diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/additional-types/boolean.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/additional-types/boolean.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..feef819e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/cpp/templates/additional-types/boolean.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Boolean()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/additional-types/integer.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/additional-types/integer.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..15c659a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/cpp/templates/additional-types/integer.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Number()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/additional-types/number.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/additional-types/number.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a5d368a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/cpp/templates/additional-types/number.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Float()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/additional-types/string.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/additional-types/string.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d2a52c84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/cpp/templates/additional-types/string.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+String()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/json-types/default.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/json-types/default.h
similarity index 100%
rename from languages/cpp/templates/json-types/default.cpp
rename to languages/cpp/templates/json-types/default.h
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/json-types/null.h b/languages/cpp/templates/json-types/null.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fc121f63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/cpp/templates/json-types/null.h
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+WPEFramework::Core::JSON::VariantContainer
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/json-types/void.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/json-types/void.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fc121f63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/cpp/templates/json-types/void.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+WPEFramework::Core::JSON::VariantContainer
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/array.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/array.cpp
index 43b6b532..d45916ab 100644
--- a/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/array.cpp
+++ b/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/array.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
         WPEFramework::Core::JSON::ArrayType<WPEFramework::Core::JSON::Variant> ${Property};
-        for (auto& element: ${property}) {
-            ${Property}.Add() = element;
+        for (auto& element : ${property}) {
+${if.object}${items.with.indent}${end.if.object}${if.non.object}${Property}.Add() = element;${end.if.non.object}
         }
         WPEFramework::Core::JSON::Variant ${Property}Variant;
         ${Property}Variant.Array(${Property});
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/boolean.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/boolean.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index f924ac94..00000000
--- a/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/boolean.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-        WPEFramework::Core::JSON::Variant ${Property} = ${property};
-        jsonParameters.Set(_T("${property}"), ${Property});
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/default.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/default.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index f924ac94..00000000
--- a/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/default.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-        WPEFramework::Core::JSON::Variant ${Property} = ${property};
-        jsonParameters.Set(_T("${property}"), ${Property});
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/enum.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/enum.cpp
index cb20df92..2367c118 100644
--- a/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/enum.cpp
+++ b/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/enum.cpp
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-        ${if.namespace.notsame}Firebolt::${info.Title}::${end.if.namespace.notsame}JsonData_${title} jsonValue = ${property};
+        ${if.namespace.notsame}Firebolt::${info.Title}::${end.if.namespace.notsame}JsonData_${title} jsonValue = ${property}${if.optional}.value()${end.if.optional};
         WPEFramework::Core::JSON::Variant ${Property}(jsonValue.Data());
         jsonParameters.Set(_T("${property}"), ${Property});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/generic.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/generic.cpp
index 5bf50bc5..566c7354 100644
--- a/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/generic.cpp
+++ b/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/generic.cpp
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-        WPEFramework::Core::JSON::Variant ${Property}(${property});
-        jsonParameters.Set(_T("${property}"), ${Property});
\ No newline at end of file
+        WPEFramework::Core::JSON::Variant ${Property}(${property}${if.optional}.value()${end.if.optional});
+        jsonParameters.Set(_T("${property}"), ${Property});
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/object-array.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/object-array.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0965afae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/object-array.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+            ${if.namespace.notsame}Firebolt::${info.Title}::${end.if.namespace.notsame}JsonData_${title} ${Property}Container;
+${properties}
+        string ${Property}Str;
+        ${Property}Container.ToString(${Property}Str);
+        WPEFramework::Core::JSON::VariantContainer ${Property}VariantContainer(${Property}Str);
+        WPEFramework::Core::JSON::Variant ${Property}Variant = ${Property}VariantContainer;
+        ${Property}.Add() = ${Property}Variant;
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/object.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/object.cpp
index 20340a12..42226921 100644
--- a/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/object.cpp
+++ b/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/object.cpp
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+        auto element = ${property};
         ${if.namespace.notsame}Firebolt::${info.Title}::${end.if.namespace.notsame}JsonData_${title} ${Property}Container;
 ${properties}
         string ${Property}Str;
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/property.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/property.cpp
index f019a685..7036ea07 100644
--- a/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/property.cpp
+++ b/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/property.cpp
@@ -1 +1 @@
-${shape}            ${if.non.object}${title}.${Property} = ${base.title}.${property};${end.if.non.object}
+${shape}        ${if.non.object}${base.Title}Container.${Property} = element${if.base.optional}.value()${end.if.base.optional}.${property}${if.optional}.value()${end.if.optional};${end.if.non.object}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/default.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/ref.h
similarity index 100%
rename from languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/default.cpp
rename to languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/ref.h
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/string.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/string.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index f924ac94..00000000
--- a/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/string.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-        WPEFramework::Core::JSON::Variant ${Property} = ${property};
-        jsonParameters.Set(_T("${property}"), ${Property});
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/sub-property/property.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/sub-property/property.cpp
index c19bd088..58aa5943 100644
--- a/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/sub-property/property.cpp
+++ b/languages/cpp/templates/parameter-serialization/sub-property/property.cpp
@@ -1 +1 @@
-${shape}            ${if.non.object}${title}.${Property.dependency}${Property} = ${base.title}.${property.dependency}${property};${end.if.non.object}
+${shape}            ${if.non.object}${title}.${Property.dependency}${Property} = element${if.base.optional}.value()${end.if.base.optional}.${property.dependency}${property}${if.optional}.value()${end.if.optional};${end.if.non.object}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/result-initialization/additionalProperties.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/result-initialization/additionalProperties.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c33c2ea0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/cpp/templates/result-initialization/additionalProperties.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+        ${Title} ${property};
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/result-initialization/array.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/result-initialization/array.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2f0629ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/cpp/templates/result-initialization/array.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+        ${type} ${property};
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/additionalProperties.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/additionalProperties.cpp
index af41c4a6..e5d7b116 100644
--- a/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/additionalProperties.cpp
+++ b/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/additionalProperties.cpp
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
             while (jsonResult.Variants().Next()) {
-                ${property}.insert(elements.Label(), elements.Current().${additional.type}.Value()); 
+                std::string label = jsonResult.Variants().Label();
+                ${property}.emplace(std::piecewise_construct,
+                    std::forward_as_tuple(label),
+                    std::forward_as_tuple(jsonResult.Variants().Current().${additional.type}));
             }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/array.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/array.cpp
index 464dea4a..2fab5f07 100644
--- a/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/array.cpp
+++ b/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/array.cpp
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
             auto index(jsonResult.Elements());
             while (index.Next() == true) {
-                ${property}.push_back(index.Current().Value());
-            }
+${if.object}${items.with.indent}${end.if.object}${if.non.object}                ${property}.push_back(index.Current().Value());${end.if.non.object}
+            }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/boolean.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/boolean.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 036b4a7d..00000000
--- a/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/boolean.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-                *${property} = jsonResult.Value();
-                
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/object-array.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/object-array.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0c396b43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/object-array.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+                ${type} ${property}Result${level};
+            ${if.namespace.notsame}Firebolt::${info.Title}::${end.if.namespace.notsame}JsonData_${title} jsonResult = index.Current();
+${properties}
+            ${property}.push_back(${property}Result${level});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/object.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/object.cpp
index c4569c3e..5119c58b 100644
--- a/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/object.cpp
+++ b/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/object.cpp
@@ -1 +1,3 @@
-${properties}
\ No newline at end of file
+            ${type} ${property}Result${level};
+${properties}
+            ${property} = ${property}Result${level};
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/property.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/property.cpp
index 3b54922c..fe19dab1 100644
--- a/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/property.cpp
+++ b/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/property.cpp
@@ -1 +1 @@
-${shape}            ${if.non.object}${base.title}.${property} = jsonResult.${Property}.Value();${end.if.non.object}
\ No newline at end of file
+${shape}            ${if.non.array}${if.non.object}${base.title}Result${level}.${property} = jsonResult.${Property}.Value();${end.if.non.object}${end.if.non.array}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/ref.h b/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/ref.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4da5b5d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/ref.h
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+${shape}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/sub-property/array.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/sub-property/array.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..efa1adeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/sub-property/array.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+            auto index(jsonResult.${Property}.Elements());
+            while (index.Next() == true) {
+${if.object}${items.with.indent}${end.if.object}${if.non.object}                ${property}.push_back(index.Current().Value());${end.if.non.object}
+            }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/sub-property/object-array.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/sub-property/object-array.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..06a4d04d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/sub-property/object-array.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+                ${type} ${property}Result${level};
+            ${if.namespace.notsame}Firebolt::${info.Title}::${end.if.namespace.notsame}JsonData_${title} jsonResult = index.Current();
+${properties}
+            ${property}Result.${property}${if.impl.optional}.value()${end.if.impl.optional}.push_back(${property}Result${level});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/sub-property/object.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/sub-property/object.cpp
index c4569c3e..c04d0a50 100644
--- a/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/sub-property/object.cpp
+++ b/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/sub-property/object.cpp
@@ -1 +1 @@
-${properties}
\ No newline at end of file
+${properties}
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/sub-property/property.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/sub-property/property.cpp
index 668f442c..97e0dc0f 100644
--- a/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/sub-property/property.cpp
+++ b/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/sub-property/property.cpp
@@ -1 +1 @@
-${shape}            ${if.non.object}${base.title}.${property.dependency}${property} = jsonResult.${Property.dependency}${Property};${end.if.non.object}
+${shape}            ${if.non.object}${base.title}Result${level}.${property.dependency}${if.impl.optional}value().${end.if.impl.optional}${property} = jsonResult.${Property.dependency}${Property};${end.if.non.object}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/sub-property/title.cpp b/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/sub-property/title.cpp
index e2e80c7c..2a420b4b 100644
--- a/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/sub-property/title.cpp
+++ b/languages/cpp/templates/result-instantiation/sub-property/title.cpp
@@ -1 +1 @@
-${Title}
+${Title}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/macrofier/engine.mjs b/src/macrofier/engine.mjs
index 94fdca2c..cdf4132b 100644
--- a/src/macrofier/engine.mjs
+++ b/src/macrofier/engine.mjs
@@ -1191,10 +1191,10 @@ function insertMethodMacros(template, methodObj, json, templates, examples = {})
   const pullsResultType = pullsResult && types.getSchemaShape(pullsResult, json, { destination: state.destination, templateDir: state.typeTemplateDir, section: state.section })
   const pullsForType = pullsResult && types.getSchemaType(pullsResult, json, { destination: state.destination, templateDir: state.typeTemplateDir, section: state.section })
   const pullsParamsType = pullsParams ? types.getSchemaShape(pullsParams, json, { destination: state.destination, templateDir: state.typeTemplateDir, section: state.section }) : ''
-  const serializedParams = flattenedMethod.params.map(param => types.getSchemaShape(param.schema, json, { templateDir: 'parameter-serialization', property: param.name, destination: state.destination, section: state.section, level: 1, skipTitleOnce: true })).join('\n')
+  const serializedParams = flattenedMethod.params.map(param => types.getSchemaShape(param.schema, json, { templateDir: 'parameter-serialization', property: param.name, required: param.required || false, destination: state.destination, section: state.section, level: 1, skipTitleOnce: true })).join('\n')
   const resultInst = types.getSchemaShape(flattenedMethod.result.schema, json, { templateDir: 'result-instantiation', property: flattenedMethod.result.name, destination: state.destination, section: state.section, level: 1, skipTitleOnce: true }) // w/out level: 1, getSchemaShape skips anonymous types, like primitives
   const resultInit = types.getSchemaShape(flattenedMethod.result.schema, json, { templateDir: 'result-initialization', property: flattenedMethod.result.name, destination: state.destination, section: state.section, level: 1, skipTitleOnce: true }) // w/out level: 1, getSchemaShape skips anonymous types, like primitives
-  const serializedEventParams = event ? flattenedMethod.params.filter(p => p.name !== 'listen').map(param => types.getSchemaShape(param.schema, json, {templateDir: 'parameter-serialization', property: param.name, destination: state.destination, section: state.section, level: 1, skipTitleOnce: true })).join('\n') : ''
+  const serializedEventParams = event ? flattenedMethod.params.filter(p => p.name !== 'listen').map(param => types.getSchemaShape(param.schema, json, {templateDir: 'parameter-serialization', property: param.name, required: param.required || false, destination: state.destination, section: state.section, level: 1, skipTitleOnce: true })).join('\n') : ''
   // this was wrong... check when we merge if it was fixed
   const callbackSerializedParams = event ? types.getSchemaShape(event.result.schema, json, { templateDir: 'callback-parameter-serialization', property: result.name, destination: state.destination, section: state.section, level: 1, skipTitleOnce: true }) : ''
 
diff --git a/src/macrofier/types.mjs b/src/macrofier/types.mjs
index 9a77757a..45c2ac61 100644
--- a/src/macrofier/types.mjs
+++ b/src/macrofier/types.mjs
@@ -51,6 +51,21 @@ function setAllocatedPrimitiveProxies(m) {
 }
 
 const capitalize = str => str ? str[0].toUpperCase() + str.substr(1) : str
+const indent = (str, padding) => {
+  let first = true
+  if (str) {
+    return str.split('\n').map(line => {
+      if (first) {
+        first = false
+        return line
+      }
+      else {
+        return padding + line
+      }
+    }).join('\n')
+  }
+}
+
 const safeName = value => value.split(':').pop().replace(/[\.\-]/g, '_').replace(/\+/g, '_plus').replace(/([a-z])([A-Z0-9])/g, '$1_$2').toUpperCase()
 
 // TODO: This is what's left of getMethodSignatureParams. We need to figure out / handle C's `FireboltTypes_StringHandle`
@@ -78,7 +93,7 @@ function getMethodSignatureParams(method, module, { destination, callback }) {
   }).join(', ')
 }
 
-function getMethodSignatureResult(method, module, { destination, callback, overrideRule = false }) {
+function getMethodSignatureResult(method, module, { destination, callback }) {
     let type = getSchemaType(method.result.schema, module, { destination, namespace : true })
     let result = ''
 
@@ -124,7 +139,7 @@ const getXSchemaGroup = (schema, module) => {
   return group
 }
 
-function insertSchemaMacros(content, schema, module, name, parent, property, recursive = true, overrideRule = false, templateDir = 'types') {
+function insertSchemaMacros(content, schema, module, { name = '', parent = '', property = '', required = true, recursive = true, templateDir = 'types'}) {
   const title = name || schema.title || ''
   let moduleTitle = getXSchemaGroup(schema, module)
 
@@ -137,6 +152,8 @@ function insertSchemaMacros(content, schema, module, name, parent, property, rec
     .replace(/\$\{if\.namespace\.notsame}(.*?)\$\{end\.if\.namespace\.notsame\}/g, (module.info.title !== (parent || moduleTitle)) ? '$1' : '')
     .replace(/\$\{parent\.title\}/g, parent)
     .replace(/\$\{parent\.Title\}/g, capitalize(parent))
+    .replace(/\$\{if\.optional\}(.*?)\$\{end\.if\.optional\}/gms, required ? '' : '$1')
+    .replace(/\$\{if\.impl.optional\}(.*?)\$\{end\.if\.impl.optional\}/gms, required ? '' : '$1')
     .replace(/\$\{description\}/g, schema.description ? schema.description : '')
     .replace(/\$\{summary\}/g, schema.description ? schema.description.split('\n')[0] : '')
     .replace(/\$\{name\}/g, title)
@@ -205,7 +222,9 @@ const insertObjectAdditionalPropertiesMacros = (content, schema, module, title,
 const insertObjectMacros = (content, schema, module, title, property, options) => {
   const options2 = options ? JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(options)) : {}
   options2.parent = title
+  options2.parentLevel = options.parentLevel
   options2.level = options.level + 1
+  options2.templateDir = options.templateDir
 
   ;(['properties', 'properties.register', 'properties.assign']).forEach(macro => {
     const indent = (content.split('\n').find(line => line.includes("${" + macro + "}")) || '').match(/^\s+/) || [''][0]
@@ -239,15 +258,28 @@ const insertObjectMacros = (content, schema, module, title, property, options) =
           .replace(/\$\{summary\}/g, prop.description ? prop.description.split('\n')[0] : '')
           .replace(/\$\{delimiter\}(.*?)\$\{end.delimiter\}/gms, i === schema.properties.length - 1 ? '' : '$1')
           .replace(/\$\{if\.optional\}(.*?)\$\{end\.if\.optional\}/gms, schema.required && schema.required.includes(name) ? '' : '$1')
+          .replace(/\$\{if\.base\.optional\}(.*?)\$\{end\.if\.base\.optional\}/gms, options.required ? '' : '$1')
           .replace(/\$\{if\.non\.object\}(.*?)\$\{end\.if\.non\.object\}/gms, (localizedProp.type === 'object') ? '' : '$1')
+          .replace(/\$\{if\.non\.array\}(.*?)\$\{end\.if\.non\.array\}/gms, (localizedProp.type === 'array') ? '' : '$1')
+          let baseTitle = options.property
           if (localizedProp.type === 'object') {
-            let baseTitle = title || schema.title
             replacedTemplate = replacedTemplate
-
-            .replace(/\$\{property.dependency\}/g, ((options.level > 1) ? '${property.dependency}' : '') + name + objSeparator)
-            .replace(/\$\{Property.dependency\}/g, ((options.level > 1) ? '${Property.dependency}' : '') + capitalize(name) + objSeparator)
-            .replace(/\$\{base.title\}/g, ((options.level <= 1) ? (baseTitle ? (baseTitle)[0].toLowerCase() + (baseTitle).substr(1) : '') : '')).trimEnd()
+              .replace(/\$\{property.dependency\}/g, ((options.level > 1) ? '${property.dependency}${if.impl.optional}.value()${end.if.impl.optional}' : '') + name + objSeparator)
+              .replace(/\$\{Property.dependency\}/g, ((options.level > 1) ? '${Property.dependency}' : '') + capitalize(name) + (objSeparator))
           }
+          else {
+            if (options2.level <= 1) {
+              replacedTemplate = replacedTemplate
+                .replace(/\$\{property.dependency\}/g, '')
+                .replace(/\$\{Property.dependency\}/g, '')
+                .replace(/\$\{if\.impl.optional\}(.*?)\$\{end\.if\.impl.optional\}/gms, '')
+	    }
+          }
+	  replacedTemplate = replacedTemplate
+            .replace(/\$\{obj\.separator}/g, objSeparator)
+            .replace(/\$\{base.title\}/g, (baseTitle ? (baseTitle)[0].toLowerCase() + (baseTitle).substr(1) : '')).trimEnd()
+            .replace(/\$\{base.Title\}/g, (baseTitle ? (baseTitle)[0].toUpperCase() + (baseTitle).substr(1) : '')).trimEnd()
+            .replace(/\$\{if\.impl.optional\}(.*?)\$\{end\.if\.impl.optional\}/gms, prop.required ? '' : '$1')
           properties.push((i !== 0 ? indent : '') + replacedTemplate)
         }
       })
@@ -298,13 +330,18 @@ const insertObjectMacros = (content, schema, module, title, property, options) =
     const regex = new RegExp("\\$\\{" + macro + "\\}", "g")
 
     content = content.replace(regex, properties.join('\n'))
+                     .replace(/\$\{level}/g, options.parentLevel > 0 ? options.parentLevel : '')
   })
 
   return content
 }
 
-const insertArrayMacros = (content, schema, module, name) => {
-  return content.replace(/\$\{json\.type\}/g, getSchemaType(schema.items, module, { templateDir: 'json-types', destination: state.destination, section: state.section, code: false, namespace: true }))
+const insertArrayMacros = (content, schema, module, level = 0, items) => {
+  content = content
+    .replace(/\$\{json\.type\}/g, getSchemaType(schema.items, module, { templateDir: 'json-types', destination: state.destination, section: state.section, code: false, namespace: true }))
+    .replace(/\$\{items\}/g, items)
+    .replace(/\$\{items\.with\.indent\}/g, indent(items, '    '))
+  return content
 }
 
 const insertTupleMacros = (content, schema, module, title, options) => {
@@ -330,6 +367,7 @@ const insertTupleMacros = (content, schema, module, title, options) => {
       .replace(/\$\{summary\}/g, prop.description ? prop.description.split('\n')[0] : '')
       .replace(/\$\{delimiter\}(.*?)\$\{end.delimiter\}/g, i === schema.items.length - 1 ? '' : '$1')
       .replace(/\$\{if\.optional\}(.*?)\$\{end\.if\.optional\}/gms, '')
+      .replace(/\$\{if\.impl.optional\}(.*?)\$\{end\.if\.impl.optional\}/gms, '')
   }
 
   content = content.replace(/\$\{properties\}/g, schema.items.map((prop, i) => doMacroWork(propTemplate, prop, i, propIndent)).join(tupleDelimiter))
@@ -378,7 +416,7 @@ const sanitize = (schema) => {
   return result
 }
 
-function getSchemaShape(schema = {}, module = {}, { templateDir = 'types', name = '', parent = '', property = '', level = 0, summary, descriptions = true, destination, section, enums = true, skipTitleOnce = false } = {}) {
+function getSchemaShape(schema = {}, module = {}, { templateDir = 'types', parent = '', property = '', required = true, parentLevel = 0, level = 0, summary, descriptions = true, destination, section, enums = true, skipTitleOnce = false } = {}) {
   schema = sanitize(schema)
 
   state.destination = destination
@@ -389,36 +427,36 @@ function getSchemaShape(schema = {}, module = {}, { templateDir = 'types', name
   }
 
   const suffix = destination && ('.' + destination.split('.').pop()) || ''
-  const theTitle = insertSchemaMacros(getTemplate(path.join(templateDir, 'title' + suffix)), schema, module, schema.title || name, parent, property, false, templateDir)
+  const theTitle = insertSchemaMacros(getTemplate(path.join(templateDir, 'title' + suffix)), schema, module, { name: schema.title, parent, property, required, recursive: false})
 
   let result = level === 0 ? getTemplate(path.join(templateDir, 'default' + suffix)) : '${shape}'
   let genericTemplate = getTemplate(path.join(templateDir, 'generic' + suffix))
   if (enums && level === 0 && schema.type === "string" && Array.isArray(schema.enum)) {
     result = getTemplate(path.join(templateDir, 'enum' + suffix))
-    return insertSchemaMacros(insertEnumMacros(result, schema, module, theTitle), schema, module, theTitle, parent, property)
+    return insertSchemaMacros(insertEnumMacros(result, schema, module, theTitle), schema, module, { name: theTitle, parent, property, required })
   }
 
   if (schema['$ref']) {
     const someJson = getPath(schema['$ref'], module)
     if (someJson) {
-      return getSchemaShape(someJson, module, { templateDir, name, parent, property, level, summary, descriptions, destination, enums: false })
+      return getSchemaShape(someJson, module, { templateDir, parent, property, required, parentLevel, level, summary, descriptions, destination, enums: false, array })
     }
     throw "Unresolvable $ref: " + schema['ref'] + ", in " + module.info.title
   }
   else if (schema.hasOwnProperty('const')) {
     const shape = insertConstMacros(getTemplate(path.join(templateDir, 'const' + suffix)), schema, module, theTitle)
-    result = insertSchemaMacros(result.replace(/\$\{shape\}/g, shape), schema, module, theTitle, parent, property)
+    result = insertSchemaMacros(result.replace(/\$\{shape\}/g, shape), schema, module, { name: theTitle, parent, property, required })
     return result
   }
   else if (!skipTitleOnce && (level > 0) && schema.title) {
     // TODO: allow the 'ref' template to actually insert the shape using getSchemaShape
-    const innerShape = getSchemaShape(schema, module, { skipTitleOnce: true, templateDir, name, parent, property, level, summary, descriptions, destination, enums: false })
+    const innerShape = getSchemaShape(schema, module, { skipTitleOnce: true, templateDir, parent, property, required, parentLevel, level, summary, descriptions, destination, enums: false, array })
 
     const shape = getTemplate(path.join(templateDir, 'ref' + suffix))
       .replace(/\$\{shape\}/g, innerShape)
 
     result = result.replace(/\$\{shape\}/g, shape)
-    return insertSchemaMacros(result, schema, module, theTitle, parent, property)
+    return insertSchemaMacros(result, schema, module, { name: theTitle, parent, property, required })
   }
   else if (schema.type === 'object') {
     let shape
@@ -430,13 +468,13 @@ function getSchemaShape(schema = {}, module = {}, { templateDir = 'types', name
       shape = insertObjectMacros(getTemplate(path.join(templateDir, 'object' + suffix)), schema, module, theTitle, property, { level, parent, property, templateDir, descriptions, destination, section, enums, namespace: true })
     }
     result = result.replace(/\$\{shape\}/g, shape)
-    return insertSchemaMacros(result, schema, module, theTitle, parent, property)
+    return insertSchemaMacros(result, schema, module, { name: theTitle, parent, property, required, templateDir })
   }
   else if (schema.anyOf || schema.oneOf) {
     const template = getTemplate(path.join(templateDir, 'anyOfSchemaShape' + suffix))
     let shape
     if (template) {
-        shape = insertAnyOfMacros(template, schema, module, theTitle)
+      shape = insertAnyOfMacros(template, schema, module, theTitle)
     }
     else {
       // borrow anyOf logic, note that schema is a copy, so we're not breaking it.
@@ -447,7 +485,7 @@ function getSchemaShape(schema = {}, module = {}, { templateDir = 'types', name
     }
     if (shape) {
       result = result.replace(/\$\{shape\}/g, shape)
-      return insertSchemaMacros(result, schema, module, theTitle, parent, property)
+      return insertSchemaMacros(result, schema, module, { name: theTitle, parent, property, required })
     }
     else {
       return ''
@@ -475,26 +513,26 @@ function getSchemaShape(schema = {}, module = {}, { templateDir = 'types', name
     }
     delete union['$ref']
 
-    return getSchemaShape(union, module, { templateDir, name, parent, property, level, summary, descriptions, destination, enums: false })
+    return getSchemaShape(union, module, { templateDir, parent, property, required, parentLevel, level, summary, descriptions, destination, enums: false, array })
   }
   else if (schema.type === "array" && schema.items && isSupportedTuple(schema)) {
     // tuple
     const shape = insertTupleMacros(getTemplate(path.join(templateDir, 'tuple' + suffix)) || genericTemplate, schema, module, theTitle, { level, templateDir, descriptions, destination, section, enums })
     result = result.replace(/\$\{shape\}/g, shape)
-    return insertSchemaMacros(result, schema, module, theTitle, parent, property, true, templateDir)
+    return insertSchemaMacros(result, schema, module, { name: theTitle, parent, property, required, templateDir })
   }
   else if (schema.type === "array" && schema.items && !Array.isArray(schema.items)) {
     // array
-    const items = getSchemaShape(schema.items, module, { templateDir, name, parent, property, level, summary, descriptions, destination, enums: false })
+    const items = getSchemaShape(schema.items, module, { templateDir, parent, property, required, parentLevel: parentLevel + 1, level, summary, descriptions, destination, enums: false , array: true})
     const shape = insertArrayMacros(getTemplate(path.join(templateDir, 'array' + suffix)) || genericTemplate, schema, module, items)
     result = result.replace(/\$\{shape\}/g, shape)
-    return insertSchemaMacros(result, schema, module, items, parent, property, true, templateDir)
+    return insertSchemaMacros(result, schema, module, { name: items, parent, property, required, templateDir })
   }
   else if (schema.type) {
     const shape = insertPrimitiveMacros(getTemplate(path.join(templateDir, 'primitive' + suffix) || genericTemplate), schema, module, theTitle, templateDir)
     result = result.replace(/\$\{shape\}/g, shape)
     if (level > 0) {
-      return insertSchemaMacros(result, schema, module, theTitle, parent, property)
+      return insertSchemaMacros(result, schema, module, { name: theTitle, parent, property, required, templateDir})
     }
   }
 
@@ -556,7 +594,7 @@ function getSchemaType(schema, module, { destination, templateDir = 'types', lin
 
   const suffix = destination && ('.' + destination.split('.').pop()) || ''
   const namespaceStr = namespace ? getTemplate(path.join(templateDir, 'namespace' + suffix)) : ''
-  const theTitle = insertSchemaMacros(namespaceStr + getTemplate(path.join(templateDir, 'title' + suffix)), schema, module, schema.title, getXSchemaGroup(schema, module), '', false, templateDir)
+  const theTitle = insertSchemaMacros(namespaceStr + getTemplate(path.join(templateDir, 'title' + suffix)), schema, module, { name: schema.title, parent: getXSchemaGroup(schema, module), recursive: false})
   const allocatedProxy = event || result
 
   const title = schema.type === "object" || schema.enum ? true : false
@@ -606,7 +644,7 @@ function getSchemaType(schema, module, { destination, templateDir = 'types', lin
 
     const params = getMethodSignatureParams(target, module, { destination })
     const template = getTemplate(path.join(templateDir, 'x-method'))
-    return insertSchemaMacros(template.replace(/\$\{params\}/g, params), target.result.schema, module, theTitle, '', '', false)
+    return insertSchemaMacros(template.replace(/\$\{params\}/g, params), target.result.schema, module, { name: theTitle, recursive: false })
   }
   else if (schema.type === 'string' && schema.enum) {
     let type = expandEnums ? schema.enum.map(e => wrap(e, '\'')).join(' | ') : schema.type
@@ -653,17 +691,17 @@ function getSchemaType(schema, module, { destination, templateDir = 'types', lin
     // Tuple -> Array
     if (convertTuplesToArraysOrObjects && isTuple(schema) && isHomogenous(schema)) {
       template = insertArrayMacros(getTemplate(path.join(templateDir, 'array')), schema, module)
-      template = insertSchemaMacros(template, firstItem, module, getSchemaType(firstItem, module, {destination, templateDir, link, title, code, asPath, event, result, expandEnums, baseUrl, namespace }), '', '', false)
+      template = insertSchemaMacros(template, firstItem, module, { name: getSchemaType(firstItem, module, {destination, templateDir, link, title, code, asPath, event, result, expandEnums, baseUrl, namespace }), recursive: false })
     }
     // Normal Array
     else if (!isTuple(schema)) {
       const baseDir = (templateDir !== 'json-types' ? 'types': templateDir)
       template = insertArrayMacros(getTemplate(path.join(baseDir, 'array')), schema, module)
-      template = insertSchemaMacros(template, schema.items, module, getSchemaType(schema.items, module, {destination, templateDir, link, title, code, asPath, event, result, expandEnums, baseUrl, namespace }), '', '', true)
+      template = insertSchemaMacros(template, schema.items, module, { name: getSchemaType(schema.items, module, {destination, templateDir, link, title, code, asPath, event, result, expandEnums, baseUrl, namespace }))
     }
     else {
       template = insertTupleMacros(getTemplate(path.join(templateDir, 'tuple')), schema, module, '', { templateDir })
-      template = insertSchemaMacros(template, firstItem, module, '', '', '', false)
+      template = insertSchemaMacros(template, firstItem, module, { recursive: false })
     }
 
     if (code) {
@@ -677,7 +715,7 @@ function getSchemaType(schema, module, { destination, templateDir = 'types', lin
     if (schema.title) {
       union.title = schema.title
     }
-    return getSchemaType(union, module, { destination, link, title, code, asPath, baseUrl, namespace })
+    return getSchemaType(union, module, { templateDir, destination, link, title, code, asPath, baseUrl, namespace })
   }
   else if (schema.oneOf || schema.anyOf) {
     if (!schema.anyOf) {
@@ -685,7 +723,7 @@ function getSchemaType(schema, module, { destination, templateDir = 'types', lin
     }
     // todo... we probably shouldn't allow untitled anyOfs, at least not w/out a feature flag
     const shape = insertAnyOfMacros(getTemplate(path.join(templateDir, 'anyOf' + suffix)), schema, module, theTitle)
-    return insertSchemaMacros(shape, schema, module, theTitle, '', '', false)
+    return insertSchemaMacros(shape, schema, module, { name: theTitle, recursive: false })
 
     
     // if (event) {
@@ -700,16 +738,23 @@ function getSchemaType(schema, module, { destination, templateDir = 'types', lin
     // }
   }
   else if (schema.type) {
-    // TODO: this assumes that when type is an array of types, that it's one other primative & 'null', which isn't necessarily true.
-    const schemaType = !Array.isArray(schema.type) ? schema.type : schema.type.find(t => t !== 'null')
-    const baseDir = (templateDir !== 'json-types' ? 'types': templateDir)
-    const primitive = getPrimitiveType(schemaType, baseDir)
-    const type = allocatedProxy ? allocatedPrimitiveProxies[schemaType] || primitive : primitive
-    return wrap(type, code ? '`' : '')
+    const template = getTemplate(path.join(templateDir, 'additionalProperties'))
+    if (schema.additionalProperties && template ) {
+      return insertSchemaMacros(getTemplate(path.join(templateDir, 'Title')), schema, module, { name: theTitle, recursive: false})
+    }
+    else {
+      // TODO: this assumes that when type is an array of types, that it's one other primative & 'null', which isn't necessarily true.
+      const schemaType = !Array.isArray(schema.type) ? schema.type : schema.type.find(t => t !== 'null')
+      const baseDir = (templateDir !== 'json-types' ? 'types': templateDir)
+      const primitive = getPrimitiveType(schemaType, baseDir)
+      const type = allocatedProxy ? allocatedPrimitiveProxies[schemaType] || primitive : primitive
+      return wrap(type, code ? '`' : '')
+    }
   }
   else {
+    const template = getTemplate(path.join(templateDir, 'void')) || 'void'
     // TODO this is TypeScript specific
-    return wrap('void', code ? '`' : '')
+    return wrap(template, code ? '`' : '')
   }
 }