx as u32)].clone()))
                     .collect();
 
                 Locations {
@@ -1095,7 +1070,7 @@ mod tests {
                 fragments,
                 &locations.actor_locations,
                 Default::default(),
-                TableParallelism::Auto,
+                TableParallelism::Adaptive,
             );
             let ctx = CreateStreamingJobContext {
                 building_locations: locations,
@@ -1166,6 +1141,14 @@ mod tests {
         let table_id = TableId::new(0);
         let actors = make_mview_stream_actors(&table_id, 4);
 
+        let StreamingClusterInfo { parallel_units, .. } = services
+            .global_stream_manager
+            .metadata_manager
+            .get_streaming_cluster_info()
+            .await?;
+
+        let parallel_unit_ids = parallel_units.keys().cloned().sorted().collect_vec();
+
         let mut fragments = BTreeMap::default();
         fragments.insert(
             0,
@@ -1175,7 +1158,9 @@ mod tests {
                 distribution_type: FragmentDistributionType::Hash as i32,
                 actors: actors.clone(),
                 state_table_ids: vec![0],
-                vnode_mapping: Some(ParallelUnitMapping::new_single(0).to_protobuf()),
+                vnode_mapping: Some(
+                    ParallelUnitMapping::new_uniform(parallel_unit_ids.into_iter()).to_protobuf(),
+                ),
                 ..Default::default()
             },
         );
diff --git a/src/meta/src/telemetry.rs b/src/meta/src/telemetry.rs
index fdb0ed06fd769..4bf7a2c0ba341 100644
--- a/src/meta/src/telemetry.rs
+++ b/src/meta/src/telemetry.rs
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ pub struct MetaTelemetryReport {
     #[serde(flatten)]
     base: TelemetryReportBase,
     node_count: NodeCount,
+    streaming_job_count: u64,
     // At this point, it will always be etcd, but we will enable telemetry when using memory.
     meta_backend: MetaBackend,
 }
@@ -91,6 +92,12 @@ impl TelemetryReportCreator for MetaReportCreator {
             .await
             .map_err(|err| err.as_report().to_string())?;
 
+        let streaming_job_count = self
+            .metadata_manager
+            .count_streaming_job()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| err.as_report().to_string())? as u64;
+
         Ok(MetaTelemetryReport {
             base: TelemetryReportBase {
                 tracking_id,
@@ -106,6 +113,7 @@ impl TelemetryReportCreator for MetaReportCreator {
                 frontend_count: *node_map.get(&WorkerType::Frontend).unwrap_or(&0),
                 compactor_count: *node_map.get(&WorkerType::Compactor).unwrap_or(&0),
             },
+            streaming_job_count,
             meta_backend: self.meta_backend,
         })
     }
diff --git a/src/object_store/Cargo.toml b/src/object_store/Cargo.toml
index 95354557dd943..61f526511c3ab 100644
--- a/src/object_store/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/object_store/Cargo.toml
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ hyper = { version = "0.14", features = ["tcp", "client"] }
 hyper-rustls = { version = "0.24.2", features = ["webpki-roots"] }
 hyper-tls = "0.5.0"
 itertools = "0.12"
+madsim = "0.2.22"
 opendal = "0.44"
 prometheus = { version = "0.13", features = ["process"] }
 risingwave_common = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/src/object_store/src/object/error.rs b/src/object_store/src/object/error.rs
index f1c18bb391188..d4927a1595fca 100644
--- a/src/object_store/src/object/error.rs
+++ b/src/object_store/src/object/error.rs
@@ -43,6 +43,9 @@ pub enum ObjectErrorInner {
     #[error("Internal error: {0}")]
     #[construct(skip)]
     Internal(String),
+    #[cfg(madsim)]
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Sim(#[from] crate::object::sim::SimError),
 }
 
 impl ObjectError {
@@ -80,6 +83,10 @@ impl ObjectError {
             ObjectErrorInner::Mem(e) => {
                 return e.is_object_not_found_error();
             }
+            #[cfg(madsim)]
+            ObjectErrorInner::Sim(e) => {
+                return e.is_object_not_found_error();
+            }
             _ => {}
         };
         false
@@ -108,4 +115,11 @@ impl From<ByteStreamError> for ObjectError {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(madsim)]
+impl From<std::io::Error> for ObjectError {
+    fn from(e: std::io::Error) -> Self {
+        ObjectErrorInner::Internal(e.to_string()).into()
+    }
+}
+
 pub type ObjectResult<T> = std::result::Result<T, ObjectError>;
diff --git a/src/object_store/src/object/mod.rs b/src/object_store/src/object/mod.rs
index ab5abe0d07478..5399b6d253b2f 100644
--- a/src/object_store/src/object/mod.rs
+++ b/src/object_store/src/object/mod.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
+#[cfg(madsim)]
+pub mod sim;
 use std::ops::{Range, RangeBounds};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;
@@ -39,6 +41,9 @@ pub use error::*;
 use object_metrics::ObjectStoreMetrics;
 use thiserror_ext::AsReport;
 
+#[cfg(madsim)]
+use self::sim::SimObjectStore;
+
 pub type ObjectStoreRef = Arc<ObjectStoreImpl>;
 pub type ObjectStreamingUploader = MonitoredStreamingUploader;
 
@@ -139,6 +144,8 @@ pub enum ObjectStoreImpl {
     InMem(MonitoredObjectStore<InMemObjectStore>),
     Opendal(MonitoredObjectStore<OpendalObjectStore>),
     S3(MonitoredObjectStore<S3ObjectStore>),
+    #[cfg(madsim)]
+    Sim(MonitoredObjectStore<SimObjectStore>),
 }
 
 macro_rules! dispatch_async {
@@ -165,7 +172,12 @@ macro_rules! object_store_impl_method_body {
                 ObjectStoreImpl::S3(s3) => {
                     $dispatch_macro!(s3, $method_name, path $(, $args)*)
                 },
+                #[cfg(madsim)]
+                ObjectStoreImpl::Sim(in_mem) => {
+                    $dispatch_macro!(in_mem, $method_name, path $(, $args)*)
+                },
             }
+
         }
     };
 }
@@ -179,6 +191,7 @@ macro_rules! object_store_impl_method_body_slice {
     ($object_store:expr, $method_name:ident, $dispatch_macro:ident, $paths:expr $(, $args:expr)*) => {
         {
             let paths_rem = partition_object_store_paths($paths);
+
             match $object_store {
                 ObjectStoreImpl::InMem(in_mem) => {
                     $dispatch_macro!(in_mem, $method_name, &paths_rem $(, $args)*)
@@ -189,6 +202,10 @@ macro_rules! object_store_impl_method_body_slice {
                 ObjectStoreImpl::S3(s3) => {
                     $dispatch_macro!(s3, $method_name, &paths_rem $(, $args)*)
                 },
+                #[cfg(madsim)]
+                ObjectStoreImpl::Sim(in_mem) => {
+                    $dispatch_macro!(in_mem, $method_name, &paths_rem $(, $args)*)
+                },
             }
         }
     };
@@ -247,6 +264,8 @@ impl ObjectStoreImpl {
             ObjectStoreImpl::InMem(store) => store.inner.get_object_prefix(obj_id),
             ObjectStoreImpl::Opendal(store) => store.inner.get_object_prefix(obj_id),
             ObjectStoreImpl::S3(store) => store.inner.get_object_prefix(obj_id),
+            #[cfg(madsim)]
+            ObjectStoreImpl::Sim(store) => store.inner.get_object_prefix(obj_id),
         }
     }
 
@@ -257,6 +276,8 @@ impl ObjectStoreImpl {
                 store.inner.op.info().native_capability().write_can_multi
             }
             ObjectStoreImpl::S3(_) => true,
+            #[cfg(madsim)]
+            ObjectStoreImpl::Sim(_) => true,
         }
     }
 
@@ -265,6 +286,8 @@ impl ObjectStoreImpl {
             ObjectStoreImpl::InMem(store) => store.recv_buffer_size(),
             ObjectStoreImpl::Opendal(store) => store.recv_buffer_size(),
             ObjectStoreImpl::S3(store) => store.recv_buffer_size(),
+            #[cfg(madsim)]
+            ObjectStoreImpl::Sim(store) => store.recv_buffer_size(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -896,6 +919,10 @@ pub async fn build_remote_object_store(
             }
             ObjectStoreImpl::InMem(InMemObjectStore::shared().monitored(metrics))
         }
+        #[cfg(madsim)]
+        sim if sim.starts_with("sim://") => {
+            ObjectStoreImpl::Sim(SimObjectStore::new(url).monitored(metrics))
+        }
         other => {
             unimplemented!(
                 "{} remote object store only supports s3, minio, gcs, oss, cos, azure blob, hdfs, disk, memory, and memory-shared.",
diff --git a/src/object_store/src/object/sim/client.rs b/src/object_store/src/object/sim/client.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..4e7aa67834a59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/object_store/src/object/sim/client.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// Copyright 2024 RisingWave Labs
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
+
+use madsim::net::{Endpoint, Payload};
+
+use super::service::{Request, Response};
+use crate::object::error::ObjectResult as Result;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Client {
+    addr: SocketAddr,
+}
+
+impl Client {
+    pub fn new(addr: SocketAddr) -> Self {
+        Self { addr }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) async fn send_request(&self, req: Request) -> Result<Response> {
+        let resp = self.send_request_io(req).await?;
+        let resp = *resp
+            .downcast::<Result<Response>>()
+            .expect("failed to downcast");
+        resp
+    }
+
+    async fn send_request_io(&self, req: Request) -> std::io::Result<Payload> {
+        let addr = self.addr;
+        let ep = Endpoint::connect(addr).await?;
+        let (tx, mut rx) = ep.connect1(addr).await?;
+        tx.send(Box::new(req)).await?;
+        rx.recv().await
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/managed_state/mod.rs b/src/object_store/src/object/sim/error.rs
similarity index 52%
rename from src/stream/src/executor/managed_state/mod.rs
rename to src/object_store/src/object/sim/error.rs
index c32dfb11be7c6..29ca09f6825b7 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/managed_state/mod.rs
+++ b/src/object_store/src/object/sim/error.rs
@@ -12,4 +12,28 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-pub mod join;
+use thiserror::Error;
+
+#[derive(Error, Debug)]
+pub enum SimError {
+    #[error("NotFound error: {0}")]
+    NotFound(String),
+    #[error("Other error: {0}")]
+    Other(String),
+}
+
+impl SimError {
+    pub fn is_object_not_found_error(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, SimError::NotFound(_))
+    }
+}
+
+impl SimError {
+    pub(crate) fn not_found(msg: impl ToString) -> Self {
+        SimError::NotFound(msg.to_string())
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn other(msg: impl ToString) -> Self {
+        SimError::Other(msg.to_string())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/object_store/src/object/sim/mod.rs b/src/object_store/src/object/sim/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..31f34cbcd3267
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/object_store/src/object/sim/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+// Copyright 2024 RisingWave Labs
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+mod client;
+mod error;
+use bytes::{BufMut, BytesMut};
+pub use error::SimError;
+use futures::Stream;
+mod rpc_server;
+pub use rpc_server::SimServer;
+mod service;
+
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
+use std::ops::{Range, RangeBounds};
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+
+use madsim::rand::{thread_rng, RngCore};
+use madsim::time::{sleep, Duration};
+use risingwave_common::range::RangeBoundsExt;
+
+use self::client::Client;
+use self::service::Response;
+use super::{
+    BoxedStreamingUploader, Bytes, ObjectDataStream, ObjectError, ObjectMetadata,
+    ObjectMetadataIter, ObjectRangeBounds, ObjectResult, ObjectStore, StreamingUploader,
+};
+
+pub struct SimStreamingUploader {
+    client: Client,
+    key: String,
+    buf: BytesMut,
+}
+
+impl SimStreamingUploader {
+    fn new(client: Client, key: String) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            client,
+            key,
+            buf: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait::async_trait]
+impl StreamingUploader for SimStreamingUploader {
+    async fn write_bytes(&mut self, data: Bytes) -> ObjectResult<()> {
+        self.buf.put(data);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn finish(mut self: Box<Self>) -> ObjectResult<()> {
+        if self.buf.is_empty() {
+            Err(ObjectError::internal("upload empty object"))
+        } else {
+            let resp = self
+                .client
+                .send_request(service::Request::Upload {
+                    path: self.key,
+                    obj: self.buf.freeze(),
+                })
+                .await?;
+            let Response::Upload = resp else {
+                panic!("expect Response::Upload");
+            };
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_memory_usage(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.buf.len() as u64
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct SimDataIterator {
+    data: Bytes,
+    offset: usize,
+}
+
+impl SimDataIterator {
+    pub fn new(data: Bytes) -> Self {
+        Self { data, offset: 0 }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Stream for SimDataIterator {
+    type Item = ObjectResult<Bytes>;
+
+    fn poll_next(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, _cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
+        const MAX_PACKET_SIZE: usize = 128 * 1024;
+        if self.offset >= self.data.len() {
+            return Poll::Ready(None);
+        }
+        let read_len = std::cmp::min(self.data.len() - self.offset, MAX_PACKET_SIZE);
+        let data = self.data.slice(self.offset..(self.offset + read_len));
+        self.offset += read_len;
+        Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(data)))
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct SimObjectStore {
+    client: Client,
+}
+
+#[async_trait::async_trait]
+impl ObjectStore for SimObjectStore {
+    fn get_object_prefix(&self, _obj_id: u64) -> String {
+        String::default()
+    }
+
+    async fn upload(&self, path: &str, obj: Bytes) -> ObjectResult<()> {
+        if obj.is_empty() {
+            Err(ObjectError::internal("upload empty object"))
+        } else {
+            let path = path.to_string();
+            let resp = self
+                .client
+                .send_request(service::Request::Upload { path, obj })
+                .await?;
+            if let Response::Upload = resp {
+                Ok(())
+            } else {
+                panic!("expect Response::Upload");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn streaming_upload(&self, path: &str) -> ObjectResult<BoxedStreamingUploader> {
+        Ok(Box::new(SimStreamingUploader::new(
+            self.client.clone(),
+            path.to_string(),
+        )))
+    }
+
+    async fn read(&self, path: &str, range: impl ObjectRangeBounds) -> ObjectResult<Bytes> {
+        let path = path.to_string();
+        let resp = self
+            .client
+            .send_request(service::Request::Read { path })
+            .await?;
+        if let Response::Read(obj) = resp {
+            if let Some(end) = range.end()
+                && end > obj.len()
+            {
+                return Err(SimError::other("bad block offset and size").into());
+            }
+            Ok(obj.slice(range))
+        } else {
+            panic!("expect Response::Read");
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn metadata(&self, path: &str) -> ObjectResult<ObjectMetadata> {
+        let path = path.to_string();
+        if let Response::Metadata(m) = self
+            .client
+            .send_request(service::Request::Metadata { path })
+            .await?
+        {
+            Ok(m)
+        } else {
+            panic!("expect Response::Metadata");
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn streaming_read(
+        &self,
+        path: &str,
+        range: Range<usize>,
+    ) -> ObjectResult<ObjectDataStream> {
+        let path = path.to_string();
+        let resp = self
+            .client
+            .send_request(service::Request::Read { path })
+            .await?;
+        let Response::Read(body) = resp else {
+            panic!("expect Response::Read");
+        };
+
+        Ok(Box::pin(SimDataIterator::new(body.slice(range))))
+    }
+
+    async fn delete(&self, path: &str) -> ObjectResult<()> {
+        let path = path.to_string();
+        let resp = self
+            .client
+            .send_request(service::Request::Delete { path })
+            .await?;
+        if let Response::Delete = resp {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            panic!("expect Response::Delete");
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn delete_objects(&self, paths: &[String]) -> ObjectResult<()> {
+        let resp = self
+            .client
+            .send_request(service::Request::DeleteObjects {
+                paths: paths.to_vec(),
+            })
+            .await?;
+        if let Response::DeleteObjects = resp {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            panic!("expect Response::DeleteObjects");
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn list(&self, path: &str) -> ObjectResult<ObjectMetadataIter> {
+        let path = path.to_string();
+        let resp = self
+            .client
+            .send_request(service::Request::List { path })
+            .await?;
+        if let Response::List(o) = resp {
+            Ok(Box::pin(o))
+        } else {
+            panic!("expect Response::List");
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn store_media_type(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "sim"
+    }
+}
+
+impl SimObjectStore {
+    pub fn new(addr: &str) -> Self {
+        let addr = addr.strip_prefix("sim://").unwrap();
+        let (_access_key_id, rest) = addr.split_once(':').unwrap();
+        let (_secret_access_key, rest) = rest.split_once('@').unwrap();
+        let (address, _bucket) = rest.split_once('/').unwrap();
+
+        Self {
+            client: Client::new(
+                address
+                    .parse::<SocketAddr>()
+                    .expect(&format!("parse SockAddr failed: {}", address)),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/object_store/src/object/sim/rpc_server.rs b/src/object_store/src/object/sim/rpc_server.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..068dbed5a27a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/object_store/src/object/sim/rpc_server.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// Copyright 2024 RisingWave Labs
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::io::Result;
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use madsim::net::{Endpoint, Payload};
+
+use super::service::{Request, SimService};
+
+/// A simulated ObjectStore server.
+#[derive(Default, Clone)]
+pub struct SimServer {}
+
+impl SimServer {
+    pub fn builder() -> Self {
+        SimServer::default()
+    }
+
+    pub async fn serve(self, addr: SocketAddr) -> Result<()> {
+        let ep = Endpoint::bind(addr).await?;
+        let service = SimService::new();
+        let service = Arc::new(service);
+
+        loop {
+            let (tx, mut rx, _) = ep.accept1().await?;
+            let service = service.clone();
+            madsim::task::spawn(async move {
+                let request = *rx.recv().await?.downcast::<Request>().unwrap();
+                use super::service::Request::*;
+
+                let response: Payload = match request {
+                    Upload { path, obj } => Box::new(service.upload(path, obj).await),
+                    Read { path } => Box::new(service.read(path).await),
+                    Delete { path } => Box::new(service.delete(path).await),
+                    DeleteObjects { paths } => Box::new(service.delete_objects(paths).await),
+                    List { path } => Box::new(service.list(path).await),
+                    Metadata { path } => Box::new(service.metadata(path).await),
+                };
+                tx.send(response).await?;
+                Ok(()) as Result<()>
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/object_store/src/object/sim/service.rs b/src/object_store/src/object/sim/service.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..fb03a1b13c173
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/object_store/src/object/sim/service.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+// Copyright 2024 RisingWave Labs
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, VecDeque};
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+use bytes::Bytes;
+use futures::Stream;
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use spin::Mutex;
+
+use crate::object::error::ObjectResult as Result;
+use crate::object::sim::SimError;
+use crate::object::{ObjectError, ObjectMetadata};
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum Request {
+    Upload { path: String, obj: Bytes },
+    Read { path: String },
+    Delete { path: String },
+    DeleteObjects { paths: Vec<String> },
+    List { path: String },
+    Metadata { path: String },
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum Response {
+    Upload,
+    Read(Bytes),
+    Delete,
+    DeleteObjects,
+    List(SimObjectIter),
+    Metadata(ObjectMetadata),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct SimService {
+    storage: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, (ObjectMetadata, Bytes)>>,
+}
+
+fn get_obj_meta(path: &str, obj: &Bytes) -> Result<ObjectMetadata> {
+    Ok(ObjectMetadata {
+        key: path.to_string(),
+        last_modified: SystemTime::now()
+            .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+            .map_err(ObjectError::internal)?
+            .as_secs_f64(),
+        total_size: obj.len(),
+    })
+}
+
+impl SimService {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        SimService {
+            storage: Mutex::new(BTreeMap::new()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub async fn upload(&self, path: String, obj: Bytes) -> Result<Response> {
+        let metadata = get_obj_meta(&path, &obj)?;
+        self.storage.lock().insert(path.into(), (metadata, obj));
+        Ok(Response::Upload)
+    }
+
+    pub async fn read(&self, path: String) -> Result<Response> {
+        let storage = self.storage.lock();
+        let obj = storage
+            .get(&path)
+            .map(|(_, o)| o)
+            .ok_or_else(|| SimError::NotFound(format!("no object at path '{}'", path)))?;
+        Ok(Response::Read(obj.clone()))
+    }
+
+    pub async fn delete(&self, path: String) -> Result<Response> {
+        self.storage.lock().remove(&path);
+        Ok(Response::Delete)
+    }
+
+    pub async fn delete_objects(&self, paths: Vec<String>) -> Result<Response> {
+        for path in paths {
+            self.storage.lock().remove(&path);
+        }
+        Ok(Response::DeleteObjects)
+    }
+
+    pub async fn list(&self, prefix: String) -> Result<Response> {
+        if prefix.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(Response::List(SimObjectIter::new(vec![])));
+        }
+
+        let mut scan_end = prefix.chars().collect_vec();
+        let next = *scan_end.last().unwrap() as u8 + 1;
+        *scan_end.last_mut().unwrap() = next as char;
+        let scan_end = scan_end.into_iter().collect::<String>();
+
+        let list_result = self
+            .storage
+            .lock()
+            .range(prefix..scan_end)
+            .map(|(_, (o, _))| o.clone())
+            .collect_vec();
+        Ok(Response::List(SimObjectIter::new(list_result)))
+    }
+
+    pub async fn metadata(&self, path: String) -> Result<Response> {
+        self.storage
+            .lock()
+            .get(&path)
+            .map(|(metadata, _)| metadata)
+            .cloned()
+            .ok_or_else(|| SimError::not_found(format!("no object at path '{}'", path)).into())
+            .map(|meta| Response::Metadata(meta))
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct SimObjectIter {
+    list_result: VecDeque<ObjectMetadata>,
+}
+
+impl SimObjectIter {
+    fn new(list_result: Vec<ObjectMetadata>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            list_result: list_result.into(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Stream for SimObjectIter {
+    type Item = Result<ObjectMetadata>;
+
+    fn poll_next(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, _cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
+        if let Some(i) = self.list_result.pop_front() {
+            return Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(i)));
+        }
+        Poll::Ready(None)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/prost/src/lib.rs b/src/prost/src/lib.rs
index 0a503ff99017e..dafa3a568780f 100644
--- a/src/prost/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/prost/src/lib.rs
@@ -170,6 +170,26 @@ impl FromStr for crate::expr::table_function::PbType {
     }
 }
 
+impl stream_plan::MaterializeNode {
+    pub fn dist_key_indices(&self) -> Vec<u32> {
+        self.get_table()
+            .unwrap()
+            .distribution_key
+            .iter()
+            .map(|i| *i as u32)
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    pub fn column_ids(&self) -> Vec<i32> {
+        self.get_table()
+            .unwrap()
+            .columns
+            .iter()
+            .map(|c| c.get_column_desc().unwrap().column_id)
+            .collect()
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use crate::data::{data_type, DataType};
diff --git a/src/rpc_client/src/meta_client.rs b/src/rpc_client/src/meta_client.rs
index 812c522e5e033..4d0b3b6b7a673 100644
--- a/src/rpc_client/src/meta_client.rs
+++ b/src/rpc_client/src/meta_client.rs
@@ -470,10 +470,12 @@ impl MetaClient {
         &self,
         table_id: u32,
         parallelism: PbTableParallelism,
+        deferred: bool,
     ) -> Result<()> {
         let request = AlterParallelismRequest {
             table_id,
             parallelism: Some(parallelism),
+            deferred,
         };
 
         self.inner.alter_parallelism(request).await?;
diff --git a/src/sqlparser/src/ast/ddl.rs b/src/sqlparser/src/ast/ddl.rs
index b0a95cacc1e16..59f74a3ad3acb 100644
--- a/src/sqlparser/src/ast/ddl.rs
+++ b/src/sqlparser/src/ast/ddl.rs
@@ -85,8 +85,11 @@ pub enum AlterTableOperation {
     ChangeOwner { new_owner_name: Ident },
     /// `SET SCHEMA <schema_name>`
     SetSchema { new_schema_name: ObjectName },
-    /// `SET PARALLELISM TO <parallelism>`
-    SetParallelism { parallelism: SetVariableValue },
+    /// `SET PARALLELISM TO <parallelism> [ DEFERRED ]`
+    SetParallelism {
+        parallelism: SetVariableValue,
+        deferred: bool,
+    },
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
@@ -96,9 +99,10 @@ pub enum AlterIndexOperation {
     RenameIndex {
         index_name: ObjectName,
     },
-    /// `SET PARALLELISM TO <parallelism>`
+    /// `SET PARALLELISM TO <parallelism> [ DEFERRED ]`
     SetParallelism {
         parallelism: SetVariableValue,
+        deferred: bool,
     },
 }
 
@@ -115,9 +119,10 @@ pub enum AlterViewOperation {
     SetSchema {
         new_schema_name: ObjectName,
     },
-    /// `SET PARALLELISM TO <parallelism>`
+    /// `SET PARALLELISM TO <parallelism> [ DEFERRED ]`
     SetParallelism {
         parallelism: SetVariableValue,
+        deferred: bool,
     },
 }
 
@@ -134,9 +139,10 @@ pub enum AlterSinkOperation {
     SetSchema {
         new_schema_name: ObjectName,
     },
-    /// `SET PARALLELISM TO <parallelism>`
+    /// `SET PARALLELISM TO <parallelism> [ DEFERRED ]`
     SetParallelism {
         parallelism: SetVariableValue,
+        deferred: bool,
     },
 }
 
@@ -246,8 +252,16 @@ impl fmt::Display for AlterTableOperation {
             AlterTableOperation::SetSchema { new_schema_name } => {
                 write!(f, "SET SCHEMA {}", new_schema_name)
             }
-            AlterTableOperation::SetParallelism { parallelism } => {
-                write!(f, "SET PARALLELISM TO {}", parallelism)
+            AlterTableOperation::SetParallelism {
+                parallelism,
+                deferred,
+            } => {
+                write!(
+                    f,
+                    "SET PARALLELISM TO {} {}",
+                    parallelism,
+                    if *deferred { " DEFERRED" } else { "" }
+                )
             }
         }
     }
@@ -259,8 +273,16 @@ impl fmt::Display for AlterIndexOperation {
             AlterIndexOperation::RenameIndex { index_name } => {
                 write!(f, "RENAME TO {index_name}")
             }
-            AlterIndexOperation::SetParallelism { parallelism } => {
-                write!(f, "SET PARALLELISM TO {}", parallelism)
+            AlterIndexOperation::SetParallelism {
+                parallelism,
+                deferred,
+            } => {
+                write!(
+                    f,
+                    "SET PARALLELISM TO {} {}",
+                    parallelism,
+                    if *deferred { " DEFERRED" } else { "" }
+                )
             }
         }
     }
@@ -278,8 +300,16 @@ impl fmt::Display for AlterViewOperation {
             AlterViewOperation::SetSchema { new_schema_name } => {
                 write!(f, "SET SCHEMA {}", new_schema_name)
             }
-            AlterViewOperation::SetParallelism { parallelism } => {
-                write!(f, "SET PARALLELISM TO {}", parallelism)
+            AlterViewOperation::SetParallelism {
+                parallelism,
+                deferred,
+            } => {
+                write!(
+                    f,
+                    "SET PARALLELISM TO {} {}",
+                    parallelism,
+                    if *deferred { " DEFERRED" } else { "" }
+                )
             }
         }
     }
@@ -297,8 +327,16 @@ impl fmt::Display for AlterSinkOperation {
             AlterSinkOperation::SetSchema { new_schema_name } => {
                 write!(f, "SET SCHEMA {}", new_schema_name)
             }
-            AlterSinkOperation::SetParallelism { parallelism } => {
-                write!(f, "SET PARALLELISM TO {}", parallelism)
+            AlterSinkOperation::SetParallelism {
+                parallelism,
+                deferred,
+            } => {
+                write!(
+                    f,
+                    "SET PARALLELISM TO {} {}",
+                    parallelism,
+                    if *deferred { " DEFERRED" } else { "" }
+                )
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/sqlparser/src/keywords.rs b/src/sqlparser/src/keywords.rs
index dae6529376c4c..a82c1c1c04c6b 100644
--- a/src/sqlparser/src/keywords.rs
+++ b/src/sqlparser/src/keywords.rs
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ define_keywords!(
     ABORT,
     ABS,
     ACTION,
+    ADAPTIVE,
     ADD,
     AGGREGATE,
     ALL,
@@ -183,6 +184,7 @@ define_keywords!(
     DECLARE,
     DEFAULT,
     DEFERRABLE,
+    DEFERRED,
     DELETE,
     DELIMITED,
     DENSE_RANK,
diff --git a/src/sqlparser/src/parser.rs b/src/sqlparser/src/parser.rs
index dfb0a030125de..9257c28e94d39 100644
--- a/src/sqlparser/src/parser.rs
+++ b/src/sqlparser/src/parser.rs
@@ -3017,7 +3017,12 @@ impl Parser {
 
                 let value = self.parse_set_variable()?;
 
-                AlterTableOperation::SetParallelism { parallelism: value }
+                let deferred = self.parse_keyword(Keyword::DEFERRED);
+
+                AlterTableOperation::SetParallelism {
+                    parallelism: value,
+                    deferred,
+                }
             } else {
                 return self.expected("SCHEMA/PARALLELISM after SET", self.peek_token());
             }
@@ -3096,7 +3101,12 @@ impl Parser {
 
                 let value = self.parse_set_variable()?;
 
-                AlterIndexOperation::SetParallelism { parallelism: value }
+                let deferred = self.parse_keyword(Keyword::DEFERRED);
+
+                AlterIndexOperation::SetParallelism {
+                    parallelism: value,
+                    deferred,
+                }
             } else {
                 return self.expected("PARALLELISM after SET", self.peek_token());
             }
@@ -3142,7 +3152,12 @@ impl Parser {
 
                 let value = self.parse_set_variable()?;
 
-                AlterViewOperation::SetParallelism { parallelism: value }
+                let deferred = self.parse_keyword(Keyword::DEFERRED);
+
+                AlterViewOperation::SetParallelism {
+                    parallelism: value,
+                    deferred,
+                }
             } else {
                 return self.expected("SCHEMA/PARALLELISM after SET", self.peek_token());
             }
@@ -3194,8 +3209,12 @@ impl Parser {
                 }
 
                 let value = self.parse_set_variable()?;
+                let deferred = self.parse_keyword(Keyword::DEFERRED);
 
-                AlterSinkOperation::SetParallelism { parallelism: value }
+                AlterSinkOperation::SetParallelism {
+                    parallelism: value,
+                    deferred,
+                }
             } else {
                 return self.expected("SCHEMA/PARALLELISM after SET", self.peek_token());
             }
diff --git a/src/storage/compactor/src/lib.rs b/src/storage/compactor/src/lib.rs
index e95ba1ff6a39a..2204ffe0af7ef 100644
--- a/src/storage/compactor/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/storage/compactor/src/lib.rs
@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ pub struct CompactorOpts {
     #[clap(long, env = "RW_PORT")]
     pub port: Option<u16>,
 
+    /// We will start a http server at this address via `MetricsManager`.
+    /// Then the prometheus instance will poll the metrics from this address.
     #[clap(
         long,
         env = "RW_PROMETHEUS_LISTENER_ADDR",
diff --git a/src/storage/hummock_test/src/state_store_tests.rs b/src/storage/hummock_test/src/state_store_tests.rs
index 8553c255b5375..e52983dc787a5 100644
--- a/src/storage/hummock_test/src/state_store_tests.rs
+++ b/src/storage/hummock_test/src/state_store_tests.rs
@@ -1328,14 +1328,10 @@ async fn test_gc_watermark_and_clear_shared_buffer() {
         min_object_id_epoch2,
     );
 
-    hummock_storage.clear_shared_buffer().await.unwrap();
+    drop(local_hummock_storage);
 
-    let read_version = local_hummock_storage.read_version();
+    hummock_storage.clear_shared_buffer().await.unwrap();
 
-    let read_version = read_version.read();
-    assert!(read_version.staging().imm.is_empty());
-    assert!(read_version.staging().sst.is_empty());
-    assert_eq!(read_version.committed().max_committed_epoch(), epoch1);
     assert_eq!(
         hummock_storage
             .sstable_object_id_manager()
diff --git a/src/storage/src/hummock/event_handler/hummock_event_handler.rs b/src/storage/src/hummock/event_handler/hummock_event_handler.rs
index cccbb8da242e3..ef342e1de21f9 100644
--- a/src/storage/src/hummock/event_handler/hummock_event_handler.rs
+++ b/src/storage/src/hummock/event_handler/hummock_event_handler.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use arc_swap::ArcSwap;
 use await_tree::InstrumentAwait;
+use itertools::Itertools;
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use prometheus::core::{AtomicU64, GenericGauge};
 use risingwave_hummock_sdk::{HummockEpoch, LocalSstableInfo};
@@ -37,7 +38,10 @@ use crate::hummock::event_handler::uploader::{
     default_spawn_merging_task, HummockUploader, SpawnMergingTask, SpawnUploadTask, SyncedData,
     UploadTaskInfo, UploadTaskPayload, UploaderEvent,
 };
-use crate::hummock::event_handler::{HummockEvent, HummockVersionUpdate};
+use crate::hummock::event_handler::{
+    HummockEvent, HummockReadVersionRef, HummockVersionUpdate, ReadOnlyReadVersionMapping,
+    ReadOnlyRwLockRef,
+};
 use crate::hummock::local_version::pinned_version::PinnedVersion;
 use crate::hummock::store::version::{
     HummockReadVersion, StagingData, StagingSstableInfo, VersionUpdate,
@@ -116,7 +120,9 @@ pub struct HummockEventHandler {
     hummock_event_tx: mpsc::UnboundedSender<HummockEvent>,
     hummock_event_rx: mpsc::UnboundedReceiver<HummockEvent>,
     pending_sync_requests: BTreeMap<HummockEpoch, oneshot::Sender<HummockResult<SyncResult>>>,
-    read_version_mapping: Arc<ReadVersionMappingType>,
+    read_version_mapping: Arc<RwLock<ReadVersionMappingType>>,
+    /// A copy of `read_version_mapping` but owned by event handler
+    local_read_version_mapping: HashMap<LocalInstanceId, HummockReadVersionRef>,
 
     version_update_notifier_tx: Arc<tokio::sync::watch::Sender<HummockEpoch>>,
     pinned_version: Arc<ArcSwap<PinnedVersion>>,
@@ -231,6 +237,7 @@ impl HummockEventHandler {
             pinned_version: Arc::new(ArcSwap::from_pointee(pinned_version)),
             write_conflict_detector,
             read_version_mapping,
+            local_read_version_mapping: Default::default(),
             uploader,
             refiller,
             last_instance_id: 0,
@@ -246,8 +253,8 @@ impl HummockEventHandler {
         self.pinned_version.clone()
     }
 
-    pub fn read_version_mapping(&self) -> Arc<ReadVersionMappingType> {
-        self.read_version_mapping.clone()
+    pub fn read_version_mapping(&self) -> ReadOnlyReadVersionMapping {
+        ReadOnlyRwLockRef::new(self.read_version_mapping.clone())
     }
 
     pub fn buffer_tracker(&self) -> &BufferTracker {
@@ -270,7 +277,7 @@ impl HummockEventHandler {
                 // older data first
                 .rev()
                 .for_each(|staging_sstable_info| {
-                    Self::for_each_read_version(&self.read_version_mapping, |read_version| {
+                    self.for_each_read_version(|read_version| {
                         read_version.update(VersionUpdate::Staging(StagingData::Sst(
                             staging_sstable_info.clone(),
                         )))
@@ -308,21 +315,15 @@ impl HummockEventHandler {
 
     /// This function will be performed under the protection of the `read_version_mapping` read
     /// lock, and add write lock on each `read_version` operation
-    fn for_each_read_version<F>(read_version: &Arc<ReadVersionMappingType>, mut f: F)
-    where
-        F: FnMut(&mut HummockReadVersion),
-    {
-        let read_version_mapping_guard = read_version.read();
-
-        read_version_mapping_guard
+    fn for_each_read_version(&self, mut f: impl FnMut(&mut HummockReadVersion)) {
+        self.local_read_version_mapping
             .values()
-            .flat_map(HashMap::values)
-            .for_each(|read_version| f(read_version.write().deref_mut()));
+            .for_each(|read_version: &HummockReadVersionRef| f(read_version.write().deref_mut()));
     }
 
     fn handle_data_spilled(&mut self, staging_sstable_info: StagingSstableInfo) {
         // todo: do some prune for version update
-        Self::for_each_read_version(&self.read_version_mapping, |read_version| {
+        self.for_each_read_version(|read_version| {
             trace!("data_spilled. SST size {}", staging_sstable_info.imm_size());
             read_version.update(VersionUpdate::Staging(StagingData::Sst(
                 staging_sstable_info.clone(),
@@ -401,6 +402,7 @@ impl HummockEventHandler {
             self.uploader.max_synced_epoch(),
             self.uploader.max_sealed_epoch(),
         );
+
         self.uploader.clear();
 
         for (epoch, result_sender) in self.pending_sync_requests.extract_if(|_, _| true) {
@@ -413,11 +415,14 @@ impl HummockEventHandler {
             );
         }
 
-        {
-            Self::for_each_read_version(&self.read_version_mapping, |read_version| {
-                read_version.clear_uncommitted()
-            });
-        }
+        assert!(
+            self.local_read_version_mapping.is_empty(),
+            "read version mapping not empty when clear. remaining tables: {:?}",
+            self.local_read_version_mapping
+                .values()
+                .map(|read_version| read_version.read().table_id())
+                .collect_vec()
+        );
 
         if let Some(sstable_object_id_manager) = &self.sstable_object_id_manager {
             sstable_object_id_manager
@@ -472,7 +477,7 @@ impl HummockEventHandler {
             .store(Arc::new(new_pinned_version.clone()));
 
         {
-            Self::for_each_read_version(&self.read_version_mapping, |read_version| {
+            self.for_each_read_version(|read_version| {
                 read_version.update(VersionUpdate::CommittedSnapshot(new_pinned_version.clone()))
             });
         }
@@ -544,20 +549,19 @@ impl HummockEventHandler {
 
             UploaderEvent::ImmMerged(merge_output) => {
                 // update read version for corresponding table shards
-                let read_guard = self.read_version_mapping.read();
-                if let Some(shards) = read_guard.get(&merge_output.table_id) {
-                    shards.get(&merge_output.instance_id).map_or_else(
-                        || {
-                            warn!(
-                                "handle ImmMerged: table instance not found. table {}, instance {}",
-                                &merge_output.table_id, &merge_output.instance_id
-                            )
-                        },
-                        |read_version| {
-                            read_version.write().update(VersionUpdate::Staging(
-                                StagingData::MergedImmMem(merge_output.merged_imm),
-                            ));
-                        },
+                if let Some(read_version) = self
+                    .local_read_version_mapping
+                    .get(&merge_output.instance_id)
+                {
+                    read_version
+                        .write()
+                        .update(VersionUpdate::Staging(StagingData::MergedImmMem(
+                            merge_output.merged_imm,
+                        )));
+                } else {
+                    warn!(
+                        "handle ImmMerged: table instance not found. table {:?}, instance {}",
+                        &merge_output.table_id, &merge_output.instance_id
                     )
                 }
             }
@@ -589,6 +593,13 @@ impl HummockEventHandler {
             }
 
             HummockEvent::ImmToUploader(imm) => {
+                assert!(
+                    self.local_read_version_mapping
+                        .contains_key(&imm.instance_id),
+                    "add imm from non-existing read version instance: instance_id: {}, table_id {}",
+                    imm.instance_id,
+                    imm.table_id,
+                );
                 self.uploader.add_imm(imm);
                 self.uploader.may_flush();
             }
@@ -611,8 +622,14 @@ impl HummockEventHandler {
                 epoch,
                 opts,
                 table_id,
-                ..
+                instance_id,
             } => {
+                assert!(
+                    self.local_read_version_mapping
+                        .contains_key(&instance_id),
+                    "seal epoch from non-existing read version instance: instance_id: {}, table_id: {}, epoch: {}",
+                    instance_id, table_id, epoch,
+                );
                 if let Some((direction, watermarks)) = opts.table_watermarks {
                     self.uploader
                         .add_table_watermarks(epoch, table_id, watermarks, direction)
@@ -648,6 +665,8 @@ impl HummockEventHandler {
                 );
 
                 {
+                    self.local_read_version_mapping
+                        .insert(instance_id, basic_read_version.clone());
                     let mut read_version_mapping_guard = self.read_version_mapping.write();
 
                     read_version_mapping_guard
@@ -682,6 +701,14 @@ impl HummockEventHandler {
                     "read version deregister: table_id: {}, instance_id: {}",
                     table_id, instance_id
                 );
+                self.local_read_version_mapping
+                    .remove(&instance_id)
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                        panic!(
+                            "DestroyHummockInstance inexist instance table_id {} instance_id {}",
+                            table_id, instance_id
+                        )
+                    });
                 let mut read_version_mapping_guard = self.read_version_mapping.write();
                 let entry = read_version_mapping_guard
                     .get_mut(&table_id)
diff --git a/src/storage/src/hummock/event_handler/mod.rs b/src/storage/src/hummock/event_handler/mod.rs
index ffce8c622fbd6..762f91d6a12ba 100644
--- a/src/storage/src/hummock/event_handler/mod.rs
+++ b/src/storage/src/hummock/event_handler/mod.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use parking_lot::RwLock;
+use parking_lot::{RwLock, RwLockReadGuard};
 use risingwave_common::catalog::TableId;
 use risingwave_hummock_sdk::HummockEpoch;
 use thiserror_ext::AsReport;
@@ -88,8 +88,7 @@ pub enum HummockEvent {
 
     RegisterReadVersion {
         table_id: TableId,
-        new_read_version_sender:
-            oneshot::Sender<(Arc<RwLock<HummockReadVersion>>, LocalInstanceGuard)>,
+        new_read_version_sender: oneshot::Sender<(HummockReadVersionRef, LocalInstanceGuard)>,
         is_replicated: bool,
     },
 
@@ -173,8 +172,27 @@ impl std::fmt::Debug for HummockEvent {
 }
 
 pub type LocalInstanceId = u64;
-pub type ReadVersionMappingType =
-    RwLock<HashMap<TableId, HashMap<LocalInstanceId, Arc<RwLock<HummockReadVersion>>>>>;
+pub type HummockReadVersionRef = Arc<RwLock<HummockReadVersion>>;
+pub type ReadVersionMappingType = HashMap<TableId, HashMap<LocalInstanceId, HummockReadVersionRef>>;
+pub type ReadOnlyReadVersionMapping = ReadOnlyRwLockRef<ReadVersionMappingType>;
+
+pub struct ReadOnlyRwLockRef<T>(Arc<RwLock<T>>);
+
+impl<T> Clone for ReadOnlyRwLockRef<T> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Self(self.0.clone())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> ReadOnlyRwLockRef<T> {
+    pub fn new(inner: Arc<RwLock<T>>) -> Self {
+        Self(inner)
+    }
+
+    pub fn read(&self) -> RwLockReadGuard<'_, T> {
+        self.0.read()
+    }
+}
 
 pub struct LocalInstanceGuard {
     pub table_id: TableId,
diff --git a/src/storage/src/hummock/store/hummock_storage.rs b/src/storage/src/hummock/store/hummock_storage.rs
index 831411c11017a..a5322a0d7765b 100644
--- a/src/storage/src/hummock/store/hummock_storage.rs
+++ b/src/storage/src/hummock/store/hummock_storage.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ use crate::hummock::backup_reader::{BackupReader, BackupReaderRef};
 use crate::hummock::compactor::CompactorContext;
 use crate::hummock::event_handler::hummock_event_handler::BufferTracker;
 use crate::hummock::event_handler::{
-    HummockEvent, HummockEventHandler, HummockVersionUpdate, ReadVersionMappingType,
+    HummockEvent, HummockEventHandler, HummockVersionUpdate, ReadOnlyReadVersionMapping,
 };
 use crate::hummock::local_version::pinned_version::{start_pinned_version_worker, PinnedVersion};
 use crate::hummock::observer_manager::HummockObserverNode;
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ pub struct HummockStorage {
 
     _shutdown_guard: Arc<HummockStorageShutdownGuard>,
 
-    read_version_mapping: Arc<ReadVersionMappingType>,
+    read_version_mapping: ReadOnlyReadVersionMapping,
 
     backup_reader: BackupReaderRef,
 
diff --git a/src/storage/src/hummock/store/local_hummock_storage.rs b/src/storage/src/hummock/store/local_hummock_storage.rs
index 7b3a9bc5da5fb..fa35f71975063 100644
--- a/src/storage/src/hummock/store/local_hummock_storage.rs
+++ b/src/storage/src/hummock/store/local_hummock_storage.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use await_tree::InstrumentAwait;
 use bytes::Bytes;
-use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use risingwave_common::catalog::{TableId, TableOption};
 use risingwave_common::util::epoch::MAX_SPILL_TIMES;
 use risingwave_hummock_sdk::key::{is_empty_key_range, TableKey, TableKeyRange};
@@ -26,9 +25,9 @@ use risingwave_hummock_sdk::{EpochWithGap, HummockEpoch};
 use tokio::sync::mpsc;
 use tracing::{warn, Instrument};
 
-use super::version::{HummockReadVersion, StagingData, VersionUpdate};
+use super::version::{StagingData, VersionUpdate};
 use crate::error::StorageResult;
-use crate::hummock::event_handler::{HummockEvent, LocalInstanceGuard};
+use crate::hummock::event_handler::{HummockEvent, HummockReadVersionRef, LocalInstanceGuard};
 use crate::hummock::iterator::{
     ConcatIteratorInner, Forward, HummockIteratorUnion, MergeIterator, SkipWatermarkIterator,
     UserIterator,
@@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ pub struct LocalHummockStorage {
     instance_guard: LocalInstanceGuard,
 
     /// Read handle.
-    read_version: Arc<RwLock<HummockReadVersion>>,
+    read_version: HummockReadVersionRef,
 
     /// This indicates that this `LocalHummockStorage` replicates another `LocalHummockStorage`.
     /// It's used by executors in different CNs to synchronize states.
@@ -517,7 +516,7 @@ impl LocalHummockStorage {
     #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
     pub fn new(
         instance_guard: LocalInstanceGuard,
-        read_version: Arc<RwLock<HummockReadVersion>>,
+        read_version: HummockReadVersionRef,
         hummock_version_reader: HummockVersionReader,
         event_sender: mpsc::UnboundedSender<HummockEvent>,
         memory_limiter: Arc<MemoryLimiter>,
@@ -548,7 +547,7 @@ impl LocalHummockStorage {
     }
 
     /// See `HummockReadVersion::update` for more details.
-    pub fn read_version(&self) -> Arc<RwLock<HummockReadVersion>> {
+    pub fn read_version(&self) -> HummockReadVersionRef {
         self.read_version.clone()
     }
 
diff --git a/src/storage/src/hummock/store/version.rs b/src/storage/src/hummock/store/version.rs
index 3f95e8fe0e248..329145c169f85 100644
--- a/src/storage/src/hummock/store/version.rs
+++ b/src/storage/src/hummock/store/version.rs
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ use tracing::Instrument;
 
 use super::StagingDataIterator;
 use crate::error::StorageResult;
+use crate::hummock::event_handler::HummockReadVersionRef;
 use crate::hummock::iterator::{
     ConcatIterator, ForwardMergeRangeIterator, HummockIteratorUnion, MergeIterator,
     SkipWatermarkIterator, UserIterator,
@@ -244,6 +245,10 @@ impl HummockReadVersion {
         Self::new_with_replication_option(table_id, committed_version, false)
     }
 
+    pub fn table_id(&self) -> TableId {
+        self.table_id
+    }
+
     /// Updates the read version with `VersionUpdate`.
     /// There will be three data types to be processed
     /// `VersionUpdate::Staging`
@@ -405,16 +410,6 @@ impl HummockReadVersion {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn clear_uncommitted(&mut self) {
-        self.staging.imm.clear();
-        self.staging.sst.clear();
-        self.table_watermarks = self
-            .committed
-            .table_watermark_index()
-            .get(&self.table_id)
-            .cloned()
-    }
-
     pub fn add_merged_imm(&mut self, merged_imm: ImmutableMemtable) {
         assert!(merged_imm.get_imm_ids().iter().rev().is_sorted());
         let min_imm_id = *merged_imm.get_imm_ids().last().expect("non-empty");
@@ -510,7 +505,7 @@ pub fn read_filter_for_batch(
     epoch: HummockEpoch, // for check
     table_id: TableId,
     mut key_range: TableKeyRange,
-    read_version_vec: Vec<Arc<RwLock<HummockReadVersion>>>,
+    read_version_vec: Vec<HummockReadVersionRef>,
 ) -> StorageResult<(TableKeyRange, ReadVersionTuple)> {
     assert!(!read_version_vec.is_empty());
     let mut staging_vec = Vec::with_capacity(read_version_vec.len());
diff --git a/src/stream/src/common/log_store_impl/kv_log_store/mod.rs b/src/stream/src/common/log_store_impl/kv_log_store/mod.rs
index d3fa9ddf3582c..1cbd65fec151f 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/common/log_store_impl/kv_log_store/mod.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/common/log_store_impl/kv_log_store/mod.rs
@@ -221,6 +221,7 @@ impl KvLogStorePkInfo {
     }
 }
 
+#[expect(deprecated)]
 pub(crate) use v1::KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO;
 
 mod v1 {
@@ -236,6 +237,7 @@ mod v1 {
     use super::{KvLogStorePkInfo, KvLogStorePkRow};
     use crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::SeqIdType;
 
+    #[deprecated]
     pub(crate) static KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO: LazyLock<KvLogStorePkInfo> = LazyLock::new(|| {
         fn compute_pk(
             _vnode: VirtualNode,
@@ -262,6 +264,50 @@ mod v1 {
     });
 }
 
+pub(crate) use v2::KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO;
+
+/// A new version of log store schema. Compared to v1, the v2 added a new vnode column to the log store pk,
+/// becomes `epoch`, `seq_id` and `vnode`. In this way, providing a log store pk, we can get exactly one single row.
+///
+/// In v1, dist key is not in pk, and we will get an error in batch query when we try to compute dist key in pk indices.
+/// Now in v2, since we add a vnode column in pk, we can set the vnode index in pk correctly, and the batch query can be
+/// correctly executed. See <https://github.com/risingwavelabs/risingwave/issues/14503> for details.
+mod v2 {
+    use std::sync::LazyLock;
+
+    use risingwave_common::constants::log_store::v2::{
+        EPOCH_COLUMN_INDEX, KV_LOG_STORE_PREDEFINED_COLUMNS, PK_ORDERING, ROW_OP_COLUMN_INDEX,
+        SEQ_ID_COLUMN_INDEX,
+    };
+    use risingwave_common::hash::VirtualNode;
+    use risingwave_common::types::ScalarImpl;
+
+    use super::{KvLogStorePkInfo, KvLogStorePkRow};
+    use crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::SeqIdType;
+
+    pub(crate) static KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO: LazyLock<KvLogStorePkInfo> = LazyLock::new(|| {
+        fn compute_pk(
+            vnode: VirtualNode,
+            encoded_epoch: i64,
+            seq_id: Option<SeqIdType>,
+        ) -> KvLogStorePkRow {
+            KvLogStorePkRow::from([
+                Some(ScalarImpl::Int64(encoded_epoch)),
+                seq_id.map(ScalarImpl::Int32),
+                vnode.to_datum(),
+            ])
+        }
+        KvLogStorePkInfo {
+            epoch_column_index: EPOCH_COLUMN_INDEX,
+            row_op_column_index: ROW_OP_COLUMN_INDEX,
+            seq_id_column_index: SEQ_ID_COLUMN_INDEX,
+            predefined_columns: &KV_LOG_STORE_PREDEFINED_COLUMNS[..],
+            pk_orderings: &PK_ORDERING[..],
+            compute_pk,
+        }
+    });
+}
+
 pub struct KvLogStoreFactory<S: StateStore> {
     state_store: S,
 
@@ -376,15 +422,20 @@ mod tests {
         gen_multi_vnode_stream_chunks, gen_stream_chunk_with_info, gen_test_log_store_table,
         TEST_DATA_SIZE,
     };
-    use crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::v1::KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO;
     use crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::{
-        KvLogStoreFactory, KvLogStoreMetrics, KvLogStorePkInfo,
+        KvLogStoreFactory, KvLogStoreMetrics, KvLogStorePkInfo, KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO,
     };
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_basic() {
-        for count in 0..20 {
-            test_basic_inner(count * TEST_DATA_SIZE, &KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO).await
+        for count in (0..20).step_by(5) {
+            #[expect(deprecated)]
+            test_basic_inner(
+                count * TEST_DATA_SIZE,
+                &crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::v1::KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO,
+            )
+            .await;
+            test_basic_inner(count * TEST_DATA_SIZE, &KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO).await;
         }
     }
 
@@ -478,8 +529,14 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_recovery() {
-        for count in 0..20 {
-            test_recovery_inner(count * TEST_DATA_SIZE, &KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO).await
+        for count in (0..20).step_by(5) {
+            #[expect(deprecated)]
+            test_recovery_inner(
+                count * TEST_DATA_SIZE,
+                &crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::v1::KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO,
+            )
+            .await;
+            test_recovery_inner(count * TEST_DATA_SIZE, &KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO).await;
         }
     }
 
@@ -580,6 +637,8 @@ mod tests {
             .await
             .unwrap();
 
+        drop(writer);
+
         // Recovery
         test_env.storage.clear_shared_buffer().await.unwrap();
 
@@ -643,8 +702,14 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_truncate() {
-        for count in 2..10 {
-            test_truncate_inner(count, &KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO).await
+        for count in (2..10).step_by(3) {
+            #[expect(deprecated)]
+            test_truncate_inner(
+                count,
+                &crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::v1::KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO,
+            )
+            .await;
+            test_truncate_inner(count, &KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO).await;
         }
     }
 
@@ -777,6 +842,8 @@ mod tests {
             .await
             .unwrap();
 
+        drop(writer);
+
         // Recovery
         test_env.storage.clear_shared_buffer().await.unwrap();
 
@@ -857,7 +924,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_update_vnode_recover() {
-        let pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo = &KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO;
+        let pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo = &KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO;
         let test_env = prepare_hummock_test_env().await;
 
         let table = gen_test_log_store_table(pk_info);
@@ -1001,6 +1068,9 @@ mod tests {
             .await
             .unwrap();
 
+        drop(writer1);
+        drop(writer2);
+
         // Recovery
         test_env.storage.clear_shared_buffer().await.unwrap();
 
@@ -1055,7 +1125,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_cancellation_safe() {
-        let pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo = &KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO;
+        let pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo = &KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO;
         let gen_stream_chunk = |base| gen_stream_chunk_with_info(base, pk_info);
         let test_env = prepare_hummock_test_env().await;
 
@@ -1125,7 +1195,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_rewind_on_consuming_persisted_log() {
-        let pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo = &KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO;
+        let pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo = &KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO;
         let gen_stream_chunk = |base| gen_stream_chunk_with_info(base, pk_info);
         let test_env = prepare_hummock_test_env().await;
 
diff --git a/src/stream/src/common/log_store_impl/kv_log_store/serde.rs b/src/stream/src/common/log_store_impl/kv_log_store/serde.rs
index 05fa475fead12..f4323df89049c 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/common/log_store_impl/kv_log_store/serde.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/common/log_store_impl/kv_log_store/serde.rs
@@ -781,9 +781,8 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::test_utils::{
         check_rows_eq, gen_test_data, gen_test_log_store_table, TEST_TABLE_ID,
     };
-    use crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::v1::KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO;
     use crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::{
-        KvLogStorePkInfo, KvLogStoreReadMetrics, SeqIdType,
+        KvLogStorePkInfo, KvLogStoreReadMetrics, SeqIdType, KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO,
     };
 
     const EPOCH0: u64 = 233;
@@ -791,8 +790,17 @@ mod tests {
     const EPOCH2: u64 = EPOCH1 + 1;
 
     #[test]
-    fn test_serde() {
-        let pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo = &KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO;
+    fn test_serde_v1() {
+        #[expect(deprecated)]
+        test_serde_inner(&crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::v1::KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serde_v2() {
+        test_serde_inner(&KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO);
+    }
+
+    fn test_serde_inner(pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo) {
         let table = gen_test_log_store_table(pk_info);
 
         let serde = LogStoreRowSerde::new(
@@ -923,8 +931,20 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]
-    async fn test_deserialize_stream_chunk() {
-        let pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo = &KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO;
+    async fn test_deserialize_stream_chunk_v1() {
+        #[expect(deprecated)]
+        test_deserialize_stream_chunk_inner(
+            &crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::v1::KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO,
+        )
+        .await
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_deserialize_stream_chunk_v2() {
+        test_deserialize_stream_chunk_inner(&KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO).await
+    }
+
+    async fn test_deserialize_stream_chunk_inner(pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo) {
         let table = gen_test_log_store_table(pk_info);
         let serde = LogStoreRowSerde::new(
             &table,
@@ -1065,8 +1085,20 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]
-    async fn test_row_stream_basic() {
-        let pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo = &KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO;
+    async fn test_row_stream_basic_v1() {
+        #[expect(deprecated)]
+        test_row_stream_basic_inner(
+            &crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::v1::KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO,
+        )
+        .await
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_row_stream_basic_v2() {
+        test_row_stream_basic_inner(&KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO).await
+    }
+
+    async fn test_row_stream_basic_inner(pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo) {
         let table = gen_test_log_store_table(pk_info);
 
         let serde = LogStoreRowSerde::new(
@@ -1162,8 +1194,20 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]
-    async fn test_log_store_stream_basic() {
-        let pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo = &KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO;
+    async fn test_log_store_stream_basic_v1() {
+        #[expect(deprecated)]
+        test_log_store_stream_basic_inner(
+            &crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::v1::KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO,
+        )
+        .await
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_log_store_stream_basic_v2() {
+        test_log_store_stream_basic_inner(&KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO).await
+    }
+
+    async fn test_log_store_stream_basic_inner(pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo) {
         let table = gen_test_log_store_table(pk_info);
 
         let serde = LogStoreRowSerde::new(
@@ -1272,7 +1316,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_empty_stream() {
-        let pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo = &KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO;
+        let pk_info: &'static KvLogStorePkInfo = &KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO;
         let table = gen_test_log_store_table(pk_info);
 
         let serde = LogStoreRowSerde::new(
diff --git a/src/stream/src/common/mod.rs b/src/stream/src/common/mod.rs
index 18129884db16c..c12fb5de1fbab 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/common/mod.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/common/mod.rs
@@ -12,10 +12,9 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-pub use builder::*;
 pub use column_mapping::*;
+pub use risingwave_common::array::stream_chunk_builder::StreamChunkBuilder;
 
-mod builder;
 pub mod cache;
 mod column_mapping;
 pub mod log_store_impl;
diff --git a/src/stream/src/common/table/state_table.rs b/src/stream/src/common/table/state_table.rs
index b0dd649c59d1a..08312c0c882dc 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/common/table/state_table.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/common/table/state_table.rs
@@ -1127,24 +1127,6 @@ where
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    // TODO(st1page): maybe we should extract a pub struct to do it
-    /// just specially used by those state table read-only and after the call the data
-    /// in the epoch will be visible
-    pub fn commit_no_data_expected(&mut self, new_epoch: EpochPair) {
-        assert_eq!(self.epoch(), new_epoch.prev);
-        assert!(!self.is_dirty());
-        // Tick the watermark buffer here because state table is expected to be committed once
-        // per epoch.
-        self.watermark_buffer_strategy.tick();
-        self.local_store.seal_current_epoch(
-            new_epoch.curr,
-            SealCurrentEpochOptions {
-                table_watermarks: None,
-                switch_op_consistency_level: None,
-            },
-        );
-    }
-
     /// Write to state store.
     async fn seal_current_epoch(
         &mut self,
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/arrangement_backfill.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/arrangement_backfill.rs
index 76f9271862e29..0afea6720cad2 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/arrangement_backfill.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/arrangement_backfill.rs
@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ use futures::stream::{select_all, select_with_strategy};
 use futures::{stream, StreamExt, TryStreamExt};
 use futures_async_stream::try_stream;
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use risingwave_common::array::{Op, StreamChunk};
+use risingwave_common::array::{DataChunk, Op, StreamChunk};
 use risingwave_common::bail;
 use risingwave_common::catalog::Schema;
 use risingwave_common::hash::{VirtualNode, VnodeBitmapExt};
+use risingwave_common::row::OwnedRow;
 use risingwave_common::util::chunk_coalesce::DataChunkBuilder;
-use risingwave_common::util::iter_util::ZipEqDebug;
 use risingwave_storage::row_serde::value_serde::ValueRowSerde;
 use risingwave_storage::store::PrefetchOptions;
 use risingwave_storage::StateStore;
@@ -34,17 +34,19 @@ use crate::common::table::state_table::{ReplicatedStateTable, StateTable};
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 use crate::executor::backfill::utils::METADATA_STATE_LEN;
 use crate::executor::backfill::utils::{
-    compute_bounds, create_builder, get_progress_per_vnode, iter_chunks, mapping_chunk,
-    mapping_message, mark_chunk_ref_by_vnode, owned_row_iter, persist_state_per_vnode,
-    update_pos_by_vnode, BackfillProgressPerVnode, BackfillState,
+    compute_bounds, create_builder, get_progress_per_vnode, mapping_chunk, mapping_message,
+    mark_chunk_ref_by_vnode, owned_row_iter, persist_state_per_vnode, update_pos_by_vnode,
+    BackfillProgressPerVnode, BackfillState,
 };
 use crate::executor::monitor::StreamingMetrics;
 use crate::executor::{
     expect_first_barrier, Barrier, BoxedExecutor, BoxedMessageStream, Executor, ExecutorInfo,
-    Message, PkIndicesRef, StreamExecutorError,
+    HashMap, Message, PkIndicesRef, StreamExecutorError, StreamExecutorResult,
 };
 use crate::task::{ActorId, CreateMviewProgress};
 
+type Builders = HashMap<VirtualNode, DataChunkBuilder>;
+
 /// Similar to [`super::no_shuffle_backfill::BackfillExecutor`].
 /// Main differences:
 /// - [`ArrangementBackfillExecutor`] can reside on a different CN, so it can be scaled
@@ -131,17 +133,18 @@ where
             .iter()
             .map(|field| field.data_type.clone())
             .collect_vec();
-        let mut builders = upstream_table
+        let mut builders: Builders = upstream_table
             .vnodes()
             .iter_vnodes()
-            .map(|_| {
-                create_builder(
+            .map(|vnode| {
+                let builder = create_builder(
                     self.rate_limit,
                     self.chunk_size,
                     snapshot_data_types.clone(),
-                )
+                );
+                (vnode, builder)
             })
-            .collect_vec();
+            .collect();
 
         let mut upstream = self.upstream.execute();
 
@@ -219,6 +222,8 @@ where
             'backfill_loop: loop {
                 let mut cur_barrier_snapshot_processed_rows: u64 = 0;
                 let mut cur_barrier_upstream_processed_rows: u64 = 0;
+                let mut snapshot_read_complete = false;
+                let mut has_snapshot_read = false;
 
                 // NOTE(kwannoel): Scope it so that immutable reference to `upstream_table` can be
                 // dropped. Then we can write to `upstream_table` on barrier in the
@@ -229,20 +234,19 @@ where
                     let right_snapshot = pin!(Self::make_snapshot_stream(
                         &upstream_table,
                         backfill_state.clone(), // FIXME: Use mutable reference instead.
-                        &mut builders,
                         paused,
                     )
                     .map(Either::Right));
 
                     // Prefer to select upstream, so we can stop snapshot stream as soon as the
                     // barrier comes.
-                    let backfill_stream =
+                    let mut backfill_stream =
                         select_with_strategy(left_upstream, right_snapshot, |_: &mut ()| {
                             stream::PollNext::Left
                         });
 
                     #[for_await]
-                    for either in backfill_stream {
+                    for either in &mut backfill_stream {
                         match either {
                             // Upstream
                             Either::Left(msg) => {
@@ -268,8 +272,24 @@ where
                             }
                             // Snapshot read
                             Either::Right(msg) => {
+                                has_snapshot_read = true;
                                 match msg? {
                                     None => {
+                                        // Consume remaining rows in the builder.
+                                        for (vnode, builder) in &mut builders {
+                                            if let Some(data_chunk) = builder.consume_all() {
+                                                yield Self::handle_snapshot_chunk(
+                                                    data_chunk,
+                                                    *vnode,
+                                                    &pk_in_output_indices,
+                                                    &mut backfill_state,
+                                                    &mut cur_barrier_snapshot_processed_rows,
+                                                    &mut total_snapshot_processed_rows,
+                                                    &self.output_indices,
+                                                )?;
+                                            }
+                                        }
+
                                         // End of the snapshot read stream.
                                         // We should not mark the chunk anymore,
                                         // otherwise, we will ignore some rows
@@ -288,28 +308,61 @@ where
 
                                         break 'backfill_loop;
                                     }
-                                    Some((vnode, chunk)) => {
-                                        let chunk_cardinality = chunk.cardinality() as u64;
+                                    Some((vnode, row)) => {
+                                        let builder = builders.get_mut(&vnode).unwrap();
+                                        if let Some(chunk) = builder.append_one_row(row) {
+                                            yield Self::handle_snapshot_chunk(
+                                                chunk,
+                                                vnode,
+                                                &pk_in_output_indices,
+                                                &mut backfill_state,
+                                                &mut cur_barrier_snapshot_processed_rows,
+                                                &mut total_snapshot_processed_rows,
+                                                &self.output_indices,
+                                            )?;
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
 
-                                        // Raise the current position.
-                                        // As snapshot read streams are ordered by pk, so we can
-                                        // just use the last row to update `current_pos`.
-                                        update_pos_by_vnode(
+                    // Before processing barrier, if did not snapshot read,
+                    // do a snapshot read first.
+                    // This is so we don't lose the tombstone iteration progress.
+                    // If paused, we also can't read any snapshot records.
+                    if !has_snapshot_read && !paused {
+                        // If we have not snapshot read, builders must all be empty.
+                        debug_assert!(builders.values().all(|b| b.is_empty()));
+                        let (_, snapshot) = backfill_stream.into_inner();
+                        #[for_await]
+                        for msg in snapshot {
+                            let Either::Right(msg) = msg else {
+                                bail!("BUG: snapshot_read contains upstream messages");
+                            };
+                            match msg? {
+                                None => {
+                                    // End of the snapshot read stream.
+                                    // We let the barrier handling logic take care of upstream updates.
+                                    // But we still want to exit backfill loop, so we mark snapshot read complete.
+                                    snapshot_read_complete = true;
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                                Some((vnode, row)) => {
+                                    let builder = builders.get_mut(&vnode).unwrap();
+                                    if let Some(chunk) = builder.append_one_row(row) {
+                                        yield Self::handle_snapshot_chunk(
+                                            chunk,
                                             vnode,
-                                            &chunk,
                                             &pk_in_output_indices,
                                             &mut backfill_state,
-                                            chunk_cardinality,
-                                        )?;
-
-                                        cur_barrier_snapshot_processed_rows += chunk_cardinality;
-                                        total_snapshot_processed_rows += chunk_cardinality;
-                                        let chunk = Message::Chunk(mapping_chunk(
-                                            chunk,
+                                            &mut cur_barrier_snapshot_processed_rows,
+                                            &mut total_snapshot_processed_rows,
                                             &self.output_indices,
-                                        ));
-                                        yield chunk;
+                                        )?;
                                     }
+
+                                    break;
                                 }
                             }
                         }
@@ -348,19 +401,20 @@ where
                 // consume snapshot rows left in builder.
                 // NOTE(kwannoel): `zip_eq_debug` does not work here,
                 // we encounter "higher-ranked lifetime error".
-                for (vnode, chunk) in vnodes.iter_vnodes().zip_eq(builders.iter_mut().map(|b| {
-                    b.consume_all().map(|chunk| {
+                for (vnode, chunk) in builders.iter_mut().map(|(vnode, b)| {
+                    let chunk = b.consume_all().map(|chunk| {
                         let ops = vec![Op::Insert; chunk.capacity()];
                         StreamChunk::from_parts(ops, chunk)
-                    })
-                })) {
+                    });
+                    (vnode, chunk)
+                }) {
                     if let Some(chunk) = chunk {
                         let chunk_cardinality = chunk.cardinality() as u64;
                         // Raise the current position.
                         // As snapshot read streams are ordered by pk, so we can
                         // just use the last row to update `current_pos`.
                         update_pos_by_vnode(
-                            vnode,
+                            *vnode,
                             &chunk,
                             &pk_in_output_indices,
                             &mut backfill_state,
@@ -374,7 +428,6 @@ where
                 }
 
                 // consume upstream buffer chunk
-                let upstream_chunk_buffer_is_empty = upstream_chunk_buffer.is_empty();
                 for chunk in upstream_chunk_buffer.drain(..) {
                     cur_barrier_upstream_processed_rows += chunk.cardinality() as u64;
                     // FIXME: Replace with `snapshot_is_processed`
@@ -397,11 +450,7 @@ where
                     upstream_table.write_chunk(chunk);
                 }
 
-                if upstream_chunk_buffer_is_empty {
-                    upstream_table.commit_no_data_expected(barrier.epoch)
-                } else {
-                    upstream_table.commit(barrier.epoch).await?;
-                }
+                upstream_table.commit(barrier.epoch).await?;
 
                 self.metrics
                     .arrangement_backfill_snapshot_read_row_count
@@ -451,6 +500,10 @@ where
                 yield Message::Barrier(barrier);
 
                 // We will switch snapshot at the start of the next iteration of the backfill loop.
+                // Unless snapshot read is already completed.
+                if snapshot_read_complete {
+                    break 'backfill_loop;
+                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -528,11 +581,10 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-    #[try_stream(ok = Option<(VirtualNode, StreamChunk)>, error = StreamExecutorError)]
-    async fn make_snapshot_stream<'a>(
-        upstream_table: &'a ReplicatedStateTable<S, SD>,
+    #[try_stream(ok = Option<(VirtualNode, OwnedRow)>, error = StreamExecutorError)]
+    async fn make_snapshot_stream(
+        upstream_table: &ReplicatedStateTable<S, SD>,
         backfill_state: BackfillState,
-        builders: &'a mut [DataChunkBuilder],
         paused: bool,
     ) {
         if paused {
@@ -542,12 +594,41 @@ where
             }
         } else {
             #[for_await]
-            for r in Self::snapshot_read_per_vnode(upstream_table, backfill_state, builders) {
+            for r in Self::snapshot_read_per_vnode(upstream_table, backfill_state) {
                 yield r?;
             }
         }
     }
 
+    fn handle_snapshot_chunk(
+        chunk: DataChunk,
+        vnode: VirtualNode,
+        pk_in_output_indices: &[usize],
+        backfill_state: &mut BackfillState,
+        cur_barrier_snapshot_processed_rows: &mut u64,
+        total_snapshot_processed_rows: &mut u64,
+        output_indices: &[usize],
+    ) -> StreamExecutorResult<Message> {
+        let chunk = StreamChunk::from_parts(vec![Op::Insert; chunk.capacity()], chunk);
+        // Raise the current position.
+        // As snapshot read streams are ordered by pk, so we can
+        // just use the last row to update `current_pos`.
+        let snapshot_row_count_delta = chunk.cardinality() as u64;
+        update_pos_by_vnode(
+            vnode,
+            &chunk,
+            pk_in_output_indices,
+            backfill_state,
+            snapshot_row_count_delta,
+        )?;
+
+        let chunk_cardinality = chunk.cardinality() as u64;
+        *cur_barrier_snapshot_processed_rows += chunk_cardinality;
+        *total_snapshot_processed_rows += chunk_cardinality;
+        let chunk = Message::Chunk(mapping_chunk(chunk, output_indices));
+        Ok(chunk)
+    }
+
     /// Read snapshot per vnode.
     /// These streams should be sorted in storage layer.
     /// 1. Get row iterator / vnode.
@@ -572,18 +653,13 @@ where
     /// remaining data in `builder` must be flushed manually.
     /// Otherwise when we scan a new snapshot, it is possible the rows in the `builder` would be
     /// present, Then when we flush we contain duplicate rows.
-    #[try_stream(ok = Option<(VirtualNode, StreamChunk)>, error = StreamExecutorError)]
-    async fn snapshot_read_per_vnode<'a>(
-        upstream_table: &'a ReplicatedStateTable<S, SD>,
+    #[try_stream(ok = Option<(VirtualNode, OwnedRow)>, error = StreamExecutorError)]
+    async fn snapshot_read_per_vnode(
+        upstream_table: &ReplicatedStateTable<S, SD>,
         backfill_state: BackfillState,
-        builders: &'a mut [DataChunkBuilder],
     ) {
         let mut iterators = vec![];
-        for (vnode, builder) in upstream_table
-            .vnodes()
-            .iter_vnodes()
-            .zip_eq_debug(builders.iter_mut())
-        {
+        for vnode in upstream_table.vnodes().iter_vnodes() {
             let backfill_progress = backfill_state.get_progress(&vnode)?;
             let current_pos = match backfill_progress {
                 BackfillProgressPerVnode::NotStarted => None,
@@ -615,20 +691,19 @@ where
 
             let vnode_row_iter = Box::pin(owned_row_iter(vnode_row_iter));
 
-            let vnode_chunk_iter =
-                iter_chunks(vnode_row_iter, builder).map_ok(move |chunk| (vnode, chunk));
+            let vnode_row_iter = vnode_row_iter.map_ok(move |row| (vnode, row));
 
-            let vnode_chunk_iter = Box::pin(vnode_chunk_iter);
+            let vnode_row_iter = Box::pin(vnode_row_iter);
 
-            iterators.push(vnode_chunk_iter);
+            iterators.push(vnode_row_iter);
         }
 
-        let vnode_chunk_iter = select_all(iterators);
+        // TODO(kwannoel): We can provide an option between snapshot read in parallel vs serial.
+        let vnode_row_iter = select_all(iterators);
 
-        // This means we iterate serially rather than in parallel across vnodes.
         #[for_await]
-        for chunk in vnode_chunk_iter {
-            yield Some(chunk?);
+        for vnode_and_row in vnode_row_iter {
+            yield Some(vnode_and_row?);
         }
         yield None;
         return Ok(());
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/cdc/cdc_backfill.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/cdc/cdc_backfill.rs
index 75a421c1319fb..bb99e2ecab369 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/cdc/cdc_backfill.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/cdc/cdc_backfill.rs
@@ -75,6 +75,8 @@ pub struct CdcBackfillExecutor<S: StateStore> {
     metrics: Arc<StreamingMetrics>,
 
     chunk_size: usize,
+
+    disable_backfill: bool,
 }
 
 impl<S: StateStore> CdcBackfillExecutor<S> {
@@ -89,6 +91,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> CdcBackfillExecutor<S> {
         metrics: Arc<StreamingMetrics>,
         state_table: StateTable<S>,
         chunk_size: usize,
+        disable_backfill: bool,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             actor_ctx,
@@ -100,6 +103,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> CdcBackfillExecutor<S> {
             progress,
             metrics,
             chunk_size,
+            disable_backfill,
         }
     }
 
@@ -143,7 +147,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> CdcBackfillExecutor<S> {
         let state = state_impl.restore_state().await?;
         current_pk_pos = state.current_pk_pos.clone();
 
-        let to_backfill = !state.is_finished;
+        let to_backfill = !self.disable_backfill && !state.is_finished;
 
         // The first barrier message should be propagated.
         yield Message::Barrier(first_barrier);
@@ -156,6 +160,10 @@ impl<S: StateStore> CdcBackfillExecutor<S> {
             .last_cdc_offset
             .map_or(upstream_table_reader.current_binlog_offset().await?, Some);
 
+        let offset_parse_func = upstream_table_reader
+            .inner()
+            .table_reader()
+            .get_cdc_offset_parser();
         let mut consumed_binlog_offset: Option<CdcOffset> = None;
 
         tracing::info!(
@@ -164,6 +172,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> CdcBackfillExecutor<S> {
             initial_binlog_offset = ?last_binlog_offset,
             ?current_pk_pos,
             is_finished = state.is_finished,
+            disable_backfill = self.disable_backfill,
             snapshot_row_count = total_snapshot_row_count,
             chunk_size = self.chunk_size,
             "start cdc backfill"
@@ -204,10 +213,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> CdcBackfillExecutor<S> {
                         break;
                     }
                     Message::Chunk(ref chunk) => {
-                        last_binlog_offset = get_cdc_chunk_last_offset(
-                            upstream_table_reader.inner().table_reader(),
-                            chunk,
-                        )?;
+                        last_binlog_offset = get_cdc_chunk_last_offset(&offset_parse_func, chunk)?;
                     }
                     Message::Watermark(_) => {
                         // Ignore watermark
@@ -273,12 +279,12 @@ impl<S: StateStore> CdcBackfillExecutor<S> {
                                             // record the consumed binlog offset that will be
                                             // persisted later
                                             consumed_binlog_offset = get_cdc_chunk_last_offset(
-                                                upstream_table_reader.inner().table_reader(),
+                                                &offset_parse_func,
                                                 &chunk,
                                             )?;
                                             yield Message::Chunk(mapping_chunk(
                                                 mark_cdc_chunk(
-                                                    upstream_table_reader.inner().table_reader(),
+                                                    &offset_parse_func,
                                                     chunk,
                                                     current_pos,
                                                     &pk_in_output_indices,
@@ -341,10 +347,8 @@ impl<S: StateStore> CdcBackfillExecutor<S> {
                                         continue;
                                     }
 
-                                    let chunk_binlog_offset = get_cdc_chunk_last_offset(
-                                        upstream_table_reader.inner().table_reader(),
-                                        &chunk,
-                                    )?;
+                                    let chunk_binlog_offset =
+                                        get_cdc_chunk_last_offset(&offset_parse_func, &chunk)?;
 
                                     tracing::trace!(
                                         target: "events::stream::cdc_backfill",
@@ -434,6 +438,21 @@ impl<S: StateStore> CdcBackfillExecutor<S> {
                     }
                 }
             }
+        } else if self.disable_backfill {
+            // If backfill is disabled, we just mark the backfill as finished
+            tracing::info!(
+                upstream_table_id,
+                upstream_table_name,
+                "CdcBackfill has been disabled"
+            );
+            state_impl
+                .mutate_state(
+                    current_pk_pos,
+                    last_binlog_offset.clone(),
+                    total_snapshot_row_count,
+                    true,
+                )
+                .await?;
         }
 
         // drop reader to release db connection
@@ -441,6 +460,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> CdcBackfillExecutor<S> {
 
         tracing::info!(
             upstream_table_id,
+            upstream_table_name,
             "CdcBackfill has already finished and will forward messages directly to the downstream"
         );
 
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/no_shuffle_backfill.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/no_shuffle_backfill.rs
index 6d95a3ceba522..824bc51e13b00 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/no_shuffle_backfill.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/no_shuffle_backfill.rs
@@ -332,7 +332,10 @@ where
                     // This is so we don't lose the tombstone iteration progress.
                     // If paused, we also can't read any snapshot records.
                     if !has_snapshot_read && !paused {
-                        assert!(builder.is_empty());
+                        assert!(
+                            builder.is_empty(),
+                            "Builder should be empty if no snapshot read"
+                        );
                         let (_, snapshot) = backfill_stream.into_inner();
                         #[for_await]
                         for msg in snapshot {
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/utils.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/utils.rs
index 8937d52607748..c11dd68471253 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/utils.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/backfill/utils.rs
@@ -34,9 +34,7 @@ use risingwave_common::util::iter_util::ZipEqDebug;
 use risingwave_common::util::sort_util::{cmp_datum_iter, OrderType};
 use risingwave_common::util::value_encoding::BasicSerde;
 use risingwave_connector::error::ConnectorError;
-use risingwave_connector::source::cdc::external::{
-    CdcOffset, ExternalTableReader, ExternalTableReaderImpl,
-};
+use risingwave_connector::source::cdc::external::{CdcOffset, CdcOffsetParseFunc};
 use risingwave_storage::table::{collect_data_chunk_with_builder, KeyedRow};
 use risingwave_storage::StateStore;
 
@@ -310,7 +308,7 @@ pub(crate) fn mark_chunk(
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn mark_cdc_chunk(
-    table_reader: &ExternalTableReaderImpl,
+    offset_parse_func: &CdcOffsetParseFunc,
     chunk: StreamChunk,
     current_pos: &OwnedRow,
     pk_in_output_indices: PkIndicesRef<'_>,
@@ -319,7 +317,7 @@ pub(crate) fn mark_cdc_chunk(
 ) -> StreamExecutorResult<StreamChunk> {
     let chunk = chunk.compact();
     mark_cdc_chunk_inner(
-        table_reader,
+        offset_parse_func,
         chunk,
         current_pos,
         last_cdc_offset,
@@ -343,8 +341,6 @@ pub(crate) fn mark_chunk_ref_by_vnode(
     let mut new_visibility = BitmapBuilder::with_capacity(ops.len());
     // Use project to avoid allocation.
     for row in data.rows() {
-        // TODO(kwannoel): Is this logic correct for computing vnode?
-        // I will revisit it again when arrangement_backfill is implemented e2e.
         let vnode = VirtualNode::compute_row(row, pk_in_output_indices);
         let v = match backfill_state.get_progress(&vnode)? {
             // We want to just forward the row, if the vnode has finished backfill.
@@ -400,7 +396,7 @@ fn mark_chunk_inner(
 }
 
 fn mark_cdc_chunk_inner(
-    table_reader: &ExternalTableReaderImpl,
+    offset_parse_func: &CdcOffsetParseFunc,
     chunk: StreamChunk,
     current_pos: &OwnedRow,
     last_cdc_offset: Option<CdcOffset>,
@@ -414,7 +410,7 @@ fn mark_cdc_chunk_inner(
     let offset_col_idx = data.dimension() - 1;
     for v in data.rows().map(|row| {
         let offset_datum = row.datum_at(offset_col_idx).unwrap();
-        let event_offset = table_reader.parse_cdc_offset(offset_datum.into_utf8())?;
+        let event_offset = (*offset_parse_func)(offset_datum.into_utf8())?;
         let visible = {
             // filter changelog events with binlog range
             let in_binlog_range = if let Some(binlog_low) = &last_cdc_offset {
@@ -555,10 +551,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn flush_data<S: StateStore, const IS_REPLICATED: bool>(
 ) -> StreamExecutorResult<()> {
     let vnodes = table.vnodes().clone();
     if let Some(old_state) = old_state {
-        if old_state[1..] == current_partial_state[1..] {
-            table.commit_no_data_expected(epoch);
-            return Ok(());
-        } else {
+        if old_state[1..] != current_partial_state[1..] {
             vnodes.iter_vnodes_scalar().for_each(|vnode| {
                 let datum = Some(vnode.into());
                 current_partial_state[0] = datum.clone();
@@ -627,13 +620,13 @@ pub(crate) fn get_new_pos(chunk: &StreamChunk, pk_in_output_indices: &[usize]) -
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn get_cdc_chunk_last_offset(
-    table_reader: &ExternalTableReaderImpl,
+    offset_parse_func: &CdcOffsetParseFunc,
     chunk: &StreamChunk,
 ) -> StreamExecutorResult<Option<CdcOffset>> {
     let row = chunk.rows().last().unwrap().1;
     let offset_col = row.iter().last().unwrap();
-    let output = offset_col
-        .map(|scalar| Ok::<_, ConnectorError>(table_reader.parse_cdc_offset(scalar.into_utf8()))?);
+    let output =
+        offset_col.map(|scalar| Ok::<_, ConnectorError>((*offset_parse_func)(scalar.into_utf8()))?);
     output.transpose().map_err(|e| e.into())
 }
 
@@ -727,7 +720,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn persist_state_per_vnode<S: StateStore, const IS_REPLICATED:
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)] state_len: usize,
     vnodes: impl Iterator<Item = VirtualNode>,
 ) -> StreamExecutorResult<()> {
-    let mut has_progress = false;
     for vnode in vnodes {
         if !backfill_state.need_commit(&vnode) {
             continue;
@@ -762,7 +754,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn persist_state_per_vnode<S: StateStore, const IS_REPLICATED:
                 old_row: &encoded_prev_state[..],
                 new_row: &encoded_current_state[..],
             });
-            has_progress = true;
         } else {
             // No existing state, create a new entry.
             #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -775,15 +766,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn persist_state_per_vnode<S: StateStore, const IS_REPLICATED:
             table.write_record(Record::Insert {
                 new_row: &encoded_current_state[..],
             });
-            has_progress = true;
         }
         backfill_state.mark_committed(vnode);
     }
-    if has_progress {
-        table.commit(epoch).await?;
-    } else {
-        table.commit_no_data_expected(epoch);
-    }
+
+    table.commit(epoch).await?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
@@ -807,7 +794,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn persist_state<S: StateStore, const IS_REPLICATED: bool>(
         flush_data(table, epoch, old_state, current_state).await?;
         *old_state = Some(current_state.into());
     } else {
-        table.commit_no_data_expected(epoch);
+        table.commit(epoch).await?;
     }
     Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/dedup/append_only_dedup.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/dedup/append_only_dedup.rs
index b2d17e9da638f..6049b963359ab 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/dedup/append_only_dedup.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/dedup/append_only_dedup.rs
@@ -76,8 +76,6 @@ impl<S: StateStore> AppendOnlyDedupExecutor<S> {
         // The first barrier message should be propagated.
         yield Message::Barrier(barrier);
 
-        let mut commit_data = false;
-
         #[for_await]
         for msg in input {
             self.cache.evict();
@@ -127,21 +125,13 @@ impl<S: StateStore> AppendOnlyDedupExecutor<S> {
                         let chunk = StreamChunk::with_visibility(ops, columns, vis);
                         self.state_table.write_chunk(chunk.clone());
 
-                        commit_data = true;
-
                         yield Message::Chunk(chunk);
                     }
                     self.state_table.try_flush().await?;
                 }
 
                 Message::Barrier(barrier) => {
-                    if commit_data {
-                        // Only commit when we have new data in this epoch.
-                        self.state_table.commit(barrier.epoch).await?;
-                        commit_data = false;
-                    } else {
-                        self.state_table.commit_no_data_expected(barrier.epoch);
-                    }
+                    self.state_table.commit(barrier.epoch).await?;
 
                     if let Some(vnode_bitmap) = barrier.as_update_vnode_bitmap(self.ctx.id) {
                         let (_prev_vnode_bitmap, cache_may_stale) =
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/dynamic_filter.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/dynamic_filter.rs
index 14cf7192bd4db..d3299d99e8a33 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/dynamic_filter.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/dynamic_filter.rs
@@ -462,17 +462,13 @@ impl<S: StateStore, const USE_WATERMARK_CACHE: bool> DynamicFilterExecutor<S, US
                             if let Some(row) = &current_epoch_row {
                                 self.right_table.insert(row);
                             }
-                            self.right_table.commit(barrier.epoch).await?;
-                        } else {
-                            self.right_table.commit_no_data_expected(barrier.epoch);
                         }
                         // Update the last committed row since it has changed
                         last_committed_epoch_row = current_epoch_row.clone();
-                    } else {
-                        self.right_table.commit_no_data_expected(barrier.epoch);
                     }
 
                     self.left_table.commit(barrier.epoch).await?;
+                    self.right_table.commit(barrier.epoch).await?;
 
                     prev_epoch_value = Some(curr);
 
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/hash_join.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/hash_join.rs
index af35e7c7b9603..471d382a763d0 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/hash_join.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/hash_join.rs
@@ -33,10 +33,12 @@ use risingwave_expr::ExprError;
 use risingwave_storage::StateStore;
 use tokio::time::Instant;
 
-use self::JoinType::{FullOuter, LeftOuter, LeftSemi, RightAnti, RightOuter, RightSemi};
+use self::builder::JoinChunkBuilder;
 use super::barrier_align::*;
 use super::error::{StreamExecutorError, StreamExecutorResult};
-use super::managed_state::join::*;
+use super::join::hash_join::*;
+use super::join::row::JoinRow;
+use super::join::{JoinTypePrimitive, SideTypePrimitive, *};
 use super::monitor::StreamingMetrics;
 use super::watermark::*;
 use super::{
@@ -44,101 +46,13 @@ use super::{
     PkIndicesRef, Watermark,
 };
 use crate::common::table::state_table::StateTable;
-use crate::common::JoinStreamChunkBuilder;
 use crate::executor::expect_first_barrier_from_aligned_stream;
-use crate::executor::JoinType::LeftAnti;
+use crate::executor::join::builder::JoinStreamChunkBuilder;
 use crate::task::AtomicU64Ref;
 
-/// The `JoinType` and `SideType` are to mimic a enum, because currently
-/// enum is not supported in const generic.
-// TODO: Use enum to replace this once [feature(adt_const_params)](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/95174) get completed.
-pub type JoinTypePrimitive = u8;
-
 /// Evict the cache every n rows.
 const EVICT_EVERY_N_ROWS: u32 = 16;
 
-#[allow(non_snake_case, non_upper_case_globals)]
-pub mod JoinType {
-    use super::JoinTypePrimitive;
-    pub const Inner: JoinTypePrimitive = 0;
-    pub const LeftOuter: JoinTypePrimitive = 1;
-    pub const RightOuter: JoinTypePrimitive = 2;
-    pub const FullOuter: JoinTypePrimitive = 3;
-    pub const LeftSemi: JoinTypePrimitive = 4;
-    pub const LeftAnti: JoinTypePrimitive = 5;
-    pub const RightSemi: JoinTypePrimitive = 6;
-    pub const RightAnti: JoinTypePrimitive = 7;
-}
-
-pub type SideTypePrimitive = u8;
-#[allow(non_snake_case, non_upper_case_globals)]
-pub mod SideType {
-    use super::SideTypePrimitive;
-    pub const Left: SideTypePrimitive = 0;
-    pub const Right: SideTypePrimitive = 1;
-}
-
-const fn is_outer_side(join_type: JoinTypePrimitive, side_type: SideTypePrimitive) -> bool {
-    join_type == JoinType::FullOuter
-        || (join_type == JoinType::LeftOuter && side_type == SideType::Left)
-        || (join_type == JoinType::RightOuter && side_type == SideType::Right)
-}
-
-const fn outer_side_null(join_type: JoinTypePrimitive, side_type: SideTypePrimitive) -> bool {
-    join_type == JoinType::FullOuter
-        || (join_type == JoinType::LeftOuter && side_type == SideType::Right)
-        || (join_type == JoinType::RightOuter && side_type == SideType::Left)
-}
-
-/// Send the update only once if the join type is semi/anti and the update is the same side as the
-/// join
-const fn forward_exactly_once(join_type: JoinTypePrimitive, side_type: SideTypePrimitive) -> bool {
-    ((join_type == JoinType::LeftSemi || join_type == JoinType::LeftAnti)
-        && side_type == SideType::Left)
-        || ((join_type == JoinType::RightSemi || join_type == JoinType::RightAnti)
-            && side_type == SideType::Right)
-}
-
-const fn only_forward_matched_side(
-    join_type: JoinTypePrimitive,
-    side_type: SideTypePrimitive,
-) -> bool {
-    ((join_type == JoinType::LeftSemi || join_type == JoinType::LeftAnti)
-        && side_type == SideType::Right)
-        || ((join_type == JoinType::RightSemi || join_type == JoinType::RightAnti)
-            && side_type == SideType::Left)
-}
-
-const fn is_semi(join_type: JoinTypePrimitive) -> bool {
-    join_type == JoinType::LeftSemi || join_type == JoinType::RightSemi
-}
-
-const fn is_anti(join_type: JoinTypePrimitive) -> bool {
-    join_type == JoinType::LeftAnti || join_type == JoinType::RightAnti
-}
-
-const fn is_left_semi_or_anti(join_type: JoinTypePrimitive) -> bool {
-    join_type == JoinType::LeftSemi || join_type == JoinType::LeftAnti
-}
-
-const fn is_right_semi_or_anti(join_type: JoinTypePrimitive) -> bool {
-    join_type == JoinType::RightSemi || join_type == JoinType::RightAnti
-}
-
-const fn need_left_degree(join_type: JoinTypePrimitive) -> bool {
-    join_type == FullOuter
-        || join_type == LeftOuter
-        || join_type == LeftAnti
-        || join_type == LeftSemi
-}
-
-const fn need_right_degree(join_type: JoinTypePrimitive) -> bool {
-    join_type == FullOuter
-        || join_type == RightOuter
-        || join_type == RightAnti
-        || join_type == RightSemi
-}
-
 fn is_subset(vec1: Vec<usize>, vec2: Vec<usize>) -> bool {
     HashSet::<usize>::from_iter(vec1).is_subset(&vec2.into_iter().collect())
 }
@@ -295,10 +209,6 @@ impl<K: HashKey, S: StateStore, const T: JoinTypePrimitive> Executor for HashJoi
     }
 }
 
-struct HashJoinChunkBuilder<const T: JoinTypePrimitive, const SIDE: SideTypePrimitive> {
-    stream_chunk_builder: JoinStreamChunkBuilder,
-}
-
 struct EqJoinArgs<'a, K: HashKey, S: StateStore> {
     ctx: &'a ActorContextRef,
     side_l: &'a mut JoinSide<K, S>,
@@ -312,121 +222,6 @@ struct EqJoinArgs<'a, K: HashKey, S: StateStore> {
     cnt_rows_received: &'a mut u32,
 }
 
-impl<const T: JoinTypePrimitive, const SIDE: SideTypePrimitive> HashJoinChunkBuilder<T, SIDE> {
-    fn with_match_on_insert(
-        &mut self,
-        row: &RowRef<'_>,
-        matched_row: &JoinRow<OwnedRow>,
-    ) -> Option<StreamChunk> {
-        // Left/Right Anti sides
-        if is_anti(T) {
-            if matched_row.is_zero_degree() && only_forward_matched_side(T, SIDE) {
-                self.stream_chunk_builder
-                    .append_row_matched(Op::Delete, &matched_row.row)
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        // Left/Right Semi sides
-        } else if is_semi(T) {
-            if matched_row.is_zero_degree() && only_forward_matched_side(T, SIDE) {
-                self.stream_chunk_builder
-                    .append_row_matched(Op::Insert, &matched_row.row)
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        // Outer sides
-        } else if matched_row.is_zero_degree() && outer_side_null(T, SIDE) {
-            // if the matched_row does not have any current matches
-            // `StreamChunkBuilder` guarantees that `UpdateDelete` will never
-            // issue an output chunk.
-            if self
-                .stream_chunk_builder
-                .append_row_matched(Op::UpdateDelete, &matched_row.row)
-                .is_some()
-            {
-                unreachable!("`Op::UpdateDelete` should not yield chunk");
-            }
-            self.stream_chunk_builder
-                .append_row(Op::UpdateInsert, row, &matched_row.row)
-        // Inner sides
-        } else {
-            self.stream_chunk_builder
-                .append_row(Op::Insert, row, &matched_row.row)
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn with_match_on_delete(
-        &mut self,
-        row: &RowRef<'_>,
-        matched_row: &JoinRow<OwnedRow>,
-    ) -> Option<StreamChunk> {
-        // Left/Right Anti sides
-        if is_anti(T) {
-            if matched_row.is_zero_degree() && only_forward_matched_side(T, SIDE) {
-                self.stream_chunk_builder
-                    .append_row_matched(Op::Insert, &matched_row.row)
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        // Left/Right Semi sides
-        } else if is_semi(T) {
-            if matched_row.is_zero_degree() && only_forward_matched_side(T, SIDE) {
-                self.stream_chunk_builder
-                    .append_row_matched(Op::Delete, &matched_row.row)
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        // Outer sides
-        } else if matched_row.is_zero_degree() && outer_side_null(T, SIDE) {
-            // if the matched_row does not have any current
-            // matches
-            if self
-                .stream_chunk_builder
-                .append_row(Op::UpdateDelete, row, &matched_row.row)
-                .is_some()
-            {
-                unreachable!("`Op::UpdateDelete` should not yield chunk");
-            }
-            self.stream_chunk_builder
-                .append_row_matched(Op::UpdateInsert, &matched_row.row)
-        // Inner sides
-        } else {
-            // concat with the matched_row and append the new
-            // row
-            // FIXME: we always use `Op::Delete` here to avoid
-            // violating
-            // the assumption for U+ after U-.
-            self.stream_chunk_builder
-                .append_row(Op::Delete, row, &matched_row.row)
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn forward_exactly_once_if_matched(&mut self, op: Op, row: RowRef<'_>) -> Option<StreamChunk> {
-        // if it's a semi join and the side needs to be maintained.
-        if is_semi(T) && forward_exactly_once(T, SIDE) {
-            self.stream_chunk_builder.append_row_update(op, row)
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn forward_if_not_matched(&mut self, op: Op, row: RowRef<'_>) -> Option<StreamChunk> {
-        // if it's outer join or anti join and the side needs to be maintained.
-        if (is_anti(T) && forward_exactly_once(T, SIDE)) || is_outer_side(T, SIDE) {
-            self.stream_chunk_builder.append_row_update(op, row)
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn take(&mut self) -> Option<StreamChunk> {
-        self.stream_chunk_builder.take()
-    }
-}
-
 impl<K: HashKey, S: StateStore, const T: JoinTypePrimitive> HashJoinExecutor<K, S, T> {
     #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
     pub fn new(
@@ -1025,14 +820,13 @@ impl<K: HashKey, S: StateStore, const T: JoinTypePrimitive> HashJoinExecutor<K,
             })
             .collect_vec();
 
-        let mut hashjoin_chunk_builder = HashJoinChunkBuilder::<T, SIDE> {
-            stream_chunk_builder: JoinStreamChunkBuilder::new(
+        let mut hashjoin_chunk_builder =
+            JoinChunkBuilder::<T, SIDE>::new(JoinStreamChunkBuilder::new(
                 chunk_size,
                 actual_output_data_types.to_vec(),
                 side_update.i2o_mapping.clone(),
                 side_match.i2o_mapping.clone(),
-            ),
-        };
+            ));
 
         let join_matched_join_keys = ctx
             .streaming_metrics
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/join/builder.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/join/builder.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..ca34ba9cad9e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/join/builder.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+// Copyright 2024 RisingWave Labs
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use risingwave_common::array::stream_chunk_builder::StreamChunkBuilder;
+use risingwave_common::array::{Op, RowRef, StreamChunk};
+use risingwave_common::row::{OwnedRow, Row};
+use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, DatumRef};
+
+use self::row::JoinRow;
+// Re-export `StreamChunkBuilder`.
+use super::*;
+use super::{JoinTypePrimitive, SideTypePrimitive};
+
+type IndexMappings = Vec<(usize, usize)>;
+
+/// Build stream chunks with fixed chunk size from joined two sides of rows.
+pub struct JoinStreamChunkBuilder {
+    builder: StreamChunkBuilder,
+
+    /// The column index mapping from update side to output.
+    update_to_output: IndexMappings,
+
+    /// The column index mapping from matched side to output.
+    matched_to_output: IndexMappings,
+}
+
+impl JoinStreamChunkBuilder {
+    pub fn new(
+        chunk_size: usize,
+        data_types: Vec<DataType>,
+        update_to_output: IndexMappings,
+        matched_to_output: IndexMappings,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            builder: StreamChunkBuilder::new(chunk_size, data_types),
+            update_to_output,
+            matched_to_output,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the mappings from left/right input indices to the output indices. The mappings can be
+    /// used to create [`JoinStreamChunkBuilder`] later.
+    ///
+    /// Please note the semantics of `update` and `matched` when creating the builder: either left
+    /// or right side can be `update` side or `matched` side, the key is to call the corresponding
+    /// append method once you passed `left_to_output`/`right_to_output` to
+    /// `update_to_output`/`matched_to_output`.
+    pub fn get_i2o_mapping(
+        output_indices: &[usize],
+        left_len: usize,
+        right_len: usize,
+    ) -> (IndexMappings, IndexMappings) {
+        let mut left_to_output = vec![];
+        let mut right_to_output = vec![];
+
+        for (output_idx, &idx) in output_indices.iter().enumerate() {
+            if idx < left_len {
+                left_to_output.push((idx, output_idx))
+            } else if idx >= left_len && idx < left_len + right_len {
+                right_to_output.push((idx - left_len, output_idx));
+            } else {
+                unreachable!("output_indices out of bound")
+            }
+        }
+        (left_to_output, right_to_output)
+    }
+
+    /// Append a row with coming update value and matched value.
+    ///
+    /// A [`StreamChunk`] will be returned when `size == capacity`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn append_row(
+        &mut self,
+        op: Op,
+        row_update: impl Row,
+        row_matched: impl Row,
+    ) -> Option<StreamChunk> {
+        self.builder.append_iter(
+            op,
+            self.update_to_output
+                .iter()
+                .map(|&(update_idx, output_idx)| (output_idx, row_update.datum_at(update_idx)))
+                .chain(
+                    self.matched_to_output
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|&(matched_idx, output_idx)| {
+                            (output_idx, row_matched.datum_at(matched_idx))
+                        }),
+                ),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Append a row with coming update value and fill the other side with null.
+    ///
+    /// A [`StreamChunk`] will be returned when `size == capacity`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn append_row_update(&mut self, op: Op, row_update: impl Row) -> Option<StreamChunk> {
+        self.builder.append_iter(
+            op,
+            self.update_to_output
+                .iter()
+                .map(|&(update_idx, output_idx)| (output_idx, row_update.datum_at(update_idx)))
+                .chain(
+                    self.matched_to_output
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|&(_, output_idx)| (output_idx, DatumRef::None)),
+                ),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Append a row with matched value and fill the coming side with null.
+    ///
+    /// A [`StreamChunk`] will be returned when `size == capacity`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn append_row_matched(&mut self, op: Op, row_matched: impl Row) -> Option<StreamChunk> {
+        self.builder.append_iter(
+            op,
+            self.update_to_output
+                .iter()
+                .map(|&(_, output_idx)| (output_idx, DatumRef::None))
+                .chain(
+                    self.matched_to_output
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|&(matched_idx, output_idx)| {
+                            (output_idx, row_matched.datum_at(matched_idx))
+                        }),
+                ),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Take out the remaining rows as a chunk. Return `None` if the builder is empty.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn take(&mut self) -> Option<StreamChunk> {
+        self.builder.take()
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct JoinChunkBuilder<const T: JoinTypePrimitive, const SIDE: SideTypePrimitive> {
+    stream_chunk_builder: JoinStreamChunkBuilder,
+}
+
+impl<const T: JoinTypePrimitive, const SIDE: SideTypePrimitive> JoinChunkBuilder<T, SIDE> {
+    pub fn new(stream_chunk_builder: JoinStreamChunkBuilder) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            stream_chunk_builder,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_match_on_insert(
+        &mut self,
+        row: &RowRef<'_>,
+        matched_row: &JoinRow<OwnedRow>,
+    ) -> Option<StreamChunk> {
+        // Left/Right Anti sides
+        if is_anti(T) {
+            if matched_row.is_zero_degree() && only_forward_matched_side(T, SIDE) {
+                self.stream_chunk_builder
+                    .append_row_matched(Op::Delete, &matched_row.row)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        // Left/Right Semi sides
+        } else if is_semi(T) {
+            if matched_row.is_zero_degree() && only_forward_matched_side(T, SIDE) {
+                self.stream_chunk_builder
+                    .append_row_matched(Op::Insert, &matched_row.row)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        // Outer sides
+        } else if matched_row.is_zero_degree() && outer_side_null(T, SIDE) {
+            // if the matched_row does not have any current matches
+            // `StreamChunkBuilder` guarantees that `UpdateDelete` will never
+            // issue an output chunk.
+            if self
+                .stream_chunk_builder
+                .append_row_matched(Op::UpdateDelete, &matched_row.row)
+                .is_some()
+            {
+                unreachable!("`Op::UpdateDelete` should not yield chunk");
+            }
+            self.stream_chunk_builder
+                .append_row(Op::UpdateInsert, row, &matched_row.row)
+        // Inner sides
+        } else {
+            self.stream_chunk_builder
+                .append_row(Op::Insert, row, &matched_row.row)
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_match_on_delete(
+        &mut self,
+        row: &RowRef<'_>,
+        matched_row: &JoinRow<OwnedRow>,
+    ) -> Option<StreamChunk> {
+        // Left/Right Anti sides
+        if is_anti(T) {
+            if matched_row.is_zero_degree() && only_forward_matched_side(T, SIDE) {
+                self.stream_chunk_builder
+                    .append_row_matched(Op::Insert, &matched_row.row)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        // Left/Right Semi sides
+        } else if is_semi(T) {
+            if matched_row.is_zero_degree() && only_forward_matched_side(T, SIDE) {
+                self.stream_chunk_builder
+                    .append_row_matched(Op::Delete, &matched_row.row)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        // Outer sides
+        } else if matched_row.is_zero_degree() && outer_side_null(T, SIDE) {
+            // if the matched_row does not have any current
+            // matches
+            if self
+                .stream_chunk_builder
+                .append_row(Op::UpdateDelete, row, &matched_row.row)
+                .is_some()
+            {
+                unreachable!("`Op::UpdateDelete` should not yield chunk");
+            }
+            self.stream_chunk_builder
+                .append_row_matched(Op::UpdateInsert, &matched_row.row)
+        // Inner sides
+        } else {
+            // concat with the matched_row and append the new
+            // row
+            // FIXME: we always use `Op::Delete` here to avoid
+            // violating
+            // the assumption for U+ after U-.
+            self.stream_chunk_builder
+                .append_row(Op::Delete, row, &matched_row.row)
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn forward_exactly_once_if_matched(
+        &mut self,
+        op: Op,
+        row: RowRef<'_>,
+    ) -> Option<StreamChunk> {
+        // if it's a semi join and the side needs to be maintained.
+        if is_semi(T) && forward_exactly_once(T, SIDE) {
+            self.stream_chunk_builder.append_row_update(op, row)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn forward_if_not_matched(&mut self, op: Op, row: RowRef<'_>) -> Option<StreamChunk> {
+        // if it's outer join or anti join and the side needs to be maintained.
+        if (is_anti(T) && forward_exactly_once(T, SIDE)) || is_outer_side(T, SIDE) {
+            self.stream_chunk_builder.append_row_update(op, row)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn take(&mut self) -> Option<StreamChunk> {
+        self.stream_chunk_builder.take()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/join/hash_join.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/join/hash_join.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..123bd6e42e45e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/join/hash_join.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,783 @@
+// Copyright 2024 RisingWave Labs
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::alloc::Global;
+use std::ops::{Bound, Deref, DerefMut};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use anyhow::Context;
+use futures::future::{join, try_join};
+use futures::StreamExt;
+use futures_async_stream::for_await;
+use local_stats_alloc::{SharedStatsAlloc, StatsAlloc};
+use risingwave_common::buffer::Bitmap;
+use risingwave_common::estimate_size::EstimateSize;
+use risingwave_common::hash::{HashKey, PrecomputedBuildHasher};
+use risingwave_common::metrics::LabelGuardedIntCounter;
+use risingwave_common::row::{OwnedRow, Row, RowExt};
+use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, ScalarImpl};
+use risingwave_common::util::epoch::EpochPair;
+use risingwave_common::util::row_serde::OrderedRowSerde;
+use risingwave_common::util::sort_util::OrderType;
+use risingwave_storage::store::PrefetchOptions;
+use risingwave_storage::StateStore;
+
+use super::row::{DegreeType, EncodedJoinRow};
+use crate::cache::{new_with_hasher_in, ManagedLruCache};
+use crate::common::metrics::MetricsInfo;
+use crate::common::table::state_table::StateTable;
+use crate::executor::error::StreamExecutorResult;
+use crate::executor::join::row::JoinRow;
+use crate::executor::monitor::StreamingMetrics;
+use crate::task::{ActorId, AtomicU64Ref, FragmentId};
+
+/// Memcomparable encoding.
+type PkType = Vec<u8>;
+
+pub type StateValueType = EncodedJoinRow;
+pub type HashValueType = Box<JoinEntryState>;
+
+impl EstimateSize for HashValueType {
+    fn estimated_heap_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.as_ref().estimated_heap_size()
+    }
+}
+
+/// The wrapper for [`JoinEntryState`] which should be `Some` most of the time in the hash table.
+///
+/// When the executor is operating on the specific entry of the map, it can hold the ownership of
+/// the entry by taking the value out of the `Option`, instead of holding a mutable reference to the
+/// map, which can make the compiler happy.
+struct HashValueWrapper(Option<HashValueType>);
+
+impl EstimateSize for HashValueWrapper {
+    fn estimated_heap_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.0.estimated_heap_size()
+    }
+}
+
+impl HashValueWrapper {
+    const MESSAGE: &'static str = "the state should always be `Some`";
+
+    /// Take the value out of the wrapper. Panic if the value is `None`.
+    pub fn take(&mut self) -> HashValueType {
+        self.0.take().expect(Self::MESSAGE)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Deref for HashValueWrapper {
+    type Target = HashValueType;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        self.0.as_ref().expect(Self::MESSAGE)
+    }
+}
+
+impl DerefMut for HashValueWrapper {
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
+        self.0.as_mut().expect(Self::MESSAGE)
+    }
+}
+
+type JoinHashMapInner<K> =
+    ManagedLruCache<K, HashValueWrapper, PrecomputedBuildHasher, SharedStatsAlloc<Global>>;
+
+pub struct JoinHashMapMetrics {
+    /// Basic information
+    /// How many times have we hit the cache of join executor
+    lookup_miss_count: usize,
+    total_lookup_count: usize,
+    /// How many times have we miss the cache when insert row
+    insert_cache_miss_count: usize,
+
+    // Metrics
+    join_lookup_total_count_metric: LabelGuardedIntCounter<5>,
+    join_lookup_miss_count_metric: LabelGuardedIntCounter<5>,
+    join_insert_cache_miss_count_metrics: LabelGuardedIntCounter<5>,
+}
+
+impl JoinHashMapMetrics {
+    pub fn new(
+        metrics: &StreamingMetrics,
+        actor_id: ActorId,
+        fragment_id: FragmentId,
+        side: &'static str,
+        join_table_id: u32,
+        degree_table_id: u32,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let actor_id = actor_id.to_string();
+        let fragment_id = fragment_id.to_string();
+        let join_table_id = join_table_id.to_string();
+        let degree_table_id = degree_table_id.to_string();
+        let join_lookup_total_count_metric =
+            metrics.join_lookup_total_count.with_guarded_label_values(&[
+                (side),
+                &join_table_id,
+                &degree_table_id,
+                &actor_id,
+                &fragment_id,
+            ]);
+        let join_lookup_miss_count_metric =
+            metrics.join_lookup_miss_count.with_guarded_label_values(&[
+                (side),
+                &join_table_id,
+                &degree_table_id,
+                &actor_id,
+                &fragment_id,
+            ]);
+        let join_insert_cache_miss_count_metrics = metrics
+            .join_insert_cache_miss_count
+            .with_guarded_label_values(&[
+                (side),
+                &join_table_id,
+                &degree_table_id,
+                &actor_id,
+                &fragment_id,
+            ]);
+
+        Self {
+            lookup_miss_count: 0,
+            total_lookup_count: 0,
+            insert_cache_miss_count: 0,
+            join_lookup_total_count_metric,
+            join_lookup_miss_count_metric,
+            join_insert_cache_miss_count_metrics,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn flush(&mut self) {
+        self.join_lookup_total_count_metric
+            .inc_by(self.total_lookup_count as u64);
+        self.join_lookup_miss_count_metric
+            .inc_by(self.lookup_miss_count as u64);
+        self.join_insert_cache_miss_count_metrics
+            .inc_by(self.insert_cache_miss_count as u64);
+        self.total_lookup_count = 0;
+        self.lookup_miss_count = 0;
+        self.insert_cache_miss_count = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct JoinHashMap<K: HashKey, S: StateStore> {
+    /// Store the join states.
+    inner: JoinHashMapInner<K>,
+    /// Data types of the join key columns
+    join_key_data_types: Vec<DataType>,
+    /// Null safe bitmap for each join pair
+    null_matched: K::Bitmap,
+    /// The memcomparable serializer of primary key.
+    pk_serializer: OrderedRowSerde,
+    /// State table. Contains the data from upstream.
+    state: TableInner<S>,
+    /// Degree table.
+    ///
+    /// The degree is generated from the hash join executor.
+    /// Each row in `state` has a corresponding degree in `degree state`.
+    /// A degree value `d` in for a row means the row has `d` matched row in the other join side.
+    ///
+    /// It will only be used when needed in a side.
+    ///
+    /// - Full Outer: both side
+    /// - Left Outer/Semi/Anti: left side
+    /// - Right Outer/Semi/Anti: right side
+    /// - Inner: None.
+    degree_state: TableInner<S>,
+    /// If degree table is need
+    need_degree_table: bool,
+    /// Pk is part of the join key.
+    pk_contained_in_jk: bool,
+    /// Metrics of the hash map
+    metrics: JoinHashMapMetrics,
+}
+
+struct TableInner<S: StateStore> {
+    /// Indices of the (cache) pk in a state row
+    pk_indices: Vec<usize>,
+    /// Indices of the join key in a state row
+    join_key_indices: Vec<usize>,
+    // This should be identical to the pk in state table.
+    order_key_indices: Vec<usize>,
+    // This should be identical to the data types in table schema.
+    #[expect(dead_code)]
+    all_data_types: Vec<DataType>,
+    pub(crate) table: StateTable<S>,
+}
+
+impl<S: StateStore> TableInner<S> {
+    fn error_context(&self, row: &impl Row) -> String {
+        let pk = row.project(&self.pk_indices);
+        let jk = row.project(&self.join_key_indices);
+        format!(
+            "join key: {}, pk: {}, row: {}, state_table_id: {}",
+            jk.display(),
+            pk.display(),
+            row.display(),
+            self.table.table_id()
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl<K: HashKey, S: StateStore> JoinHashMap<K, S> {
+    /// Create a [`JoinHashMap`] with the given LRU capacity.
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    pub fn new(
+        watermark_epoch: AtomicU64Ref,
+        join_key_data_types: Vec<DataType>,
+        state_join_key_indices: Vec<usize>,
+        state_all_data_types: Vec<DataType>,
+        state_table: StateTable<S>,
+        state_pk_indices: Vec<usize>,
+        degree_join_key_indices: Vec<usize>,
+        degree_all_data_types: Vec<DataType>,
+        degree_table: StateTable<S>,
+        degree_pk_indices: Vec<usize>,
+        null_matched: K::Bitmap,
+        need_degree_table: bool,
+        pk_contained_in_jk: bool,
+        metrics: Arc<StreamingMetrics>,
+        actor_id: ActorId,
+        fragment_id: FragmentId,
+        side: &'static str,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let alloc = StatsAlloc::new(Global).shared();
+        // TODO: unify pk encoding with state table.
+        let pk_data_types = state_pk_indices
+            .iter()
+            .map(|i| state_all_data_types[*i].clone())
+            .collect();
+        let pk_serializer = OrderedRowSerde::new(
+            pk_data_types,
+            vec![OrderType::ascending(); state_pk_indices.len()],
+        );
+
+        let join_table_id = state_table.table_id();
+        let degree_table_id = degree_table.table_id();
+        let state = TableInner {
+            pk_indices: state_pk_indices,
+            join_key_indices: state_join_key_indices,
+            order_key_indices: state_table.pk_indices().to_vec(),
+            all_data_types: state_all_data_types,
+            table: state_table,
+        };
+
+        let degree_state = TableInner {
+            pk_indices: degree_pk_indices,
+            join_key_indices: degree_join_key_indices,
+            order_key_indices: degree_table.pk_indices().to_vec(),
+            all_data_types: degree_all_data_types,
+            table: degree_table,
+        };
+
+        let metrics_info = MetricsInfo::new(
+            metrics.clone(),
+            join_table_id,
+            actor_id,
+            &format!("hash join {}", side),
+        );
+
+        let cache =
+            new_with_hasher_in(watermark_epoch, metrics_info, PrecomputedBuildHasher, alloc);
+
+        Self {
+            inner: cache,
+            join_key_data_types,
+            null_matched,
+            pk_serializer,
+            state,
+            degree_state,
+            need_degree_table,
+            pk_contained_in_jk,
+            metrics: JoinHashMapMetrics::new(
+                &metrics,
+                actor_id,
+                fragment_id,
+                side,
+                join_table_id,
+                degree_table_id,
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn init(&mut self, epoch: EpochPair) {
+        self.update_epoch(epoch.curr);
+        self.state.table.init_epoch(epoch);
+        self.degree_state.table.init_epoch(epoch);
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_epoch(&mut self, epoch: u64) {
+        // Update the current epoch in `ManagedLruCache`
+        self.inner.update_epoch(epoch)
+    }
+
+    /// Update the vnode bitmap and manipulate the cache if necessary.
+    pub fn update_vnode_bitmap(&mut self, vnode_bitmap: Arc<Bitmap>) -> bool {
+        let (_previous_vnode_bitmap, cache_may_stale) =
+            self.state.table.update_vnode_bitmap(vnode_bitmap.clone());
+        let _ = self.degree_state.table.update_vnode_bitmap(vnode_bitmap);
+
+        if cache_may_stale {
+            self.inner.clear();
+        }
+
+        cache_may_stale
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_watermark(&mut self, watermark: ScalarImpl) {
+        // TODO: remove data in cache.
+        self.state.table.update_watermark(watermark.clone(), false);
+        self.degree_state.table.update_watermark(watermark, false);
+    }
+
+    /// Take the state for the given `key` out of the hash table and return it. One **MUST** call
+    /// `update_state` after some operations to put the state back.
+    ///
+    /// If the state does not exist in the cache, fetch the remote storage and return. If it still
+    /// does not exist in the remote storage, a [`JoinEntryState`] with empty cache will be
+    /// returned.
+    ///
+    /// Note: This will NOT remove anything from remote storage.
+    pub async fn take_state<'a>(&mut self, key: &K) -> StreamExecutorResult<HashValueType> {
+        self.metrics.total_lookup_count += 1;
+        let state = if self.inner.contains(key) {
+            // Do not update the LRU statistics here with `peek_mut` since we will put the state
+            // back.
+            let mut state = self.inner.peek_mut(key).unwrap();
+            state.take()
+        } else {
+            self.metrics.lookup_miss_count += 1;
+            self.fetch_cached_state(key).await?.into()
+        };
+        Ok(state)
+    }
+
+    /// Fetch cache from the state store. Should only be called if the key does not exist in memory.
+    /// Will return a empty `JoinEntryState` even when state does not exist in remote.
+    async fn fetch_cached_state(&self, key: &K) -> StreamExecutorResult<JoinEntryState> {
+        let key = key.deserialize(&self.join_key_data_types)?;
+
+        let mut entry_state = JoinEntryState::default();
+
+        if self.need_degree_table {
+            let sub_range: &(Bound<OwnedRow>, Bound<OwnedRow>) =
+                &(Bound::Unbounded, Bound::Unbounded);
+            let table_iter_fut =
+                self.state
+                    .table
+                    .iter_with_prefix(&key, sub_range, PrefetchOptions::default());
+            let degree_table_iter_fut = self.degree_state.table.iter_with_prefix(
+                &key,
+                sub_range,
+                PrefetchOptions::default(),
+            );
+
+            let (table_iter, degree_table_iter) =
+                try_join(table_iter_fut, degree_table_iter_fut).await?;
+
+            let mut pinned_table_iter = std::pin::pin!(table_iter);
+            let mut pinned_degree_table_iter = std::pin::pin!(degree_table_iter);
+            loop {
+                // Iterate on both iterators and ensure they have same size. Basically `zip_eq()`.
+                let (row, degree) =
+                    join(pinned_table_iter.next(), pinned_degree_table_iter.next()).await;
+                let (row, degree) = match (row, degree) {
+                    (None, None) => break,
+                    (None, Some(_)) | (Some(_), None) => {
+                        panic!("mismatched row and degree table of join key: {:?}", &key)
+                    }
+                    (Some(r), Some(d)) => (r, d),
+                };
+
+                let row = row?;
+                let degree_row = degree?;
+                let pk1 = row.key();
+                let pk2 = degree_row.key();
+                debug_assert_eq!(
+                    pk1, pk2,
+                    "mismatched pk in degree table: pk1: {pk1:?}, pk2: {pk2:?}",
+                );
+                let pk = row
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .project(&self.state.pk_indices)
+                    .memcmp_serialize(&self.pk_serializer);
+                let degree_i64 = degree_row
+                    .datum_at(degree_row.len() - 1)
+                    .expect("degree should not be NULL");
+                entry_state
+                    .insert(
+                        pk,
+                        JoinRow::new(row.row(), degree_i64.into_int64() as u64).encode(),
+                    )
+                    .with_context(|| self.state.error_context(row.row()))?;
+            }
+        } else {
+            let sub_range: &(Bound<OwnedRow>, Bound<OwnedRow>) =
+                &(Bound::Unbounded, Bound::Unbounded);
+            let table_iter = self
+                .state
+                .table
+                .iter_with_prefix(&key, sub_range, PrefetchOptions::default())
+                .await?;
+
+            #[for_await]
+            for entry in table_iter {
+                let row = entry?;
+                let pk = row
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .project(&self.state.pk_indices)
+                    .memcmp_serialize(&self.pk_serializer);
+                entry_state
+                    .insert(pk, JoinRow::new(row.row(), 0).encode())
+                    .with_context(|| self.state.error_context(row.row()))?;
+            }
+        };
+
+        Ok(entry_state)
+    }
+
+    pub async fn flush(&mut self, epoch: EpochPair) -> StreamExecutorResult<()> {
+        self.metrics.flush();
+        self.state.table.commit(epoch).await?;
+        self.degree_state.table.commit(epoch).await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub async fn try_flush(&mut self) -> StreamExecutorResult<()> {
+        self.state.table.try_flush().await?;
+        self.degree_state.table.try_flush().await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Insert a join row
+    #[allow(clippy::unused_async)]
+    pub async fn insert(&mut self, key: &K, value: JoinRow<impl Row>) -> StreamExecutorResult<()> {
+        let pk = (&value.row)
+            .project(&self.state.pk_indices)
+            .memcmp_serialize(&self.pk_serializer);
+
+        // TODO(yuhao): avoid this `contains`.
+        // https://github.com/risingwavelabs/risingwave/issues/9233
+        if self.inner.contains(key) {
+            // Update cache
+            let mut entry = self.inner.get_mut(key).unwrap();
+            entry
+                .insert(pk, value.encode())
+                .with_context(|| self.state.error_context(&value.row))?;
+        } else if self.pk_contained_in_jk {
+            // Refill cache when the join key exist in neither cache or storage.
+            self.metrics.insert_cache_miss_count += 1;
+            let mut state = JoinEntryState::default();
+            state
+                .insert(pk, value.encode())
+                .with_context(|| self.state.error_context(&value.row))?;
+            self.update_state(key, state.into());
+        }
+
+        // Update the flush buffer.
+        let (row, degree) = value.to_table_rows(&self.state.order_key_indices);
+        self.state.table.insert(row);
+        self.degree_state.table.insert(degree);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Insert a row.
+    /// Used when the side does not need to update degree.
+    #[allow(clippy::unused_async)]
+    pub async fn insert_row(&mut self, key: &K, value: impl Row) -> StreamExecutorResult<()> {
+        let join_row = JoinRow::new(&value, 0);
+        let pk = (&value)
+            .project(&self.state.pk_indices)
+            .memcmp_serialize(&self.pk_serializer);
+
+        // TODO(yuhao): avoid this `contains`.
+        // https://github.com/risingwavelabs/risingwave/issues/9233
+        if self.inner.contains(key) {
+            // Update cache
+            let mut entry = self.inner.get_mut(key).unwrap();
+            entry
+                .insert(pk, join_row.encode())
+                .with_context(|| self.state.error_context(&value))?;
+        } else if self.pk_contained_in_jk {
+            // Refill cache when the join key exist in neither cache or storage.
+            self.metrics.insert_cache_miss_count += 1;
+            let mut state = JoinEntryState::default();
+            state
+                .insert(pk, join_row.encode())
+                .with_context(|| self.state.error_context(&value))?;
+            self.update_state(key, state.into());
+        }
+
+        // Update the flush buffer.
+        self.state.table.insert(value);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Delete a join row
+    pub fn delete(&mut self, key: &K, value: JoinRow<impl Row>) -> StreamExecutorResult<()> {
+        if let Some(mut entry) = self.inner.get_mut(key) {
+            let pk = (&value.row)
+                .project(&self.state.pk_indices)
+                .memcmp_serialize(&self.pk_serializer);
+            entry
+                .remove(pk)
+                .with_context(|| self.state.error_context(&value.row))?;
+        }
+
+        // If no cache maintained, only update the state table.
+        let (row, degree) = value.to_table_rows(&self.state.order_key_indices);
+        self.state.table.delete(row);
+        self.degree_state.table.delete(degree);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Delete a row
+    /// Used when the side does not need to update degree.
+    pub fn delete_row(&mut self, key: &K, value: impl Row) -> StreamExecutorResult<()> {
+        if let Some(mut entry) = self.inner.get_mut(key) {
+            let pk = (&value)
+                .project(&self.state.pk_indices)
+                .memcmp_serialize(&self.pk_serializer);
+            entry
+                .remove(pk)
+                .with_context(|| self.state.error_context(&value))?;
+        }
+
+        // If no cache maintained, only update the state table.
+        self.state.table.delete(value);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Update a [`JoinEntryState`] into the hash table.
+    pub fn update_state(&mut self, key: &K, state: HashValueType) {
+        self.inner.put(key.clone(), HashValueWrapper(Some(state)));
+    }
+
+    /// Manipulate the degree of the given [`JoinRow`] and [`EncodedJoinRow`] with `action`, both in
+    /// memory and in the degree table.
+    fn manipulate_degree(
+        &mut self,
+        join_row_ref: &mut StateValueType,
+        join_row: &mut JoinRow<OwnedRow>,
+        action: impl Fn(&mut DegreeType),
+    ) {
+        // TODO: no need to `into_owned_row` here due to partial borrow.
+        let old_degree = join_row
+            .to_table_rows(&self.state.order_key_indices)
+            .1
+            .into_owned_row();
+
+        action(&mut join_row_ref.degree);
+        action(&mut join_row.degree);
+
+        let new_degree = join_row.to_table_rows(&self.state.order_key_indices).1;
+
+        self.degree_state.table.update(old_degree, new_degree);
+    }
+
+    /// Increment the degree of the given [`JoinRow`] and [`EncodedJoinRow`] with `action`, both in
+    /// memory and in the degree table.
+    pub fn inc_degree(
+        &mut self,
+        join_row_ref: &mut StateValueType,
+        join_row: &mut JoinRow<OwnedRow>,
+    ) {
+        self.manipulate_degree(join_row_ref, join_row, |d| *d += 1)
+    }
+
+    /// Decrement the degree of the given [`JoinRow`] and [`EncodedJoinRow`] with `action`, both in
+    /// memory and in the degree table.
+    pub fn dec_degree(
+        &mut self,
+        join_row_ref: &mut StateValueType,
+        join_row: &mut JoinRow<OwnedRow>,
+    ) {
+        self.manipulate_degree(join_row_ref, join_row, |d| {
+            *d = d
+                .checked_sub(1)
+                .expect("Tried to decrement zero join row degree")
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Evict the cache.
+    pub fn evict(&mut self) {
+        self.inner.evict();
+    }
+
+    /// Cached entry count for this hash table.
+    pub fn entry_count(&self) -> usize {
+        self.inner.len()
+    }
+
+    pub fn null_matched(&self) -> &K::Bitmap {
+        &self.null_matched
+    }
+
+    pub fn table_id(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.state.table.table_id()
+    }
+}
+
+use risingwave_common::estimate_size::KvSize;
+use thiserror::Error;
+
+use super::*;
+
+/// We manages a `HashMap` in memory for all entries belonging to a join key.
+/// When evicted, `cached` does not hold any entries.
+///
+/// If a `JoinEntryState` exists for a join key, the all records under this
+/// join key will be presented in the cache.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct JoinEntryState {
+    /// The full copy of the state.
+    cached: join_row_set::JoinRowSet<PkType, StateValueType>,
+    kv_heap_size: KvSize,
+}
+
+impl EstimateSize for JoinEntryState {
+    fn estimated_heap_size(&self) -> usize {
+        // TODO: Add btreemap internal size.
+        // https://github.com/risingwavelabs/risingwave/issues/9713
+        self.kv_heap_size.size()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Error, Debug)]
+pub enum JoinEntryError {
+    #[error("double inserting a join state entry")]
+    OccupiedError,
+    #[error("removing a join state entry but it is not in the cache")]
+    RemoveError,
+}
+
+impl JoinEntryState {
+    /// Insert into the cache.
+    pub fn insert(
+        &mut self,
+        key: PkType,
+        value: StateValueType,
+    ) -> Result<&mut StateValueType, JoinEntryError> {
+        self.kv_heap_size.add(&key, &value);
+        self.cached
+            .try_insert(key, value)
+            .map_err(|_| JoinEntryError::OccupiedError)
+    }
+
+    /// Delete from the cache.
+    pub fn remove(&mut self, pk: PkType) -> Result<(), JoinEntryError> {
+        if let Some(value) = self.cached.remove(&pk) {
+            self.kv_heap_size.sub(&pk, &value);
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            Err(JoinEntryError::RemoveError)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Note: the first item in the tuple is the mutable reference to the value in this entry, while
+    /// the second item is the decoded value. To mutate the degree, one **must not** forget to apply
+    /// the changes to the first item.
+    ///
+    /// WARNING: Should not change the heap size of `StateValueType` with the mutable reference.
+    pub fn values_mut<'a>(
+        &'a mut self,
+        data_types: &'a [DataType],
+    ) -> impl Iterator<
+        Item = (
+            &'a mut StateValueType,
+            StreamExecutorResult<JoinRow<OwnedRow>>,
+        ),
+    > + 'a {
+        self.cached.values_mut().map(|encoded| {
+            let decoded = encoded.decode(data_types);
+            (encoded, decoded)
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.cached.len()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use itertools::Itertools;
+    use risingwave_common::array::*;
+    use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, ScalarImpl};
+    use risingwave_common::util::iter_util::ZipEqDebug;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn insert_chunk(
+        managed_state: &mut JoinEntryState,
+        pk_indices: &[usize],
+        data_chunk: &DataChunk,
+    ) {
+        for row_ref in data_chunk.rows() {
+            let row: OwnedRow = row_ref.into_owned_row();
+            let value_indices = (0..row.len() - 1).collect_vec();
+            let pk = pk_indices.iter().map(|idx| row[*idx].clone()).collect_vec();
+            // Pk is only a `i64` here, so encoding method does not matter.
+            let pk = OwnedRow::new(pk).project(&value_indices).value_serialize();
+            let join_row = JoinRow { row, degree: 0 };
+            managed_state.insert(pk, join_row.encode()).unwrap();
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn check(
+        managed_state: &mut JoinEntryState,
+        col_types: &[DataType],
+        col1: &[i64],
+        col2: &[i64],
+    ) {
+        for ((_, matched_row), (d1, d2)) in managed_state
+            .values_mut(col_types)
+            .zip_eq_debug(col1.iter().zip_eq_debug(col2.iter()))
+        {
+            let matched_row = matched_row.unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(matched_row.row[0], Some(ScalarImpl::Int64(*d1)));
+            assert_eq!(matched_row.row[1], Some(ScalarImpl::Int64(*d2)));
+            assert_eq!(matched_row.degree, 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_managed_all_or_none_state() {
+        let mut managed_state = JoinEntryState::default();
+        let col_types = vec![DataType::Int64, DataType::Int64];
+        let pk_indices = [0];
+
+        let col1 = [3, 2, 1];
+        let col2 = [4, 5, 6];
+        let data_chunk1 = DataChunk::from_pretty(
+            "I I
+             3 4
+             2 5
+             1 6",
+        );
+
+        // `Vec` in state
+        insert_chunk(&mut managed_state, &pk_indices, &data_chunk1);
+        check(&mut managed_state, &col_types, &col1, &col2);
+
+        // `BtreeMap` in state
+        let col1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+        let col2 = [6, 5, 4, 9, 8];
+        let data_chunk2 = DataChunk::from_pretty(
+            "I I
+             5 8
+             4 9",
+        );
+        insert_chunk(&mut managed_state, &pk_indices, &data_chunk2);
+        check(&mut managed_state, &col_types, &col1, &col2);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/join/join_row_set.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/join/join_row_set.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..de6f5ce2f0279
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/join/join_row_set.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+// Copyright 2024 RisingWave Labs
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::collections::btree_map::OccupiedError as BTreeMapOccupiedError;
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::mem;
+
+use auto_enums::auto_enum;
+use enum_as_inner::EnumAsInner;
+
+const MAX_VEC_SIZE: usize = 4;
+
+#[derive(Debug, EnumAsInner)]
+pub enum JoinRowSet<K, V> {
+    BTree(BTreeMap<K, V>),
+    Vec(Vec<(K, V)>),
+}
+
+impl<K, V> Default for JoinRowSet<K, V> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::Vec(Vec::new())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+pub struct VecOccupiedError<'a, K, V> {
+    key: &'a K,
+    old_value: &'a V,
+    new_value: V,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum JoinRowSetOccupiedError<'a, K: Ord, V> {
+    BTree(BTreeMapOccupiedError<'a, K, V>),
+    Vec(VecOccupiedError<'a, K, V>),
+}
+
+impl<K: Ord, V> JoinRowSet<K, V> {
+    pub fn try_insert(
+        &mut self,
+        key: K,
+        value: V,
+    ) -> Result<&'_ mut V, JoinRowSetOccupiedError<'_, K, V>> {
+        if let Self::Vec(inner) = self
+            && inner.len() >= MAX_VEC_SIZE
+        {
+            let btree = BTreeMap::from_iter(inner.drain(..));
+            mem::swap(self, &mut Self::BTree(btree));
+        }
+
+        match self {
+            Self::BTree(inner) => inner
+                .try_insert(key, value)
+                .map_err(JoinRowSetOccupiedError::BTree),
+            Self::Vec(inner) => {
+                if let Some(pos) = inner.iter().position(|elem| elem.0 == key) {
+                    Err(JoinRowSetOccupiedError::Vec(VecOccupiedError {
+                        key: &inner[pos].0,
+                        old_value: &inner[pos].1,
+                        new_value: value,
+                    }))
+                } else {
+                    if inner.capacity() == 0 {
+                        // `Vec` will give capacity 4 when `1 < mem::size_of::<T> <= 1024`
+                        // We only give one for memory optimization
+                        inner.reserve_exact(1);
+                    }
+                    inner.push((key, value));
+                    Ok(&mut inner.last_mut().unwrap().1)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn remove(&mut self, key: &K) -> Option<V> {
+        let ret = match self {
+            Self::BTree(inner) => inner.remove(key),
+            Self::Vec(inner) => inner
+                .iter()
+                .position(|elem| &elem.0 == key)
+                .map(|pos| inner.swap_remove(pos).1),
+        };
+        if let Self::BTree(inner) = self
+            && inner.len() <= MAX_VEC_SIZE / 2
+        {
+            let btree = mem::take(inner);
+            let vec = Vec::from_iter(btree);
+            mem::swap(self, &mut Self::Vec(vec));
+        }
+        ret
+    }
+
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            Self::BTree(inner) => inner.len(),
+            Self::Vec(inner) => inner.len(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[auto_enum(Iterator)]
+    pub fn values_mut(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'_ mut V> {
+        match self {
+            Self::BTree(inner) => inner.values_mut(),
+            Self::Vec(inner) => inner.iter_mut().map(|(_, v)| v),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/join/mod.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/join/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..b8bd5ff84d95f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/join/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+// Copyright 2024 RisingWave Labs
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+pub mod builder;
+pub mod hash_join;
+pub mod join_row_set;
+pub mod row;
+
+/// The `JoinType` and `SideType` are to mimic a enum, because currently
+/// enum is not supported in const generic.
+// TODO: Use enum to replace this once [feature(adt_const_params)](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/95174) get completed.
+pub type JoinTypePrimitive = u8;
+
+#[allow(non_snake_case, non_upper_case_globals)]
+pub mod JoinType {
+    use super::JoinTypePrimitive;
+    pub const Inner: JoinTypePrimitive = 0;
+    pub const LeftOuter: JoinTypePrimitive = 1;
+    pub const RightOuter: JoinTypePrimitive = 2;
+    pub const FullOuter: JoinTypePrimitive = 3;
+    pub const LeftSemi: JoinTypePrimitive = 4;
+    pub const LeftAnti: JoinTypePrimitive = 5;
+    pub const RightSemi: JoinTypePrimitive = 6;
+    pub const RightAnti: JoinTypePrimitive = 7;
+}
+
+pub type SideTypePrimitive = u8;
+#[allow(non_snake_case, non_upper_case_globals)]
+pub mod SideType {
+    use super::SideTypePrimitive;
+    pub const Left: SideTypePrimitive = 0;
+    pub const Right: SideTypePrimitive = 1;
+}
+
+pub const fn is_outer_side(join_type: JoinTypePrimitive, side_type: SideTypePrimitive) -> bool {
+    join_type == JoinType::FullOuter
+        || (join_type == JoinType::LeftOuter && side_type == SideType::Left)
+        || (join_type == JoinType::RightOuter && side_type == SideType::Right)
+}
+
+pub const fn outer_side_null(join_type: JoinTypePrimitive, side_type: SideTypePrimitive) -> bool {
+    join_type == JoinType::FullOuter
+        || (join_type == JoinType::LeftOuter && side_type == SideType::Right)
+        || (join_type == JoinType::RightOuter && side_type == SideType::Left)
+}
+
+/// Send the update only once if the join type is semi/anti and the update is the same side as the
+/// join
+pub const fn forward_exactly_once(
+    join_type: JoinTypePrimitive,
+    side_type: SideTypePrimitive,
+) -> bool {
+    ((join_type == JoinType::LeftSemi || join_type == JoinType::LeftAnti)
+        && side_type == SideType::Left)
+        || ((join_type == JoinType::RightSemi || join_type == JoinType::RightAnti)
+            && side_type == SideType::Right)
+}
+
+pub const fn only_forward_matched_side(
+    join_type: JoinTypePrimitive,
+    side_type: SideTypePrimitive,
+) -> bool {
+    ((join_type == JoinType::LeftSemi || join_type == JoinType::LeftAnti)
+        && side_type == SideType::Right)
+        || ((join_type == JoinType::RightSemi || join_type == JoinType::RightAnti)
+            && side_type == SideType::Left)
+}
+
+pub const fn is_semi(join_type: JoinTypePrimitive) -> bool {
+    join_type == JoinType::LeftSemi || join_type == JoinType::RightSemi
+}
+
+pub const fn is_anti(join_type: JoinTypePrimitive) -> bool {
+    join_type == JoinType::LeftAnti || join_type == JoinType::RightAnti
+}
+
+pub const fn is_left_semi_or_anti(join_type: JoinTypePrimitive) -> bool {
+    join_type == JoinType::LeftSemi || join_type == JoinType::LeftAnti
+}
+
+pub const fn is_right_semi_or_anti(join_type: JoinTypePrimitive) -> bool {
+    join_type == JoinType::RightSemi || join_type == JoinType::RightAnti
+}
+
+pub const fn need_left_degree(join_type: JoinTypePrimitive) -> bool {
+    join_type == JoinType::FullOuter
+        || join_type == JoinType::LeftOuter
+        || join_type == JoinType::LeftAnti
+        || join_type == JoinType::LeftSemi
+}
+
+pub const fn need_right_degree(join_type: JoinTypePrimitive) -> bool {
+    join_type == JoinType::FullOuter
+        || join_type == JoinType::RightOuter
+        || join_type == JoinType::RightAnti
+        || join_type == JoinType::RightSemi
+}
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/join/row.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/join/row.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..9ab133fc314ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/join/row.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+// Copyright 2024 RisingWave Labs
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use risingwave_common::estimate_size::EstimateSize;
+use risingwave_common::row::{self, CompactedRow, OwnedRow, Row, RowExt};
+use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, ScalarImpl};
+
+use crate::executor::StreamExecutorResult;
+
+/// This is a row with a match degree
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct JoinRow<R: Row> {
+    pub row: R,
+    pub degree: DegreeType,
+}
+
+impl<R: Row> JoinRow<R> {
+    pub fn new(row: R, degree: DegreeType) -> Self {
+        Self { row, degree }
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_zero_degree(&self) -> bool {
+        self.degree == 0
+    }
+
+    /// Return row and degree in `Row` format. The degree part will be inserted in degree table
+    /// later, so a pk prefix will be added.
+    ///
+    /// * `state_order_key_indices` - the order key of `row`
+    pub fn to_table_rows<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        state_order_key_indices: &'a [usize],
+    ) -> (&'a R, impl Row + 'a) {
+        let order_key = (&self.row).project(state_order_key_indices);
+        let degree = build_degree_row(order_key, self.degree);
+        (&self.row, degree)
+    }
+
+    pub fn encode(&self) -> EncodedJoinRow {
+        EncodedJoinRow {
+            compacted_row: (&self.row).into(),
+            degree: self.degree,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub type DegreeType = u64;
+
+fn build_degree_row(order_key: impl Row, degree: DegreeType) -> impl Row {
+    order_key.chain(row::once(Some(ScalarImpl::Int64(degree as i64))))
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, EstimateSize)]
+pub struct EncodedJoinRow {
+    pub compacted_row: CompactedRow,
+    pub degree: DegreeType,
+}
+
+impl EncodedJoinRow {
+    pub fn decode(&self, data_types: &[DataType]) -> StreamExecutorResult<JoinRow<OwnedRow>> {
+        Ok(JoinRow {
+            row: self.decode_row(data_types)?,
+            degree: self.degree,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn decode_row(&self, data_types: &[DataType]) -> StreamExecutorResult<OwnedRow> {
+        let row = self.compacted_row.deserialize(data_types)?;
+        Ok(row)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/lookup/impl_.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/lookup/impl_.rs
index 8b86cfc602f08..a503a73a0c8a0 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/lookup/impl_.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/lookup/impl_.rs
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ use risingwave_storage::StateStore;
 use super::sides::{stream_lookup_arrange_prev_epoch, stream_lookup_arrange_this_epoch};
 use crate::cache::cache_may_stale;
 use crate::common::metrics::MetricsInfo;
-use crate::common::JoinStreamChunkBuilder;
 use crate::executor::error::{StreamExecutorError, StreamExecutorResult};
+use crate::executor::join::builder::JoinStreamChunkBuilder;
 use crate::executor::lookup::cache::LookupCache;
 use crate::executor::lookup::sides::{ArrangeJoinSide, ArrangeMessage, StreamJoinSide};
 use crate::executor::lookup::LookupExecutor;
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/mod.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/mod.rs
index cb1d2a497ef8a..40ae252c03cf0 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/mod.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/mod.rs
@@ -70,9 +70,9 @@ mod flow_control;
 mod hash_agg;
 pub mod hash_join;
 mod hop_window;
+mod join;
 mod lookup;
 mod lookup_union;
-mod managed_state;
 mod merge;
 mod mview;
 mod no_op;
@@ -123,6 +123,7 @@ pub use flow_control::FlowControlExecutor;
 pub use hash_agg::HashAggExecutor;
 pub use hash_join::*;
 pub use hop_window::HopWindowExecutor;
+pub use join::JoinType;
 pub use lookup::*;
 pub use lookup_union::LookupUnionExecutor;
 pub use merge::MergeExecutor;
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/monitor/streaming_stats.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/monitor/streaming_stats.rs
index c21c0294a70dd..7bed8199267e5 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/monitor/streaming_stats.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/monitor/streaming_stats.rs
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ impl StreamingMetrics {
         let source_output_row_count = register_int_counter_vec_with_registry!(
             "stream_source_output_rows_counts",
             "Total number of rows that have been output from source",
-            &["source_id", "source_name", "actor_id"],
+            &["source_id", "source_name", "actor_id", "fragment_id"],
             registry
         )
         .unwrap();
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ impl StreamingMetrics {
         let source_row_per_barrier = register_int_counter_vec_with_registry!(
             "stream_source_rows_per_barrier_counts",
             "Total number of rows that have been output from source per barrier",
-            &["actor_id", "executor_id"],
+            &["actor_id", "executor_id", "fragment_id"],
             registry
         )
         .unwrap();
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ impl StreamingMetrics {
         let source_split_change_count = register_int_counter_vec_with_registry!(
             "stream_source_split_change_event_count",
             "Total number of split change events that have been operated by source",
-            &["source_id", "source_name", "actor_id"],
+            &["source_id", "source_name", "actor_id", "fragment_id"],
             registry
         )
         .unwrap();
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/now.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/now.rs
index 853411089eaba..9d00646a9bcc1 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/now.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/now.rs
@@ -102,9 +102,6 @@ impl<S: StateStore> NowExecutor<S> {
                     last_timestamp = state_row.and_then(|row| row[0].clone());
                     paused = barrier.is_pause_on_startup();
                     initialized = true;
-                } else if paused {
-                    // Assert that no data is updated.
-                    state_table.commit_no_data_expected(barrier.epoch);
                 } else {
                     state_table.commit(barrier.epoch).await?;
                 }
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/frame_finder.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/frame_finder.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..704e955508591
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/frame_finder.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,893 @@
+// Copyright 2024 RisingWave Labs
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+//! Helper functions for finding affected ranges from over window range cache for a
+//! given set of changes (delta).
+
+use std::ops::Bound;
+
+use delta_btree_map::DeltaBTreeMap;
+use risingwave_common::row::OwnedRow;
+use risingwave_expr::window_function::{FrameBound, RowsFrameBounds};
+
+use super::over_partition::CacheKey;
+
+// -------------------------- ↓ PUBLIC INTERFACE ↓ --------------------------
+
+/// Merge several `ROWS` frames into one super frame. The returned super frame is
+/// guaranteed to be *canonical*, which means that the `CURRENT ROW` is always
+/// included in the returned frame.
+pub(super) fn merge_rows_frames(rows_frames: &[&RowsFrameBounds]) -> RowsFrameBounds {
+    if rows_frames.is_empty() {
+        // When there's no `ROWS` frame, for simplicity, we don't return `None`. Instead,
+        // we return `ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND CURRENT ROW`, which is the implicit
+        // frame for all selected upstream columns.
+        //
+        // For example, the following two queries are equivalent:
+        //
+        // ```sql
+        // SELECT a, b, sum(c) OVER (...) FROM t;
+        // SELECT
+        //   first_value(a) OVER (... ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND CURRENT ROW),
+        //   first_value(b) OVER (... ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND CURRENT ROW),
+        //   sum(c) OVER (...)
+        // FROM t;
+        // ```
+        //
+        // See https://risingwave.com/blog/risingwave-window-functions-the-art-of-sliding-and-the-aesthetics-of-symmetry/
+        // for more details.
+        return RowsFrameBounds {
+            start: FrameBound::CurrentRow,
+            end: FrameBound::CurrentRow,
+        };
+    }
+
+    let none_as_max_cmp = |x: &Option<usize>, y: &Option<usize>| match (x, y) {
+        // None means unbounded, which should be the largest.
+        (None, None) => std::cmp::Ordering::Equal,
+        (None, Some(_)) => std::cmp::Ordering::Greater,
+        (Some(_), None) => std::cmp::Ordering::Less,
+        (Some(x), Some(y)) => x.cmp(y),
+    };
+
+    // Note that the following two both use `max_by`, unlike when handling `RANGE` frames,
+    // because here for `ROWS` frames, offsets are unsigned. We convert all pure preceding/
+    // following `ROWS` frames into one containing the `CURRENT ROW`.
+    let start = rows_frames
+        .iter()
+        .map(|bounds| bounds.n_preceding_rows())
+        .max_by(none_as_max_cmp)
+        .unwrap();
+    let end = rows_frames
+        .iter()
+        .map(|bounds| bounds.n_following_rows())
+        .max_by(none_as_max_cmp)
+        .unwrap();
+
+    RowsFrameBounds {
+        start: start
+            .map(FrameBound::Preceding) // may produce Preceding(0), but doesn't matter
+            .unwrap_or(FrameBound::UnboundedPreceding),
+        end: end
+            .map(FrameBound::Following) // may produce Following(0), but doesn't matter
+            .unwrap_or(FrameBound::UnboundedFollowing),
+    }
+}
+
+/// For a canonical `ROWS` frame, given a key in delta, find the cache key
+/// corresponding to the CURRENT ROW of the first frame that contains the given
+/// key.
+///
+/// ## Example
+///
+/// - Frame: `ROWS BETWEEN ? AND 2 FOLLOWING`
+/// - Cache: `[1, 2, 5]`
+/// - Delta: `[Delete 5]`
+///
+/// For delta key `5`, this function will return `1` as the *first curr key*.
+///
+/// More examples can be found in the comment inside [`find_curr_for_rows_frame`].
+pub(super) fn find_first_curr_for_rows_frame<'cache>(
+    frame_bounds: &'_ RowsFrameBounds,
+    part_with_delta: DeltaBTreeMap<'cache, CacheKey, OwnedRow>,
+    delta_key: &'cache CacheKey,
+) -> &'cache CacheKey {
+    find_curr_for_rows_frame::<true /* LEFT */>(frame_bounds, part_with_delta, delta_key)
+}
+
+/// For a canonical `ROWS` frame, given a key in delta, find the cache key
+/// corresponding to the CURRENT ROW of the last frame that contains the given
+/// key.
+///
+/// This is the symmetric function of [`find_first_curr_for_rows_frame`].
+pub(super) fn find_last_curr_for_rows_frame<'cache>(
+    frame_bounds: &'_ RowsFrameBounds,
+    part_with_delta: DeltaBTreeMap<'cache, CacheKey, OwnedRow>,
+    delta_key: &'cache CacheKey,
+) -> &'cache CacheKey {
+    find_curr_for_rows_frame::<false /* RIGHT */>(frame_bounds, part_with_delta, delta_key)
+}
+
+/// For a canonical `ROWS` frame, given a key in `part_with_delta` corresponding
+/// to some CURRENT ROW, find the cache key corresponding to the start row in
+/// that frame.
+pub(super) fn find_frame_start_for_rows_frame<'cache>(
+    frame_bounds: &'_ RowsFrameBounds,
+    part_with_delta: DeltaBTreeMap<'cache, CacheKey, OwnedRow>,
+    curr_key: &'cache CacheKey,
+) -> &'cache CacheKey {
+    find_boundary_for_rows_frame::<true /* LEFT */>(frame_bounds, part_with_delta, curr_key)
+}
+
+/// For a canonical `ROWS` frame, given a key in `part_with_delta` corresponding
+/// to some CURRENT ROW, find the cache key corresponding to the end row in that
+/// frame.
+///
+/// This is the symmetric function of [`find_frame_start_for_rows_frame`].
+pub(super) fn find_frame_end_for_rows_frame<'cache>(
+    frame_bounds: &'_ RowsFrameBounds,
+    part_with_delta: DeltaBTreeMap<'cache, CacheKey, OwnedRow>,
+    curr_key: &'cache CacheKey,
+) -> &'cache CacheKey {
+    find_boundary_for_rows_frame::<false /* RIGHT */>(frame_bounds, part_with_delta, curr_key)
+}
+
+// -------------------------- ↑ PUBLIC INTERFACE ↑ --------------------------
+
+fn find_curr_for_rows_frame<'cache, const LEFT: bool>(
+    frame_bounds: &'_ RowsFrameBounds,
+    part_with_delta: DeltaBTreeMap<'cache, CacheKey, OwnedRow>,
+    delta_key: &'cache CacheKey,
+) -> &'cache CacheKey {
+    debug_assert!(frame_bounds.is_canonical());
+    if LEFT {
+        debug_assert!(
+            !frame_bounds.end.is_unbounded_following(),
+            "no need to call this function whenever any frame end is unbounded"
+        );
+    } else {
+        debug_assert!(
+            !frame_bounds.start.is_unbounded_preceding(),
+            "no need to call this function whenever any frame start is unbounded"
+        );
+    }
+    debug_assert!(
+        part_with_delta.first_key().is_some(),
+        "must have something in the range cache after applying delta"
+    );
+
+    // Let's think about the following algorithm with the following cases in mind.
+    // Insertions are relatively easy, so we only give the deletion examples.
+    // The two directions are symmetrical, we only consider the left direction in
+    // the following description.
+    //
+    // ## Background
+    //
+    // *Sm* means smallest sentinel node in the cache
+    // *SM* means largest sentinel node in the cache
+    //
+    // Before calling this function, all entries within range covered by delta should
+    // have been loaded into the cache.
+    //
+    // ## Cases
+    //
+    // Frame: ROWS BETWEEN ? AND 2 FOLLOWING
+    // Delta: Delete 5
+    // Cache + Delta:
+    //   [1, 2, 6] -> 1
+    //   [1, 6] -> 1
+    //   [6, 7, 8] -> 6, not precise but won't do too much harm
+    //   [1, 2] -> 1
+    //   [1] -> 1
+    //   [Sm, 6] -> Sm
+    //   [Sm, 1] -> Sm
+    //   [1, 2, SM] -> 1
+    //   [1, SM] -> 1
+    //   [Sm, 1, SM] -> Sm
+    //   [Sm, SM] -> Sm
+    //
+    // Frame: ROWS BETWEEN ? AND CURRENT ROW
+    // Delta: Delete 5
+    // Cache + Delta:
+    //   [1, 2, 6] -> 6, not precise but won't do too much harm
+    //   [1, 2] -> 2, not precise but won't do too much harm
+    //   [1, 2, SM] -> SM, not precise but won't do too much harm
+    //   [Sm, SM] -> SM, not precise but won't do too much harm
+    //
+    // Frame: ROWS BETWEEN ? AND 2 PRECEDING
+    // This will be treated as if it's `ROWS BETWEEN ? AND CURRENT ROW`.
+
+    let mut cursor = if LEFT {
+        part_with_delta.lower_bound(Bound::Included(delta_key))
+    } else {
+        part_with_delta.upper_bound(Bound::Included(delta_key))
+    };
+    let n_rows_to_move = if LEFT {
+        frame_bounds.n_following_rows().unwrap()
+    } else {
+        frame_bounds.n_preceding_rows().unwrap()
+    };
+
+    if n_rows_to_move == 0 {
+        return cursor
+            .key()
+            .or_else(|| {
+                if LEFT {
+                    part_with_delta.last_key()
+                } else {
+                    part_with_delta.first_key()
+                }
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+    }
+
+    for _ in 0..n_rows_to_move {
+        // Note that we have to move before check, to handle situation where the
+        // cursor is at ghost position at first.
+        if LEFT {
+            cursor.move_prev();
+        } else {
+            cursor.move_next();
+        }
+        if cursor.position().is_ghost() {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    cursor
+        .key()
+        .or_else(|| {
+            // Note the difference between this with the `n_rows_to_move == 0` case.
+            if LEFT {
+                part_with_delta.first_key()
+            } else {
+                part_with_delta.last_key()
+            }
+        })
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+fn find_boundary_for_rows_frame<'cache, const LEFT: bool>(
+    frame_bounds: &'_ RowsFrameBounds,
+    part_with_delta: DeltaBTreeMap<'cache, CacheKey, OwnedRow>,
+    curr_key: &'cache CacheKey,
+) -> &'cache CacheKey {
+    debug_assert!(frame_bounds.is_canonical());
+    if LEFT {
+        debug_assert!(
+            !frame_bounds.start.is_unbounded_preceding(),
+            "no need to call this function whenever any frame start is unbounded"
+        );
+    } else {
+        debug_assert!(
+            !frame_bounds.end.is_unbounded_following(),
+            "no need to call this function whenever any frame end is unbounded"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Now things are easier than in `find_curr_for_rows_frame`, because we already
+    // have `curr_key` which definitely exists in the `part_with_delta`. We just find
+    // the cursor pointing to it and move the cursor to frame boundary.
+
+    let mut cursor = part_with_delta.find(curr_key).unwrap();
+    assert!(!cursor.position().is_ghost());
+
+    let n_rows_to_move = if LEFT {
+        frame_bounds.n_preceding_rows().unwrap()
+    } else {
+        frame_bounds.n_following_rows().unwrap()
+    };
+
+    for _ in 0..n_rows_to_move {
+        if LEFT {
+            cursor.move_prev();
+        } else {
+            cursor.move_next();
+        }
+        if cursor.position().is_ghost() {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    cursor
+        .key()
+        .or_else(|| {
+            if LEFT {
+                part_with_delta.first_key()
+            } else {
+                part_with_delta.last_key()
+            }
+        })
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use risingwave_expr::window_function::{FrameBound, RowsFrameBounds};
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_merge_rows_frame() {
+        fn assert_equivalent(bounds1: RowsFrameBounds, bounds2: RowsFrameBounds) {
+            assert_eq!(bounds1.start.to_offset(), bounds2.start.to_offset());
+            assert_eq!(bounds1.end.to_offset(), bounds2.end.to_offset());
+        }
+
+        assert_equivalent(
+            merge_rows_frames(&[]),
+            RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: FrameBound::CurrentRow,
+                end: FrameBound::CurrentRow,
+            },
+        );
+
+        let frames = [
+            &RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: FrameBound::Preceding(3),
+                end: FrameBound::Preceding(2),
+            },
+            &RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: FrameBound::Preceding(1),
+                end: FrameBound::Preceding(4),
+            },
+        ];
+        assert_equivalent(
+            merge_rows_frames(&frames),
+            RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: FrameBound::Preceding(4),
+                end: FrameBound::CurrentRow,
+            },
+        );
+
+        let frames = [
+            &RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: FrameBound::Preceding(3),
+                end: FrameBound::Following(2),
+            },
+            &RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: FrameBound::Preceding(2),
+                end: FrameBound::Following(3),
+            },
+        ];
+        assert_equivalent(
+            merge_rows_frames(&frames),
+            RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: FrameBound::Preceding(3),
+                end: FrameBound::Following(3),
+            },
+        );
+
+        let frames = [
+            &RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: FrameBound::UnboundedPreceding,
+                end: FrameBound::Following(2),
+            },
+            &RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: FrameBound::Preceding(2),
+                end: FrameBound::UnboundedFollowing,
+            },
+        ];
+        assert_equivalent(
+            merge_rows_frames(&frames),
+            RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: FrameBound::UnboundedPreceding,
+                end: FrameBound::UnboundedFollowing,
+            },
+        );
+
+        let frames = [
+            &RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: FrameBound::UnboundedPreceding,
+                end: FrameBound::Following(2),
+            },
+            &RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: FrameBound::Following(5),
+                end: FrameBound::Following(2),
+            },
+        ];
+        assert_equivalent(
+            merge_rows_frames(&frames),
+            RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: FrameBound::UnboundedPreceding,
+                end: FrameBound::Following(5),
+            },
+        );
+    }
+
+    mod rows_frame_tests {
+        use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+        use delta_btree_map::Change;
+        use risingwave_common::types::{ScalarImpl, Sentinelled};
+        use risingwave_expr::window_function::FrameBound::*;
+        use risingwave_expr::window_function::StateKey;
+
+        use super::*;
+
+        macro_rules! create_cache {
+            (..., $( $pk:literal ),* , ...) => {
+                {
+                    let mut cache = create_cache!( $( $pk ),* );
+                    cache.insert(CacheKey::Smallest, OwnedRow::empty().into());
+                    cache.insert(CacheKey::Largest, OwnedRow::empty().into());
+                    cache
+                }
+            };
+            (..., $( $pk:literal ),*) => {
+                {
+                    let mut cache = create_cache!( $( $pk ),* );
+                    cache.insert(CacheKey::Smallest, OwnedRow::empty().into());
+                    cache
+                }
+            };
+            ($( $pk:literal ),* , ...) => {
+                {
+                    let mut cache = create_cache!( $( $pk ),* );
+                    cache.insert(CacheKey::Largest, OwnedRow::empty().into());
+                    cache
+                }
+            };
+            ($( $pk:literal ),*) => {
+                {
+                    #[allow(unused_mut)]
+                    let mut cache = BTreeMap::new();
+                    $(
+                        cache.insert(
+                            CacheKey::Normal(
+                                StateKey {
+                                    // order key doesn't matter here
+                                    order_key: vec![].into(),
+                                    pk: OwnedRow::new(vec![Some($pk.into())]).into(),
+                                },
+                            ),
+                            // value row doesn't matter here
+                            OwnedRow::empty(),
+                        );
+                    )*
+                    cache
+                }
+            };
+        }
+
+        macro_rules! create_change {
+            (Delete) => {
+                Change::Delete
+            };
+            (Insert) => {
+                Change::Insert(OwnedRow::empty())
+            };
+        }
+
+        macro_rules! create_delta {
+            ($(( $pk:literal, $change:ident )),+ $(,)?) => {
+                {
+                    #[allow(unused_mut)]
+                    let mut delta = BTreeMap::new();
+                    $(
+                        delta.insert(
+                            CacheKey::Normal(
+                                StateKey {
+                                    // order key doesn't matter here
+                                    order_key: vec![].into(),
+                                    pk: OwnedRow::new(vec![Some($pk.into())]).into(),
+                                },
+                            ),
+                            // value row doesn't matter here
+                            create_change!( $change ),
+                        );
+                    )*
+                    delta
+                }
+            };
+        }
+
+        fn assert_cache_key_eq(given: &CacheKey, expected: impl Into<ScalarImpl>) {
+            assert_eq!(
+                given.as_normal_expect().pk.0,
+                OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(expected.into())])
+            )
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_insert_delta_only() {
+            let cache = create_cache!();
+            let delta = create_delta!((1, Insert), (2, Insert), (3, Insert));
+            let part_with_delta = DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta);
+            let delta_first_key = delta.first_key_value().unwrap().0;
+            let delta_last_key = delta.last_key_value().unwrap().0;
+
+            let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: Preceding(2),
+                end: CurrentRow,
+            };
+
+            let first_curr_key =
+                find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+            let last_curr_key =
+                find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 1);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 3);
+
+            let first_frame_start =
+                find_frame_start_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, first_curr_key);
+            let last_frame_end =
+                find_frame_end_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, last_curr_key);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(first_frame_start, 1);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(last_frame_end, 3);
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_simple() {
+            let cache = create_cache!(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6);
+            let delta = create_delta!((2, Insert), (3, Delete));
+            let part_with_delta = DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta);
+            let delta_first_key = delta.first_key_value().unwrap().0;
+            let delta_last_key = delta.last_key_value().unwrap().0;
+
+            {
+                let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                    start: Preceding(2),
+                    end: CurrentRow,
+                };
+                let first_curr_key =
+                    find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+                let last_curr_key =
+                    find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 2);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 5);
+
+                let first_frame_start =
+                    find_frame_start_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, first_curr_key);
+                let last_frame_end =
+                    find_frame_end_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, last_curr_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_frame_start, 1);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_frame_end, 5);
+            }
+
+            {
+                let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                    start: Preceding(1),
+                    end: Following(2),
+                };
+                let first_curr_key =
+                    find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+                let last_curr_key =
+                    find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 1);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 4);
+
+                let first_frame_start =
+                    find_frame_start_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, first_curr_key);
+                let last_frame_end =
+                    find_frame_end_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, last_curr_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_frame_start, 1);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_frame_end, 6);
+            }
+
+            {
+                let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                    start: CurrentRow,
+                    end: Following(2),
+                };
+                let first_curr_key =
+                    find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+                let last_curr_key =
+                    find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 1);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 2);
+
+                let first_frame_start =
+                    find_frame_start_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, first_curr_key);
+                let last_frame_end =
+                    find_frame_end_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, last_curr_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_frame_start, 1);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_frame_end, 5);
+            }
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_lag_corner_case() {
+            let cache = create_cache!(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6);
+            let delta = create_delta!((1, Delete), (2, Delete), (3, Delete));
+            let part_with_delta = DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta);
+            let delta_first_key = delta.first_key_value().unwrap().0;
+            let delta_last_key = delta.last_key_value().unwrap().0;
+
+            let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: Preceding(1),
+                end: CurrentRow,
+            };
+
+            let first_curr_key =
+                find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+            let last_curr_key =
+                find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 4);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 4);
+
+            let first_frame_start =
+                find_frame_start_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, first_curr_key);
+            let last_frame_end =
+                find_frame_end_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, last_curr_key);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(first_frame_start, 4);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(last_frame_end, 4);
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_lead_corner_case() {
+            let cache = create_cache!(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6);
+            let delta = create_delta!((4, Delete), (5, Delete), (6, Delete));
+            let part_with_delta = DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta);
+            let delta_first_key = delta.first_key_value().unwrap().0;
+            let delta_last_key = delta.last_key_value().unwrap().0;
+
+            let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: CurrentRow,
+                end: Following(1),
+            };
+
+            let first_curr_key =
+                find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+            let last_curr_key =
+                find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 3);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 3);
+
+            let first_frame_start =
+                find_frame_start_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, first_curr_key);
+            let last_frame_end =
+                find_frame_end_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, last_curr_key);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(first_frame_start, 3);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(last_frame_end, 3);
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_lag_lead_offset_0_corner_case_1() {
+            let cache = create_cache!(1, 2, 3, 4);
+            let delta = create_delta!((2, Delete), (3, Delete));
+            let part_with_delta = DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta);
+            let delta_first_key = delta.first_key_value().unwrap().0;
+            let delta_last_key = delta.last_key_value().unwrap().0;
+
+            let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: CurrentRow,
+                end: CurrentRow,
+            };
+
+            let first_curr_key =
+                find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+            let last_curr_key =
+                find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 4);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 1);
+
+            // first_curr_key > last_curr_key, should not continue to find frame start/end
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_lag_lead_offset_0_corner_case_2() {
+            // Note this case is false-positive, but it does very little harm.
+
+            let cache = create_cache!(1, 2, 3, 4);
+            let delta = create_delta!((2, Delete), (3, Delete), (4, Delete));
+            let part_with_delta = DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta);
+            let delta_first_key = delta.first_key_value().unwrap().0;
+            let delta_last_key = delta.last_key_value().unwrap().0;
+
+            let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: CurrentRow,
+                end: CurrentRow,
+            };
+
+            let first_curr_key =
+                find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+            let last_curr_key =
+                find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 1);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 1);
+
+            let first_frame_start =
+                find_frame_start_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, first_curr_key);
+            let last_frame_end =
+                find_frame_end_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, last_curr_key);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(first_frame_start, 1);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(last_frame_end, 1);
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_lag_lead_offset_0_corner_case_3() {
+            let cache = create_cache!(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
+            let delta = create_delta!((2, Delete), (3, Insert), (4, Delete));
+            let part_with_delta = DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta);
+            let delta_first_key = delta.first_key_value().unwrap().0;
+            let delta_last_key = delta.last_key_value().unwrap().0;
+
+            let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                start: CurrentRow,
+                end: CurrentRow,
+            };
+
+            let first_curr_key =
+                find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+            let last_curr_key =
+                find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 3);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 3);
+
+            let first_frame_start =
+                find_frame_start_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, first_curr_key);
+            let last_frame_end =
+                find_frame_end_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, last_curr_key);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(first_frame_start, 3);
+            assert_cache_key_eq(last_frame_end, 3);
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_empty_with_sentinels() {
+            let cache: BTreeMap<Sentinelled<StateKey>, OwnedRow> = create_cache!(..., , ...);
+            let delta = create_delta!((1, Insert), (2, Insert));
+            let part_with_delta = DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta);
+            let delta_first_key = delta.first_key_value().unwrap().0;
+            let delta_last_key = delta.last_key_value().unwrap().0;
+
+            {
+                let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                    start: CurrentRow,
+                    end: CurrentRow,
+                };
+                let first_curr_key =
+                    find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+                let last_curr_key =
+                    find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 1);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 2);
+
+                let first_frame_start =
+                    find_frame_start_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, first_curr_key);
+                let last_frame_end =
+                    find_frame_end_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, last_curr_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_frame_start, 1);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_frame_end, 2);
+            }
+
+            {
+                let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                    start: Preceding(1),
+                    end: CurrentRow,
+                };
+                let first_curr_key =
+                    find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+                let last_curr_key =
+                    find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 1);
+                assert!(last_curr_key.is_largest());
+
+                // reaches sentinel, should not continue to find frame start/end
+            }
+
+            {
+                let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                    start: CurrentRow,
+                    end: Following(3),
+                };
+
+                let first_curr_key =
+                    find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+                let last_curr_key =
+                    find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+                assert!(first_curr_key.is_smallest());
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 2);
+
+                // reaches sentinel, should not continue to find frame start/end
+            }
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_with_left_sentinel() {
+            let cache = create_cache!(..., 2, 4, 5, 8);
+            let delta = create_delta!((3, Insert), (4, Insert), (8, Delete));
+            let part_with_delta = DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta);
+            let delta_first_key = delta.first_key_value().unwrap().0;
+            let delta_last_key = delta.last_key_value().unwrap().0;
+
+            {
+                let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                    start: CurrentRow,
+                    end: Following(1),
+                };
+                let first_curr_key =
+                    find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+                let last_curr_key =
+                    find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 2);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 5);
+
+                let first_frame_start =
+                    find_frame_start_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, first_curr_key);
+                let last_frame_end =
+                    find_frame_end_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, last_curr_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_frame_start, 2);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_frame_end, 5);
+            }
+
+            {
+                let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                    start: Preceding(1),
+                    end: Following(1),
+                };
+                let first_curr_key =
+                    find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+                let last_curr_key =
+                    find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 2);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 5);
+
+                let first_frame_start =
+                    find_frame_start_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, first_curr_key);
+                let last_frame_end =
+                    find_frame_end_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, last_curr_key);
+                assert!(first_frame_start.is_smallest());
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_frame_end, 5);
+            }
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn test_with_right_sentinel() {
+            let cache = create_cache!(1, 2, 4, 5, 8, ...);
+            let delta = create_delta!((3, Insert), (4, Insert), (5, Delete));
+            let part_with_delta = DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta);
+            let delta_first_key = delta.first_key_value().unwrap().0;
+            let delta_last_key = delta.last_key_value().unwrap().0;
+
+            {
+                let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                    start: Preceding(1),
+                    end: CurrentRow,
+                };
+                let first_curr_key =
+                    find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+                let last_curr_key =
+                    find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 3);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 8);
+
+                let first_frame_start =
+                    find_frame_start_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, first_curr_key);
+                let last_frame_end =
+                    find_frame_end_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, last_curr_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_frame_start, 2);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_frame_end, 8);
+            }
+
+            {
+                let bounds = RowsFrameBounds {
+                    start: Preceding(1),
+                    end: Following(1),
+                };
+                let first_curr_key =
+                    find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_first_key);
+                let last_curr_key =
+                    find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, delta_last_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_curr_key, 2);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(last_curr_key, 8);
+
+                let first_frame_start =
+                    find_frame_start_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, first_curr_key);
+                let last_frame_end =
+                    find_frame_end_for_rows_frame(&bounds, part_with_delta, last_curr_key);
+                assert_cache_key_eq(first_frame_start, 1);
+                assert!(last_frame_end.is_largest());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/general.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/general.rs
index 55b0158ee89de..0a56524ce4505 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/general.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/general.rs
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ use crate::common::metrics::MetricsInfo;
 use crate::common::table::state_table::StateTable;
 use crate::common::StreamChunkBuilder;
 use crate::executor::monitor::StreamingMetrics;
+use crate::executor::over_window::over_partition::AffectedRange;
 use crate::executor::{
     expect_first_barrier, ActorContextRef, BoxedExecutor, Executor, ExecutorInfo, Message,
     StreamExecutorError, StreamExecutorResult,
@@ -491,7 +492,13 @@ impl<S: StateStore> OverWindowExecutor<S> {
 
         let mut accessed_range: Option<RangeInclusive<StateKey>> = None;
 
-        for (first_frame_start, first_curr_key, last_curr_key, last_frame_end) in affected_ranges {
+        for AffectedRange {
+            first_frame_start,
+            first_curr_key,
+            last_curr_key,
+            last_frame_end,
+        } in affected_ranges
+        {
             assert!(first_frame_start <= first_curr_key);
             assert!(first_curr_key <= last_curr_key);
             assert!(last_curr_key <= last_frame_end);
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/mod.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/mod.rs
index ea43672a7f564..eeeb70de5ac3f 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/mod.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/mod.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 
 mod eowc;
+mod frame_finder;
 mod general;
 mod over_partition;
 
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/over_partition.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/over_partition.rs
index 00c4d09ab5da7..8ce4cf1968ef2 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/over_partition.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/over_window/over_partition.rs
@@ -20,18 +20,20 @@ use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::ops::{Bound, RangeInclusive};
 
 use delta_btree_map::{Change, DeltaBTreeMap};
+use educe::Educe;
 use futures_async_stream::for_await;
 use risingwave_common::array::stream_record::Record;
 use risingwave_common::estimate_size::collections::EstimatedBTreeMap;
 use risingwave_common::row::{OwnedRow, Row};
 use risingwave_common::session_config::OverWindowCachePolicy as CachePolicy;
 use risingwave_common::types::Sentinelled;
-use risingwave_expr::window_function::{FrameBounds, StateKey, WindowFuncCall};
+use risingwave_expr::window_function::{RowsFrameBounds, StateKey, WindowFuncCall};
 use risingwave_storage::store::PrefetchOptions;
 use risingwave_storage::StateStore;
 
 use super::general::RowConverter;
 use crate::common::table::state_table::StateTable;
+use crate::executor::over_window::frame_finder::*;
 use crate::executor::StreamExecutorResult;
 
 pub(super) type CacheKey = Sentinelled<StateKey>;
@@ -221,6 +223,40 @@ pub(super) struct OverPartitionStats {
     pub right_miss_count: u64,
 }
 
+/// [`AffectedRange`] represents a range of keys that are affected by a delta.
+/// The [`CacheKey`] fields are keys in the partition range cache + delta, which is
+/// represented by [`DeltaBTreeMap`].
+///
+/// - `first_curr_key` and `last_curr_key` are the current keys of the first and the last
+///  windows affected. They are used to pinpoint the bounds where state needs to be updated.
+/// - `first_frame_start` and `last_frame_end` are the frame start and end of the first and
+///  the last windows affected. They are used to pinpoint the bounds where state needs to be
+///  included for computing the new state.
+#[derive(Debug, Educe)]
+#[educe(Clone, Copy)]
+pub(super) struct AffectedRange<'cache> {
+    pub first_frame_start: &'cache CacheKey,
+    pub first_curr_key: &'cache CacheKey,
+    pub last_curr_key: &'cache CacheKey,
+    pub last_frame_end: &'cache CacheKey,
+}
+
+impl<'cache> AffectedRange<'cache> {
+    fn new(
+        first_frame_start: &'cache CacheKey,
+        first_curr_key: &'cache CacheKey,
+        last_curr_key: &'cache CacheKey,
+        last_frame_end: &'cache CacheKey,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            first_frame_start,
+            first_curr_key,
+            last_curr_key,
+            last_frame_end,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// A wrapper of [`PartitionCache`] that provides helper methods to manipulate the cache.
 /// By putting this type inside `private` module, we can avoid misuse of the internal fields and
 /// methods.
@@ -229,7 +265,11 @@ pub(super) struct OverPartition<'a, S: StateStore> {
     range_cache: &'a mut PartitionCache,
     cache_policy: CachePolicy,
 
-    calls: &'a [WindowFuncCall],
+    /// The `ROWS` frame that is the union of all `ROWS` frames of all window functions in this
+    /// over window executor.
+    super_rows_frame_bounds: RowsFrameBounds,
+    start_is_unbounded: bool,
+    end_is_unbounded: bool,
     row_conv: RowConverter<'a>,
 
     stats: OverPartitionStats,
@@ -248,12 +288,28 @@ impl<'a, S: StateStore> OverPartition<'a, S> {
         calls: &'a [WindowFuncCall],
         row_conv: RowConverter<'a>,
     ) -> Self {
+        let rows_frames = calls
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|call| call.frame.bounds.as_rows())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        // TODO(rc): maybe should avoid repeated merging
+        let super_rows_frame_bounds = merge_rows_frames(&rows_frames);
+
+        let start_is_unbounded = calls
+            .iter()
+            .any(|call| call.frame.bounds.start_is_unbounded());
+        let end_is_unbounded = calls
+            .iter()
+            .any(|call| call.frame.bounds.end_is_unbounded());
+
         Self {
             this_partition_key,
             range_cache: cache,
             cache_policy,
 
-            calls,
+            super_rows_frame_bounds,
+            start_is_unbounded,
+            end_is_unbounded,
             row_conv,
 
             stats: Default::default(),
@@ -352,19 +408,14 @@ impl<'a, S: StateStore> OverPartition<'a, S> {
 
     /// Find all ranges in the partition that are affected by the given delta.
     /// The returned ranges are guaranteed to be sorted and non-overlapping. All keys in the ranges
-    /// are guaranteed to be cached.
+    /// are guaranteed to be cached, which means they should be [`Sentinelled::Normal`]s.
     pub async fn find_affected_ranges<'s, 'cache>(
         &'s mut self,
         table: &'_ StateTable<S>,
         delta: &'cache PartitionDelta,
     ) -> StreamExecutorResult<(
         DeltaBTreeMap<'cache, CacheKey, OwnedRow>,
-        Vec<(
-            &'cache CacheKey,
-            &'cache CacheKey,
-            &'cache CacheKey,
-            &'cache CacheKey,
-        )>,
+        Vec<AffectedRange<'cache>>,
     )>
     where
         's: 'cache,
@@ -382,43 +433,32 @@ impl<'a, S: StateStore> OverPartition<'a, S> {
         }
 
         loop {
-            // Terminateability: `extend_cache_leftward_by_n` and `extend_cache_rightward_by_n` keep
+            // TERMINATEABILITY: `extend_cache_leftward_by_n` and `extend_cache_rightward_by_n` keep
             // pushing the cache to the boundary of current partition. In these two methods, when
             // any side of boundary is reached, the sentinel key will be removed, so finally
-            // `self::find_affected_ranges` will return ranges without any sentinels.
-
-            let (left_reached_sentinel, right_reached_sentinel) = {
-                // SAFETY: Here we shortly borrow the range cache and turn the reference into a
-                // `'cache` one to bypass the borrow checker. This is safe because we only return
-                // the reference once we don't need to do any further mutation.
-                let cache_inner = unsafe { &*(self.range_cache.inner() as *const _) };
-                let ranges =
-                    self::find_affected_ranges(self.calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(cache_inner, delta));
-                self.stats.lookup_count += 1;
-
-                if ranges.is_empty() {
-                    // no ranges affected, we're done
-                    return Ok((DeltaBTreeMap::new(cache_inner, delta), ranges));
-                }
+            // `Self::find_affected_ranges_readonly` will return `Ok`.
 
-                let left_reached_sentinel = ranges.first().unwrap().0.is_sentinel();
-                let right_reached_sentinel = ranges.last().unwrap().3.is_sentinel();
+            // SAFETY: Here we shortly borrow the range cache and turn the reference into a
+            // `'cache` one to bypass the borrow checker. This is safe because we only return
+            // the reference once we don't need to do any further mutation.
+            let cache_inner = unsafe { &*(self.range_cache.inner() as *const _) };
+            let part_with_delta = DeltaBTreeMap::new(cache_inner, delta);
 
-                if !left_reached_sentinel && !right_reached_sentinel {
-                    // all affected ranges are already cached, we're done
-                    return Ok((DeltaBTreeMap::new(cache_inner, delta), ranges));
-                }
+            self.stats.lookup_count += 1;
+            let res = self.find_affected_ranges_readonly(part_with_delta);
 
-                (left_reached_sentinel, right_reached_sentinel)
+            let (need_extend_leftward, need_extend_rightward) = match res {
+                Ok(ranges) => return Ok((part_with_delta, ranges)),
+                Err(cache_extend_hint) => cache_extend_hint,
             };
 
-            if left_reached_sentinel {
+            if need_extend_leftward {
                 self.stats.left_miss_count += 1;
                 tracing::trace!(partition=?self.this_partition_key, "partition cache left extension triggered");
                 let left_most = self.cache_real_first_key().unwrap_or(delta_first).clone();
                 self.extend_cache_leftward_by_n(table, &left_most).await?;
             }
-            if right_reached_sentinel {
+            if need_extend_rightward {
                 self.stats.right_miss_count += 1;
                 tracing::trace!(partition=?self.this_partition_key, "partition cache right extension triggered");
                 let right_most = self.cache_real_last_key().unwrap_or(delta_last).clone();
@@ -428,6 +468,143 @@ impl<'a, S: StateStore> OverPartition<'a, S> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Try to find affected ranges on immutable range cache + delta. If the algorithm reaches
+    /// any sentinel node in the cache, which means some entries in the affected range may be
+    /// in the state table, it returns an `Err((bool, bool))` to notify the caller that the
+    /// left side or the right side or both sides of the cache should be extended.
+    ///
+    /// TODO(rc): Currently at most one range will be in the result vector. Ideally we should
+    /// recognize uncontinuous changes in the delta and find multiple ranges, but that will be
+    /// too complex for now.
+    fn find_affected_ranges_readonly<'cache>(
+        &'_ self,
+        part_with_delta: DeltaBTreeMap<'cache, CacheKey, OwnedRow>,
+    ) -> std::result::Result<Vec<AffectedRange<'cache>>, (bool, bool)> {
+        if part_with_delta.first_key().is_none() {
+            // nothing is left after applying the delta, meaning all entries are deleted
+            return Ok(vec![]);
+        }
+
+        let delta_first_key = part_with_delta.delta().first_key_value().unwrap().0;
+        let delta_last_key = part_with_delta.delta().last_key_value().unwrap().0;
+
+        if part_with_delta.snapshot().is_empty() {
+            // all existing keys are inserted in the delta
+            return Ok(vec![AffectedRange::new(
+                delta_first_key,
+                delta_first_key,
+                delta_last_key,
+                delta_last_key,
+            )]);
+        }
+
+        let first_key = part_with_delta.first_key().unwrap();
+        let last_key = part_with_delta.last_key().unwrap();
+
+        let first_curr_key = if self.end_is_unbounded || delta_first_key == first_key {
+            // If the frame end is unbounded, or, the first key is in delta, then the frame corresponding
+            // to the first key is always affected.
+            first_key
+        } else {
+            find_first_curr_for_rows_frame(
+                &self.super_rows_frame_bounds,
+                part_with_delta,
+                delta_first_key,
+            )
+        };
+
+        let last_curr_key = if self.start_is_unbounded || delta_last_key == last_key {
+            // similar to `first_curr_key`
+            last_key
+        } else {
+            find_last_curr_for_rows_frame(
+                &self.super_rows_frame_bounds,
+                part_with_delta,
+                delta_last_key,
+            )
+        };
+
+        {
+            // We quickly return if there's any sentinel in `[first_curr_key, last_curr_key]`,
+            // just for the sake of simplicity.
+            let mut need_extend_leftward = false;
+            let mut need_extend_rightward = false;
+            for key in [first_curr_key, last_curr_key] {
+                if key.is_smallest() {
+                    need_extend_leftward = true;
+                } else if key.is_largest() {
+                    need_extend_rightward = true;
+                }
+            }
+            if need_extend_leftward || need_extend_rightward {
+                return Err((need_extend_leftward, need_extend_rightward));
+            }
+        }
+
+        // From now on we definitely have two normal `curr_key`s.
+
+        if first_curr_key > last_curr_key {
+            // Note that we cannot move the this check before the above block, because for example,
+            // if the range cache contains `[Smallest, 5, Largest]`, and the delta contains only
+            // `Delete 5`, the frame is `RANGE BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND CURRENT ROW`, then
+            // `first_curr_key` will be `Largest`, `last_curr_key` will be `Smallest`, in this case
+            // there may be some other entries with order value `5` in the table, which should be
+            // *affected*.
+            return Ok(vec![]);
+        }
+
+        let first_frame_start = if self.start_is_unbounded || first_curr_key == first_key {
+            // If the frame start is unbounded, or, the first curr key is the first key, then the first key
+            // always need to be included in the affected range.
+            first_key
+        } else {
+            find_frame_start_for_rows_frame(
+                &self.super_rows_frame_bounds,
+                part_with_delta,
+                first_curr_key,
+            )
+        };
+        assert!(first_frame_start <= first_curr_key);
+
+        let last_frame_end = if self.end_is_unbounded || last_curr_key == last_key {
+            // similar to `first_frame_start`
+            last_key
+        } else {
+            find_frame_end_for_rows_frame(
+                &self.super_rows_frame_bounds,
+                part_with_delta,
+                last_curr_key,
+            )
+        };
+        assert!(last_frame_end >= last_curr_key);
+
+        let mut need_extend_leftward = false;
+        let mut need_extend_rightward = false;
+        for key in [
+            first_curr_key,
+            last_curr_key,
+            first_frame_start,
+            last_frame_end,
+        ] {
+            if key.is_smallest() {
+                need_extend_leftward = true;
+            } else if key.is_largest() {
+                need_extend_rightward = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if need_extend_leftward || need_extend_rightward {
+            Err((need_extend_leftward, need_extend_rightward))
+        } else {
+            Ok(vec![AffectedRange::new(
+                first_frame_start,
+                first_curr_key,
+                last_curr_key,
+                last_frame_end,
+            )])
+        }
+    }
+
     async fn extend_cache_to_boundary(
         &mut self,
         table: &StateTable<S>,
@@ -760,577 +937,3 @@ impl<'a, S: StateStore> OverPartition<'a, S> {
         Ok(())
     }
 }
-
-/// Find all affected ranges in the given partition with delta.
-///
-/// # Returns
-///
-/// `Vec<(first_frame_start, first_curr_key, last_curr_key, last_frame_end_incl)>`
-///
-/// Each affected range is a union of many small window frames affected by some adajcent
-/// keys in the delta.
-///
-/// Example:
-/// - frame 1: `rows between 2 preceding and current row`
-/// - frame 2: `rows between 1 preceding and 2 following`
-/// - partition: `[1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14]`
-/// - delta: `[3, 4, 15]`
-/// - affected ranges: `[(1, 1, 7, 9), (10, 12, 15, 15)]`
-///
-/// TODO(rc):
-/// Note that, since we assume input chunks have data locality on order key columns, we now only
-/// calculate one single affected range. So the affected ranges in the above example will be
-/// `(1, 1, 15, 15)`. Later we may optimize this.
-fn find_affected_ranges<'cache>(
-    calls: &'_ [WindowFuncCall],
-    part_with_delta: DeltaBTreeMap<'cache, CacheKey, OwnedRow>,
-) -> Vec<(
-    &'cache CacheKey,
-    &'cache CacheKey,
-    &'cache CacheKey,
-    &'cache CacheKey,
-)> {
-    // XXX(rc): NOTE FOR DEVS
-    // Must carefully consider the sentinel keys in the cache when extending this function to
-    // support `RANGE` and `GROUPS` frames later. May introduce a return value variant to clearly
-    // tell the caller that there exists at least one affected range that touches the sentinel.
-
-    if part_with_delta.first_key().is_none() {
-        // all keys are deleted in the delta
-        return vec![];
-    }
-
-    let delta_first_key = part_with_delta.delta().first_key_value().unwrap().0;
-    let delta_last_key = part_with_delta.delta().last_key_value().unwrap().0;
-
-    if part_with_delta.snapshot().is_empty() {
-        // all existing keys are inserted in the delta
-        return vec![(
-            delta_first_key,
-            delta_first_key,
-            delta_last_key,
-            delta_last_key,
-        )];
-    }
-
-    let first_key = part_with_delta.first_key().unwrap();
-    let last_key = part_with_delta.last_key().unwrap();
-
-    let start_is_unbounded = calls
-        .iter()
-        .any(|call| call.frame.bounds.start_is_unbounded());
-    let end_is_unbounded = calls
-        .iter()
-        .any(|call| call.frame.bounds.end_is_unbounded());
-
-    // NOTE: Don't be too clever! Here we must calculate `first_frame_start` after calculating
-    // `first_curr_key`, because the correct calculation of `first_frame_start` depends on
-    // `first_curr_key` which is the MINIMUM of all `first_curr_key`s of all frames of all window
-    // function calls.
-
-    let first_curr_key = if end_is_unbounded || delta_first_key == first_key {
-        // If the frame end is unbounded, or, the first key is in delta, then the frame corresponding
-        // to the first key is always affected.
-        first_key
-    } else {
-        let mut min_first_curr_key = &Sentinelled::Largest;
-
-        for call in calls {
-            let key = match &call.frame.bounds {
-                FrameBounds::Rows(bounds) => {
-                    let mut cursor = part_with_delta.lower_bound(Bound::Included(delta_first_key));
-                    for _ in 0..bounds.end.n_following_rows().unwrap() {
-                        // Note that we have to move before check, to handle situation where the
-                        // cursor is at ghost position at first.
-                        cursor.move_prev();
-                        if cursor.position().is_ghost() {
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    cursor.key().unwrap_or(first_key)
-                }
-            };
-            min_first_curr_key = min_first_curr_key.min(key);
-            if min_first_curr_key == first_key {
-                // if we already pushed the affected curr key to the first key, no more pushing is needed
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        min_first_curr_key
-    };
-
-    let first_frame_start = if start_is_unbounded || first_curr_key == first_key {
-        // If the frame start is unbounded, or, the first curr key is the first key, then the first key
-        // always need to be included in the affected range.
-        first_key
-    } else {
-        let mut min_frame_start = &Sentinelled::Largest;
-
-        for call in calls {
-            let key = match &call.frame.bounds {
-                FrameBounds::Rows(bounds) => {
-                    let mut cursor = part_with_delta.find(first_curr_key).unwrap();
-                    for _ in 0..bounds.start.n_preceding_rows().unwrap() {
-                        cursor.move_prev();
-                        if cursor.position().is_ghost() {
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    cursor.key().unwrap_or(first_key)
-                }
-            };
-            min_frame_start = min_frame_start.min(key);
-            if min_frame_start == first_key {
-                // if we already pushed the affected frame start to the first key, no more pushing is needed
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        min_frame_start
-    };
-
-    let last_curr_key = if start_is_unbounded || delta_last_key == last_key {
-        last_key
-    } else {
-        let mut max_last_curr_key = &Sentinelled::Smallest;
-
-        for call in calls {
-            let key = match &call.frame.bounds {
-                FrameBounds::Rows(bounds) => {
-                    let mut cursor = part_with_delta.upper_bound(Bound::Included(delta_last_key));
-                    for _ in 0..bounds.start.n_preceding_rows().unwrap() {
-                        cursor.move_next();
-                        if cursor.position().is_ghost() {
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    cursor.key().unwrap_or(last_key)
-                }
-            };
-            max_last_curr_key = max_last_curr_key.max(key);
-            if max_last_curr_key == last_key {
-                // if we already pushed the affected curr key to the last key, no more pushing is needed
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        max_last_curr_key
-    };
-
-    let last_frame_end = if end_is_unbounded || last_curr_key == last_key {
-        last_key
-    } else {
-        let mut max_frame_end = &Sentinelled::Smallest;
-
-        for call in calls {
-            let key = match &call.frame.bounds {
-                FrameBounds::Rows(bounds) => {
-                    let mut cursor = part_with_delta.find(last_curr_key).unwrap();
-                    for _ in 0..bounds.end.n_following_rows().unwrap() {
-                        cursor.move_next();
-                        if cursor.position().is_ghost() {
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    cursor.key().unwrap_or(last_key)
-                }
-            };
-            max_frame_end = max_frame_end.max(key);
-            if max_frame_end == last_key {
-                // if we already pushed the affected frame end to the last key, no more pushing is needed
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        max_frame_end
-    };
-
-    if first_curr_key > last_curr_key {
-        // all affected keys are deleted in the delta
-        return vec![];
-    }
-
-    vec![(
-        first_frame_start,
-        first_curr_key,
-        last_curr_key,
-        last_frame_end,
-    )]
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod find_affected_ranges_tests {
-    //! Function `find_affected_ranges` is important enough to deserve its own test module. We must
-    //! test it thoroughly.
-
-    use itertools::Itertools;
-    use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, ScalarImpl};
-    use risingwave_expr::aggregate::{AggArgs, AggKind};
-    use risingwave_expr::window_function::{Frame, FrameBound, WindowFuncKind};
-
-    use super::*;
-
-    fn create_call(frame: Frame) -> WindowFuncCall {
-        WindowFuncCall {
-            kind: WindowFuncKind::Aggregate(AggKind::Sum),
-            args: AggArgs::Unary(DataType::Int32, 0),
-            return_type: DataType::Int32,
-            frame,
-        }
-    }
-
-    macro_rules! create_cache {
-        (..., $( $pk:literal ),* , ...) => {
-            {
-                let mut cache = create_cache!( $( $pk ),* );
-                cache.insert(CacheKey::Smallest, OwnedRow::empty().into());
-                cache.insert(CacheKey::Largest, OwnedRow::empty().into());
-                cache
-            }
-        };
-        (..., $( $pk:literal ),*) => {
-            {
-                let mut cache = create_cache!( $( $pk ),* );
-                cache.insert(CacheKey::Smallest, OwnedRow::empty().into());
-                cache
-            }
-        };
-        ($( $pk:literal ),* , ...) => {
-            {
-                let mut cache = create_cache!( $( $pk ),* );
-                cache.insert(CacheKey::Largest, OwnedRow::empty().into());
-                cache
-            }
-        };
-        ($( $pk:literal ),*) => {
-            {
-                #[allow(unused_mut)]
-                let mut cache = BTreeMap::new();
-                $(
-                    cache.insert(
-                        CacheKey::Normal(
-                            StateKey {
-                                // order key doesn't matter here
-                                order_key: vec![].into(),
-                                pk: OwnedRow::new(vec![Some($pk.into())]).into(),
-                            },
-                        ),
-                        // value row doesn't matter here
-                        OwnedRow::empty(),
-                    );
-                )*
-                cache
-            }
-        };
-    }
-
-    macro_rules! create_change {
-        (Delete) => {
-            Change::Delete
-        };
-        (Insert) => {
-            Change::Insert(OwnedRow::empty())
-        };
-    }
-
-    macro_rules! create_delta {
-        ($(( $pk:literal, $change:ident )),* $(,)?) => {
-            {
-                #[allow(unused_mut)]
-                let mut delta = BTreeMap::new();
-                $(
-                    delta.insert(
-                        CacheKey::Normal(
-                            StateKey {
-                                // order key doesn't matter here
-                                order_key: vec![].into(),
-                                pk: OwnedRow::new(vec![Some($pk.into())]).into(),
-                            },
-                        ),
-                        // value row doesn't matter here
-                        create_change!( $change ),
-                    );
-                )*
-                delta
-            }
-        };
-    }
-
-    fn assert_ranges_eq(
-        result: Vec<(&CacheKey, &CacheKey, &CacheKey, &CacheKey)>,
-        expected: impl IntoIterator<Item = (ScalarImpl, ScalarImpl, ScalarImpl, ScalarImpl)>,
-    ) {
-        result
-            .into_iter()
-            .zip_eq(expected)
-            .for_each(|(result, expected)| {
-                assert_eq!(
-                    result.0.as_normal_expect().pk.0,
-                    OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(expected.0)])
-                );
-                assert_eq!(
-                    result.1.as_normal_expect().pk.0,
-                    OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(expected.1)])
-                );
-                assert_eq!(
-                    result.2.as_normal_expect().pk.0,
-                    OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(expected.2)])
-                );
-                assert_eq!(
-                    result.3.as_normal_expect().pk.0,
-                    OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(expected.3)])
-                );
-            })
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_insert_delta_only() {
-        let cache = create_cache!();
-        let delta = create_delta!((1, Insert), (2, Insert), (3, Insert));
-        let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-            FrameBound::Preceding(2),
-            FrameBound::Preceding(1),
-        ))];
-        let affected_ranges = find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta));
-        assert_ranges_eq(affected_ranges, [(1.into(), 1.into(), 3.into(), 3.into())]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_simple() {
-        let cache = create_cache!(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6);
-        let delta = create_delta!((2, Insert), (3, Delete));
-
-        {
-            let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-                FrameBound::Preceding(2),
-                FrameBound::Preceding(1),
-            ))];
-            assert_ranges_eq(
-                find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta)),
-                [(1.into(), 2.into(), 5.into(), 5.into())],
-            );
-        }
-
-        {
-            let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-                FrameBound::Preceding(1),
-                FrameBound::Following(2),
-            ))];
-            assert_ranges_eq(
-                find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta)),
-                [(1.into(), 1.into(), 4.into(), 6.into())],
-            );
-        }
-
-        {
-            let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-                FrameBound::CurrentRow,
-                FrameBound::Following(2),
-            ))];
-            assert_ranges_eq(
-                find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta)),
-                [(1.into(), 1.into(), 2.into(), 5.into())],
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_multiple_calls() {
-        let cache = create_cache!(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6);
-        let delta = create_delta!((2, Insert), (3, Delete));
-        let calls = vec![
-            create_call(Frame::rows(
-                FrameBound::Preceding(1),
-                FrameBound::Preceding(1),
-            )),
-            create_call(Frame::rows(
-                FrameBound::Following(1),
-                FrameBound::Following(1),
-            )),
-        ];
-        assert_ranges_eq(
-            find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta)),
-            [(1.into(), 1.into(), 4.into(), 5.into())],
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_lag_corner_case() {
-        let cache = create_cache!(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6);
-        let delta = create_delta!((1, Delete), (2, Delete), (3, Delete));
-        let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-            FrameBound::Preceding(1),
-            FrameBound::Preceding(1),
-        ))];
-        assert_ranges_eq(
-            find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta)),
-            [(4.into(), 4.into(), 4.into(), 4.into())],
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_lead_corner_case() {
-        let cache = create_cache!(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6);
-        let delta = create_delta!((4, Delete), (5, Delete), (6, Delete));
-        let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-            FrameBound::Following(1),
-            FrameBound::Following(1),
-        ))];
-        assert_ranges_eq(
-            find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta)),
-            [(3.into(), 3.into(), 3.into(), 3.into())],
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_lag_lead_offset_0_corner_case_1() {
-        let cache = create_cache!(1, 2, 3, 4);
-        let delta = create_delta!((2, Delete), (3, Delete));
-        let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-            FrameBound::CurrentRow,
-            FrameBound::CurrentRow,
-        ))];
-        assert_ranges_eq(
-            find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta)),
-            [],
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_lag_lead_offset_0_corner_case_2() {
-        let cache = create_cache!(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
-        let delta = create_delta!((2, Delete), (3, Insert), (4, Delete));
-        let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-            FrameBound::CurrentRow,
-            FrameBound::CurrentRow,
-        ))];
-        assert_ranges_eq(
-            find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta)),
-            [(3.into(), 3.into(), 3.into(), 3.into())],
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_empty_with_sentinels() {
-        let cache: BTreeMap<Sentinelled<StateKey>, OwnedRow> = create_cache!(..., , ...);
-        let delta = create_delta!((1, Insert), (2, Insert));
-
-        {
-            let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-                FrameBound::CurrentRow,
-                FrameBound::CurrentRow,
-            ))];
-            assert_ranges_eq(
-                find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta)),
-                [(1.into(), 1.into(), 2.into(), 2.into())],
-            );
-        }
-
-        {
-            let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-                FrameBound::Preceding(1),
-                FrameBound::Preceding(1),
-            ))];
-            let range = find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta))[0];
-            assert!(range.0.is_smallest());
-            assert_eq!(
-                range.1.as_normal_expect().pk.0,
-                OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(1.into())])
-            );
-            assert!(range.2.is_largest());
-            assert!(range.3.is_largest());
-        }
-
-        {
-            let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-                FrameBound::Following(1),
-                FrameBound::Following(3),
-            ))];
-            let range = find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta))[0];
-            assert!(range.0.is_smallest());
-            assert!(range.1.is_smallest());
-            assert_eq!(
-                range.2.as_normal_expect().pk.0,
-                OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(2.into())])
-            );
-            assert!(range.3.is_largest());
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_with_left_sentinel() {
-        let cache = create_cache!(..., 2, 4, 5, 8);
-        let delta = create_delta!((3, Insert), (4, Insert), (8, Delete));
-
-        {
-            let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-                FrameBound::Following(1),
-                FrameBound::Following(1),
-            ))];
-            assert_ranges_eq(
-                find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta)),
-                [(2.into(), 2.into(), 5.into(), 5.into())],
-            );
-        }
-
-        {
-            let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-                FrameBound::Preceding(1),
-                FrameBound::Following(1),
-            ))];
-            let range = find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta))[0];
-            assert!(range.0.is_smallest());
-            assert_eq!(
-                range.1.as_normal_expect().pk.0,
-                OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(2.into())])
-            );
-            assert_eq!(
-                range.2.as_normal_expect().pk.0,
-                OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(5.into())])
-            );
-            assert_eq!(
-                range.3.as_normal_expect().pk.0,
-                OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(5.into())])
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_with_right_sentinel() {
-        let cache = create_cache!(1, 2, 4, 5, 8, ...);
-        let delta = create_delta!((3, Insert), (4, Insert), (5, Delete));
-
-        {
-            let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-                FrameBound::Preceding(1),
-                FrameBound::Preceding(1),
-            ))];
-            assert_ranges_eq(
-                find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta)),
-                [(2.into(), 3.into(), 8.into(), 8.into())],
-            );
-        }
-
-        {
-            let calls = vec![create_call(Frame::rows(
-                FrameBound::Preceding(1),
-                FrameBound::Following(1),
-            ))];
-            let range = find_affected_ranges(&calls, DeltaBTreeMap::new(&cache, &delta))[0];
-            assert_eq!(
-                range.0.as_normal_expect().pk.0,
-                OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(1.into())])
-            );
-            assert_eq!(
-                range.1.as_normal_expect().pk.0,
-                OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(2.into())])
-            );
-            assert_eq!(
-                range.2.as_normal_expect().pk.0,
-                OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(8.into())])
-            );
-            assert!(range.3.is_largest());
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/simple_agg.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/simple_agg.rs
index f957241a402c9..b8915a070dbc5 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/simple_agg.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/simple_agg.rs
@@ -214,12 +214,6 @@ impl<S: StateStore> SimpleAggExecutor<S> {
             this.intermediate_state_table
                 .update_without_old_value(encoded_states);
 
-            // Commit all state tables.
-            futures::future::try_join_all(
-                this.all_state_tables_mut().map(|table| table.commit(epoch)),
-            )
-            .await?;
-
             // Retrieve modified states and put the changes into the builders.
             vars.agg_group
                 .build_change(&this.storages, &this.agg_funcs)
@@ -227,13 +221,13 @@ impl<S: StateStore> SimpleAggExecutor<S> {
                 .map(|change| change.to_stream_chunk(&this.info.schema.data_types()))
         } else {
             // No state is changed.
-            // Call commit on state table to increment the epoch.
-            this.all_state_tables_mut().for_each(|table| {
-                table.commit_no_data_expected(epoch);
-            });
             None
         };
 
+        // Commit all state tables.
+        futures::future::try_join_all(this.all_state_tables_mut().map(|table| table.commit(epoch)))
+            .await?;
+
         vars.state_changed = false;
         Ok(chunk)
     }
@@ -241,7 +235,6 @@ impl<S: StateStore> SimpleAggExecutor<S> {
     async fn try_flush_data(this: &mut ExecutorInner<S>) -> StreamExecutorResult<()> {
         futures::future::try_join_all(this.all_state_tables_mut().map(|table| table.try_flush()))
             .await?;
-
         Ok(())
     }
 
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/sink.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/sink.rs
index 1f8de0bb4dd92..4e64c3456bc8f 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/sink.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/sink.rs
@@ -90,11 +90,21 @@ impl<F: LogStoreFactory> SinkExecutor<F> {
         log_store_factory: F,
     ) -> StreamExecutorResult<Self> {
         let sink = build_sink(sink_param.clone())?;
-        let input_schema: Schema = columns
+        let sink_input_schema: Schema = columns
             .iter()
             .map(|column| Field::from(&column.column_desc))
             .collect();
-        assert_eq!(input_schema.data_types(), info.schema.data_types());
+
+        if let Some(col_dix) = sink_writer_param.extra_partition_col_idx {
+            // Remove the partition column from the schema.
+            assert_eq!(sink_input_schema.data_types(), {
+                let mut data_type = info.schema.data_types();
+                data_type.remove(col_dix);
+                data_type
+            });
+        } else {
+            assert_eq!(sink_input_schema.data_types(), info.schema.data_types());
+        }
 
         Ok(Self {
             actor_context,
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/sort.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/sort.rs
index 786eabdeabbf5..f07967ce45299 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/sort.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/sort.rs
@@ -53,7 +53,6 @@ struct ExecutorInner<S: StateStore> {
 
 struct ExecutionVars<S: StateStore> {
     buffer: SortBuffer<S>,
-    buffer_changed: bool,
 }
 
 impl<S: StateStore> Executor for SortExecutor<S> {
@@ -103,7 +102,6 @@ impl<S: StateStore> SortExecutor<S> {
 
         let mut vars = ExecutionVars {
             buffer: SortBuffer::new(this.sort_column_index, &this.buffer_table),
-            buffer_changed: false,
         };
 
         // Populate the sort buffer cache on initialization.
@@ -131,7 +129,6 @@ impl<S: StateStore> SortExecutor<S> {
                     if let Some(chunk) = chunk_builder.take() {
                         yield Message::Chunk(chunk);
                     }
-                    vars.buffer_changed = true;
 
                     yield Message::Watermark(watermark);
                 }
@@ -141,16 +138,10 @@ impl<S: StateStore> SortExecutor<S> {
                 }
                 Message::Chunk(chunk) => {
                     vars.buffer.apply_chunk(chunk, &mut this.buffer_table);
-                    vars.buffer_changed = true;
                     this.buffer_table.try_flush().await?;
                 }
                 Message::Barrier(barrier) => {
-                    if vars.buffer_changed {
-                        this.buffer_table.commit(barrier.epoch).await?;
-                    } else {
-                        this.buffer_table.commit_no_data_expected(barrier.epoch);
-                    }
-                    vars.buffer_changed = false;
+                    this.buffer_table.commit(barrier.epoch).await?;
 
                     // Update the vnode bitmap for state tables of all agg calls if asked.
                     if let Some(vnode_bitmap) = barrier.as_update_vnode_bitmap(this.actor_ctx.id) {
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/source/fetch_executor.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/source/fetch_executor.rs
index c29afda3dcae5..55ef6f7b56800 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/source/fetch_executor.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/source/fetch_executor.rs
@@ -164,7 +164,12 @@ impl<S: StateStore, Src: OpendalSource> FsFetchExecutor<S, Src> {
             .map_err(StreamExecutorError::connector_error)
     }
 
-    fn build_source_ctx(&self, source_desc: &SourceDesc, source_id: TableId) -> SourceContext {
+    fn build_source_ctx(
+        &self,
+        source_desc: &SourceDesc,
+        source_id: TableId,
+        source_name: &str,
+    ) -> SourceContext {
         SourceContext::new_with_suppressor(
             self.actor_ctx.id,
             source_id,
@@ -174,6 +179,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore, Src: OpendalSource> FsFetchExecutor<S, Src> {
             self.connector_params.connector_client.clone(),
             self.actor_ctx.error_suppressor.clone(),
             source_desc.source.config.clone(),
+            source_name.to_owned(),
         )
     }
 
@@ -215,7 +221,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore, Src: OpendalSource> FsFetchExecutor<S, Src> {
             &mut splits_on_fetch,
             &state_store_handler,
             core.column_ids.clone(),
-            self.build_source_ctx(&source_desc, core.source_id),
+            self.build_source_ctx(&source_desc, core.source_id, &core.source_name),
             &source_desc,
             &mut stream,
         )
@@ -267,7 +273,11 @@ impl<S: StateStore, Src: OpendalSource> FsFetchExecutor<S, Src> {
                                             &mut splits_on_fetch,
                                             &state_store_handler,
                                             core.column_ids.clone(),
-                                            self.build_source_ctx(&source_desc, core.source_id),
+                                            self.build_source_ctx(
+                                                &source_desc,
+                                                core.source_id,
+                                                &core.source_name,
+                                            ),
                                             &source_desc,
                                             &mut stream,
                                         )
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/source/fs_source_executor.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/source/fs_source_executor.rs
index cb473b82d4c4a..a321d5c4f3eda 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/source/fs_source_executor.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/source/fs_source_executor.rs
@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> FsSourceExecutor<S> {
             None,
             self.actor_ctx.error_suppressor.clone(),
             source_desc.source.config.clone(),
+            self.stream_source_core.source_name.clone(),
         );
         source_desc
             .source
@@ -402,6 +403,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> FsSourceExecutor<S> {
                             .with_label_values(&[
                                 self.actor_ctx.id.to_string().as_str(),
                                 self.stream_source_core.source_id.to_string().as_ref(),
+                                self.actor_ctx.fragment_id.to_string().as_str(),
                             ])
                             .inc_by(metric_row_per_barrier);
                         metric_row_per_barrier = 0;
@@ -456,6 +458,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> FsSourceExecutor<S> {
                             self.stream_source_core.source_id.to_string().as_ref(),
                             self.stream_source_core.source_name.as_ref(),
                             self.actor_ctx.id.to_string().as_str(),
+                            self.actor_ctx.fragment_id.to_string().as_str(),
                         ])
                         .inc_by(chunk.cardinality() as u64);
 
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/source/source_executor.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/source/source_executor.rs
index 4eacd2a01709d..7a5b90be71a1a 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/source/source_executor.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/source/source_executor.rs
@@ -107,6 +107,11 @@ impl<S: StateStore> SourceExecutor<S> {
             self.connector_params.connector_client.clone(),
             self.actor_ctx.error_suppressor.clone(),
             source_desc.source.config.clone(),
+            self.stream_source_core
+                .as_ref()
+                .unwrap()
+                .source_name
+                .clone(),
         );
         source_desc
             .source
@@ -116,7 +121,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> SourceExecutor<S> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn get_metric_labels(&self) -> [String; 3] {
+    fn get_metric_labels(&self) -> [String; 4] {
         [
             self.stream_source_core
                 .as_ref()
@@ -129,6 +134,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> SourceExecutor<S> {
                 .source_name
                 .clone(),
             self.actor_ctx.id.to_string(),
+            self.actor_ctx.fragment_id.to_string(),
         ]
     }
 
@@ -536,6 +542,7 @@ impl<S: StateStore> SourceExecutor<S> {
                                             .source_id
                                             .to_string()
                                             .as_ref(),
+                                        self.actor_ctx.fragment_id.to_string().as_str(),
                                     ])
                                     .inc_by(metric_row_per_barrier);
                                 metric_row_per_barrier = 0;
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/temporal_join.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/temporal_join.rs
index 099abe658f615..32a0c5747083b 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/temporal_join.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/temporal_join.rs
@@ -39,15 +39,16 @@ use risingwave_storage::table::batch_table::storage_table::StorageTable;
 use risingwave_storage::table::TableIter;
 use risingwave_storage::StateStore;
 
+use super::join::{JoinType, JoinTypePrimitive};
 use super::{
     Barrier, Executor, ExecutorInfo, Message, MessageStream, StreamExecutorError,
     StreamExecutorResult,
 };
 use crate::cache::{cache_may_stale, new_with_hasher_in, ManagedLruCache};
 use crate::common::metrics::MetricsInfo;
-use crate::common::JoinStreamChunkBuilder;
+use crate::executor::join::builder::JoinStreamChunkBuilder;
 use crate::executor::monitor::StreamingMetrics;
-use crate::executor::{ActorContextRef, BoxedExecutor, JoinType, JoinTypePrimitive, Watermark};
+use crate::executor::{ActorContextRef, BoxedExecutor, Watermark};
 use crate::task::AtomicU64Ref;
 
 pub struct TemporalJoinExecutor<K: HashKey, S: StateStore, const T: JoinTypePrimitive> {
diff --git a/src/stream/src/executor/watermark_filter.rs b/src/stream/src/executor/watermark_filter.rs
index 43a6ba3add1ef..1aa671b4f671c 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/executor/watermark_filter.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/executor/watermark_filter.rs
@@ -263,17 +263,16 @@ impl<S: StateStore> WatermarkFilterExecutor<S> {
                         // Persist the watermark when checkpoint arrives.
                         if let Some(watermark) = current_watermark.clone() {
                             for vnode in table.vnodes().clone().iter_vnodes() {
-                                let pk = Some(ScalarImpl::Int16(vnode.to_scalar()));
+                                let pk = vnode.to_datum();
                                 let row = [pk, Some(watermark.clone())];
                                 // This is an upsert.
                                 table.insert(row);
                             }
                         }
-                        table.commit(barrier.epoch).await?;
-                    } else {
-                        table.commit_no_data_expected(barrier.epoch);
                     }
 
+                    table.commit(barrier.epoch).await?;
+
                     if barrier.kind.is_checkpoint() {
                         if idle_input {
                             // Align watermark
diff --git a/src/stream/src/from_proto/hash_join.rs b/src/stream/src/from_proto/hash_join.rs
index d04db948853ba..0c50f26f941b6 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/from_proto/hash_join.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/from_proto/hash_join.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ use super::*;
 use crate::common::table::state_table::StateTable;
 use crate::executor::hash_join::*;
 use crate::executor::monitor::StreamingMetrics;
-use crate::executor::ActorContextRef;
+use crate::executor::{ActorContextRef, JoinType};
 use crate::task::AtomicU64Ref;
 
 pub struct HashJoinExecutorBuilder;
diff --git a/src/stream/src/from_proto/sink.rs b/src/stream/src/from_proto/sink.rs
index fb05faf90dd8e..87d63cd80f599 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/from_proto/sink.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/from_proto/sink.rs
@@ -15,23 +15,87 @@
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use anyhow::anyhow;
-use risingwave_common::catalog::ColumnCatalog;
+use risingwave_common::catalog::{ColumnCatalog, Schema};
+use risingwave_common::types::DataType;
 use risingwave_connector::match_sink_name_str;
 use risingwave_connector::sink::catalog::{SinkFormatDesc, SinkType};
 use risingwave_connector::sink::{
     SinkError, SinkMetaClient, SinkParam, SinkWriterParam, CONNECTOR_TYPE_KEY, SINK_TYPE_OPTION,
 };
+use risingwave_pb::catalog::Table;
+use risingwave_pb::plan_common::PbColumnCatalog;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::{SinkLogStoreType, SinkNode};
 
 use super::*;
 use crate::common::log_store_impl::in_mem::BoundedInMemLogStoreFactory;
 use crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::{
-    KvLogStoreFactory, KvLogStoreMetrics, KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO,
+    KvLogStoreFactory, KvLogStoreMetrics, KvLogStorePkInfo, KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO,
 };
 use crate::executor::SinkExecutor;
 
 pub struct SinkExecutorBuilder;
 
+fn resolve_pk_info(
+    input_schema: &Schema,
+    log_store_table: &Table,
+) -> StreamResult<&'static KvLogStorePkInfo> {
+    let predefined_column_len = log_store_table.columns.len() - input_schema.fields.len();
+
+    #[expect(deprecated)]
+    let info = match predefined_column_len {
+        len if len
+            == crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO
+                .predefined_column_len() =>
+        {
+            Ok(&crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO)
+        }
+        len if len == KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO.predefined_column_len() => Ok(&KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO),
+        other_len => Err(anyhow!(
+            "invalid log store predefined len {}. log store table: {:?}, input_schema: {:?}",
+            other_len,
+            log_store_table,
+            input_schema
+        )),
+    }?;
+    validate_payload_schema(
+        &log_store_table.columns[predefined_column_len..],
+        input_schema,
+    )?;
+    Ok(info)
+}
+
+fn validate_payload_schema(
+    log_store_payload_schema: &[PbColumnCatalog],
+    input_schema: &Schema,
+) -> StreamResult<()> {
+    if log_store_payload_schema
+        .iter()
+        .zip_eq(input_schema.fields.iter())
+        .map(|(log_store_col, input_field)| {
+            let log_store_col_type = DataType::from(
+                log_store_col
+                    .column_desc
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .column_type
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .unwrap(),
+            );
+            log_store_col_type.equals_datatype(&input_field.data_type)
+        })
+        .all(|equal| equal)
+    {
+        Ok(())
+    } else {
+        Err(anyhow!(
+            "mismatch schema: log store: {:?}, input: {:?}",
+            log_store_payload_schema,
+            input_schema
+        )
+        .into())
+    }
+}
+
 impl ExecutorBuilder for SinkExecutorBuilder {
     type Node = SinkNode;
 
@@ -117,6 +181,7 @@ impl ExecutorBuilder for SinkExecutorBuilder {
             vnode_bitmap: params.vnode_bitmap.clone(),
             meta_client: params.env.meta_client().map(SinkMetaClient::MetaClient),
             sink_metrics,
+            extra_partition_col_idx: sink_desc.extra_partition_col_idx.map(|v| v as usize),
         };
 
         let log_store_identity = format!(
@@ -149,15 +214,20 @@ impl ExecutorBuilder for SinkExecutorBuilder {
                     &sink_param,
                     connector,
                 );
+
+                let table = node.table.as_ref().unwrap().clone();
+                let input_schema = input_executor.schema();
+                let pk_info = resolve_pk_info(input_schema, &table)?;
+
                 // TODO: support setting max row count in config
                 let factory = KvLogStoreFactory::new(
                     state_store,
-                    node.table.as_ref().unwrap().clone(),
+                    table,
                     params.vnode_bitmap.clone().map(Arc::new),
                     65536,
                     metrics,
                     log_store_identity,
-                    &KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO,
+                    pk_info,
                 );
 
                 Ok(Box::new(
diff --git a/src/stream/src/from_proto/stream_cdc_scan.rs b/src/stream/src/from_proto/stream_cdc_scan.rs
index e6d8525eacde8..66e08c2bb4695 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/from_proto/stream_cdc_scan.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/from_proto/stream_cdc_scan.rs
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ impl ExecutorBuilder for StreamCdcScanExecutorBuilder {
             .collect_vec();
 
         let table_desc: &ExternalTableDesc = node.get_cdc_table_desc()?;
+        let disable_backfill = node.disable_backfill;
 
         let table_schema: Schema = table_desc.columns.iter().map(Into::into).collect();
         assert_eq!(output_indices, (0..table_schema.len()).collect_vec());
@@ -104,6 +105,7 @@ impl ExecutorBuilder for StreamCdcScanExecutorBuilder {
             params.executor_stats,
             state_table,
             backfill_chunk_size,
+            disable_backfill,
         )
         .boxed();
 
diff --git a/src/stream/src/from_proto/subscription.rs b/src/stream/src/from_proto/subscription.rs
index a439317b07a1c..4d5e6eb6855b1 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/from_proto/subscription.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/from_proto/subscription.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use risingwave_storage::store::{NewLocalOptions, OpConsistencyLevel};
 
 use super::ExecutorBuilder;
 use crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::serde::LogStoreRowSerde;
-use crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO;
+use crate::common::log_store_impl::kv_log_store::KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO;
 use crate::common::log_store_impl::subscription_log_store::SubscriptionLogStoreWriter;
 use crate::error::StreamResult;
 use crate::executor::{BoxedExecutor, SubscriptionExecutor};
@@ -56,8 +56,7 @@ impl ExecutorBuilder for SubscriptionExecutorBuilder {
         let serde = LogStoreRowSerde::new(
             node.log_store_table.as_ref().unwrap(),
             Some(vnodes.clone()),
-            // TODO: Use V2 after pr #14599
-            &KV_LOG_STORE_V1_INFO,
+            &KV_LOG_STORE_V2_INFO,
         );
         let log_store_identity = format!("subscription-executor[{}]", params.executor_id);
         let log_store =
diff --git a/src/stream/src/task/barrier_manager.rs b/src/stream/src/task/barrier_manager.rs
index 4d0ef92add497..b838314729ad3 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/task/barrier_manager.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/task/barrier_manager.rs
@@ -16,15 +16,20 @@ use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use anyhow::anyhow;
+use futures::stream::FuturesUnordered;
+use futures::StreamExt;
+use parking_lot::Mutex;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_service::barrier_complete_response::PbCreateMviewProgress;
+use rw_futures_util::{pending_on_none, AttachedFuture};
 use thiserror_ext::AsReport;
 use tokio::select;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc::{unbounded_channel, UnboundedReceiver, UnboundedSender};
 use tokio::sync::oneshot;
+use tokio::task::JoinHandle;
 
 use self::managed_state::ManagedBarrierState;
 use crate::error::{IntoUnexpectedExit, StreamError, StreamResult};
-use crate::task::ActorId;
+use crate::task::{ActorHandle, ActorId, AtomicU64Ref, SharedContext, StreamEnvironment};
 
 mod managed_state;
 mod progress;
@@ -32,11 +37,13 @@ mod progress;
 mod tests;
 
 pub use progress::CreateMviewProgress;
+use risingwave_common::util::runtime::BackgroundShutdownRuntime;
+use risingwave_pb::stream_plan;
+use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::barrier::BarrierKind;
 use risingwave_storage::store::SyncResult;
-use risingwave_storage::StateStoreImpl;
 
 use crate::executor::monitor::StreamingMetrics;
-use crate::executor::Barrier;
+use crate::executor::{Actor, Barrier, DispatchExecutor};
 use crate::task::barrier_manager::progress::BackfillState;
 use crate::task::barrier_manager::LocalBarrierEvent::{ReportActorCollected, ReportActorFailure};
 
@@ -54,7 +61,7 @@ pub struct BarrierCompleteResult {
     pub create_mview_progress: Vec<PbCreateMviewProgress>,
 }
 
-enum LocalBarrierEvent {
+pub(super) enum LocalBarrierEvent {
     RegisterSender {
         actor_id: ActorId,
         sender: UnboundedSender<Barrier>,
@@ -65,7 +72,7 @@ enum LocalBarrierEvent {
         actor_ids_to_collect: HashSet<ActorId>,
         result_sender: oneshot::Sender<StreamResult<()>>,
     },
-    Reset,
+    Reset(oneshot::Sender<()>),
     ReportActorCollected {
         actor_id: ActorId,
         barrier: Barrier,
@@ -83,14 +90,96 @@ enum LocalBarrierEvent {
         actor: ActorId,
         state: BackfillState,
     },
+    DropActors {
+        actors: Vec<ActorId>,
+        result_sender: oneshot::Sender<()>,
+    },
+    UpdateActors {
+        actors: Vec<stream_plan::StreamActor>,
+        result_sender: oneshot::Sender<StreamResult<()>>,
+    },
+    BuildActors {
+        actors: Vec<ActorId>,
+        result_sender: oneshot::Sender<StreamResult<()>>,
+    },
     #[cfg(test)]
     Flush(oneshot::Sender<()>),
 }
 
+pub(crate) struct StreamActorManagerState {
+    /// Each processor runs in a future. Upon receiving a `Terminate` message, they will exit.
+    /// `handles` store join handles of these futures, and therefore we could wait their
+    /// termination.
+    pub(super) handles: HashMap<ActorId, ActorHandle>,
+
+    /// Stores all actor information, taken after actor built.
+    pub(super) actors: HashMap<ActorId, stream_plan::StreamActor>,
+
+    /// Stores all actor tokio runtime monitoring tasks.
+    pub(super) actor_monitor_tasks: HashMap<ActorId, ActorHandle>,
+
+    #[expect(clippy::type_complexity)]
+    pub(super) creating_actors: FuturesUnordered<
+        AttachedFuture<
+            JoinHandle<StreamResult<Vec<Actor<DispatchExecutor>>>>,
+            oneshot::Sender<StreamResult<()>>,
+        >,
+    >,
+}
+
+impl StreamActorManagerState {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            handles: HashMap::new(),
+            actors: HashMap::new(),
+            actor_monitor_tasks: HashMap::new(),
+            creating_actors: FuturesUnordered::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn next_created_actors(
+        &mut self,
+    ) -> (
+        oneshot::Sender<StreamResult<()>>,
+        StreamResult<Vec<Actor<DispatchExecutor>>>,
+    ) {
+        let (join_result, sender) = pending_on_none(self.creating_actors.next()).await;
+        (
+            sender,
+            join_result
+                .map_err(|join_error| {
+                    anyhow!(
+                        "failed to join creating actors futures: {:?}",
+                        join_error.as_report()
+                    )
+                    .into()
+                })
+                .and_then(|result| result),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct StreamActorManager {
+    pub(super) env: StreamEnvironment,
+    pub(super) context: Arc<SharedContext>,
+    pub(super) streaming_metrics: Arc<StreamingMetrics>,
+
+    /// Watermark epoch number.
+    pub(super) watermark_epoch: AtomicU64Ref,
+
+    pub(super) local_barrier_manager: LocalBarrierManager,
+
+    /// Manages the await-trees of all actors.
+    pub(super) await_tree_reg: Option<Arc<Mutex<await_tree::Registry<ActorId>>>>,
+
+    /// Runtime for the streaming actors.
+    pub(super) runtime: BackgroundShutdownRuntime,
+}
+
 /// [`LocalBarrierWorker`] manages barrier control flow, used by local stream manager.
 /// Specifically, [`LocalBarrierWorker`] serve barrier injection from meta server, send the
 /// barriers to and collect them from all actors, and finally report the progress.
-struct LocalBarrierWorker {
+pub(super) struct LocalBarrierWorker {
     /// Stores all streaming job source sender.
     barrier_senders: HashMap<ActorId, Vec<UnboundedSender<Barrier>>>,
 
@@ -101,27 +190,47 @@ struct LocalBarrierWorker {
     failure_actors: HashMap<ActorId, StreamError>,
 
     epoch_result_sender: HashMap<u64, oneshot::Sender<StreamResult<BarrierCompleteResult>>>,
+
+    pub(super) actor_manager: Arc<StreamActorManager>,
+
+    pub(super) actor_manager_state: StreamActorManagerState,
 }
 
 impl LocalBarrierWorker {
-    fn new(state_store: StateStoreImpl, streaming_metrics: Arc<StreamingMetrics>) -> Self {
+    pub(super) fn new(actor_manager: Arc<StreamActorManager>) -> Self {
         Self {
             barrier_senders: HashMap::new(),
             failure_actors: HashMap::default(),
-            state: ManagedBarrierState::new(state_store, streaming_metrics),
+            state: ManagedBarrierState::new(
+                actor_manager.env.state_store(),
+                actor_manager.streaming_metrics.clone(),
+            ),
             epoch_result_sender: HashMap::default(),
+            actor_manager,
+            actor_manager_state: StreamActorManagerState::new(),
         }
     }
 
     async fn run(mut self, mut event_rx: UnboundedReceiver<LocalBarrierEvent>) {
         loop {
             select! {
+                (sender, create_actors_result) = self.actor_manager_state.next_created_actors() => {
+                    self.handle_actor_created(sender, create_actors_result);
+                }
                 completed_epoch = self.state.next_completed_epoch() => {
                     self.on_epoch_completed(completed_epoch);
                 },
                 event = event_rx.recv() => {
                     if let Some(event) = event {
-                        self.handle_event(event);
+                        match event {
+                            LocalBarrierEvent::Reset(finish_sender) => {
+                                self.reset().await;
+                                let _ = finish_sender.send(());
+                            }
+                            event => {
+                                self.handle_event(event);
+                            }
+                        }
                     }
                     else {
                         break;
@@ -131,6 +240,18 @@ impl LocalBarrierWorker {
         }
     }
 
+    fn handle_actor_created(
+        &mut self,
+        sender: oneshot::Sender<StreamResult<()>>,
+        create_actor_result: StreamResult<Vec<Actor<DispatchExecutor>>>,
+    ) {
+        let result = create_actor_result.map(|actors| {
+            self.spawn_actors(actors);
+        });
+
+        let _ = sender.send(result);
+    }
+
     fn handle_event(&mut self, event: LocalBarrierEvent) {
         match event {
             LocalBarrierEvent::RegisterSender { actor_id, sender } => {
@@ -147,8 +268,8 @@ impl LocalBarrierWorker {
                     warn!(err=?e, "fail to send inject barrier result");
                 });
             }
-            LocalBarrierEvent::Reset => {
-                self.reset();
+            LocalBarrierEvent::Reset(_) => {
+                unreachable!("Reset event should be handled separately in async context")
             }
             ReportActorCollected { actor_id, barrier } => self.collect(actor_id, &barrier),
             ReportActorFailure { actor_id, err } => {
@@ -169,6 +290,24 @@ impl LocalBarrierWorker {
             }
             #[cfg(test)]
             LocalBarrierEvent::Flush(sender) => sender.send(()).unwrap(),
+            LocalBarrierEvent::DropActors {
+                actors,
+                result_sender,
+            } => {
+                self.drop_actors(&actors);
+                let _ = result_sender.send(());
+            }
+            LocalBarrierEvent::UpdateActors {
+                actors,
+                result_sender,
+            } => {
+                let result = self.update_actors(actors);
+                let _ = result_sender.send(result);
+            }
+            LocalBarrierEvent::BuildActors {
+                actors,
+                result_sender,
+            } => self.start_create_actors(&actors, result_sender),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -209,6 +348,32 @@ impl LocalBarrierWorker {
         to_send: HashSet<ActorId>,
         to_collect: HashSet<ActorId>,
     ) -> StreamResult<()> {
+        #[cfg(not(test))]
+        {
+            use itertools::Itertools;
+            // The barrier might be outdated and been injected after recovery in some certain extreme
+            // scenarios. So some newly creating actors in the barrier are possibly not rebuilt during
+            // recovery. Check it here and return an error here if some actors are not found to
+            // avoid collection hang. We need some refine in meta side to remove this workaround since
+            // it will cause another round of unnecessary recovery.
+            let missing_actor_ids = to_collect
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|id| !self.actor_manager_state.handles.contains_key(id))
+                .collect_vec();
+            if !missing_actor_ids.is_empty() {
+                tracing::warn!(
+                    "to collect actors not found, they should be cleaned when recovering: {:?}",
+                    missing_actor_ids
+                );
+                return Err(anyhow!("to collect actors not found: {:?}", to_collect).into());
+            }
+        }
+
+        if barrier.kind == BarrierKind::Initial {
+            self.actor_manager
+                .watermark_epoch
+                .store(barrier.epoch.curr, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst);
+        }
         debug!(
             target: "events::stream::barrier::manager::send",
             "send barrier {:?}, senders = {:?}, actor_ids_to_collect = {:?}",
@@ -300,11 +465,8 @@ impl LocalBarrierWorker {
     }
 
     /// Reset all internal states.
-    fn reset(&mut self) {
-        *self = Self::new(
-            self.state.state_store.clone(),
-            self.state.streaming_metrics.clone(),
-        );
+    pub(super) fn reset_state(&mut self) {
+        *self = Self::new(self.actor_manager.clone());
     }
 
     /// When a [`crate::executor::StreamConsumer`] (typically [`crate::executor::DispatchExecutor`]) get a barrier, it should report
@@ -341,20 +503,59 @@ pub struct LocalBarrierManager {
 
 impl LocalBarrierManager {
     /// Create a [`LocalBarrierWorker`] with managed mode.
-    pub fn new(state_store: StateStoreImpl, streaming_metrics: Arc<StreamingMetrics>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(
+        context: Arc<SharedContext>,
+        env: StreamEnvironment,
+        streaming_metrics: Arc<StreamingMetrics>,
+        await_tree_reg: Option<Arc<Mutex<await_tree::Registry<ActorId>>>>,
+        watermark_epoch: AtomicU64Ref,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let runtime = {
+            let mut builder = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_multi_thread();
+            if let Some(worker_threads_num) = context.config.actor_runtime_worker_threads_num {
+                builder.worker_threads(worker_threads_num);
+            }
+            builder
+                .thread_name("rw-streaming")
+                .enable_all()
+                .build()
+                .unwrap()
+        };
+
         let (tx, rx) = unbounded_channel();
-        let worker = LocalBarrierWorker::new(state_store, streaming_metrics);
-        let _join_handle = tokio::spawn(worker.run(rx));
-        Self {
+        let local_barrier_manager = Self {
             barrier_event_sender: tx,
-        }
+        };
+        let actor_manager = Arc::new(StreamActorManager {
+            context: context.clone(),
+            env: env.clone(),
+            streaming_metrics,
+            watermark_epoch,
+            local_barrier_manager: local_barrier_manager.clone(),
+            await_tree_reg,
+            runtime: runtime.into(),
+        });
+        let worker = LocalBarrierWorker::new(actor_manager);
+        let _join_handle = tokio::spawn(worker.run(rx));
+        local_barrier_manager
     }
 
-    fn send_event(&self, event: LocalBarrierEvent) {
+    pub(super) fn send_event(&self, event: LocalBarrierEvent) {
         self.barrier_event_sender
             .send(event)
             .expect("should be able to send event")
     }
+
+    pub(super) async fn send_and_await<RSP>(
+        &self,
+        make_event: impl FnOnce(oneshot::Sender<RSP>) -> LocalBarrierEvent,
+    ) -> StreamResult<RSP> {
+        let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        let event = make_event(tx);
+        self.send_event(event);
+        rx.await
+            .map_err(|_| anyhow!("barrier manager maybe reset").into())
+    }
 }
 
 impl LocalBarrierManager {
@@ -371,15 +572,13 @@ impl LocalBarrierManager {
         actor_ids_to_send: impl IntoIterator<Item = ActorId>,
         actor_ids_to_collect: impl IntoIterator<Item = ActorId>,
     ) -> StreamResult<()> {
-        let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
-        self.send_event(LocalBarrierEvent::InjectBarrier {
+        self.send_and_await(move |result_sender| LocalBarrierEvent::InjectBarrier {
             barrier,
             actor_ids_to_send: actor_ids_to_send.into_iter().collect(),
             actor_ids_to_collect: actor_ids_to_collect.into_iter().collect(),
-            result_sender: tx,
-        });
-        rx.await
-            .map_err(|_| anyhow!("barrier manager maybe reset"))?
+            result_sender,
+        })
+        .await?
     }
 
     /// Use `prev_epoch` to remove collect rx and return rx.
@@ -387,18 +586,11 @@ impl LocalBarrierManager {
         &self,
         prev_epoch: u64,
     ) -> StreamResult<BarrierCompleteResult> {
-        let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
-        self.send_event(LocalBarrierEvent::AwaitEpochCompleted {
+        self.send_and_await(|result_sender| LocalBarrierEvent::AwaitEpochCompleted {
             epoch: prev_epoch,
-            result_sender: tx,
-        });
-        rx.await
-            .map_err(|_| anyhow!("barrier manager maybe reset"))?
-    }
-
-    /// Reset all internal states.
-    pub fn reset(&self) {
-        self.send_event(LocalBarrierEvent::Reset)
+            result_sender,
+        })
+        .await?
     }
 
     /// When a [`crate::executor::StreamConsumer`] (typically [`crate::executor::DispatchExecutor`]) get a barrier, it should report
@@ -420,9 +612,13 @@ impl LocalBarrierManager {
 #[cfg(test)]
 impl LocalBarrierManager {
     pub fn for_test() -> Self {
+        use std::sync::atomic::AtomicU64;
         Self::new(
-            StateStoreImpl::for_test(),
+            Arc::new(SharedContext::for_test()),
+            StreamEnvironment::for_test(),
             Arc::new(StreamingMetrics::unused()),
+            None,
+            Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(0)),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/src/stream/src/task/barrier_manager/progress.rs b/src/stream/src/task/barrier_manager/progress.rs
index 2a84a0d01d510..476534967072b 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/task/barrier_manager/progress.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/task/barrier_manager/progress.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ type ConsumedEpoch = u64;
 type ConsumedRows = u64;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub(super) enum BackfillState {
+pub(crate) enum BackfillState {
     ConsumingUpstream(ConsumedEpoch, ConsumedRows),
     Done(ConsumedRows),
 }
diff --git a/src/stream/src/task/stream_manager.rs b/src/stream/src/task/stream_manager.rs
index 80f2623407fe0..5a2bde99da491 100644
--- a/src/stream/src/task/stream_manager.rs
+++ b/src/stream/src/task/stream_manager.rs
@@ -13,32 +13,31 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 
 use core::time::Duration;
-use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::fmt::Debug;
 use std::io::Write;
+use std::mem::take;
 use std::sync::atomic::AtomicU64;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use anyhow::anyhow;
 use async_recursion::async_recursion;
 use futures::FutureExt;
-use hytra::TrAdder;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use parking_lot::Mutex;
 use risingwave_common::bail;
 use risingwave_common::buffer::Bitmap;
 use risingwave_common::catalog::{Field, Schema};
-use risingwave_common::config::{MetricLevel, StreamingConfig};
-use risingwave_common::util::addr::HostAddr;
-use risingwave_common::util::runtime::BackgroundShutdownRuntime;
+use risingwave_common::config::MetricLevel;
 use risingwave_pb::common::ActorInfo;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan;
-use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::barrier::BarrierKind;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::stream_node::NodeBody;
 use risingwave_pb::stream_plan::{StreamActor, StreamNode};
 use risingwave_storage::monitor::HummockTraceFutureExt;
-use risingwave_storage::{dispatch_state_store, StateStore, StateStoreImpl};
+use risingwave_storage::{dispatch_state_store, StateStore};
+use rw_futures_util::AttachedFuture;
 use thiserror_ext::AsReport;
+use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 use tokio::task::JoinHandle;
 
 use super::{unique_executor_id, unique_operator_id, BarrierCompleteResult};
@@ -47,49 +46,28 @@ use crate::executor::monitor::StreamingMetrics;
 use crate::executor::subtask::SubtaskHandle;
 use crate::executor::*;
 use crate::from_proto::create_executor;
-use crate::task::{ActorId, FragmentId, LocalBarrierManager, SharedContext, StreamEnvironment};
+use crate::task::barrier_manager::{LocalBarrierEvent, LocalBarrierWorker};
+use crate::task::{
+    ActorId, FragmentId, LocalBarrierManager, SharedContext, StreamActorManager,
+    StreamActorManagerState, StreamEnvironment,
+};
 
 #[cfg(test)]
-pub static LOCAL_TEST_ADDR: std::sync::LazyLock<HostAddr> =
+pub static LOCAL_TEST_ADDR: std::sync::LazyLock<risingwave_common::util::addr::HostAddr> =
     std::sync::LazyLock::new(|| "127.0.0.1:2333".parse().unwrap());
 
 pub type ActorHandle = JoinHandle<()>;
 
 pub type AtomicU64Ref = Arc<AtomicU64>;
 
-pub struct LocalStreamManagerCore {
-    /// Runtime for the streaming actors.
-    runtime: BackgroundShutdownRuntime,
-
-    /// Each processor runs in a future. Upon receiving a `Terminate` message, they will exit.
-    /// `handles` store join handles of these futures, and therefore we could wait their
-    /// termination.
-    handles: HashMap<ActorId, ActorHandle>,
-
-    /// Stores all actor information, taken after actor built.
-    actors: HashMap<ActorId, stream_plan::StreamActor>,
-
-    /// Stores all actor tokio runtime monitoring tasks.
-    actor_monitor_tasks: HashMap<ActorId, ActorHandle>,
-}
-
 /// `LocalStreamManager` manages all stream executors in this project.
+#[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct LocalStreamManager {
-    core: Mutex<LocalStreamManagerCore>,
+    await_tree_reg: Option<Arc<Mutex<await_tree::Registry<ActorId>>>>,
 
-    state_store: StateStoreImpl,
     context: Arc<SharedContext>,
-    streaming_metrics: Arc<StreamingMetrics>,
-
-    total_mem_val: Arc<TrAdder<i64>>,
-
-    /// Watermark epoch number.
-    watermark_epoch: AtomicU64Ref,
 
     local_barrier_manager: LocalBarrierManager,
-
-    /// Manages the await-trees of all actors.
-    await_tree_reg: Option<Mutex<await_tree::Registry<ActorId>>>,
 }
 
 /// Report expression evaluation errors to the actor context.
@@ -164,27 +142,28 @@ impl Debug for ExecutorParams {
 
 impl LocalStreamManager {
     pub fn new(
-        addr: HostAddr,
-        state_store: StateStoreImpl,
+        env: StreamEnvironment,
         streaming_metrics: Arc<StreamingMetrics>,
-        config: StreamingConfig,
         await_tree_config: Option<await_tree::Config>,
         watermark_epoch: AtomicU64Ref,
     ) -> Self {
-        let local_barrier_manager =
-            LocalBarrierManager::new(state_store.clone(), streaming_metrics.clone());
-        let context = Arc::new(SharedContext::new(addr, &config));
-        let core = LocalStreamManagerCore::new(context.config.actor_runtime_worker_threads_num);
-        Self {
-            state_store,
-            context,
-            total_mem_val: Arc::new(TrAdder::new()),
-            core: Mutex::new(core),
+        let context = Arc::new(SharedContext::new(
+            env.server_address().clone(),
+            env.config(),
+        ));
+        let await_tree_reg =
+            await_tree_config.map(|config| Arc::new(Mutex::new(await_tree::Registry::new(config))));
+        let local_barrier_manager = LocalBarrierManager::new(
+            context.clone(),
+            env,
             streaming_metrics,
+            await_tree_reg.clone(),
             watermark_epoch,
+        );
+        Self {
+            await_tree_reg,
+            context,
             local_barrier_manager,
-            await_tree_reg: await_tree_config
-                .map(|config| Mutex::new(await_tree::Registry::new(config))),
         }
     }
 
@@ -216,11 +195,6 @@ impl LocalStreamManager {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Get all existing actor ids.
-    pub fn all_actor_ids(&self) -> HashSet<ActorId> {
-        self.core.lock().handles.keys().cloned().collect()
-    }
-
     /// Broadcast a barrier to all senders. Save a receiver in barrier manager
     pub async fn send_barrier(
         &self,
@@ -228,21 +202,12 @@ impl LocalStreamManager {
         actor_ids_to_send: impl IntoIterator<Item = ActorId>,
         actor_ids_to_collect: impl IntoIterator<Item = ActorId>,
     ) -> StreamResult<()> {
-        if barrier.kind == BarrierKind::Initial {
-            self.watermark_epoch
-                .store(barrier.epoch.curr, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst);
-        }
         self.local_barrier_manager
             .send_barrier(barrier, actor_ids_to_send, actor_ids_to_collect)
             .await?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    /// Reset the state of the barrier manager.
-    pub fn reset_barrier_manager(&self) {
-        self.local_barrier_manager.reset();
-    }
-
     /// Use `epoch` to find collect rx. And wait for all actor to be collected before
     /// returning.
     pub async fn collect_barrier(&self, epoch: u64) -> StreamResult<BarrierCompleteResult> {
@@ -251,26 +216,60 @@ impl LocalStreamManager {
             .await
     }
 
-    pub async fn clear_storage_buffer(&self) {
-        dispatch_state_store!(self.state_store.clone(), store, {
-            store.clear_shared_buffer().await.unwrap();
-        });
+    pub fn context(&self) -> &Arc<SharedContext> {
+        &self.context
+    }
+
+    /// Drop the resources of the given actors.
+    pub async fn drop_actors(&self, actors: Vec<ActorId>) -> StreamResult<()> {
+        self.local_barrier_manager
+            .send_and_await(|result_sender| LocalBarrierEvent::DropActors {
+                actors,
+                result_sender,
+            })
+            .await
+    }
+
+    /// Force stop all actors on this worker, and then drop their resources.
+    pub async fn reset(&self) {
+        self.local_barrier_manager
+            .send_and_await(LocalBarrierEvent::Reset)
+            .await
+            .expect("should receive reset")
+    }
+
+    pub async fn update_actors(&self, actors: Vec<stream_plan::StreamActor>) -> StreamResult<()> {
+        self.local_barrier_manager
+            .send_and_await(|result_sender| LocalBarrierEvent::UpdateActors {
+                actors,
+                result_sender,
+            })
+            .await?
     }
 
+    pub async fn build_actors(&self, actors: Vec<ActorId>) -> StreamResult<()> {
+        self.local_barrier_manager
+            .send_and_await(|result_sender| LocalBarrierEvent::BuildActors {
+                actors,
+                result_sender,
+            })
+            .await?
+    }
+}
+
+impl LocalBarrierWorker {
     /// Drop the resources of the given actors.
-    pub fn drop_actors(&self, actors: &[ActorId]) -> StreamResult<()> {
-        self.context.drop_actors(actors);
-        let mut core = self.core.lock();
+    pub(super) fn drop_actors(&mut self, actors: &[ActorId]) {
+        self.actor_manager.context.drop_actors(actors);
         for &id in actors {
-            core.drop_actor(id);
+            self.actor_manager_state.drop_actor(id);
         }
         tracing::debug!(actors = ?actors, "drop actors");
-        Ok(())
     }
 
     /// Force stop all actors on this worker, and then drop their resources.
-    pub async fn stop_all_actors(&self) -> StreamResult<()> {
-        let actor_handles = self.core.lock().drain_actor_handles();
+    pub(super) async fn reset(&mut self) {
+        let actor_handles = self.actor_manager_state.drain_actor_handles();
         for (actor_id, handle) in &actor_handles {
             tracing::debug!("force stopping actor {}", actor_id);
             handle.abort();
@@ -280,85 +279,72 @@ impl LocalStreamManager {
             let result = handle.await;
             assert!(result.is_ok() || result.unwrap_err().is_cancelled());
         }
-        self.context.clear_channels();
-        self.context.actor_infos.write().clear();
-        self.core.lock().clear_state();
-        if let Some(m) = self.await_tree_reg.as_ref() {
+        // Clear the join handle of creating actors
+        for handle in take(&mut self.actor_manager_state.creating_actors)
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|attached_future| attached_future.into_inner().0)
+        {
+            handle.abort();
+            let result = handle.await;
+            assert!(result.is_ok() || result.err().unwrap().is_cancelled());
+        }
+        self.actor_manager.context.clear_channels();
+        self.actor_manager.context.actor_infos.write().clear();
+        self.actor_manager_state.clear_state();
+        if let Some(m) = self.actor_manager.await_tree_reg.as_ref() {
             m.lock().clear();
         }
-        self.reset_barrier_manager();
-        // Clear shared buffer in storage to release memory
-        self.clear_storage_buffer().await;
-
-        Ok(())
+        dispatch_state_store!(&self.actor_manager.env.state_store(), store, {
+            store.clear_shared_buffer().await.unwrap();
+        });
+        self.reset_state();
+        self.actor_manager.env.dml_manager_ref().clear();
     }
 
-    pub fn update_actors(&self, actors: &[stream_plan::StreamActor]) -> StreamResult<()> {
-        let mut core = self.core.lock();
-        core.update_actors(actors)
+    pub(super) fn update_actors(
+        &mut self,
+        actors: Vec<stream_plan::StreamActor>,
+    ) -> StreamResult<()> {
+        self.actor_manager_state.update_actors(actors)
     }
 
     /// This function could only be called once during the lifecycle of `LocalStreamManager` for
     /// now.
-    pub async fn build_actors(
-        &self,
+    pub(super) fn start_create_actors(
+        &mut self,
         actors: &[ActorId],
-        env: StreamEnvironment,
-    ) -> StreamResult<()> {
+        result_sender: oneshot::Sender<StreamResult<()>>,
+    ) {
         let actors = {
-            let mut core = self.core.lock();
-            actors
+            let actor_result = actors
                 .iter()
                 .map(|actor_id| {
-                    core.actors
+                    self.actor_manager_state
+                        .actors
                         .remove(actor_id)
                         .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("No such actor with actor id:{}", actor_id))
                 })
-                .try_collect()?
-        };
-        let actors = self.create_actors(actors, env).await?;
-        self.core.lock().spawn_actors(
-            actors,
-            &self.streaming_metrics,
-            &self.local_barrier_manager,
-            self.await_tree_reg.as_ref(),
-        );
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub fn context(&self) -> &Arc<SharedContext> {
-        &self.context
-    }
-
-    pub fn total_mem_usage(&self) -> usize {
-        self.total_mem_val.get() as usize
-    }
-}
-
-impl LocalStreamManagerCore {
-    fn new(actor_runtime_worker_threads_num: Option<usize>) -> Self {
-        let runtime = {
-            let mut builder = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_multi_thread();
-            if let Some(worker_threads_num) = actor_runtime_worker_threads_num {
-                builder.worker_threads(worker_threads_num);
+                .try_collect();
+            match actor_result {
+                Ok(actors) => actors,
+                Err(e) => {
+                    let _ = result_sender.send(Err(e.into()));
+                    return;
+                }
             }
-            builder
-                .thread_name("rw-streaming")
-                .enable_all()
-                .build()
-                .unwrap()
         };
-
-        Self {
-            runtime: runtime.into(),
-            handles: HashMap::new(),
-            actors: HashMap::new(),
-            actor_monitor_tasks: HashMap::new(),
-        }
+        let actor_manager = self.actor_manager.clone();
+        let join_handle = self
+            .actor_manager
+            .runtime
+            .spawn(actor_manager.create_actors(actors));
+        self.actor_manager_state
+            .creating_actors
+            .push(AttachedFuture::new(join_handle, result_sender));
     }
 }
 
-impl LocalStreamManager {
+impl StreamActorManager {
     /// Create dispatchers with downstream information registered before
     fn create_dispatcher(
         &self,
@@ -542,18 +528,17 @@ impl LocalStreamManager {
     }
 
     async fn create_actors(
-        &self,
+        self: Arc<Self>,
         actors: Vec<StreamActor>,
-        env: StreamEnvironment,
     ) -> StreamResult<Vec<Actor<DispatchExecutor>>> {
         let mut ret = Vec::with_capacity(actors.len());
         for actor in actors {
             let actor_id = actor.actor_id;
             let actor_context = ActorContext::create(
                 &actor,
-                self.total_mem_val.clone(),
+                self.env.total_mem_usage(),
                 self.streaming_metrics.clone(),
-                env.config().unique_user_stream_errors,
+                self.env.config().unique_user_stream_errors,
                 actor.dispatcher.len(),
             );
             let vnode_bitmap = actor.vnode_bitmap.as_ref().map(|b| b.into());
@@ -563,7 +548,7 @@ impl LocalStreamManager {
                 .create_nodes(
                     actor.fragment_id,
                     actor.get_nodes()?,
-                    env.clone(),
+                    self.env.clone(),
                     &actor_context,
                     vnode_bitmap,
                 )
@@ -588,14 +573,8 @@ impl LocalStreamManager {
     }
 }
 
-impl LocalStreamManagerCore {
-    fn spawn_actors(
-        &mut self,
-        actors: Vec<Actor<DispatchExecutor>>,
-        streaming_metrics: &Arc<StreamingMetrics>,
-        barrier_manager: &LocalBarrierManager,
-        await_tree_reg: Option<&Mutex<await_tree::Registry<ActorId>>>,
-    ) {
+impl LocalBarrierWorker {
+    pub(super) fn spawn_actors(&mut self, actors: Vec<Actor<DispatchExecutor>>) {
         for actor in actors {
             let monitor = tokio_metrics::TaskMonitor::new();
             let actor_context = actor.actor_context.clone();
@@ -603,7 +582,7 @@ impl LocalStreamManagerCore {
 
             let handle = {
                 let trace_span = format!("Actor {actor_id}: `{}`", actor_context.mview_definition);
-                let barrier_manager = barrier_manager.clone();
+                let barrier_manager = self.actor_manager.local_barrier_manager.clone();
                 let actor = actor.run().map(move |result| {
                     if let Err(err) = result {
                         // TODO: check error type and panic if it's unexpected.
@@ -612,7 +591,7 @@ impl LocalStreamManagerCore {
                         barrier_manager.notify_failure(actor_id, err);
                     }
                 });
-                let traced = match await_tree_reg {
+                let traced = match &self.actor_manager.await_tree_reg {
                     Some(m) => m
                         .lock()
                         .register(actor_id, trace_span)
@@ -642,16 +621,16 @@ impl LocalStreamManagerCore {
                 }
                 #[cfg(not(enable_task_local_alloc))]
                 {
-                    self.runtime.spawn(instrumented)
+                    self.actor_manager.runtime.spawn(instrumented)
                 }
             };
-            self.handles.insert(actor_id, handle);
+            self.actor_manager_state.handles.insert(actor_id, handle);
 
-            if streaming_metrics.level >= MetricLevel::Debug {
+            if self.actor_manager.streaming_metrics.level >= MetricLevel::Debug {
                 tracing::info!("Tokio metrics are enabled because metrics_level >= Debug");
                 let actor_id_str = actor_id.to_string();
-                let metrics = streaming_metrics.clone();
-                let actor_monitor_task = self.runtime.spawn(async move {
+                let metrics = self.actor_manager.streaming_metrics.clone();
+                let actor_monitor_task = self.actor_manager.runtime.spawn(async move {
                     loop {
                         let task_metrics = monitor.cumulative();
                         metrics
@@ -701,29 +680,12 @@ impl LocalStreamManagerCore {
                         tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
                     }
                 });
-                self.actor_monitor_tasks
+                self.actor_manager_state
+                    .actor_monitor_tasks
                     .insert(actor_id, actor_monitor_task);
             }
         }
     }
-
-    pub fn take_all_handles(&mut self) -> StreamResult<HashMap<ActorId, ActorHandle>> {
-        Ok(std::mem::take(&mut self.handles))
-    }
-
-    pub fn remove_actor_handles(
-        &mut self,
-        actor_ids: &[ActorId],
-    ) -> StreamResult<Vec<ActorHandle>> {
-        actor_ids
-            .iter()
-            .map(|actor_id| {
-                self.handles
-                    .remove(actor_id)
-                    .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("No such actor with actor id:{}", actor_id).into())
-            })
-            .try_collect()
-    }
 }
 
 impl LocalStreamManager {
@@ -746,7 +708,7 @@ impl LocalStreamManager {
     }
 }
 
-impl LocalStreamManagerCore {
+impl StreamActorManagerState {
     /// `drop_actor` is invoked by meta node via RPC once the stop barrier arrives at the
     /// sink. All the actors in the actors should stop themselves before this method is invoked.
     fn drop_actor(&mut self, actor_id: ActorId) {
@@ -772,11 +734,12 @@ impl LocalStreamManagerCore {
         self.actor_monitor_tasks.clear();
     }
 
-    fn update_actors(&mut self, actors: &[stream_plan::StreamActor]) -> StreamResult<()> {
+    fn update_actors(&mut self, actors: Vec<stream_plan::StreamActor>) -> StreamResult<()> {
         for actor in actors {
+            let actor_id = actor.get_actor_id();
             self.actors
-                .try_insert(actor.get_actor_id(), actor.clone())
-                .map_err(|_| anyhow!("duplicated actor {}", actor.get_actor_id()))?;
+                .try_insert(actor_id, actor)
+                .map_err(|_| anyhow!("duplicated actor {}", actor_id))?;
         }
 
         Ok(())
diff --git a/src/tests/compaction_test/Makefile.toml b/src/tests/compaction_test/Makefile.toml
index 2b1c0405edbfd..2ca5332975c17 100644
--- a/src/tests/compaction_test/Makefile.toml
+++ b/src/tests/compaction_test/Makefile.toml
@@ -7,12 +7,3 @@ script = """
 set -e
 cargo run --bin compaction-test --profile "${RISINGWAVE_BUILD_PROFILE}" -- "$@"
 """
-
-[tasks.delete-range-test]
-category = "RiseDev - Test"
-description = "Run hummock compaction delete-range for test"
-script = """
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-set -e
-cargo run --bin delete-range-test --profile "${RISINGWAVE_BUILD_PROFILE}" -- "$@"
-"""
diff --git a/src/tests/compaction_test/src/bin/delete_range.rs b/src/tests/compaction_test/src/bin/delete_range.rs
index 5950a4111f71e..f154314fb5c8a 100644
--- a/src/tests/compaction_test/src/bin/delete_range.rs
+++ b/src/tests/compaction_test/src/bin/delete_range.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #[cfg_attr(coverage, coverage(off))]
 fn main() {
+    // Since we decide to record watermark in every state-table to replace delete-range, this test is not need again. We keep it because we may need delete-range in some day for other features.
     use clap::Parser;
 
     let opts = risingwave_compaction_test::CompactionTestOpts::parse();
diff --git a/src/tests/regress/data/expected/contrib-pgcrypto-rijndael.out b/src/tests/regress/data/expected/contrib-pgcrypto-rijndael.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..015ba4430d962
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/tests/regress/data/expected/contrib-pgcrypto-rijndael.out
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+--
+-- AES cipher (aka Rijndael-128, -192, or -256)
+--
+-- some standard Rijndael testvalues
+SELECT encrypt(
+'\x00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff',
+'\x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f',
+'aes-ecb/pad:none');
+              encrypt               
+------------------------------------
+ \x69c4e0d86a7b0430d8cdb78070b4c55a
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT encrypt(
+'\x00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff',
+'\x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f1011121314151617',
+'aes-ecb/pad:none');
+              encrypt               
+------------------------------------
+ \xdda97ca4864cdfe06eaf70a0ec0d7191
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT encrypt(
+'\x00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff',
+'\x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f',
+'aes-ecb/pad:none');
+              encrypt               
+------------------------------------
+ \x8ea2b7ca516745bfeafc49904b496089
+(1 row)
+
+-- cbc
+SELECT encrypt(
+'\x00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff',
+'\x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f',
+'aes-cbc/pad:none');
+              encrypt               
+------------------------------------
+ \x8ea2b7ca516745bfeafc49904b496089
+(1 row)
+
+-- without padding, input not multiple of block size
+SELECT encrypt(
+'\x00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff00',
+'\x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f',
+'aes-cbc/pad:none');
+ERROR:  encrypt error: Encryption failed
+-- key padding
+SELECT encrypt(
+'\x0011223344',
+'\x000102030405',
+'aes-cbc');
+              encrypt               
+------------------------------------
+ \x189a28932213f017b246678dbc28655f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT encrypt(
+'\x0011223344',
+'\x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f10111213',
+'aes-cbc');
+              encrypt               
+------------------------------------
+ \x3b02279162d15580e069d3a71407a556
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT encrypt(
+'\x0011223344',
+'\x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b',
+'aes-cbc');
+              encrypt               
+------------------------------------
+ \x4facb6a041d53e0a5a73289170901fe7
+(1 row)
+
+-- empty data
+select encrypt('', 'foo', 'aes');
+              encrypt               
+------------------------------------
+ \xb48cc3338a2eb293b6007ef72c360d48
+(1 row)
+
+-- 10 bytes key
+select encrypt('foo', '0123456789', 'aes');
+              encrypt               
+------------------------------------
+ \xf397f03d2819b7172b68d0706fda4693
+(1 row)
+
+-- 22 bytes key
+select encrypt('foo', '0123456789012345678901', 'aes');
+              encrypt               
+------------------------------------
+ \x5c9db77af02b4678117bcd8a71ae7f53
+(1 row)
+
+-- decrypt
+select encode(decrypt(encrypt('foo', '0123456', 'aes'), '0123456', 'aes'), 'escape');
+ encode 
+--------
+ foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- data not multiple of block size
+select encode(decrypt(encrypt('foo', '0123456', 'aes') || '\x00'::bytea, '0123456', 'aes'), 'escape');
+ERROR:  decrypt error: Decryption failed
+-- bad padding
+-- (The input value is the result of encrypt_iv('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz', '0123456', 'abcd', 'aes')
+-- with the 16th byte changed (s/db/eb/) to corrupt the padding of the last block.)
+select encode(decrypt_iv('\xa21a9c15231465964e3396d32095e67eb52bab05f556a581621dee1b85385789', '0123456', 'abcd', 'aes'), 'escape');
+ERROR:  decrypt_iv error: Decryption failed
+-- iv
+select encrypt_iv('foo', '0123456', 'abcd', 'aes');
+             encrypt_iv             
+------------------------------------
+ \x2c24cb7da91d6d5699801268b0f5adad
+(1 row)
+
+select encode(decrypt_iv('\x2c24cb7da91d6d5699801268b0f5adad', '0123456', 'abcd', 'aes'), 'escape');
+ encode 
+--------
+ foo
+(1 row)
+
+-- long message
+select encrypt('Lets try a longer message.', '0123456789', 'aes');
+                              encrypt                               
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+ \xd9beb785dd5403ed02f66b755bb191b93ed93ca54930153f2c3b9ec7785056ad
+(1 row)
+
+select encode(decrypt(encrypt('Lets try a longer message.', '0123456789', 'aes'), '0123456789', 'aes'), 'escape');
+           encode           
+----------------------------
+ Lets try a longer message.
+(1 row)
+
diff --git a/src/tests/regress/data/schedule b/src/tests/regress/data/schedule
index 044e6b40516f1..d1cfd9ab86253 100644
--- a/src/tests/regress/data/schedule
+++ b/src/tests/regress/data/schedule
@@ -12,3 +12,4 @@ test: strings date time timestamp interval
 test: case arrays delete
 test: jsonb jsonb_jsonpath
 test: regex
+test: contrib-pgcrypto-rijndael
diff --git a/src/tests/regress/data/sql/contrib-pgcrypto-rijndael.sql b/src/tests/regress/data/sql/contrib-pgcrypto-rijndael.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..3bcc47494fe67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/tests/regress/data/sql/contrib-pgcrypto-rijndael.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+--
+-- AES cipher (aka Rijndael-128, -192, or -256)
+--
+
+-- some standard Rijndael testvalues
+SELECT encrypt(
+'\x00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff',
+'\x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f',
+'aes-ecb/pad:none');
+
+SELECT encrypt(
+'\x00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff',
+'\x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f1011121314151617',
+'aes-ecb/pad:none');
+
+SELECT encrypt(
+'\x00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff',
+'\x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f',
+'aes-ecb/pad:none');
+
+-- cbc
+SELECT encrypt(
+'\x00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff',
+'\x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f',
+'aes-cbc/pad:none');
+
+-- without padding, input not multiple of block size
+SELECT encrypt(
+'\x00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff00',
+'\x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f',
+'aes-cbc/pad:none');
+
+-- key padding
+
+--@ SELECT encrypt(
+--@ '\x0011223344',
+--@ '\x000102030405',
+--@ 'aes-cbc');
+--@ 
+--@ SELECT encrypt(
+--@ '\x0011223344',
+--@ '\x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f10111213',
+--@ 'aes-cbc');
+--@ 
+--@ SELECT encrypt(
+--@ '\x0011223344',
+--@ '\x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b',
+--@ 'aes-cbc');
+--@ 
+--@ -- empty data
+--@ select encrypt('', 'foo', 'aes');
+--@ -- 10 bytes key
+--@ select encrypt('foo', '0123456789', 'aes');
+--@ -- 22 bytes key
+--@ select encrypt('foo', '0123456789012345678901', 'aes');
+--@ 
+--@ -- decrypt
+--@ select encode(decrypt(encrypt('foo', '0123456', 'aes'), '0123456', 'aes'), 'escape');
+-- data not multiple of block size
+select encode(decrypt(encrypt('foo', '0123456', 'aes') || '\x00'::bytea, '0123456', 'aes'), 'escape');
+-- bad padding
+-- (The input value is the result of encrypt_iv('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz', '0123456', 'abcd', 'aes')
+-- with the 16th byte changed (s/db/eb/) to corrupt the padding of the last block.)
+select encode(decrypt_iv('\xa21a9c15231465964e3396d32095e67eb52bab05f556a581621dee1b85385789', '0123456', 'abcd', 'aes'), 'escape');
+
+-- iv
+--@ select encrypt_iv('foo', '0123456', 'abcd', 'aes');
+--@ select encode(decrypt_iv('\x2c24cb7da91d6d5699801268b0f5adad', '0123456', 'abcd', 'aes'), 'escape');
+
+-- long message
+--@ select encrypt('Lets try a longer message.', '0123456789', 'aes');
+--@ select encode(decrypt(encrypt('Lets try a longer message.', '0123456789', 'aes'), '0123456789', 'aes'), 'escape');
diff --git a/src/tests/simulation/Cargo.toml b/src/tests/simulation/Cargo.toml
index 6ce0c7ed05232..dbde0d5d46650 100644
--- a/src/tests/simulation/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/tests/simulation/Cargo.toml
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ risingwave_expr_impl = { workspace = true }
 risingwave_frontend = { workspace = true }
 risingwave_hummock_sdk = { workspace = true, features = ["enable_test_epoch"] }
 risingwave_meta_node = { workspace = true }
+risingwave_object_store = { workspace = true }
 risingwave_pb = { workspace = true }
 risingwave_rpc_client = { workspace = true }
 risingwave_sqlparser = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/src/tests/simulation/src/cluster.rs b/src/tests/simulation/src/cluster.rs
index a81a770bf0bd9..b4178e01f8786 100644
--- a/src/tests/simulation/src/cluster.rs
+++ b/src/tests/simulation/src/cluster.rs
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ use itertools::Itertools;
 use madsim::runtime::{Handle, NodeHandle};
 use rand::seq::IteratorRandom;
 use rand::Rng;
+#[cfg(madsim)]
+use risingwave_object_store::object::sim::SimServer as ObjectStoreSimServer;
 use risingwave_pb::common::WorkerNode;
 use sqllogictest::AsyncDB;
 #[cfg(not(madsim))]
@@ -175,9 +177,10 @@ impl Configuration {
 
     pub fn for_auto_parallelism(
         max_heartbeat_interval_secs: u64,
-        enable_auto_scale_in: bool,
         enable_auto_parallelism: bool,
     ) -> Self {
+        let disable_automatic_parallelism_control = !enable_auto_parallelism;
+
         let config_path = {
             let mut file =
                 tempfile::NamedTempFile::new().expect("failed to create temp config file");
@@ -185,8 +188,7 @@ impl Configuration {
             let config_data = format!(
                 r#"[meta]
 max_heartbeat_interval_secs = {max_heartbeat_interval_secs}
-enable_scale_in_when_recovery = {enable_auto_scale_in}
-enable_automatic_parallelism_control = {enable_auto_parallelism}
+disable_automatic_parallelism_control = {disable_automatic_parallelism_control}
 
 [system]
 barrier_interval_ms = 250
@@ -297,18 +299,18 @@ metrics_level = "Disabled"
 ///
 /// # Nodes
 ///
-/// | Name           | IP            |
-/// | -------------- | ------------- |
-/// | meta-x         | 192.168.1.x   |
-/// | frontend-x     | 192.168.2.x   |
-/// | compute-x      | 192.168.3.x   |
-/// | compactor-x    | 192.168.4.x   |
-/// | etcd           | 192.168.10.1  |
-/// | kafka-broker   | 192.168.11.1  |
-/// | kafka-producer | 192.168.11.2  |
-/// | s3             | 192.168.12.1  |
-/// | client         | 192.168.100.1 |
-/// | ctl            | 192.168.101.1 |
+/// | Name             | IP            |
+/// | ---------------- | ------------- |
+/// | meta-x           | 192.168.1.x   |
+/// | frontend-x       | 192.168.2.x   |
+/// | compute-x        | 192.168.3.x   |
+/// | compactor-x      | 192.168.4.x   |
+/// | etcd             | 192.168.10.1  |
+/// | kafka-broker     | 192.168.11.1  |
+/// | kafka-producer   | 192.168.11.2  |
+/// | object_store_sim | 192.168.12.1  |
+/// | client           | 192.168.100.1 |
+/// | ctl              | 192.168.101.1 |
 pub struct Cluster {
     config: Configuration,
     handle: Handle,
@@ -385,14 +387,13 @@ impl Cluster {
             })
             .build();
 
-        // s3
+        // object_store_sim
         handle
             .create_node()
-            .name("s3")
+            .name("object_store_sim")
             .ip("192.168.12.1".parse().unwrap())
             .init(move || async move {
-                aws_sdk_s3::server::SimServer::default()
-                    .with_bucket("hummock001")
+                ObjectStoreSimServer::builder()
                     .serve("0.0.0.0:9301".parse().unwrap())
                     .await
             })
@@ -422,7 +423,7 @@ impl Cluster {
                 "--etcd-endpoints",
                 "etcd:2388",
                 "--state-store",
-                "hummock+minio://hummockadmin:hummockadmin@192.168.12.1:9301/hummock001",
+                "hummock+sim://hummockadmin:hummockadmin@192.168.12.1:9301/hummock001",
                 "--data-directory",
                 "hummock_001",
             ]);
diff --git a/src/tests/simulation/tests/integration_tests/scale/auto_parallelism.rs b/src/tests/simulation/tests/integration_tests/scale/auto_parallelism.rs
index c042451f286fe..4943516bb9ddc 100644
--- a/src/tests/simulation/tests/integration_tests/scale/auto_parallelism.rs
+++ b/src/tests/simulation/tests/integration_tests/scale/auto_parallelism.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ async fn test_passive_online_and_offline() -> Result<()> {
     let config = Configuration::for_auto_parallelism(
         MAX_HEARTBEAT_INTERVAL_SECS_CONFIG_FOR_AUTO_SCALE,
         true,
-        true,
     );
     let mut cluster = Cluster::start(config.clone()).await?;
     let mut session = cluster.start_session();
@@ -215,7 +214,6 @@ async fn test_passive_online_and_offline() -> Result<()> {
 async fn test_active_online() -> Result<()> {
     let config = Configuration::for_auto_parallelism(
         MAX_HEARTBEAT_INTERVAL_SECS_CONFIG_FOR_AUTO_SCALE,
-        false,
         true,
     );
     let mut cluster = Cluster::start(config.clone()).await?;
@@ -302,7 +300,6 @@ async fn test_auto_parallelism_control_with_fixed_and_auto_helper(
 ) -> Result<()> {
     let config = Configuration::for_auto_parallelism(
         MAX_HEARTBEAT_INTERVAL_SECS_CONFIG_FOR_AUTO_SCALE,
-        true,
         enable_auto_parallelism_control,
     );
     let mut cluster = Cluster::start(config.clone()).await?;
@@ -324,7 +321,7 @@ async fn test_auto_parallelism_control_with_fixed_and_auto_helper(
     session
         .run("select parallelism from rw_table_fragments")
         .await?
-        .assert_result_eq("AUTO");
+        .assert_result_eq("ADAPTIVE");
 
     async fn locate_table_fragment(cluster: &mut Cluster) -> Result<Fragment> {
         cluster
@@ -434,12 +431,14 @@ async fn test_auto_parallelism_control_with_fixed_and_auto_helper(
 
     // We alter parallelism back to auto
 
-    session.run("alter table t set parallelism = auto").await?;
+    session
+        .run("alter table t set parallelism = adaptive")
+        .await?;
 
     session
         .run("select parallelism from rw_table_fragments")
         .await?
-        .assert_result_eq("AUTO");
+        .assert_result_eq("ADAPTIVE");
 
     let table_mat_fragment = locate_table_fragment(&mut cluster).await?;
 
@@ -488,7 +487,6 @@ async fn test_auto_parallelism_control_with_fixed_and_auto_helper(
 async fn test_compatibility_with_low_level() -> Result<()> {
     let config = Configuration::for_auto_parallelism(
         MAX_HEARTBEAT_INTERVAL_SECS_CONFIG_FOR_AUTO_SCALE,
-        false,
         true,
     );
     let mut cluster = Cluster::start(config.clone()).await?;
@@ -523,7 +521,7 @@ async fn test_compatibility_with_low_level() -> Result<()> {
     session
         .run("select parallelism from table_parallelism")
         .await?
-        .assert_result_eq("AUTO");
+        .assert_result_eq("ADAPTIVE");
 
     let table_mat_fragment = cluster
         .locate_one_fragment(vec![
@@ -554,7 +552,7 @@ async fn test_compatibility_with_low_level() -> Result<()> {
     session
         .run("select parallelism from mview_parallelism where name = 'm_simple'")
         .await?
-        .assert_result_eq("AUTO");
+        .assert_result_eq("ADAPTIVE");
 
     let simple_mv_fragment = cluster
         .locate_one_fragment(vec![
@@ -575,16 +573,16 @@ async fn test_compatibility_with_low_level() -> Result<()> {
     // Since `m_simple` only has 1 fragment, and this fragment is a downstream of NO_SHUFFLE relation,
     // in reality, `m_simple` does not have a fragment of its own.
     // Therefore, any low-level modifications to this fragment will only be passed up to the highest level through the NO_SHUFFLE relationship and then passed back down.
-    // Hence, the parallelism of `m_simple` should still be equivalent to AUTO of 0 fragment.
+    // Hence, the parallelism of `m_simple` should still be equivalent to ADAPTIVE of 0 fragment.
     session
         .run("select parallelism from mview_parallelism where name = 'm_simple'")
         .await?
-        .assert_result_eq("AUTO");
+        .assert_result_eq("ADAPTIVE");
 
     session
         .run("select parallelism from mview_parallelism where name = 'm_join'")
         .await?
-        .assert_result_eq("AUTO");
+        .assert_result_eq("ADAPTIVE");
 
     let hash_join_fragment = cluster
         .locate_one_fragment(vec![identity_contains("hashJoin")])
@@ -630,7 +628,6 @@ async fn test_compatibility_with_low_level() -> Result<()> {
 async fn test_compatibility_with_low_level_and_arrangement_backfill() -> Result<()> {
     let config = Configuration::for_auto_parallelism(
         MAX_HEARTBEAT_INTERVAL_SECS_CONFIG_FOR_AUTO_SCALE,
-        false,
         true,
     );
     let mut cluster = Cluster::start(config.clone()).await?;
@@ -660,7 +657,7 @@ async fn test_compatibility_with_low_level_and_arrangement_backfill() -> Result<
     session
         .run("select parallelism from table_parallelism")
         .await?
-        .assert_result_eq("AUTO");
+        .assert_result_eq("ADAPTIVE");
 
     // Find the table materialize fragment
     let table_mat_fragment = cluster
@@ -693,7 +690,7 @@ async fn test_compatibility_with_low_level_and_arrangement_backfill() -> Result<
     session
         .run("select parallelism from mview_parallelism where name = 'm_simple'")
         .await?
-        .assert_result_eq("AUTO");
+        .assert_result_eq("ADAPTIVE");
 
     // Find the table fragment for materialized view
     let simple_mv_fragment = cluster
diff --git a/src/tests/simulation/tests/integration_tests/sink/basic.rs b/src/tests/simulation/tests/integration_tests/sink/basic.rs
index fe9aad07568b8..cd1de255e8700 100644
--- a/src/tests/simulation/tests/integration_tests/sink/basic.rs
+++ b/src/tests/simulation/tests/integration_tests/sink/basic.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
 use anyhow::Result;
+use itertools::Itertools;
 use tokio::time::sleep;
 
 use crate::sink::utils::{
@@ -45,6 +46,32 @@ async fn basic_test_inner(is_decouple: bool) -> Result<()> {
     session.run(CREATE_SINK).await?;
     assert_eq!(6, test_sink.parallelism_counter.load(Relaxed));
 
+    let internal_tables = session.run("show internal tables").await?;
+
+    let table_name_prefix = "__internal_test_sink_";
+
+    let sink_internal_table_name: String = TryInto::<[&str; 1]>::try_into(
+        internal_tables
+            .split("\n")
+            .filter(|line| {
+                line.contains(table_name_prefix)
+                    && line
+                        .strip_prefix(table_name_prefix)
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .contains("sink")
+            })
+            .collect_vec(),
+    )
+    .unwrap()[0]
+        .to_string();
+
+    let result = session
+        .run(format!(
+            "select * from {} limit 10",
+            sink_internal_table_name
+        ))
+        .await?;
+
     test_sink
         .store
         .wait_for_count(test_source.id_list.len())
diff --git a/src/utils/futures_util/src/misc.rs b/src/utils/futures_util/src/misc.rs
index 01317b3e85f24..f224b58214ddf 100644
--- a/src/utils/futures_util/src/misc.rs
+++ b/src/utils/futures_util/src/misc.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 use std::future::Future;
 use std::pin::{pin, Pin};
+use std::task::{ready, Context, Poll};
 
 use futures::future::{pending, select, Either};
 use futures::stream::Peekable;
@@ -76,3 +77,45 @@ pub async fn await_future_with_monitor_error_stream<T, E, F: Future>(
         Either::Right((output, _)) => Ok(output),
     }
 }
+
+/// Attach an item of type `T` to the future `F`. When the future is polled with ready,
+/// the item will be attached to the output of future as `(F::Output, item)`.
+///
+/// The generated future will be similar to `future.map(|output| (output, item))`. The
+/// only difference is that the `Map` future does not provide method `into_inner` to
+/// get the original inner future.
+pub struct AttachedFuture<F, T> {
+    inner: F,
+    item: Option<T>,
+}
+
+impl<F, T> AttachedFuture<F, T> {
+    pub fn new(inner: F, item: T) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner,
+            item: Some(item),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_inner(self) -> (F, T) {
+        (
+            self.inner,
+            self.item.expect("should not be called after polled ready"),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl<F: Future + Unpin, T: Unpin> Future for AttachedFuture<F, T> {
+    type Output = (F::Output, T);
+
+    fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
+        let this = self.get_mut();
+        let output = ready!(this.inner.poll_unpin(cx));
+        Poll::Ready((
+            output,
+            this.item
+                .take()
+                .expect("should not be polled ready for twice"),
+        ))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/workspace-hack/Cargo.toml b/src/workspace-hack/Cargo.toml
index 0953063d60661..5a42ca82debf8 100644
--- a/src/workspace-hack/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/workspace-hack/Cargo.toml
@@ -86,6 +86,8 @@ num-bigint = { version = "0.4" }
 num-integer = { version = "0.1", features = ["i128"] }
 num-iter = { version = "0.1", default-features = false, features = ["i128", "std"] }
 num-traits = { version = "0.2", features = ["i128", "libm"] }
+openssl = { version = "0.10", features = ["vendored"] }
+openssl-sys = { version = "0.9", default-features = false, features = ["vendored"] }
 opentelemetry_api = { version = "0.20", features = ["logs", "metrics"] }
 opentelemetry_sdk = { version = "0.20", features = ["logs", "metrics"] }
 ordered-float = { version = "3" }