diff --git a/crates/db/benches/tb_single_thread.rs b/crates/db/benches/tb_single_thread.rs
index 4812152c..ffb0ec18 100644
--- a/crates/db/benches/tb_single_thread.rs
+++ b/crates/db/benches/tb_single_thread.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ use criterion::{black_box, criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 use moor_db::rdb::{RelBox, RelationInfo};
 use moor_db::testing::jepsen::{History, Type, Value};
 use moor_values::util::SliceRef;
+use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ fn list_append_scan_workload(iters: u64, events: &Vec<History>) -> Duration {
             match e.r#type {
                 Type::invoke => {
                     // Start a transaction.
-                    let tx = Arc::new(db.clone().start_tx());
+                    let tx = Rc::new(db.clone().start_tx());
                     assert!(
                         !processes.check(e.process as usize),
                         "T{} already exists committed",
@@ -129,7 +130,7 @@ fn list_append_seek_workload(iters: u64, events: &Vec<History>) -> Duration {
             match e.r#type {
                 Type::invoke => {
                     // Start a transaction.
-                    let tx = Arc::new(db.clone().start_tx());
+                    let tx = Rc::new(db.clone().start_tx());
                     assert!(
                         !processes.check(e.process as usize),
                         "T{} already exists committed",
diff --git a/crates/db/tests/jepsen.rs b/crates/db/tests/jepsen.rs
index bf227783..6595f297 100644
--- a/crates/db/tests/jepsen.rs
+++ b/crates/db/tests/jepsen.rs
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ pub mod support {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use std::collections::{BTreeSet, HashMap};
+    use std::rc::Rc;
     use std::sync::Arc;
     use tracing_test::traced_test;
 
@@ -152,7 +153,7 @@ mod tests {
             match e.r#type {
                 Type::invoke => {
                     // Start a transaction.
-                    let tx = Arc::new(db.clone().start_tx());
+                    let tx = Rc::new(db.clone().start_tx());
                     let existing = processes.insert(e.process, tx.clone());
                     assert!(
                         existing.is_none(),
diff --git a/crates/db/tests/rdb_restore.rs b/crates/db/tests/rdb_restore.rs
index 58bdc038..290b2184 100644
--- a/crates/db/tests/rdb_restore.rs
+++ b/crates/db/tests/rdb_restore.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 mod test {
     use std::collections::HashMap;
     use std::path::PathBuf;
+    use std::rc::Rc;
     use std::sync::Arc;
     use tracing_test::traced_test;
 
@@ -36,13 +37,13 @@ mod test {
     fn fill_db(
         db: Arc<RelBox>,
         events: &Vec<History>,
-        processes: &mut HashMap<i64, Arc<Transaction>>,
+        processes: &mut HashMap<i64, Rc<Transaction>>,
     ) {
         for e in events {
             match e.r#type {
                 Type::invoke => {
                     // Start a transaction.
-                    let tx = Arc::new(db.clone().start_tx());
+                    let tx = Rc::new(db.clone().start_tx());
                     let existing = processes.insert(e.process, tx.clone());
                     assert!(
                         existing.is_none(),
diff --git a/crates/kernel/src/builtins/bf_verbs.rs b/crates/kernel/src/builtins/bf_verbs.rs
index dd5bcd44..5cde46db 100644
--- a/crates/kernel/src/builtins/bf_verbs.rs
+++ b/crates/kernel/src/builtins/bf_verbs.rs
@@ -54,12 +54,7 @@ fn bf_verb_info(bf_args: &mut BfCallState<'_>) -> Result<BfRet, Error> {
         return Err(E_TYPE);
     };
 
-    if !bf_args
-        .world_state
-        .valid(*obj)
-
-        .map_err(world_state_err)?
-    {
+    if !bf_args.world_state.valid(*obj).map_err(world_state_err)? {
         return Err(E_INVARG);
     }
 
@@ -67,7 +62,6 @@ fn bf_verb_info(bf_args: &mut BfCallState<'_>) -> Result<BfRet, Error> {
         Variant::Str(verb_desc) => bf_args
             .world_state
             .get_verb(bf_args.task_perms_who(), *obj, verb_desc.as_str())
-
             .map_err(world_state_err)?,
         Variant::Int(verb_index) => {
             let verb_index = *verb_index;
@@ -78,7 +72,6 @@ fn bf_verb_info(bf_args: &mut BfCallState<'_>) -> Result<BfRet, Error> {
             bf_args
                 .world_state
                 .get_verb_at_index(bf_args.task_perms_who(), *obj, verb_index)
-
                 .map_err(world_state_err)?
         }
         _ => {
@@ -122,7 +115,6 @@ fn get_verbdef(
             bf_args
                 .world_state
                 .get_verb(bf_args.task_perms_who(), obj, verb_desc)
-
         }
         Variant::Int(verb_index) => {
             let verb_index = *verb_index;
@@ -133,7 +125,6 @@ fn get_verbdef(
             bf_args
                 .world_state
                 .get_verb_at_index(bf_args.task_perms_who(), obj, verb_index)
-
         }
         _ => return Err(E_TYPE),
     };
@@ -201,12 +192,7 @@ fn bf_set_verb_info(bf_args: &mut BfCallState<'_>) -> Result<BfRet, Error> {
     }
     let update_attrs = parse_verb_info(info)?;
 
-    if !bf_args
-        .world_state
-        .valid(*obj)
-
-        .map_err(world_state_err)?
-    {
+    if !bf_args.world_state.valid(*obj).map_err(world_state_err)? {
         return Err(E_INVARG);
     }
 
@@ -220,7 +206,6 @@ fn bf_set_verb_info(bf_args: &mut BfCallState<'_>) -> Result<BfRet, Error> {
                     verb_name.as_str(),
                     update_attrs,
                 )
-
                 .map_err(world_state_err)?;
         }
         Variant::Int(verb_index) => {
@@ -232,7 +217,6 @@ fn bf_set_verb_info(bf_args: &mut BfCallState<'_>) -> Result<BfRet, Error> {
             bf_args
                 .world_state
                 .update_verb_at_index(bf_args.task_perms_who(), *obj, verb_index, update_attrs)
-
                 .map_err(world_state_err)?;
         }
         _ => return Err(E_TYPE),
@@ -249,12 +233,7 @@ fn bf_verb_args(bf_args: &mut BfCallState<'_>) -> Result<BfRet, Error> {
     let Variant::Obj(obj) = bf_args.args[0].variant() else {
         return Err(E_TYPE);
     };
-    if !bf_args
-        .world_state
-        .valid(*obj)
-
-        .map_err(world_state_err)?
-    {
+    if !bf_args.world_state.valid(*obj).map_err(world_state_err)? {
         return Err(E_INVARG);
     }
 
@@ -311,12 +290,7 @@ fn bf_set_verb_args(bf_args: &mut BfCallState<'_>) -> Result<BfRet, Error> {
     if verbinfo.len() != 3 {
         return Err(E_INVARG);
     }
-    if !bf_args
-        .world_state
-        .valid(*obj)
-
-        .map_err(world_state_err)?
-    {
+    if !bf_args.world_state.valid(*obj).map_err(world_state_err)? {
         return Err(E_INVARG);
     }
 
@@ -341,7 +315,6 @@ fn bf_set_verb_args(bf_args: &mut BfCallState<'_>) -> Result<BfRet, Error> {
                     verb_name.as_str(),
                     update_attrs,
                 )
-
                 .map_err(world_state_err)?;
         }
         Variant::Int(verb_index) => {
@@ -353,7 +326,6 @@ fn bf_set_verb_args(bf_args: &mut BfCallState<'_>) -> Result<BfRet, Error> {
             bf_args
                 .world_state
                 .update_verb_at_index(bf_args.task_perms_who(), *obj, verb_index, update_attrs)
-
                 .map_err(world_state_err)?;
         }
         _ => return Err(E_TYPE),
@@ -370,19 +342,13 @@ fn bf_verb_code(bf_args: &mut BfCallState<'_>) -> Result<BfRet, Error> {
     let Variant::Obj(obj) = bf_args.args[0].variant() else {
         return Err(E_TYPE);
     };
-    if !bf_args
-        .world_state
-        .valid(*obj)
-
-        .map_err(world_state_err)?
-    {
+    if !bf_args.world_state.valid(*obj).map_err(world_state_err)? {
         return Err(E_INVARG);
     }
 
     // Verify caller is a programmer.
     if !bf_args
         .task_perms()
-
         .map_err(world_state_err)?
         .flags
         .contains(ObjFlag::Programmer)
@@ -408,7 +374,6 @@ fn bf_verb_code(bf_args: &mut BfCallState<'_>) -> Result<BfRet, Error> {
     let verb_info = bf_args
         .world_state
         .retrieve_verb(bf_args.task_perms_who(), *obj, verbdef.uuid())
-
         .map_err(world_state_err)?;
 
     // If the binary is empty, just return empty rather than try to decode it.
@@ -451,19 +416,13 @@ fn bf_set_verb_code(bf_args: &mut BfCallState<'_>) -> Result<BfRet, Error> {
     let Variant::Obj(obj) = bf_args.args[0].variant() else {
         return Err(E_TYPE);
     };
-    if !bf_args
-        .world_state
-        .valid(*obj)
-
-        .map_err(world_state_err)?
-    {
+    if !bf_args.world_state.valid(*obj).map_err(world_state_err)? {
         return Err(E_INVARG);
     }
 
     // Verify caller is a programmer.
     if !bf_args
         .task_perms()
-
         .map_err(world_state_err)?
         .flags
         .contains(ObjFlag::Programmer)
@@ -519,7 +478,6 @@ fn bf_set_verb_code(bf_args: &mut BfCallState<'_>) -> Result<BfRet, Error> {
     bf_args
         .world_state
         .update_verb_with_id(bf_args.task_perms_who(), *obj, verbdef.uuid(), update_attrs)
-
         .map_err(world_state_err)?;
     Ok(Ret(v_none()))
 }
@@ -539,19 +497,13 @@ fn bf_add_verb(bf_args: &mut BfCallState<'_>) -> Result<BfRet, Error> {
     let Variant::List(args) = bf_args.args[2].variant() else {
         return Err(E_TYPE);
     };
-    if !bf_args
-        .world_state
-        .valid(*obj)
-
-        .map_err(world_state_err)?
-    {
+    if !bf_args.world_state.valid(*obj).map_err(world_state_err)? {
         return Err(E_INVARG);
     }
 
     // Verify caller is a programmer.
     if !bf_args
         .task_perms()
-
         .map_err(world_state_err)?
         .flags
         .contains(ObjFlag::Programmer)
@@ -573,7 +525,6 @@ fn bf_add_verb(bf_args: &mut BfCallState<'_>) -> Result<BfRet, Error> {
             Vec::new(),
             BinaryType::LambdaMoo18X,
         )
-
         .map_err(world_state_err)?;
 
     Ok(Ret(v_none()))
@@ -588,19 +539,13 @@ fn bf_delete_verb(bf_args: &mut BfCallState<'_>) -> Result<BfRet, Error> {
     let Variant::Obj(obj) = bf_args.args[0].variant() else {
         return Err(E_TYPE);
     };
-    if !bf_args
-        .world_state
-        .valid(*obj)
-
-        .map_err(world_state_err)?
-    {
+    if !bf_args.world_state.valid(*obj).map_err(world_state_err)? {
         return Err(E_INVARG);
     }
 
     // Verify caller is a programmer.
     if !bf_args
         .task_perms()
-
         .map_err(world_state_err)?
         .flags
         .contains(ObjFlag::Programmer)
@@ -616,7 +561,6 @@ fn bf_delete_verb(bf_args: &mut BfCallState<'_>) -> Result<BfRet, Error> {
     bf_args
         .world_state
         .remove_verb(bf_args.task_perms_who(), *obj, verbdef.uuid())
-
         .map_err(world_state_err)?;
 
     Ok(Ret(v_none()))
@@ -635,12 +579,7 @@ fn bf_disassemble(bf_args: &mut BfCallState<'_>) -> Result<BfRet, Error> {
     let Variant::Obj(obj) = bf_args.args[0].variant() else {
         return Err(E_TYPE);
     };
-    if !bf_args
-        .world_state
-        .valid(*obj)
-
-        .map_err(world_state_err)?
-    {
+    if !bf_args.world_state.valid(*obj).map_err(world_state_err)? {
         return Err(E_INVARG);
     }
 
@@ -658,7 +597,6 @@ fn bf_disassemble(bf_args: &mut BfCallState<'_>) -> Result<BfRet, Error> {
     let verb_info = bf_args
         .world_state
         .retrieve_verb(bf_args.task_perms_who(), *obj, verbdef.uuid())
-
         .map_err(world_state_err)?;
 
     if verb_info.binary().is_empty() {
diff --git a/crates/kernel/src/vm/activation.rs b/crates/kernel/src/vm/activation.rs
index 02174e65..344c11a1 100644
--- a/crates/kernel/src/vm/activation.rs
+++ b/crates/kernel/src/vm/activation.rs
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ impl Activation {
             frame.set_gvar(GlobalName::iobjstr, v_str(""));
         }
 
-        let a = Self {
+        Self {
             frame,
             this: verb_call_request.call.this,
             player: verb_call_request.call.player,
@@ -302,9 +302,7 @@ impl Activation {
             bf_trampoline_arg: None,
             args: verb_call_request.call.args.clone(),
             permissions: verb_owner,
-        };
-
-        a
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn for_eval(permissions: Objid, player: Objid, program: Program) -> Self {
@@ -346,7 +344,7 @@ impl Activation {
         frame.set_gvar(GlobalName::iobj, v_objid(NOTHING));
         frame.set_gvar(GlobalName::iobjstr, v_str(""));
 
-        let a = Self {
+        Self {
             frame,
             this: player,
             player,
@@ -358,9 +356,7 @@ impl Activation {
             bf_trampoline_arg: None,
             args: vec![],
             permissions,
-        };
-
-        a
+        }
     }
     pub fn for_bf_call(
         bf_index: usize,
diff --git a/crates/kernel/src/vm/vm_call.rs b/crates/kernel/src/vm/vm_call.rs
index 3203fb5f..797fb722 100644
--- a/crates/kernel/src/vm/vm_call.rs
+++ b/crates/kernel/src/vm/vm_call.rs
@@ -205,11 +205,13 @@ impl VM {
     pub(crate) fn exec_fork_vector(&self, vm_state: &mut VMExecState, fork_request: Fork) {
         // Set the activation up with the new task ID, and the new code.
         let mut a = fork_request.activation;
-        a.frame.program.main_vector =
-            Arc::new(a.frame.program.fork_vectors[fork_request.fork_vector_offset.0 as usize].clone());
+        a.frame.program.main_vector = Arc::new(
+            a.frame.program.fork_vectors[fork_request.fork_vector_offset.0 as usize].clone(),
+        );
         a.frame.pc = 0;
         if let Some(task_id_name) = fork_request.task_id {
-            a.frame.set_var_offset(&task_id_name, v_int(vm_state.task_id as i64))
+            a.frame
+                .set_var_offset(&task_id_name, v_int(vm_state.task_id as i64))
                 .expect("Unable to set task_id in activation frame");
         }
 
diff --git a/crates/kernel/src/vm/vm_execute.rs b/crates/kernel/src/vm/vm_execute.rs
index 61037460..8f6362de 100644
--- a/crates/kernel/src/vm/vm_execute.rs
+++ b/crates/kernel/src/vm/vm_execute.rs
@@ -706,7 +706,7 @@ impl VM {
 
                     for _i in 0..num_excepts {
                         f.pop(); /* code list */
-                       f.handler_stack.pop();
+                        f.handler_stack.pop();
                     }
                     if is_catch {
                         f.push(v);
diff --git a/crates/kernel/src/vm/vm_unwind.rs b/crates/kernel/src/vm/vm_unwind.rs
index 3433798e..b413c764 100644
--- a/crates/kernel/src/vm/vm_unwind.rs
+++ b/crates/kernel/src/vm/vm_unwind.rs
@@ -183,7 +183,10 @@ impl VM {
                 pieces.push(format!(" (this == #{})", a.this.0));
             }
             if a.frame.find_line_no(a.frame.pc).is_some() {
-                pieces.push(format!(" (line {})", a.frame.find_line_no(a.frame.pc).unwrap()));
+                pieces.push(format!(
+                    " (line {})",
+                    a.frame.find_line_no(a.frame.pc).unwrap()
+                ));
             }
             if i == 0 {
                 pieces.push(format!(": {}", raise_msg));