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import.rec.txt
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#####
TABLE BXII.c.92. Differentiation of Neptunomonas from some other marine naphthalene-degrading bacteria!a!b
Neptunomonas Cycloclasticus Marinobacter Pseudoalteromonas Vibrio
Utilization of:
phenanthrene − or w!c +!c −d!c v!c +!c
carbohydrates + − − + +
d-glucose + − − + +
d-fructose + − − v v
amino acids + +f +g + +
production of:
Indigo from indole +!c −!c +!c v!c −!c
Growth:
marine broth 2216 + − or w + + +
Na+; required + + v + +e
Production of acid from:
d-glucose + or w NG − − +
mol% G+C 46 39 57.3–57.7d 37–50 38–51
footnote a: For symbols see standard definitions; NG, no growth in test medium; w, weakly positive.
footnote b: Marine bacteria are defined here as requiring Na+ ions for growth. Taxa that have not been fully described are not considered here.
footnote c: The results for these phenotypes are only given for naphthalene-degrading strains. Otherwise, characteristics are generalized to encompass the whole genus.
footnote d: For these features we used the results of Sproer et al. (1998), which differ from those obtained previously (Gauthier et al., 1992).
footnote e: All Vibrio strains require Na+ except V. cholerae.
footnote f: Cycloclasticus utilizes only l-glutamate.
footnote g: Marinobacter utilizes only l-proline and l-glutamate.
#####
TABLE BXII.c.137. Characteristics differentiating the species of the genus Colwellia!a
Colwellia psychrerythraea Colwellia demingiae Colwellia hadaliensis Colwellia hornerae Colwellia maris Colwellia psychrotropica Colwellia rossensis
Growth:
25°C − − − − − + −
Barophilic − nd + nd nd nd nd
production of:
pigment; Prodigiosin-like v!b − − − − − −
Motility + + + + + + −
Gas vesicles − − − − − − +
Susceptible to:
vibriostatic agent O/129 − − nd + + − −
Hydrolysis of:
Chitin + + + − − + +
Starch + + nd + − − +
Uric acid − − nd − nd + −
Urea + − nd − nd + +
Tween 80 + − nd + + + ng
Gelatin + − nd − + − −
Casein + + nd + − + −
DNA − − nd − + − −
Production of acid from:
d-Glucose + − + − + − +
Maltose + − nd − − − −
Glycerol − − nd + nd − +
Mol% G+C 35–40 37 46 39 39 42 38
footnote a: Symbols: see standard definitions; blank space, no data available; NG, no growth occurred on test medium.
footnote b: Type strain is positive.
#####
TABLE BXII.c.138. Other characteristics of the species of the genus Colwellia!a
Colwellia psychrerythraea Colwellia demingiae Colwellia hadaliensis Colwellia hornerae Colwellia maris Colwellia psychrotropica Colwellia rossensis
flagella single polar nd single polar nd single polar nd nd
Gas vesicles − − − − − − +
Growth:
0–25% sea salts − − nd − −!c − −
400% sea salts − − nd − nd − −
NaCl 2.75% nd nd nd 3–6.5% nd nd
growth factor; required − − nd yeast extract nd − −
sea salts; Tolerates (200%) v!b − nd + nd + −
temperature; maximum 19 18 10 23 22 25 15
temperature; minimum 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
Susceptible to:
vibriostatic agent O/129 v!b − nd + + − −
Enzyme activity:
Arginine dihydrolase, lysine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase − − nd − nd − −
Oxidase + + + + + + +
Alkaline phosphatase + + + + nd + +
Acid phosphatase, trypsin nd nd + nd nd nd nd
Catalase + + nd + + + +
reduction of:
nitrate + + nd + + + +
Fe(III), trimethylamine N-oxide − − nd − nd − −
production of:
hydrogen sulfide − − nd − nd − −
Indole − − nd − − − −
Hydrolysis of:
Alginic acid nd nd nd nd − nd nd
Casein + + nd + − + −
Chitin +e +e + − − +e +e
Dextran − − nd − nd − −
DNA − − nd − + − −
Esculin + + nd + nd − ng
Gelatin v!b − nd − + − −
ortho-Nitrophenyl-β-galactoside − − nd − nd − −
Starch + + nd + − − +
Tween 80 + − nd + + + ng
Tyrosine v!d − nd − nd + −
Urea v!b − nd − nd + +
Uric acid − − nd − nd + −
Production of acid from:
N-Acetylglucosamine +e +e nd − nd +e +e
l-Arabinose, d-fructose, d-mannose, melibiose, sucrose − − nd − − − −
d-Arabinose, inositol, mannitol, sorbitol, trehalose, xylose, lactose − − nd − nd − −
Cellobiose v!b − nd − nd − −
d-Galactose − − nd − nd − +
d-Glucose +e − + − − − +e
Maltose +e − nd − − − −
l-Rhamnose − − nd +e nd − −
Glycerol − − nd + nd − +
Utilization of:
l-Proline, acetate, butyrate, fumarate, l-glutamate, succinate, pyruvate + + nd + nd + +
Oxaloacetate + + nd + nd + −
Valerate, caproate, c-aminobutyrate − + nd + nd + +
N-Acetylglucosamine + + nd − nd + +
3-Hydroxybutyrate + − nd − nd + +
Citrate − + nd + nd − +
Glycogen + v!d nd − nd − +
dl-Lactate v!b + nd + nd + −
d-Glucose v!b − nd − + − +
Propionate v!d + nd + nd − −
l-Asparagine − + nd − nd + +
l-Alanine, l-aspartate − v!b nd − nd + +
Hydroxy-l-proline − v!b nd + nd − −
l-Phenylalanine − v!b nd − nd − −
l-Serine − + nd − nd − −
Azelate − v!b nd + nd − −
Caprylate − v!b nd − nd − −
Glutarate − + nd + nd − −
Heptanoate − v!b nd + nd − −
Isobutyrate − v!b nd − nd + −
Malonate − v!b nd − nd − +
d-Mannose, d-raffinose nd nd nd nd − nd nd
d-Melibiose − − nd − − − −
Glycerol − − nd + − − +
l-Malate − − nd − nd + +
2-Oxoglutarate − − nd − nd + −
l-Arabinose, d-fructose, d-gluconate − − nd − − − +
l-Raffinose, trehalose, d-adonitol, d-arabitol, m-inositol, d-mannitol, d-sorbitol, l-threonine, l-valine, aconitate, adipate, d-gluconate, d-glucuronate, nonanoate, saccharate, α-glycerophosphate, putrescine, isovalerate, pimelate − − nd − nd − −
Lactose, maltose, sucrose, D-xylose − − nd − − − −
Fatty acid composition:
C14:0 5.1–7.8 7.6–8.0 nd 3 nd 0.8 4.6
C14:1 x7c 5.1–7.3 9.1–9.3 nd 2.8 nd 2 2.8
C15:1 x8c 0–2.3 1.9–2.6 nd 20.3 nd 4.2 4.1
C15:1 x6c 0–0.4 − nd 1.1 nd 0.1 −
C15:0 1.7–11.0 0.9–1.4 nd 14.3 nd 2.7 2.9
C16:0 iso 0–0.2 − nd 10.3 nd − −
C16:1 x9c 6.2–8.8 9.5–11.8 nd 2 20 − 1.8
C16:1 x7c 31.4–36.3 37.5–37.8 nd 15.4 6 56.8 43.4
C16:1 x9t nd nd nd nd 20 nd nd
C16:0 26.8–33.2 21.9–23.6 nd 13.5 18 21.9 27.1
C17:1 x8c 0–1.3 tr!e nd 5.6 nd 4.5 0.5
C17:1 x6c 0–0.9 − nd 1.9 nd 0.9 −
C17:0 0–1.3 tr nd 2.5 5 1.5 0.1
C18:1 x11c nd nd nd nd 6 nd nd
C18:1 x9c 0–1.7 0.2 nd 1.4 nd 0.3 0.8
C18:1 x7c 0.3–2.1 1.3–1.4 nd − nd 1.9 4.2
C18:0 0.1–2.4 0.2–0.5 nd 2 nd 0.4 tr
C20:5 x3 0–1.5 − nd − nd 0.1 tr
C22:6 x3 5.5–8.0 1.7–2.2 nd 2.1 nd 0.7 6
Isoprenoid quinone nd nd nd nd ubiquinone-8 nd nd
footnote a: Symbols: see standard definitions; blank space, no data available; NG, no growth occurred on test medium; tr, trace fatty acid component making up 0.1% or less of total fatty acid content.
footnote b: Reaction differs among strains; type strain is positive.
footnote c: No growth occurs without NaCl.
footnote d: Reaction differs among strains; type strain is negative.
footnote e: Acid (but no gas) was formed from this substrates in Leifson oxidation/fermentation medium.
#####
TABLE BXII.c.135. Characteristics differentiating some genera belonging to the family Alteromonadaceae!a
Alteromonas Colwellia Ferrimonas Moritella Pseudoalteromonas Shewanella
Growth:
NaCl (0%) − − − − − v
NaCl (10%) + − − − v v
4°C − + − + v v
25°C + − + v + v
35°C + − + − v v
Barophilic − v − v − v
Fermentative − + − + − v
Anaerobic respiration − + + + − +
reduction of:
Nitrate − + + + v +
Denitrification − − + − v v
Hydrolysis of:
Gelatin + + − + + +
Starch + + − − v v
Utilization of:
d-glucose, maltose + + nd + + v
Salicin, galacturonate, dl-glycerate + − nd − − −
fatty acid composition:
polyunsaturated fatty acid − + − + − +
docosahexaenoic acid − + − + − −
eicosapentaenoic acid − − − − − +
Mol% G+C 44–47 35–46 54 40–42 36–48 38–54
footnote a: For symbols, see standard definitions; nd, not determined; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 x3c); DHA, docosahexaenoic acid (C20:6 x3c).
#####
TABLE BXII.c.136. Characteristics of Alteromonas macleodii!a
Alteromonas macleodii Alteromonas macleodii ATCC 27126
Accumulation of:
poly-b-hydroxybutyrate − −
Hydrogen autotrophy − −
reduction of:
Nitrate − −
Growth:
4°C − −
30°C + +
40°C d +
45°C − −
Na+; required + +
enzyme activity:
Lipase, gelatinase, amylase + +
Alginase (–) +
Chitinase − −
Catalase, oxidase + +
Arginine dihydrolase − −
Utilization of:
d-Fructose, d-galactose, d-glucose, caprate, pyruvate, dl-glycerate, l-alanine, cellobiose, butyrate, caproate, caprylate, pelargonate, isobutyrate, valerate, lactose, maltose, melibiose, sucrose, trehalose, salicin, glycerol, acetate, propionate + +
d-Gluconate, d-galacturonate, ethanol (+) +
l-Tyrosine (+) −
N-Acetylglucosamine, d-mannitol, propanol, heptanoate, dl-lactate, glycine d +
Propane-1,2-diol, isovalerate, dl-3-hydroxybutyrate, l-arginine, l-aspartate, l-glutamate, l-isoleucine, l-leucine, l-serine, l-valine d −
d-Xylose (−) +
d-ribose, d-arabinose, l-arabinose, d-fucose, l-rhamnose, d-mannose, inulin, i-erythritol, d-sorbitol, meso-inositol, adonitol, ethane-1,2-diol, butane-2,3-diol, methanol, isopropanol, isobutanol, saccharate, mucate, d-glucuronate, formate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, adipate, pimelate, suberate, azelate, sebacate, dl-malate, d(–)-tartrate, l(+)-tartrate, meso-tartrate, 2-oxoglutarate, fumarate, citrate, aconitate, maleate, levulinate, citraconate, itaconate, mesaconate, d-mandelate, l-mandelate, benzoylformate, benzoate, o-hydroxybenzoate, m-hydroxybenzoate, p-hydroxybenzoate, phenylacetate, quinate, d-alanine, b-alanine, l-citrulline, l-histidine, l-lysine, l-norleucine, l-ornithine, l-phenylalanine, l-proline, l-threonine, d-tryptophan, l-tryptophan, dl-kynurenine, kynurenate, anthranilate, m-aminobenzoate, p-aminobenzoate, c-aminobutyrate, d-aminovalerate, hippurate, methylamine, ethanolamine, benzylamine, putrescine, spermine, histamine, tryptamine, butylamine, 2-amylamine, pentylamine, betaine, sarcosine, creatine, pantothenate, acetamide, nicotinate, nicotinamide, trigollenine, allantoin, adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil, n-hexadecane − −
Mol% G+C 45–46 46
footnote a: Symbols: +, positive for 90% or more strains; (+), positive for 75–89% of strains; d, positive for 26–74% of strains; (–), positive for 11–25% of strains; −, positive for 0–10% of strains.
footnote b: The following substrates are not utilized: d-ribose, d-arabinose, l-arabinose, d-fucose, l-rhamnose, d-mannose, inulin, i-erythritol, d-sorbitol, meso-inositol, adon-itol, ethane-1,2-diol, butane-2,3-diol, methanol, isopropanol, isobutanol, saccharate, mucate, d-glucuronate, formate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, adipate, pimelate, suberate, azelate, sebacate, dl-malate, d(–)-tartrate, l(+)-tartrate, meso-tartrate, 2-oxoglutarate, fumarate, citrate, aconitate, maleate, levulinate, citraconate, itaconate, mesaconate, d-mandelate, l-mandelate, benzoylformate, benzoate, o-hydroxybenzoate, m-hydroxybenzoate, p-hydroxybenzoate, phenylacetate, quinate, d-alanine, b-alanine, l-citrulline, l-histidine, l-lysine, l-norleucine, l-ornithine, l-phenylalanine, l-proline, l-threonine, d-tryptophan, l-tryptophan, dl-kynurenine, kynurenate, anthranilate, m-aminobenzoate, p-aminobenzoate, c-aminobutyrate, d-aminovalerate, hippurate, methylamine, ethanolamine, benzylamine, putrescine, spermine, histamine, tryptamine, butylamine, 2-amylamine, pentylamine, betaine, sarcosine, creatine, pantothenate, acetamide, nicotinate, nicotinamide, trigollenine, allantoin, adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil, and n-hexadecane.
#####
TABLE BXII.c.140. Characteristics differentiating the species of the genus Glaciecola!a
Glaciecola punicea Glaciecola pallidula
production of:
pigment; Pink-red + -
pigment; Pale pink - +
Production of Acid from:
maltose − (+)
Hydrolysis of:
Urate d −
Esculin d −
Starch − d
Tween 80 d +
Utilization of:
α-Glycerophosphate d +
Succinate, l-malate, fumarate, l-proline + −
Glycerol, glycogen, acetate, pyruvate, dl-lactate, l-glutamate − +
l-Tyrosine d −
Butyrate − d
growth:
Marine broth 2216, R2A + 2.5% NaCl, ZoBells marine medium + +
15°C + +
25°C − −
3x strength seawater − −
growth factor; required Yeast extract (d) −
enzyme activity:
b-Galactosidase + −
catalase, oxidase, α-galactosidase + +
l-phenylalanine deaminase, l-tryptophan deaminase, arginine dihydrolase, glutamate decarboxylase, lysine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase, α-glucosidase, b-glucosidase, α-fucosidase, α-arabinosidase, b-glucuronidase, b-N-acetylglucosaminidase − −
utilization of:
oxaloacetate + +
production of acid from:
d-glucose, d-galactose, d-melibiose, glycerol + +
growth:
5% ox-bile salts − −
nitrate as a nitrogen source − −
reduction of:
nitrate − −
denitrification − −
nitrogen fixation − −
hydrolysis of:
urea, xanthine, egg yolk, casein, gelatin, elastin, chitin, dextran, dNA − −
production of:
hydrogen sulfide from thiosulfate, hydrogen sulfide from l-cysteine − −
indole from l-tryptophan − −
production of acid from:
l-arabinose, d-mannose, d-fructose, l-rhamnose, d-xylose, d-mannitol, N-acetylglucosamine, sucrose, lactose, cellobiose, trehalose, d-raffinose, dextran, adonitol, l-arabitol, d-sorbitol, m-inositol − −
utilization of:
N-acetylglucosamine, l-arabinose, cellobiose, d-xylose − −
Mol% G+C 44–46 40
footnote a: Symbols: +, test positive for all strains; d, variable (10–90% of strains) results between strains; −, strains negative for test; (+), the test exhibited a weak and delayed reaction.
footnote b: All Glaciecola strains tested are positive for the following tests: growth on Marine 2216, R2A (Oxoid Pty. Ltd.) + 2.5% NaCl, and ZoBells marine medium (5 g bacteriological peptone, 2 g yeast extract dissolved in 1000 ml seawater); growth at <15°C on agar media; catalase, oxidase, α-galactosidase, b-galactosidase; utilization of oxaloacetate; and acid production (but weak and delayed) from d-glucose, d-galactose, d-melibiose, and glycerol.
footnote c: All Glaciecola strains tested are negative for the following tests: growth at 25°C or higher on agar media; growth with 3× or 4× strength seawater; tolerance to 5% ox-bile salts; nitrate as a nitrogen source; nitrate reduction, denitrification, and nitrogen fixation; hydrolysis of urea, xanthine, egg yolk, casein, gelatin, elastin, chitin, dextran, and DNA; production of l-phenylalanine deaminase, l-tryptophan deaminase, arginine dihydrolase, glutamate decarboxylase, lysine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase, α-glucosidase, b-glucosidase, α-fucosidase, α-arabinosidase, b-glucuronidase, b-N-acetylglucosaminidase; production of indole from l-tryp- tophan; production of hydrogen sulfide from thiosulfate or l-cysteine; acid pro- duction from l-arabinose, d-mannose, d-fructose, l-rhamnose, d-xylose, d-mannitol, N-acetylglucosamine, sucrose, lactose, cellobiose, trehalose, d-raffinose, dextran, adonitol, l-arabitol, d-sorbitol, and m-inositol; utilization of N-acetylglucosamine, l-arabinose, cellobiose, and d-xylose
#####
TABLE BXII.c.141. Phenotypic characterisitics differentiating the genus Marinobacter from other marine bacteria
Marinobacter Marinobacterium Microbulbifer Marinomonas Oceanospirillum
cell Morphology Rod Rod Rod Curved rods Curved, helical
growth:
Na+; required +!a + + + +
enzyme activity:
Gelatinase − − + − v
Denitrification + − − − −
utilization of:
Carbohydrates − + + + −
Mol% G+C 52.7!b; 57.3!c 55 58 45–50 45–51
footnote a: Symbols: +, positive; v, test results vary between species; − negative.
footnote b: Gauthier et al., 1992.
footnote c: Sproer et al., 1998.
#####
TABLE BXII.c.142. Phenotypic characteristics of Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus and Pseudomonas nautica!a!b!c
Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus Pseudomonas nautica
cell Morphology Rods Rods
Flagella Single polar or none Single polar or none
Accumulation of:
poly-b-hydroxybutyrate − −
growth:
temperature; optimum 32 35
4°C − −
45°C + d
NaCl; required + +
NaCl; Tolerates (20%) + ND
enzyme activity:
Catalase, oxidase + +
Arginine dihydrolase, lysine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase − −
Lipase + +
Lecithinase + +
Urease − −
denitrification + +
Hydrogen autotrophy − −
test:
Gelatin liquefaction − −
hydrolysis of:
Starch − −
Tween 80 + +
production of Acid from:
glucose − −
Utilization of:
Acetate, butyrate, caproate, succinate, fumarate, dl-lactate, p-hydroxybenzoate, l-proline, hexadecane, eicosane + +
Adipate, citrate, l-glutamate + d
dl-Alanine, benzoate − d
Propionate, isobutyrate, valerate, heptanoate, caprylate, pelargonate, caprate, malonate, pyruvate, dl-malate, dl-3-hydroxybutyrate, l-histidine ND +
Isovalerate, sebacate, propylene glycol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, isobutanol ND d
Tetradecane, heneicosane, pristane, phenyldecane, phenanthrene + ND
dl-arabinose, d-ribose, d-fructose, d-glucose, d-mannose, lactose, sucrose, cellobiose, d-mannitol, d-sorbitol, glycerol, d-gluconate, N-acetylglucosamine, glycolate, 2-oxoglutarate, m-hydroxybenzoate, o-hydroxybenzoate, dl-mandelate, propionate, l-arginine, l-asparagine, l-aspartate, glycine, l-lysine, l-methionine, l-ornithine, l-serine, dl-tryptophan, sarcosine − −
d-xylose, d-fucose, l-rhamnose, d-galactose, trehalose, maltose, melibiose, saccharate, mucate, d-galacturonate, d-glucuronate, salicin, inulin, cellulose, agar, adonitol, i-erythritol, m-inositol, ethylene glycol, methanol, isopropanol, geraniol, formate, oxalate, glutarate, pimelate, suberate, azelate, l(+)-tartrate, d(–)-tartrate, meso-tartrate, glycerate, aconitate, maleate, levulinate, citraconate, itaconate, mesaconate, benzoylformate, phenylacetate, phenylethanediol, naphthalene, quinate, b-alanine, l-citrulline, l-isoleucine, l-leucine, l-norleucine, l-phenylalanine, l-threonine, l-tyrosine, l-valine, kynurenate, kynurenine, trigollenine, anthranilate, m-aminobenzoate, p-aminobenzoate, α-aminobutyrate, c-aminobutyrate, d-aminovalerate, methylamine, ethanolamine, benzylamine, tryptamine, butylamine, 1-amylamine, 2-amylamine, putrescine, spermine, betaine, creatine, histamine, hippurate, acetamide, pantothenate, nicotinate, nicotinamide ND −
footnote a: Symbols: +, 80–100% of strains are positive; d, 20–80% of strains are positive; –, 0–20% of strains are positive; ND, no data.
footnote b: Phenotypic data from Gauthier et al. (1992) and Baumann et al. (1983b). M. hydrocarbonoclasticus and P. nautica do not utilize dl-arabinose, d-ribose, d-fructose, d-glucose, d-mannose, lactose, sucrose, cellobiose, d-mannitol, d-sorbitol, glycerol, d-gluconate, N-acetylglucosamine, glycolate, 2-oxoglutarate, m-hydroxybenzoate, o-hydroxybenzoate, dl-mandelate, propionate, l-arginine, l-asparagine, l-aspartate, glycine, l-lysine, l-methionine, l-ornithine, l-serine, dl-tryptophan, and sarcosine.
footnote c: In addition most strains of P. nautica (<20% positive) do not utilize d-xylose, d-fucose, l-rhamnose, d-galactose, trehalose, maltose, melibiose, saccharate, mucate, d-galacturonate, d-glucuronate, salicin, inulin, cellulose, agar, adonitol, i-erythritol, m-inositol, ethylene glycol, methanol, isopropanol, geraniol, formate, oxalate, glutarate, pimelate, suberate, azelate, l(+)-tartrate, d(–)-tartrate, meso-tartrate, glycerate, aconitate, maleate, levulinate, citraconate, itaconate, mesaconate, benzoylformate, phenylacetate, phenylethanediol, naphthalene, quinate, b-alanine, l-citrulline, l-isoleucine, l-leucine, l-norleucine, l-phenylalanine, l-threonine, l-tyrosine, l-valine, kynurenate, kynurenine, trigollenine, anthranilate, m-aminobenzoate, p-aminobenzoate, α-aminobutyrate, c-aminobutyrate, d-aminovalerate, methylamine, ethanolamine, benzylamine, tryptamine, butylamine, 1-amylamine, 2-amylamine, putrescine, spermine, betaine, creatine, histamine, hippurate, acetamide, pantothenate, nicotinate, nicotinamide.
#####
TABLE BXII.c.143. Differential characteristics of Marinobacterium and some aerobic, rod-shaped, marine bacteria that require NaCl to grow!a
Marinobacterium Alteromonas macleodii Shewanella hanedai Shewanella colwelliana Halomonas marina Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus Marinomonas communis Marinomonas vaga Mesophilobacter Methylomicrobium pelagicum Methylophaga marina Oceanospirillum jannaschii Oceanospirillum kriegii Pseudomonas doudoroffii Pseudomonas stanieri Pseudomonas stutzeri Halomonas aquamarina Halomonas cupida Halomonas halophila Halomonas pacifica Halomonas venusta Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis Pseudoalteromonas espejiana Pseudoalteromonas undina Pseudoalteromonas rubra Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea Pseudoalteromonas citrea Pseudoalteromonas aurantia Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens Pseudoalteromonas denitrificans
cell morphology Straight rod Straight rod Straight rod Straight rod Straight rod Straight rod Curved rod Straight rod Straight rod!k Straight rod Straight rod, curved rod Straight rod Straight rod Straight rod Straight rod Straight rod Straight rod Straight rod Straight rod Straight rod Straight rod Straight rod Straight rod Straight rod, curved rod Straight rod Straight rod Straight rod Straight rod Straight rod Straight rod
Motility + + + + + + + + − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
flagella polar polar polar polar polar polar polar polar nd polar polar polar polar polar polar − lateral lateral lateral lateral lateral polar polar polar polar polar polar polar polar polar
Cell size 0.5–0.7 0.5–1.5 0.5–1.5 0.5–1.5 0.8–1.1 0.3–0.5 0.7–1.5 0.7–1.5 0.5–0.6 0.8–1.2 0.2 1.0–1.4 0.8–1.2 0.7–1.2 0.6–0.8 0.5–0.7 0.8–1.1 0.8–1.1 0.8–1.1 0.8–1.1 0.8–1.1 0.5–1.5 0.5–1.5 0.5–1.5 0.5–1.5 0.5–1.5 0.5–1.5 0.5–1.5 0.5–1.5 0.5–1.5
accumulation of:
Poly-b-hydroxybutyrate − − − − + − − − − − nd + + + + − + + + + + − − − − − − − − −
reduction of:
nitrate − − + + − d − − + nd nd + − d − − D D D D D D − − − − − − − +
enzyme activity:
Oxidase + + + + − + D D + nd + + + + + + D D D D D + + + + + + + + +
Lipase + + + + nd + − − nd nd nd − + − − − nd nd nd nd nd + + + + + + + + +
Gelatinase − + + + − d − − nd nd nd − − − − − − − − − − + + + + + + + + +
Utilization of:
dl-Malate + − − − + d − − + − − d + + d + D D D D D − − − − − − − − −
α-Ketoglutarate nd − − + + − + + nd − − nd + + + + D D D D D − − − − − − − − −
b-Hydroxybutyrate + − − − nd d + + nd − − − + + + + nd nd nd nd nd − − − − − − − − −
Methane nd − − − − − − − nd + + − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −
Methanol + − − − − − − − nd + + − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −
Methylamine − − − − − − − − nd − D − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −
d-Glucose + + d − + − + + + − − − + − − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
d-Fructose + D D D + − + + + − + − + + − − D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
Saccharate nd nd nd nd − − + + nd nd nd − − − − + D D D D D nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
Glycolate nd nd nd nd − − − − nd nd nd − − + − + D D D D D nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
Mannitol nd nd nd nd + − + + + nd nd − + − − − D D D D D nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
Isobutanol nd nd nd nd − d − − nd nd nd + − − + + D D D D D nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
Quinate nd nd nd nd − − + + nd nd nd − + − d − D D D D D nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
d-Aminovalerate nd nd nd nd − − − − nd nd nd + − + d − D D D D D nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
l-Tyrosine nd D D D + − − − nd nd nd − − − + + D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
Sarcosine nd nd nd nd d − + + nd nd nd + − + − − D D D D D nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
footnote a: For symbols, see standard definitions; nd, not determined.
footnote b: The species considered is A. macleodii.
footnote c: The species considered are P. haloplanktis, P. espejiana, P. undina, P. rubra, P. luteoviolacea, P. citrea, P. aurantia, P. nigrifaciens, and P. denitrificans, all of which were previously included in the genus Alteromonas.
footnote d: The species considered are S. hanedai and S. colwelliana, which were previously included in the genus Alteromonas.
footnote e: The species considered are H. aquamarina, H. cupida, H. halophila, H. pacifica, and H. venusta, all of which were previously included in the genus Deleya.
footnote f: The species considered are M. communis and M. vaga, which were formerly assigned to the genus Alteromonas.
footnote g: Methylomicrobium pelagicum was previously included in the genera Methylomonas and Methylobacter.
footnote h: The two species considered here are straight rods. All other species of Oceanospirillum are helical.
footnote i: Marine pseudomonads differ from terrestrial species by requiring over 75 mM NaCl for optimum growth rate and cell yield.
footnote j: Refers to strains previously classified as P. perfectomarina but shown to belong to P. stutzeri by DNA hybridization experiments.
footnote k: Coccoid cells occur in old cultures.
footnote l: Only one species, P. undina, is a curved rod. Long, filamentous helices, often exceeding 20 lm, occur when S. colwelliana grows on surfaces, in nutrient-poor media, or during late growth .
footnote m: M. communis is curved; M. vaga is straight.
footnote n: Some cells of P. stutzeri (P. perfectomarina) may be slightly curved.
footnote o: S. colwelliana utilizes α-ketoglutarate.
footnote p: S. hanedai, S. colwelliana, and some strains of P. haloplanktis are positive. P. denitrificans carries out denitrification with gas formation.
footnote q: S. colwelliana and some strains of S. hanedai are unable to use d-glucose.
#####
TABLE BXII.c.144. Characteristics differentiating the species of the genus Pseudoalteromonas!a
Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis Pseudoalteromonas antarctica Pseudoalteromonas atlantica Pseudoalteromonas aurantia Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora Pseudoalteromonas citrea Pseudoalteromonas denitrificans Pseudoalteromonas espejiana Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens Pseudoalteromonas piscicida Pseudoalteromonas prydzensis Pseudoalteromonas rubra Pseudoalteromonas tetraodonis Pseudoalteromonas undina
flagella − − − − − − sheathed polar − sheathed polar!d − sheathed polar − − − −
production of:
pigment; Yellow-orange − − − + − d − − d − + − − − −
pigment; Red − − − − − − + − − − − − + − −
pigment; Violet − − − − − − − − + − − − − − −
pigment; Melanin-like + − + + d d nd − d + + − nd − −
reduction of:
nitrate d − d − − − + − − − − − − + −
Denitrification − − − − − − + − − − − − − − −
enzyme activity:
Catalase + + + + + d + + − + d + − + +
Agarase − − + − − d − − − − − − − − −
Chitinase d − − − − − + − − − + + − + +
Alginase − nd + + + + + + + − + + + + −
Amylase d d + − + + + + nd − − − nd + d
Growth:
4°C − + + + + d + − d d + + − + d
35°C + − + − + d − d + d + − + + −
growth factor; required Amino acid (d) − − Amino acid − Amino acid (d) Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid − Amino acid − Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid
NaCl; Tolerates (9%) + + + − + − − + − + + + − nd +
production of:
Antibiotic d nd nd + nd d + − + nd + nd + + −
Utilization of:
d-Ribose − − − − − + nd − − + − nd − − −
d-Fructose d − + + + + − d − + d − − − −
d-Galactose d + + − + − − + − + d d − − −
d-Mannose + d + + − d nd d − d + + + − −
Cellobiose − d + − + d − d − d − d − − −
Lactose − − + − + d − + − d − − − − −
Maltose + + + d + − + + + + + + − + +
Melibiose − − + − + nd nd + − +!c − − nd − −
Sucrose + − + − + d − + − + + + − + +
Trehalose d − + + − d nd + + + + + + + d
Mannitol d + + − + d − + − + − + − − −
d-Gluconate − d − − − d − − − d − + nd − −
Glycerol − + d − + d − − − d − + − − −
Acetate + − + − + d + + − d + + − + +
Succinate + + d − + + − − − d + + − + +
Pyruvate + nd nd − nd + + + d + + + − + +
Fumarate + nd d − + d − − − d + + − + +
dl-Malate − − − − + − nd − − − + + − + −
dl-Lactate − − − − − d − − d + − − − − −
Citrate + d + − + d − + − − + + − − −
2-Oxoglutarate − nd − − + − nd − − − − − − − −
Aconitate + nd + − − + nd + nd + − + nd − −
p-Hydroxybenzoate − − − − + + − − − + − nd nd − −
dl-α-Alanine + + − − − d + + + + − − nd + +
l-Glutamate d + − − − + + − − + − + nd + −
l-Ornithine − nd − − − + − d − + − − nd − d
l-Proline d + − − − + + + d + d + nd + d
Mol% G+C 42–44 41–42 41–42 38–43 39–40 39–45 36–37 43–44 40–43 39–41 44–45 38–39 46–48 41 43–44
footnote a: For symbols see standard definitions; nd, not determined.
#####
TABLE BXII.c.145. Other characteristics of selected species of the genus Pseudoalteromonas!a
Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis Pseudoalteromonas atlantica Pseudoalteromonas antarctica Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora Pseudoalteromonas espejiana Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens Pseudoalteromonas tetraodonis Pseudoalteromonas undina
enzyme activity:
Oxidase, gelatinase, caseinase + + + + + + + +
Lipase + + d + + + + +
Urease + + d − + + − d
b-Galactosidase − + − − + + − +
b-Glucosidase nd + d nd nd nd nd +
Deoxyribonuclease nd + d nd nd nd nd +
Phosphatase nd + + nd nd nd nd +
production of:
hydrogen sulfide nd + d nd nd nd nd +
test:
Voges–Proskauer nd − d nd nd nd nd d
Decomposition of:
l-tyrosine + + − + + + − +
Utilization of:
dl-Arabinose d − − d − d − −
d-Xylose − − − − − d − −
d-Gentiobiose + + − + + − + +
d-Glucose + + + + + + + +
l-Rhamnose − − − − − d − −
d-Raffinose − + − − − − − −
Adonitol − − − − − d nd −
meso-Inositol − − − − − + nd −
d-Sorbitol − − − − − + nd −
Amygdalin − + d − − − − +
Salicin − − − − − − − −
α-Methyl-d-mannoside nd − nd nd nd nd nd −
d-Glucosamine − − nd + − − + −
N-Acetylglucosamine + − d + − − + −
Glycogen − − d − + + − +
Ethanol d nd nd + − + nd nd
n-Propanol d nd nd + − + nd nd
n-Butanol − nd nd + d − nd nd
Propionate + + − + + + nd +
Butyrate d − − d + + + d
Isobutyrate d − nd + + + + d
Valerate d + − + d + + d
Isovalerate − − nd − + − + d
Caproate − − nd − − + + d
Heptanoate d − nd − − − − d
Caprylate d + nd − − d − d
Pelargonate d + nd d + − nd +
Caprate + + − + + − nd +
Oxalate − + nd − − − nd +
Malonate − − d − − − nd −
Azelate − − nd − − − nd −
dl-3-Hydroxybutyrate d − d d d + + d
dl-Tartrate − − nd − − − nd −
Mesaconate − − nd − − − − d
o-Hydroxybenzoate − + nd − − − − d
Phenylacetate − − − − − + nd −
l-Arginine d − nd d d + + −
l-Aspartate d − nd − + − nd −
l-Citrulline − − nd d + − nd −
l-Cysteine nd − nd nd nd nd nd −
Glycine d − nd d + − nd −
l-Histidine d − − − − d nd −
l-Isoleucine − − nd d d − nd −
l-Leucine d − d + d − nd −
l-Lysine − − − − − + + −
l-Methionine nd − nd nd nd nd nd −
l-Phenylalanine − − − d d d − −
l-Serine + − d + + + nd −
l-Threonine d − nd d + + nd −
l-Valine d − nd − − − nd −
dl-c-Aminobutyrate − − nd − − − nd −
l-Amylamine − − nd − − − nd −
Adipate, pimelate − − − − − − nd −
Glutarate − − nd − − − nd −
Putrescine − − nd − − − nd −
m-Hydroxybenzoate − − − − − − nd −
dl-Fucose − − − − − − nd −
Suberate, sebacate, meso-tartrate, itaconate − − − − − − nd −
α-Methyl-d-glucoside, d-turanose, 5-keto-d-gluconate − − nd − − − − −
d-Melezitose − − nd − − − − −
dl-Tryptophan − − nd − − − nd −
Inulin, creatine − − nd − − − nd −
i-Erythritol, dl-glycerate, l-norleucine, dl-kynurenine, dl-α-aminobutyrate, dl-α-aminovalerate, dl-d-aminovalerate, ethanolamine, histamine, tryptamine, spermine, trigollenine, betaine, sarcosine, acetamide, butylamine, benzylamine, anthranilate, m-aminobenzoate, p-aminobenzoate − − nd − − − nd −
Glycolate − − nd − − − nd −
Citraconate, levulinate, maleate, benzoate, dl-maleate, b-alanine − − nd − − − nd −
Arbutin nd − nd − − − nd −
d-Glucuronate − nd nd − − − nd nd
Saccharate − nd nd − − − nd nd
Mucate, methanol, isopropanol, isobutanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, formate, quinate, benzoylformate, phenylethanediol, phenol, naphthalene, kynurenate, methylamine, pentylamine, 2-amylamine, hippurate, pantothenate, nicotinate, nicotinamide, allantoin, adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil, dodecane − nd nd − − − nd nd
dl-Arabitol nd − nd nd nd nd nd −
Dulcitol, urea nd − nd nd nd nd nd −
d-Lyxose, d-tagatose, sorbose, xylitol, b-methyl-d-glucoside, 2-keto-d-gluconate, L-norvaline, ethylamine nd − nd nd nd nd nd −
Phthalate, isophthalate, tert-phthalate nd − nd nd nd nd nd −
d-Galacturonate − nd nd − − nd nd nd
footnote a: For symbols see standard definitions; nd, not determined.
footnote b: No information is available concerning ascorbate, oxaloacetate, hydroxy-l-proline, l-asparagine, l-glutamine, protamine, 2-deoxyribose, deoxycholate, galactitol, d-galactosamine, α-glycerophosphate, urate, and glycylglycine.
#####
TABLE BXII.c.146. Other characteristics of selected species of the genus Pseudoalteromonas!a
Pseudoalteromonas aurantia Pseudoalteromonas citrea Pseudoalteromonas denitrificans Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea Pseudoalteromonas piscicida Pseudoalteromonas prydzensis
enzyme activity:
Oxidase, gelatinase, caseinase + + + + + +
Lipase + + + + + +
Urease − nd nd − − d
b-Galactosidase − − − − − −
b-Glucosidase − nd nd d d d
Deoxyribonuclease + + + + + +
Phosphatase + + + + + +
production of:
hydrogen sulfide − − nd − d −
test:
Voges–Proskauer − − nd nd − −
Decomposition of:
l-Tyrosine + + + d + −
Utilization of:
dl-Arabinose − − − − − +
d-Xylose − − nd − − nd
d-Glucose + d + d + +
l-Rhamnose − + nd − − −
d-Raffinose − nd nd − − −
Adonitol − + nd − − −
meso-Inositol − − nd − − nd
d-Sorbitol − d − − − −
Amygdalin − nd nd nd − nd
Salicin − d nd − − nd
α-Methyl-d-mannoside − nd nd nd + nd
d-Glucosamine + nd nd + + nd
N-Acetylglucosamine + nd − + + +
Glycogen − + nd nd + +
Ascorbate d nd nd d − nd
Ethanol nd + − nd nd nd
Propionate nd + + nd nd +
n-Butyrate nd + + nd nd +
Isobutyrate nd nd nd nd nd +
n-Valerate nd − nd nd nd d
Isovalerate nd nd nd nd nd d
Caproate nd + nd nd nd −
Heptanoate nd nd nd nd nd −
Caprylate nd − nd nd nd d
Pelargonate nd − − nd nd −
Oxalate − nd nd d − nd
Malonate − nd nd − − d
Azelate nd nd nd nd nd d
Oxaloacetate, hydroxy-l-proline nd nd nd nd nd +
dl-3-Hydroxybutyrate nd nd − − nd +
dl-Tartrate − nd nd d − nd
o-Hydroxybenzoate − nd nd − − nd
Phenylacetate nd + nd nd nd nd
l-Arginine + + + d + nd
l-Asparagine nd nd + + nd −
l-Aspartate − + nd nd − −
l-Citrulline d nd − nd + nd
l-Cysteine − nd − d − nd
Glycine + nd nd nd − nd
l-Glutamine, protamine nd nd + nd nd nd
l-Histidine d − nd d d −
l-Isoleucine − nd nd nd + nd
l-Leucine d nd nd − + −
l-Lysine − − nd d nd nd
l-Methionine − nd nd nd d nd
l-Phenylalanine − − nd d d −
l-Serine − nd nd nd − −
l-Threonine d d nd + − −
l-Valine − nd nd nd − nd
c-Aminobutyrate − nd nd nd − +
l-Amylamine − nd nd nd d nd
Adipate, pimelate nd nd nd nd nd −
Glutarate nd − nd nd nd −
Putrescine − nd − nd − −
m-Hydroxybenzoate nd nd nd − nd nd
dl-Fucose − nd nd nd − nd
α-Methyl-d-glucoside − nd nd nd − nd
d-Turanose, 5-keto-d-gluconate nd nd nd nd nd nd
dl-Tryptophan − nd − − − nd
Inulin, creatine − nd nd − − nd
i-Erythritol, dl-glycerate nd nd nd − nd nd
l-Norleucine, dl-kynurenine, dl-α-aminobutyrate, dl-α-aminovalerate, dl-d-aminovalerate, ethanolamine, histamine, tryptamine, spermine, trigollenine, betaine, sarcosine, acetamide, butylamine, benzylamine, anthranilate, m-aminobenzoate, p-aminobenzoate − nd nd nd − nd
Glycolate nd nd − nd nd nd
Arbutin − nd nd nd − nd
d-Glucuronate nd nd nd − nd −
Saccharate nd nd nd nd nd −
dl-Arabitol − nd nd nd − −
Dulcitol, urea nd nd nd − nd nd
d-Lyxose, d-tagatose, sorbose, xylitol, b-methyl-d-glucoside, 2-keto-d-gluconate, l-norvaline, ethylamine − nd nd nd − nd
d-Galacturonate nd nd nd nd nd −
2-Keto-d-gluconate − nd nd nd − nd
α-Glycerophosphate, urate nd nd nd nd nd −
Deoxycholate nd nd nd − nd nd
Galactitol, d-galactosamine, glycylglycine − nd nd nd − nd
footnote a: For symbols see standard definitions; nd, not determined.
footnote b: No information is available concerning the following substrates: caprate, d-gentiobiose, n-propanol, n-butanol, mesaconate, suberate, sebacate, meso-tartrate, itaconate, d-melizitose, citraconate, levulinate, maleate, benzoate, dl-maleate, b-alanine, mucate, methanol, isopropanol, isobutanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, formate, quinate, benzoylformate, phenylethanediol, phenol, naphthalene, kynurenate, methylamine, pentylamine, 2-amylamine, hippurate, pantothenate, nicotinate, nicotinamide, allantoin, adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil, dodecane, phthalate, isophthalate, and tert-phthalate.
#####
TABLE BXII.c.147. Differential characteristics of Psychromonas species!a!b
Psychromonas antarctica Psychromonas arctica Psychromonas kaikoae Psychromonas marina Psychromonas profunda
growth:
temperature; optimum 12 20 10 14–16 3–4
temperature; minimum 2 0 4 0 2
temperature; maximum 17 25 15 25 13
atmospheric pressure + + − + +
production of:
Indole − nd − − +
hydrogen sulfide − nd − + +
production of acid from:
Inositol − nd − − +
Lactose − nd − + +
Rhamnose − nd − − +
Trehalose + nd + − +
utilization of:
Alanine − + nd nd +c
Cellobiose − nd + + +c
Fumarate − + nd nd +
Glycerol − + − + +
Mannose − + + − −
Xylose − − − + +c
Hydrolysis of:
Gelatin + − + − −
Starch + + − + w
footnote a: Abbreviations: +, positive; −, negative; nd, not determined; w, weak.
footnote b: Data from Mountfort et al.(1998a), Kawasaki et al. (2002), Nogi et al. (2002), Groudieva et al. (2003), and Xu et al.(2003).
footnote c: Extended incubation (up to 4 w) may be required.
#####
TABLE BXII.c.148. Phenotypic characteristics which differentiate the species of the genus Shewanella!a
Shewanella putrefaciens Shewanella algae Shewanella amazonensis Shewanella baltica Shewanella benthica Shewanella colwelliana Shewanella frigidimarina Shewanella gelidimarina Shewanella hanedai Shewanella oneidensis Shewanella violacea Shewanella woodyi
Bioluminescence − − − − − − − − + − − +
production of:
pigment; Violet − − − − − − − − − − + −
growth:
4°C d − + + + − + + + d + +
25°C + + + + − + − − d + − +
37°C + + + − − − − − − + − −
Barophilic − − − − + − − − − − + −
Na+; required − S!a + − + + S!a + + − + +
NaCl; Tolerates (6%) − + − − − − + − − − nd nd
Fermentation of:
d-Glucose − − − − + − + − − − + −
N-Acetylglucosamine − − nd − + − − + − nd nd nd
production of gas from:
d-Glucose − − − − − − − − − − + −
enzyme activity:
Chitinase − − − − + − − + + nd nd −
Amylase − − − − − + − − − − − d
Lipase + + nd + + − + + + nd nd +
Ornithine decarboxylase + + − + − − d − − − − nd
test:
Hemolysis − + + − − − − − − − nd −
Denitrification d − + − − − d − d − − +
fatty acid composition:
eicosapentaenoic acid − − − − + nd + + + − + nd
polyunsaturated fatty acid nd nd nd nd + nd + + + nd + nd
production of:
hydrogen sulfide + + + + + − d + + + − nd
reduction of:
iron + + + + d nd + + − + nd nd
production of Acid from:
d-glucose d d (weak) nd + + − + − + nd + nd
Utilization of:
d-Glucose d − nd + + − + − d nd nd +
Cellobiose − − nd + − − + − − nd nd +
Maltose, sucrose d − − + − − + − − − nd −
N-Acetylglucosamine d + nd + + − − + + nd nd −
d-Gluconate − − nd + − + d − d nd nd nd
Mol% G+C 43–49 54 52 46–47 46–47 46 40–43 48 44–47 45 47 46
footnote a: For symbols see standard definitions; S, growth is stimulated by the presence of Na+ ions.
footnote b: EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid.
#####
TABLE BXII.c.150. Characteristics differentiating members of the Shewanella putrefaciens species complex, S. baltica, S. algae, and DNA hybridization Group III!a
Shewanella putrefaciens Shewanella algae Shewanella baltica Shewanella DNA hybridization Group III
Owen DNA Hybridization Group I IV II III
Growth:
4°C + − + d
37°C + + − +
42°C − − − d
NaCl; Tolerates (6%) − + − −
Shigella–Salmonella agar + + − −
reduction of:
sulfite + d − −
production of Acid from:
d-Glucose − d!b + +
Maltose, sucrose − − + +
Arabinose + − + +
test:
Christensen's citrate (alkali) − − + −
enzyme activity:
Chymotrypsin + + d!b +
N-Acetyl-b-glucosaminidase − +b d −
Urease − d d −
Utilization of:
α-Cyclodextrin, glucose, maltose − − + +
Dextrin − − d +
l-Arabinose d − − +
Gentiobiose, cellobiose, d-gluconate, citrate − − + −
Glycogen, adipate − − d −
Tween 80 + + d −
Sucrose − − + d
N-Acetylgalactosamine − + − d
N-Acetylglucosamine d + + +
α-Hydroxybutyrate − + − −
dl-Malate d + d d
Caprate − + d d
Mol% G+C 43–45 52–54 44–48 46–49
footnote a: For symbols see standard definitions.
footnote b: Weak reaction.
#####
TABLE BXII.c.151. Additional phenotypic characteristics of marine Shewanella species!a
Shewanella amazonensis Shewanella colwelliana Shewanella frigidimarina Shewanella gelidimarina Shewanella hanedai Shewanella woodyi
Utilization of:
d-Ribose nd nd nd nd d nd
d-Mannose + nd − − − −
d-Fructose + − d − − nd
d-Xylose nd − d − − nd
d-Galactose nd − d − d +
Trehalose, isobutyrate nd − + − − nd
d-Mannitol, dl-malate − nd + − − −
Lactose, glycerol, sorbitol − nd − − − −
d-Glucuronate nd nd − − − +
Glycogen, l-phenylalanine nd nd d − nd nd
Acetate nd − + + + +
Propionate nd − + − + +
Butyrate nd − + + + nd
Valerate nd − + + − nd
Caproate, pelargonate nd nd d − d nd
Hepatanoate nd nd − − d nd
Caprate, l-isoleucine, spermine nd nd nd nd + nd
Succinate + − + − − +
dl-Glycerate, glycine nd − nd nd + nd
dl-Lactate + − + + − nd
Pyruvate nd nd + + + nd
Citrate + − d − − −
2-Ketoglutarate nd + − − − +
Fumarate + + + − − nd
Oxaloacetate nd nd + − nd nd
dl-Alanine nd − − − + +
l-Aspartate nd nd − − + nd
l-Glutamate nd nd d + + nd
l-Histidine − + − − − nd
l-Leucine nd nd + − d +
Hydroxy-l-proline, c-aminobutyrate nd nd d − nd nd
l-Proline nd nd d − − nd
l-Serine + nd − − + +
l-Threonine nd − − − − +
l-Tyrosine nd − − − d nd
Putrescine − nd − − + +
dl-arabinose, l-rhamnose, lactose, melibiose, adonitol, meso-inositol, d-sorbitol, saccharate, isovalerate, caprylate, adipate, pimelate, azelate, dl-3-hydroxybutyrate, aconitate nd nd − − − nd
d-galacturonate, i-erythritol, salicin, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, propylene glycol, malonate, glutarate, l-tartrate, benzoate, m-hydroxybenzoate, p-hydroxybenzoate, phenylacetate, quinate, b-alanine, l-arginine, l-citrulline, l-lysine, l-ornithine, l-valine, dl-d-aminovalerate, ethanolamine, betaine, hippurate, sarcosine, trigollenine nd nd nd nd − nd
footnote a: Symbols: +, 90% of strains are positive; d, 10–90% of strains are positive; –, 0–10% of strains are positive; nd, not determined.
footnote b: S. frigidimarina, S. gelidimarina, and S. hanedai do not utilize dl-arabinose, l-rhamnose, lactose, melibiose, adonitol, meso-inositol, d-sorbitol, saccharate, isovalerate, caprylate, adipate, pimelate, azelate, dl-3-hydroxybutyrate, or aconitate. In addition, S. hanedai does not utilize d-galacturonate, i-erythritol, salicin, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, propylene glycol, malonate, glutarate, l-tartrate, benzoate, m-hydroxybenzoate, p-hydroxybenzoate, phenylacetate, quinate, b-alanine, l-arginine, l-citrulline, l-lysine, l-ornithine, l-valine, dl-d-aminovalerate, ethanolamine, betaine, hippurate, sarcosine, or trigollenine.
#####
TABLE BXII.c.134. Differentiation of the genera Enhydrobacter and Aeromonas
Enhydrobacter Aeromonas
Growth:
Nutrient agar − +
EMB agar − +
Clark–Lubs medium − +
rate very slow rapid
Average time for biochemical reactions (d) 30–60 1–2
Gas vesicles +!b −
Mol% G+C 66 57–63
footnote a: For symbols, see standard definitions.
footnote b: Only one strain has been described, and it is gas vacuolate.
#####
TABLE BXII.c.133. Properties of Psychrobacter species!a
Psychrobacter immobilis Psychrobacter faecalis Psychrobacter frigidicola Psychrobacter glacincola Psychrobacter marincola Psychrobacter pacificensis Psychrobacter proteolyticus Psychrobacter submarinus Psychrobacter urativorans
growth:
temperature; maximum 35–39 36 19–22 19–22 35 33–38 <35 35 25–27
temperature; optimum 27–31 15–30 14–16 13–15 25–28 25–28 ND 25–28 17–19
NaCl; Tolerates (2.0 M) v+ + − + + − + + −
bile salts; tolerate (5%) + + − + + ND − + −
bile salts; stimulated by − ND − − ND ND ND ND −
production of acid from:
carbohydrates + − − − − + + + −
enzyme activity:
Arginine arylamidase + ND v+ − ND ND ND ND +
Phenylalanine arylamidase v+ ND + + ND ND ND ND −
Phenylalanine deaminase + ND − − − − ND − +
Urease v+ − − v− − + + − v+
Lecithinase v+ ND − + ND ND ND ND −
reduction of:
Nitrate v− ND − v+ − − − − v−
hydrolysis of:
Tween 40 + ND − + − ND ND + −
Tween 80 + ND − + + ND + ND −
utilization of:
3-Hydroxybutyrate + + − v+ ND v + ND +
Pyruvate + + − + ND ND + ND +
l-Malate + + + − − + − − v+
Oxaloacetate + ND − + ND ND ND ND −
dl-Lactate + + − v+ − v − − v+
Propionate v+ (+) − + − − + − −
Isovalerate v− ND − v+ ND ND ND ND −
Heptanoate v+ ND − + ND ND ND ND v−
Pimelate − ND − v+ ND ND ND ND −
Azelate v− − + + ND ND + ND −
l-Alanine + + − v+ − v + − −
Hydroxy-l-proline v− ND − + ND ND ND ND −
l-Phenylalanine + − + − ND ND − ND v+
Urate v+ ND + + ND ND ND ND +
Mol% G+C 44–47 ND 41–42 43–44 50.7 44–45 43.6 46.7 44–46
footnote a: Symbols: +, positive for 90–100% of strains; v, positive for 11–89% of strains; v+, positive for 11–89% of strains but type strain is positive; v−, positive for 11–89% of strains but type strain is negative; –, positive for 0–10% of strains; ND, not determined.
footnote b: Data for P. immobilis, Psychrobacter frigidicola, P. glacincola, and P. urativorans from Bowman et al., 1997d.
footnote c: Data for P. faecalis from Kampfer et al., 2002a.
footnote d: Data for P. marincola and P. submarinus from Romanenko et al., 2002a.
footnote e: Data for P. pacificensis from Maruyama et al., 2000.
footnote f: Data for P. proteolyticus from Denner et al., 2001a.
#####
TABLE BXII.c.129. Characteristics differentiating three Gram-negative, motile, prodigiosin-producing species
Rugamonas rubra Alteromonas rubra Serratia rubidaea
enzyme activity:
Oxidase + + −
growth:
Anaerobic − − +
35°C − + +
Fermentative − − +
Utilization of:
d-sorbitol + − −
Flagella 1–2 Polar or subpolar 1 Polar Peritrichous
mol% G+C 66.7 46–48 53–59
#####
TABLE BXII.c.153. Properties of the four genera originally classified in the family Vibrionaceae by Veron (1965); comparison with Enterobacteriaceae
Vibrio Photobacterium Aeromonas Plesiomonas Enterobacteriaceae
Associated with diarrhea and extra-intestinal infections in humans + nd + + +
Mol% G+C 38–51 40–44 57–63 51 38–60
flagella sheathed polar nd nd nd peritrichous in liquid medium
Accumulation of:
poly-b-hydroxybutyrate nd + nd nd nd
utilization of:
b-hydroxybutyrate nd - nd nd nd
growth:
Na+; required + + nd nd nd
Susceptible to:
vibriostatic agent O/129 + + nd + nd
production of:
Lipase + d + nd d
fermentation of:
d-Mannitol + nd + nd +
production of:
Enterobacterial common antigen nd nd nd + +
footnote a: Symbols: +, trait is present; d, trait varies among species; blank, data not available. These are properties of most species of the genera and most strains of the species, but there are exceptions. Adapted from Baumann and Schubert (1984).
#####
TABLE BXII.c.154. Growth temperatures, electrolyte optima, and nutritional versatility of 10 recently described Vibrio species and Photobacterium iliopiscarium!a
Vibrio diabolicus Vibrio halioticoli Vibrio ichthyoenteri Vibrio mediterranei Vibrio mytili Vibrio navarrensis Vibrio penaeicida Vibrio scophthalmi Vibrio tapetis Vibrio trachuri Photobacterium iliopiscarium
growth:
temperature; maximum 45 30 30 35 37 42 30 35 22 nd 22
temperature; minimum 20 10 15 18 10 10 20 22 4 nd 4
temperature; optimum 35–40 nd nd nd 28 30–37 nd 22–30 18 30 20
NaCl; maximum (%) 5 nd 6 6 10 7 5 5 3 7 4
NaCl; minimum (%) 1 nd 1 1.5 1 0.5 1 0.5 1 3 0.5
NaCl; optimum (%) 2.5–3.0 3 nd nd nd nd nd nd 1–3 nd 2
Nutritional versatility!b 15/50 7/35 1/13 29/47 43/95 24/87 6/15 5/49 8/47 nd 6/40
footnote a: Blank space, data not available. Data compiled from Urdaci et al. (1991); Pujalte et al. (1993); Onarheim et al. (1994); Iwamoto et al. (1995); Borrego et al. (1996); Ishimaru et al. (1996); Cerda-Cuellar et al. (1997); Sawabe et al. (1998b).
footnote b: Nutritional versatility is the number of carbon compounds used as a sole energy source/number of compounds tested.
#####
TABLE BXII.c.163.a Biochemical reactions of the named species and unnamed groups of the genera Vibrio, Moritella, and Salinivibrio.
Vibrio cholerae Vibrio alginolyticus Vibrio cincinnatiensis Vibrio damsela Vibrio fluvialis Vibrio furnissii Vibrio harveyi Vibrio hollisae Vibrio metschnikovii Vibrio mimicus Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio vulnificus Vibrio vulnificus biogroup 2 Vibrio vulnificus biogroup 3 Vibrio aestuarianus Vibrio anguillarum Vibrio campbellii Vibrio diazotrophicus Vibrio fischeri Vibrio gazogenes Vibrio ichthyoenteri Vibrio logei Vibrio mediterranei Vibrio mytili Vibrio natriegens
Number of strains 5 5 2 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 3 2 3 4 5 5 4 24 2 3 1 1 5
enzyme activity:
Oxidase 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 100
Lysine decarboxylase 100 100 100 60 0 0 83 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 33 0 100 0 100 0 0 100 67 0 0
Arginine dihydrolase 0 0 0 100 100 100 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 0 100 0 0 0 0 67 100 0
Ornithine decarboxylase 100 60 0 0 0 0 83 0 0 100 100 100 0 100 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0
reduction of:
Nitrate 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 75 4 100 100 100 100 100
production of:
Indole 100 80 0 0 60 0 100 100 0 100 100 100 0 100 100 75 80 100 0 0 0 0 100 0 0
test:
Voges–Proskauer 100 80 0 80 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 67 0 0 0 0 20
Motility 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 60 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
production of acid from:
d-Glucose 100 100 100 100 100 100 83 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 75 100 100 100 100 100 100
production of gas from:
d-Glucose 0 0 0 40 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 96 0 0 0 100 0
Fermentation of:
Adonitol 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
l-Arabinose 0 0 100 0 100 100 0 100 0 0 80 0 0 0 0 75 0 100 0 100 0 0 0 100 100
d-Arabitol 0 0 0 0 80 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100
Cellobiose 0 100 100 100 20 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 100 0 100 75 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 80
Dulcitol 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Erythritol 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
d-Galactose 60 20 100 100 100 100 67 100 20 40 60 100 100 100 100 25 0 100 100 88 0 100 100 100 60
d-Galacturonate 0 0 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
myo-Inositol 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lactose 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 33 0 67 0 0 60 25 88 0 0 0 100 0
Maltose 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 75 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
d-Mannitol 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 0 80 80 80 80 0 0 100 75 40 100 50 96 100 100 100 100 100
d-Mannose 80 100 100 100 80 60 100 100 100 100 100 100 67 100 100 100 100 20 100 100 100 100 100 0 40
Melibiose 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 71 0 0 67 0 60
α-Methyl-d-glucoside 0 0 50 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60
Raffinose 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40
l-Rhamnose 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 nd 0 100
Salicin 0 0 100 0 80 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 75 100 0 0 0 100 100
l-Sorbitol 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 71 0 0 100 0 0
Sucrose 100 100 100 20 100 100 83 0 100 0 0 20 0 0 100 100 0 100 0 100 50 0 100 100 100
Trehalose 80 100 100 40 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 75 100 100 0 100 100 67 100 100 100
d-Xylose 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 100 0 0 0 100 0
Growth:
NaCl (0%) 100 0 0 0 100c 100 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NaCl (0.1%) 100 0 100 0 100 100 0 0 80 100 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NaCl (0.2%) 100 0 100 0 100 100 0 0 100 100 0 60 100 50 0 100 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NaCl (0.3%) 100 0 100 40 100 100 0 0 100 100 0 80 100 100 100 100 0 100 0 0 0 0 50 0 0
NaCl (0.4%) 100 80 100 80 100 100 0 20 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 0 8 0 0 50 100 0
NaCl (0.5%) 100 80 100 80 100 100 83 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 60 100 0 29 0 0 67 100 40
NaCl (1%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 75 88 50 0 100 100 100
NaCl (2%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
NaCl (3.5%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
NaCl (6%) 20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 75 100 100 0 100 100 100
NaCl (8%) 0 100 100 40 80 100 67 100 100 0 100 0 0 0 67 0 60 100 0 100 0 0 33 100 100
NaCl (10%) 0 100 100 0 80 100 0 20 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 92 0 0 0 100 20
NaCl (12%) 0 100 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 0 100 0
motility; swarming 0 100 0 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0
footnote a: The strains for V. fluvialis and V. furnissii grew in 0% NaCl when incubated at 25°C but not at 36°C.
footnote b: V. logei was tested at 15°C.
footnote c: Each number is the % positive for the test after 48 h of incubation, except for oxidase and reduction of nitrate to nitrite, which were done only at 24 h. All species except V. logei were tested at 25°C. All testing was donein the CDC Vibrio Reference Laboratory using standardized "enteric" media supplemented with marine cations (Na+, K+, and Mg++). Results in this table may differ from those in the original descriptions of organisms due to variables in media, incubation temperature, reading time, and salt content.
#####
TABLE BXII.c.163.c
Vibrio nereis Vibrio nigripulchritudo Vibrio ordalii Vibrio orientalis Vibrio pectenicida Vibrio pelagius biogroup 1 Vibrio pelagius biogroup 2 Vibrio penaeicida Vibrio proteolyticus Vibrio scophthalmi Vibrio splendidus biogroup 1 Vibrio splendidus biogroup 2 Vibrio tapetis Vibrio trachuri Vibrio tubiashii Vibrio Group 509 Vibrio Group 510 Vibrio Group 511 Vibrio Group 512 Baumann Group E3 Moritella marina Photobacterium angustum Photobacterium iliopiscarium Photobacterium leiognathi Photobacterium phosphoreum Salinivibrio costicola
Number of strains 5 3 1 4 2 4 2 1 1 4 4 2 1 1 4 4 3 2 6 1 1 5 2 5 3 5
enzyme activity:
Oxidase 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 0 60 0!c 100
Lysine decarboxylase 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0 100 0 100 100 0 0 60 100 60 67 0
Arginine dihydrolase 100 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 100 0 75 50 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0 100 100 80 100 60
Ornithine decarboxylase 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
reduction of:
Nitrate 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 40 100 100 33 60
production of:
Indole 60 100 0 100 0 25 100 0 100 0 100 50 0 100 100 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
test:
Voges–Proskauer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 60 100 20 67 80