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Over the course of 10 weeks, we investigate the core concepts of SimCenter and DesignSafe, +and examine four to five SimCenter tools, covering one every two weeks. Students are tasked with mastering +the essentials of each tool and delivering presentations to the class. Additionally, they work through one +or more practical examples for each tool, presenting their findings to their peers. Constructive feedback for +each tool presentation is an integral part of the learning experience. DesignSafe and SimCenter personnel are +invited to give Zoom presentations based on availability. At the end of the course, a small final project, +with a topic of choice for each student or group of students, is required, providing an opportunity for +deeper exploration and application of the learned concepts. + + +SimCenter provides next-generation computational modeling and simulation software tools, user support, +and educational materials to the natural hazards engineering research community with the goal of advancing +the user’s capability to simulate the impact of natural hazards on structures, lifelines, and communities. + +DesignSafe is a comprehensive cyberinfrastructure that provides cloud-based tools to manage, analyze, understand, +and publish critical data for research to understand the impacts of natural hazards. The capabilities within +the DesignSafe infrastructure are available at no-cost to all researchers working in natural hazards. + + +Learning Objectives +------------------- + +#. Develop a familiarity with Simcenter tools and DesignSafe cyberinfrastructure +#. Develop a familiarity with the breath of SimCenter tools. +#. Develop a suitable background for using HPC resources. +#. Introduce/revise concepts related to structural and geotechnical engineering including UQ concepts, FEM, PB, etc. +#. Provide a working knowledge for selecting, using, and interpreting tools for Structural and geotechnical design and analysis. + + + + + +Introduction +------------ + +A transfer function is ... This is just a trial to see if GitHub pages works. + + +Problem Description +------------------- + +A transfer function is somewhat like a filter that is applied to an incoming wave to produce an output signal. It determines how each frequency in the input motion is amplified or suppressed, by the medium of wave travel. Considering a spring-mass system with an excitation motion at input from the foundation connected to the spring and the corresponding response motion of the connected mass in the inertial system. The response motion of the mass will be a composite factor of the elastic and the viscous damping forces which are inherently embedded in the transfer function that determines the output motion we will obtain. In our wave propagation study we also employ transfer functions as a tool to explain the factors that make our input wave motion different from our output wave obtained. Evaluating the transfer function mathematically involves converting our known input motion to a Fourier series. Each term of the Fourier series is multiplied by the transfer function to obtain the Fourier series of the output response. Resonance is a physical phenomenon that occurs when the natural frequency of vibration of particles in a body (in our case the layers) matches the frequency of the forcing function (our input motion). It is experienced as an infinite amplification of the model. + + +Solution Strategy +----------------- + +#. Open the Dr. Layer program. By default we get twelve layers. The top six layers are hardwired into the system with a velocity of specified as very fast. The bottom six layers are hardwired with a velocity of very slow. + +#. Select all the layers to all have very slow values using the select all option. + +#. On the top left hand corner of the menu box choose the plot box tool and apply a plot box at the top of the layers. Do the same at four arbitrary points along the soil layers. Note the height (:math:`H`) you place the plots. + + + +#. Push the time increment button for about 1 minute. + +#. Obtain the angular frequency :math:`(2p/T)`, where :math:`T` is the period i.e. time it takes to complete one revolution. + +#. Obtain the maximum displacements from the plots by clicking on the crest of the curves with your cursor. + +.. math:: + TF = \frac{1}{\cos(\frac{wH}{v_s})} + + AF = \frac{1}{|\cos(\frac{wH}{v_s})|} + + +Where + +:math:`w` = Angular frequency (2pf) + +:math:`H` = distance between any two points in the layers under consideration. + +:math:`V` = Velocity of wave travel within the soil layer. + +:math:`TF` = Transfer function + +:math:`AF` = Amplification function + + +Dr. Layer's operation is controlled via menu commands (with associated keyboard accelerators), manipulation tools, scaling buttons, the load tool bar, and time control buttons. The program displays the results of its calculations visually in the form of animated displacements, and also in the form of dynamically generated time history plots. There are also mechanisms for getting numerical values. + +.. figure:: ./images/case1.png + :scale: 30 % + :align: center + :figclass: align-center + + +SimCenter Tool Used +------------------- + +blablabla + +.. list-table:: Title + :widths: 25 25 50 + :header-rows: 1 + + * - Heading row 1, column 1 + - Heading row 1, column 2 + - Heading row 1, column 3 + * - Row 1, column 1 + - + - Row 1, column 3 + * - Row 2, column 1 + - Row 2, column 2 + - Row 2, column 3 + +Time can be controlled using either the keyboard or the time control buttons: + +* To run time **forward**: Press and hold the 'g' key or click and hold the time forward button: . + +* To reset time to **zero**: Type the '0' key or click on the time reset button: . + +* The current analysis time is **displayed** in the feedback pane at the bottom of the screen. + +* The analysis time step size can be controlled via the Time Step menu (there are combinations of material properties and time steps that intentionally lead to unstable results, so beware). + +* The display time step can be controlled via the Animation Speed menu. Internally, this command controls how many analysis time steps are computed between screen updates. + + +Example Application +------------------- + +Dr. Layer's tool palette is illustrated below (Windows version: the Mac version is similar but grouped a bit differently): + + + +* The **Arrow Tool** is used to select and manipulate objects. + +* The **Panner** and **Camera Orbit Tools** are used to change the viewing point and camera orientation via clicking and dragging. + +* The **Plot Box Tool** is used to create one of the various types of plot boxes: + + * **Displacement Time History plots** are created by clicking on the relevant layer. The top node in the layer is used as the plotting target. + + * **Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) plots** of a displacement history can be created by clicking on the time history plot. + + * **Stress-strain plots** can be created by control-clicking (i.e., holding down the control key while clicking) on the desired layer. + + + These controls are self-explanatory in regards to their functions. Note the following, however: + +.. note:: + The scaling buttons will continue to scale as long as they are held down. It is not necessary to click multiple times to get this effect. + + +Remarks +------- + +* To adjust the **plotting scales**, use the small expansion/contraction triangular buttons on the plot for the horizontal scale, and the plot scale buttons on the `Scale Button Toolbar <#scaling-buttons>`_ for the vertical scale. + +.. note:: + You will notice that all plots scale together. This is so that plots of a given type can be compared visually without any misleading differences in scale factors. + +* To adjust the **horizontal offset** of a plot, click in the plot and drag horizontally to scroll back and forth. + +.. note:: + In general, plots will automatically scroll as necessary as time is running. Once you have manually scrolled a plot, though, the automatic scrolling will cease until time is reset to zero. + +* Plot boxes can be added or removed at any time, but they only accumulate data beginning from the time they are installed, with the exception of FFT plots, which always plot the according to the data accumulated in the target time history. FFT plots can use up to the first 1024 points in a time history. + + +.. warning:: + Plotting FFT's will slow down the animation speed significantly, especially as the length of the time histories increase. + + +.. bibliography:: references.bib \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_sources/case_1.rst.txt b/_sources/case_1.rst.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4d26003 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/case_1.rst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,164 @@ +.. _case_1: + +quoFEM - Settlements +================================ + +Author: Kendra Mutch +--------------------- + +Introduction +------------ + +This page describes basic concepts of forward propagation and Bayesian calibration using QuoFEM. For more details, the user is encounged to read :cite:`Kramer1996`. + +Project Description +------------------- + +QuoFEM allows you to incorporate uncertainty and parameter callibration with finite element and hazard analysis. This project includes two examples, demonstrating how QuoFEM may be utilizied for settlement calculations. The first example makes use of the Forward Propagation feature of QuoFEM, which allows one to apply uncertainty to input parameters (such as preconsolidation pressure, compresison and recommpression index, void ratio, unit weight, etc.) to determine which paramter(s) impact the ultimate settlement most. In the second example, Bayesian Callibration is used to optimize the value of an input parameter to yield a desired settlement. Both examples will use a python input script paired with the Dakota uncertainty quantification tool in QuoFEM. + +The soil profile and problem scenario is shown below. + +.. figure:: ./images/Problem Scenario P1.png +.. figure:: ./images/Problem Scenario P2.png + +Program Overview +---------------- +There are five different tabs in QuoFEM; four input tabs and one results tab. The four input tabs are outlined below: + + UQ tab - The UQ tab allows one to select the analysis method (Forward Propagation, Bayesian Callibration, etc.). Additionally, one can specify a statistics model and the number of samples to run. + FEM tab - The FEM is where a python script is inputed, and a finite element method (such as Openseas) may be selected. + RV tab - The RV tab allows you define random variables and apply desired uncertainty and statistical models (normal distribution, uniform distribution etc.) to each variable. + EDP tab - The EDP tab allows one to define quantities of interest. In these examples, the quantity of interest is the settlement being calculated. + +Example One Solution Strategy - Forward Propagation +--------------------------------------------------- + +#. Open the QuoFEM. By default, the UQ method is Forward Propagation and the UQ Engine is Dakota. In this example, we will use these defaults. Specify a sample and seed number as shown below. + +.. figure:: ./images/Forward Propagation UQ Tab.png + +end of my edits to date + + +#. Select all the layers to all have very slow values using the select all option. + +#. On the top left hand corner of the menu box choose the plot box tool and apply a plot box at the top of the layers. Do the same at four arbitrary points along the soil layers. Note the height (:math:`H`) you place the plots. + + + +#. Push the time increment button for about 1 minute. + +#. Obtain the angular frequency :math:`(2p/T)`, where :math:`T` is the period i.e. time it takes to complete one revolution. + +#. Obtain the maximum displacements from the plots by clicking on the crest of the curves with your cursor. + +.. math:: + TF = \frac{1}{\cos(\frac{wH}{v_s})} + + AF = \frac{1}{|\cos(\frac{wH}{v_s})|} + + +Where + +:math:`w` = Angular frequency (2pf) + +:math:`H` = distance between any two points in the layers under consideration. + +:math:`V` = Velocity of wave travel within the soil layer. + +:math:`TF` = Transfer function + +:math:`AF` = Amplification function + + +Dr. Layer's operation is controlled via menu commands (with associated keyboard accelerators), manipulation tools, scaling buttons, the load tool bar, and time control buttons. The program displays the results of its calculations visually in the form of animated displacements, and also in the form of dynamically generated time history plots. There are also mechanisms for getting numerical values. + +.. figure:: ./images/case1.png + :scale: 30 % + :align: center + :figclass: align-center + +Example Two Solution Strategy - Bayesian Callibration +----------------------------------------------------- + +#. Open the QuoFEM. Change the UQ method to Bayesain Callibration and keep the default UQ Engine as Dakota. + + +SimCenter Tool Used +------------------- + +blablabla + +.. list-table:: Title + :widths: 25 25 50 + :header-rows: 1 + + * - Heading row 1, column 1 + - Heading row 1, column 2 + - Heading row 1, column 3 + * - Row 1, column 1 + - + - Row 1, column 3 + * - Row 2, column 1 + - Row 2, column 2 + - Row 2, column 3 + +Time can be controlled using either the keyboard or the time control buttons: + +* To run time **forward**: Press and hold the 'g' key or click and hold the time forward button: . + +* To reset time to **zero**: Type the '0' key or click on the time reset button: . + +* The current analysis time is **displayed** in the feedback pane at the bottom of the screen. + +* The analysis time step size can be controlled via the Time Step menu (there are combinations of material properties and time steps that intentionally lead to unstable results, so beware). + +* The display time step can be controlled via the Animation Speed menu. Internally, this command controls how many analysis time steps are computed between screen updates. + + +Example Application +------------------- + +Dr. Layer's tool palette is illustrated below (Windows version: the Mac version is similar but grouped a bit differently): + + + +* The **Arrow Tool** is used to select and manipulate objects. + +* The **Panner** and **Camera Orbit Tools** are used to change the viewing point and camera orientation via clicking and dragging. + +* The **Plot Box Tool** is used to create one of the various types of plot boxes: + + * **Displacement Time History plots** are created by clicking on the relevant layer. The top node in the layer is used as the plotting target. + + * **Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) plots** of a displacement history can be created by clicking on the time history plot. + + * **Stress-strain plots** can be created by control-clicking (i.e., holding down the control key while clicking) on the desired layer. + + + These controls are self-explanatory in regards to their functions. Note the following, however: + +.. note:: + The scaling buttons will continue to scale as long as they are held down. It is not necessary to click multiple times to get this effect. + + +Remarks +------- + +* To adjust the **plotting scales**, use the small expansion/contraction triangular buttons on the plot for the horizontal scale, and the plot scale buttons on the `Scale Button Toolbar <#scaling-buttons>`_ for the vertical scale. + +.. note:: + You will notice that all plots scale together. This is so that plots of a given type can be compared visually without any misleading differences in scale factors. + +* To adjust the **horizontal offset** of a plot, click in the plot and drag horizontally to scroll back and forth. + +.. note:: + In general, plots will automatically scroll as necessary as time is running. Once you have manually scrolled a plot, though, the automatic scrolling will cease until time is reset to zero. + +* Plot boxes can be added or removed at any time, but they only accumulate data beginning from the time they are installed, with the exception of FFT plots, which always plot the according to the data accumulated in the target time history. FFT plots can use up to the first 1024 points in a time history. + + +.. warning:: + Plotting FFT's will slow down the animation speed significantly, especially as the length of the time histories increase. + +.. bibliography:: references.bib \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_sources/case_2.rst.txt b/_sources/case_2.rst.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..588ea25 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/case_2.rst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +.. _case_2: + +EEUQ - Transfer Function and Uncertainty +================================ + +Author: Erick Martinez +---------------------- + +Introduction +------------ + +This page describes the basic concept of transfer functions and their use in a site response analysis. Along with this, the uncertainty in this process will be explained. For more details, the user is encouraged to read :cite:`Kramer1996`. + + +Problem Description +------------------- + +A transfer function acts as a filter that can amplify or de-amplify an incoming wave from a medium to produce the output signal in another medium. To simplify the idea of a transfer function, a spring-mass system can be used. As a motion is applied on the mass connected to a spring; a responsive outgoing wave will then be propagated through the mass and the spring. This outgoing motion will be a composite factor of the stiffness and elastic damping forces found within the spring-mass system. + +This can be applied to earth systems in the form of ground motions. An example of this is an earthquake motion acting on a rock layer at a certain depth. This motion is then transferred through the soil profile and is reflected as a different motion at the surface. In order to determine the influence of a soil profile on the motion, three major components are required: thickness of layer (H), shear wave velocity (Vs), and damping ratio. As with any engineering properties, there will always be the presence of uncertainty. A layer might have differential thicknesses in certain regions, causing the height to be non-uniform. Shear wave velocity can change very quickly depending on depth and composition of the materials within the layer. Damping can also be affected by changes in stratigraphy and composition. To account for this, uncertainty must be incorporated into a transfer function analysis. This inclusion will aid in the accuracy and reliability of site response analyses. + + +Solution Strategy +----------------- + +In earth systems, this relationship between incoming and outgoing wave can be evaluated through mathematically converting an input motion, typically an acceleration-time history, to a Fourier series. In the Fourier space, the motion is then multiplied by the transfer function, resulting in the outgoing Fourier motion. This can then be converted back into various plots, such as acceleration-time history and spectral acceleration vs. period, that allow for analysis of the outgoing motion. An analysis of this ground motion can provide frequencies of interest where ground accelerations would be highest/lowest, which can aid in site response analysis and planning. + + + +.. figure:: ./images/TF_Rock_to_Soil1.png + :scale: 30 % + :align: center + :figclass: align-center + + +NEEDS FINISHING + + +SimCenter Tool Used +------------------- + + +To understand transfer functions, there are many tools available. One of these tools is the SimCenter Transfer Function Tool (TFT). This tool introduces users to transfer functions by providing the output motion at a site given the motion, thickness of layers, shear wave velocities, and damping ratio. TFT allows for easy analysis of amplification/de-amplification of ground motions based on specific sites. + +The Earthquake Engineering with Uncertainty Quantification Application (EE-UQ) is a SimCenter research application that also allows for site response predictions due to earthquake loading. In addition to basic transfer function quantification, it allows for the analysis of uncertainty in the predictions based on the uncertainty found within the input model, motion, etc. This workflow application allows the user to run analyses in the background and provides a simple user interface that facilitates its use. + + +Example Application +------------------- + +For our purposes, an earthquake motion will be applied to a rock, located at the bottom of a one-dimensional soil profile. In this example, we will analyze the amplification/deamplification effects of the ground motion caused by its propagation through the soil layer. The 10 meter soil layer has a shear wave velocity (Vs) of 500 m/s and a damping ratio of 3%. + + +.. figure:: ./images/CESG599_TF_image1.png + :scale: 50 % + :align: center + :figclass: align-center + + +Because of the presence of uncertainty in the soil properties, the transfer function will include uncertainty in its effects. Normal distribution values for each variable (H, Vs, damping) will be provided.This uncertainty will be quantified through multiple runs in EE-UQ and expressed as ratios of mean velocity and acceleration, along with standard deviation and skewness. + +NEEDS FINISHING + + +Remarks +------- + +NEEDS FINISHING + + +.. warning:: + Plotting FFT's will slow down the animation speed significantly, especially as the length of the time histories increase. + +.. bibliography:: references.bib \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_sources/case_3.rst.txt b/_sources/case_3.rst.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..11deaf8 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/case_3.rst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,144 @@ +.. _case_3: + +S3hark - Site Response 1 +================================ + +Author: Jose Barreto +-------------------- + +Introduction +------------ + +This page describes basic concepts of one-dimensional ground response analysis and the usage of transfer functions. For more details, the user is encounged to read :cite:`Kramer1996`. + + +Problem Description +------------------- + +A transfer function is somewhat like a filter that is applied to an incoming wave to produce an output signal. It determines how each frequency in the input motion is amplified or suppressed, by the medium of wave travel. Considering a spring-mass system with an excitation motion at input from the foundation connected to the spring and the corresponding response motion of the connected mass in the inertial system. The response motion of the mass will be a composite factor of the elastic and the viscous damping forces which are inherently embedded in the transfer function that determines the output motion we will obtain. In our wave propagation study we also employ transfer functions as a tool to explain the factors that make our input wave motion different from our output wave obtained. Evaluating the transfer function mathematically involves converting our known input motion to a Fourier series. Each term of the Fourier series is multiplied by the transfer function to obtain the Fourier series of the output response. Resonance is a physical phenomenon that occurs when the natural frequency of vibration of particles in a body (in our case the layers) matches the frequency of the forcing function (our input motion). It is experienced as an infinite amplification of the model. + + +Solution Strategy +----------------- + +#. Open the Dr. Layer program. By default we get twelve layers. The top six layers are hardwired into the system with a velocity of specified as very fast. The bottom six layers are hardwired with a velocity of very slow. + +#. Select all the layers to all have very slow values using the select all option. + +#. On the top left hand corner of the menu box choose the plot box tool and apply a plot box at the top of the layers. Do the same at four arbitrary points along the soil layers. Note the height (:math:`H`) you place the plots. + + + +#. Push the time increment button for about 1 minute. + +#. Obtain the angular frequency :math:`(2p/T)`, where :math:`T` is the period i.e. time it takes to complete one revolution. + +#. Obtain the maximum displacements from the plots by clicking on the crest of the curves with your cursor. + +.. math:: + TF = \frac{1}{\cos(\frac{wH}{v_s})} + + AF = \frac{1}{|\cos(\frac{wH}{v_s})|} + + +Where + +:math:`w` = Angular frequency (2pf) + +:math:`H` = distance between any two points in the layers under consideration. + +:math:`V` = Velocity of wave travel within the soil layer. + +:math:`TF` = Transfer function + +:math:`AF` = Amplification function + + +Dr. Layer's operation is controlled via menu commands (with associated keyboard accelerators), manipulation tools, scaling buttons, the load tool bar, and time control buttons. The program displays the results of its calculations visually in the form of animated displacements, and also in the form of dynamically generated time history plots. There are also mechanisms for getting numerical values. + +.. figure:: ./images/case1.png + :scale: 30 % + :align: center + :figclass: align-center + + +SimCenter Tool Used +------------------- + +blablabla + +.. list-table:: Title + :widths: 25 25 50 + :header-rows: 1 + + * - Heading row 1, column 1 + - Heading row 1, column 2 + - Heading row 1, column 3 + * - Row 1, column 1 + - + - Row 1, column 3 + * - Row 2, column 1 + - Row 2, column 2 + - Row 2, column 3 + + +Time can be controlled using either the keyboard or the time control buttons: + +* To run time **forward**: Press and hold the 'g' key or click and hold the time forward button: . + +* To reset time to **zero**: Type the '0' key or click on the time reset button: . + +* The current analysis time is **displayed** in the feedback pane at the bottom of the screen. + +* The analysis time step size can be controlled via the Time Step menu (there are combinations of material properties and time steps that intentionally lead to unstable results, so beware). + +* The display time step can be controlled via the Animation Speed menu. Internally, this command controls how many analysis time steps are computed between screen updates. + + +Example Application +------------------- + +Dr. Layer's tool palette is illustrated below (Windows version: the Mac version is similar but grouped a bit differently): + + + +* The **Arrow Tool** is used to select and manipulate objects. + +* The **Panner** and **Camera Orbit Tools** are used to change the viewing point and camera orientation via clicking and dragging. + +* The **Plot Box Tool** is used to create one of the various types of plot boxes: + + * **Displacement Time History plots** are created by clicking on the relevant layer. The top node in the layer is used as the plotting target. + + * **Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) plots** of a displacement history can be created by clicking on the time history plot. + + * **Stress-strain plots** can be created by control-clicking (i.e., holding down the control key while clicking) on the desired layer. + + + These controls are self-explanatory in regards to their functions. Note the following, however: + +.. note:: + The scaling buttons will continue to scale as long as they are held down. It is not necessary to click multiple times to get this effect. + + +Remarks +------- + +* To adjust the **plotting scales**, use the small expansion/contraction triangular buttons on the plot for the horizontal scale, and the plot scale buttons on the `Scale Button Toolbar <#scaling-buttons>`_ for the vertical scale. + +.. note:: + You will notice that all plots scale together. This is so that plots of a given type can be compared visually without any misleading differences in scale factors. + +* To adjust the **horizontal offset** of a plot, click in the plot and drag horizontally to scroll back and forth. + +.. note:: + In general, plots will automatically scroll as necessary as time is running. Once you have manually scrolled a plot, though, the automatic scrolling will cease until time is reset to zero. + +* Plot boxes can be added or removed at any time, but they only accumulate data beginning from the time they are installed, with the exception of FFT plots, which always plot the according to the data accumulated in the target time history. FFT plots can use up to the first 1024 points in a time history. + + +.. warning:: + Plotting FFT's will slow down the animation speed significantly, especially as the length of the time histories increase. + +.. bibliography:: references.bib + diff --git a/_sources/case_4.rst.txt b/_sources/case_4.rst.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c6bb240 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/case_4.rst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,148 @@ +.. _case_4: + +S3hark - Site Response 2 +======================= + +Author: Chungen Tai +(Updated : 05/24/24) +------------------- + +Introduction +------------ + +This page shows basic concepts of one-dimensional nonlinear site response analysis by using various soil material models (ex: ElasticIsotropic, PM4Sand.).Site response analysis is commonly performed to analyze the propagation of seismic waves through soil. As shown in the below figure, one-dimensional response analyses, as a simplified method, assume that all boundaries are horizontal and that the response of a soil deposit is predominately caused by SH-waves propagating vertically from the underlying bedrock. Ground surface response is usually the major output from these analyses, together with profile plots such as peak horizontal acceleration along the soil profile. When liquefiable soils are presenting, maximum shear strain and excess pore pressure ratio plots are also important. + +.. figure:: ./images/siteResponse2.png + :scale: 60 % + :align: center + :figclass: align-center + +Problem Description +------------------- + +Treasure Island, situated atop sand fill strata overlaying Bay Mud within the San Francisco Bay, was subjected to seismic activity during the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. Adjacent to Treasure Island lies Yerba Buena Island, characterized by its natural rock outcrop. Utilizing the site's soil profile and seismic data recorded on Yerba Buena Island, we endeavor to analyze the site response of Treasure Island. This entails computing parameters such as peak horizontal acceleration and shear strain distribution along the soil profile. Furthermore, we aim to investigate the influence of varying slope configurations on the site's response characteristics. + + + +Solution Strategy +----------------- + +#. Open the Dr. Layer program. By default we get twelve layers. The top six layers are hardwired into the system with a velocity of specified as very fast. The bottom six layers are hardwired with a velocity of very slow. + +#. Select all the layers to all have very slow values using the select all option. + +#. On the top left hand corner of the menu box choose the plot box tool and apply a plot box at the top of the layers. Do the same at four arbitrary points along the soil layers. Note the height (:math:`H`) you place the plots. + + + +#. Push the time increment button for about 1 minute. + +#. Obtain the angular frequency :math:`(2p/T)`, where :math:`T` is the period i.e. time it takes to complete one revolution. + +#. Obtain the maximum displacements from the plots by clicking on the crest of the curves with your cursor. + +.. math:: + TF = \frac{1}{\cos(\frac{wH}{v_s})} + + AF = \frac{1}{|\cos(\frac{wH}{v_s})|} + + +Where + +:math:`w` = Angular frequency (2pf) + +:math:`H` = distance between any two points in the layers under consideration. + +:math:`V` = Velocity of wave travel within the soil layer. + +:math:`TF` = Transfer function + +:math:`AF` = Amplification function + + +Dr. Layer's operation is controlled via menu commands (with associated keyboard accelerators), manipulation tools, scaling buttons, the load tool bar, and time control buttons. The program displays the results of its calculations visually in the form of animated displacements, and also in the form of dynamically generated time history plots. There are also mechanisms for getting numerical values. + +.. figure:: ./images/case1.png + :scale: 30 % + :align: center + :figclass: align-center + + +SimCenter Tool Used +------------------- + +blablabla + +.. list-table:: Title + :widths: 25 25 50 + :header-rows: 1 + + * - Heading row 1, column 1 + - Heading row 1, column 2 + - Heading row 1, column 3 + * - Row 1, column 1 + - + - Row 1, column 3 + * - Row 2, column 1 + - Row 2, column 2 + - Row 2, column 3 + +Time can be controlled using either the keyboard or the time control buttons: + +* To run time **forward**: Press and hold the 'g' key or click and hold the time forward button: . + +* To reset time to **zero**: Type the '0' key or click on the time reset button: . + +* The current analysis time is **displayed** in the feedback pane at the bottom of the screen. + +* The analysis time step size can be controlled via the Time Step menu (there are combinations of material properties and time steps that intentionally lead to unstable results, so beware). + +* The display time step can be controlled via the Animation Speed menu. Internally, this command controls how many analysis time steps are computed between screen updates. + + +Example Application +------------------- + +Dr. Layer's tool palette is illustrated below (Windows version: the Mac version is similar but grouped a bit differently): + + + +* The **Arrow Tool** is used to select and manipulate objects. + +* The **Panner** and **Camera Orbit Tools** are used to change the viewing point and camera orientation via clicking and dragging. + +* The **Plot Box Tool** is used to create one of the various types of plot boxes: + + * **Displacement Time History plots** are created by clicking on the relevant layer. The top node in the layer is used as the plotting target. + + * **Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) plots** of a displacement history can be created by clicking on the time history plot. + + * **Stress-strain plots** can be created by control-clicking (i.e., holding down the control key while clicking) on the desired layer. + + + These controls are self-explanatory in regards to their functions. Note the following, however: + +.. note:: + The scaling buttons will continue to scale as long as they are held down. It is not necessary to click multiple times to get this effect. + + +Remarks +------- + +* To adjust the **plotting scales**, use the small expansion/contraction triangular buttons on the plot for the horizontal scale, and the plot scale buttons on the `Scale Button Toolbar <#scaling-buttons>`_ for the vertical scale. + +.. note:: + You will notice that all plots scale together. This is so that plots of a given type can be compared visually without any misleading differences in scale factors. + +* To adjust the **horizontal offset** of a plot, click in the plot and drag horizontally to scroll back and forth. + +.. note:: + In general, plots will automatically scroll as necessary as time is running. Once you have manually scrolled a plot, though, the automatic scrolling will cease until time is reset to zero. + +* Plot boxes can be added or removed at any time, but they only accumulate data beginning from the time they are installed, with the exception of FFT plots, which always plot the according to the data accumulated in the target time history. FFT plots can use up to the first 1024 points in a time history. + + +.. warning:: + Plotting FFT's will slow down the animation speed significantly, especially as the length of the time histories increase. + +.. bibliography:: references.bib \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_sources/case_5.rst.txt b/_sources/case_5.rst.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..958b1b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/case_5.rst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,124 @@ +.. _case_5: + +R2D - Liquefaction +================== + +Author: Morgan Sanger +--------------------- + +Introduction +------------ + +This page describes basic concepts of geospatial liquefaction hazard modeling. + + +Problem Description +------------------- + +Coseismic soil liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced by earthquake shaking. Resilient communities and infrastructure networks, like lifelines or transportation systems, must be built to withstand and respond to hazards posed by coseismic soil liquefaction. Ideally, these predictions could be made: + +* quickly, in near-real-time after an event; + +* at high resolution, consistent with the scale of individual assets; and + +* at map-scale, across the regional extent affected by large earthquakes. + + +Common liquefaction models in practice require in-situ testing which cannot be continuously performed across large areas, thus presenting the need for “geospatial” liquefaction models. Prior tests of such models (e.g., :cite:`Zhu2017`) have shown both promising potential and severe shortcomings in predicting subsurface conditions with few geospatial predictors. There is a need to advance geospatial liquefaction modeling by integrating geotechnical data, liquefaction mechanics, artificial intelligence (AI), and many geospatial predictor variables to provide reliable regional liquefaction predictions for any earthquake event. When integrated with regional hazard assessment capabilities, geospatial liquefcation models will provide value throughout the life of infrastructure projects - from initial desk studies to refined project-specific hazard analyses - and will unlock insights beyond conventional practice, with opportunity to: + +* prescribe event-specific emergency response and evacuation routes immediately after an earthquake, + +* evaluate network reliability and infrastructure network resiliency using structural databases or other asset inventories, and + +* understand the impacts of earthquake events of vulnerable communities using population demographic data. + + +Solution Strategy +----------------- + +The state-of-practice geospatial liquefaction model is the :cite:`RB2020` model (updated version of the :cite:`Zhu2017` model), which uses logistic regression to predict probability of liquefaction based on five (5) geospatial variables and trained on a database of liquefaction case histories. + +In this problem, another modeling solution strategy is proposed, according to :cite:`Sanger2024`. The :cite:`Sanger2024` approach parses the problem into that which is empirical and best predicted by AI (the relationship between geospatial variables and subsurface traits) and that which is best predicted by mechanics (liquefaction response, conditioned on those traits). In this approach, the subsurface traits are characterized at point locations using available cone penetration testing (CPT) data. The liquefaction response at each CPT location is computed across a range of magnitude-scale peak ground accelerations (PGAM7.5) using state-of-practice liquefaction manifestation models (e.g., liquefaction potential index, LPI), thereby retaining the knowledge of liquefaction mechanics developed over the last 50+ years. The relationship between manifestation index and PGAM7.5 is represented as a functional form (Eqn 1) with two curve-fitting parameters: A and B (Fig 1). Therefore, the liquefaction response (i.e., A and B) at each CPT location becomes target variables of supervised learning AI models. + +.. math:: + MI = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} + 0, & \text{PGA}_{M7.5} < 0.1g \\ + \arctan(B \cdot (\text{PGA}_{M7.5} - \frac{A}{B})^2) \cdot 100, & \text{PGA}_{M7.5} \geq 0.1g + \end{array} \right. + +**Eqn 1.** Manifestation index as a function of A, B, and PGAM7.5. + + +.. figure:: ./images/manifestationcurve.png + :scale: 100 % + :align: center + :figclass: align-center + + **Fig 1.** Example manifestation curve of LPI vs. PGAM7.5 for a single CPT. + +The AI model is trained to predict liquefaction response from a suite of geospatial predictor variables identified as proxies of liquefaction (37 variables). Example predictor variables include mapped or remotely sensed metrics of surface topography and roughness; distance to and elevation above water bodies; geology, geomorphology, hydrology, and more. By applying the final trained AI model to the full predictor datasets, the A and B parameters are predicted geospatially at a defined resolution. A final, key step of the approach is that AI predictions are geostatistically updated via regression kriging in the vicinity of field measurements, such that nearby predictions are based mostly on known subsurface conditions and have lower model uncertainty, whereas distal predictions are based mostly on AI and have greater model uncertainty. In summary, this approach effectively pre-computes liquefaction response across all possible ground motion intensities and durations based on AI-predicted subsurface conditions. These predictions are stored as mapped parameters, awaiting information about a specific earthquake of interest, real or scenario, such as a PGAM7.5 raster from R2D. + +Model predictions were then tested against the leading geospatial model :cite:`RB2020` in three case-history events using receiver operating characteristic and area under the curve analyses (Fig 2). The :cite:`Sanger2024` AI model (before kriging) performed significantly better than :cite:`RB2020` and was further improved by kriging (Fig 3). + +.. figure:: ./images/sanger2024-roc.png + :scale: 100 % + :align: center + :figclass: align-center + + **Fig 2.** Receiver operator characteristic curves and area under the curve (AUC) analyses comparing :cite:`RB2020` (“R&B”), and the :cite:`Sanger2024` *before* regression kriging (“LPI”). + +.. figure:: ./images/zhu2017.png + :scale: 100 % + :align: center + :figclass: align-center + + **(a)** + +.. figure:: ./images/sanger2024-ai.png + :scale: 100 % + :align: center + :figclass: align-center + + **(b)** + +.. figure:: ./images/sanger2024-krig.png + :scale: 100 % + :align: center + :figclass: align-center + + **(c)** + + **Fig 3.** Comparison between **(a)** Rashidian & Baise (2020), and this model **(b)** before and **(c)** after regression kriging for the Feb. 2011 M6.1 Christchurch event. + + +SimCenter Tool Used +------------------- + +The presented problem can be solved using SimCenter's Regional Resilience Determination `R2D `_ Tool. A substantially complete description of the tool is provided in the `R2D Documentation `_. + +The :cite:`Zhu2017` model is implemented in the R2D tool (version 4.2.0), whereas the :cite:`Sanger2024` model is not yet implemented in the R2D tool. In this project, the :cite:`Sanger2024` model was implemented in the R2D tool using Python applications file. + + +Example Application +------------------- + + +Remarks +------- + +* To adjust the **plotting scales**, use the small expansion/contraction triangular buttons on the plot for the horizontal scale, and the plot scale buttons on the `Scale Button Toolbar <#scaling-buttons>`_ for the vertical scale. + +.. note:: + You will notice that all plots scale together. This is so that plots of a given type can be compared visually without any misleading differences in scale factors. + +* To adjust the **horizontal offset** of a plot, click in the plot and drag horizontally to scroll back and forth. + +.. note:: + In general, plots will automatically scroll as necessary as time is running. Once you have manually scrolled a plot, though, the automatic scrolling will cease until time is reset to zero. + +* Plot boxes can be added or removed at any time, but they only accumulate data beginning from the time they are installed, with the exception of FFT plots, which always plot the according to the data accumulated in the target time history. FFT plots can use up to the first 1024 points in a time history. + +.. warning:: + Plotting FFT's will slow down the animation speed significantly, especially as the length of the time histories increase. + +.. bibliography:: references.bib \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_sources/case_6.rst.txt b/_sources/case_6.rst.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..19ae9b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/case_6.rst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,152 @@ +.. _case_6: + +R2D - Landslides +================ + +Author: Luis Angel Guerrero Hoyos +--------------------- + +Introduction +------------ + +This page describes a preliminarly approach for landslide risk assesment using SimCenter tools (R2D). + + +Problem Description +------------------- + +Studying landslide assessment using Newmark analysis and ground motions is a multidisciplinary effort that integrates engineering, geology, and environmental science. It provides a comprehensive approach to understanding and mitigating the risks associated with landslides, ultimately leading to safer communities and more resilient infrastructure. Here we would like to analyze in a regional scale, what would be the response across a study area located in Seattle, WA, US. The idea is to estimate the predicted displacement in the study area if an earthquake with certain intensity measure (Arias Intensity :math:`I_a`) were to occur. This study integrates the infinite slope approach to estimate the static factor of safety so then the Critical Acceleration :math:`a_c` can be estimated. Finally with these parameters a Newmark displacement could be estimated using Randall W. Jibson correlation :cite:`Jibson1993`. + + +Solution Strategy +----------------- + +Jibson proposed model is used to calculate the Newmark displacement as follows: + +.. math:: + log(Dn) = 1.460\:log(I_a)-6.642\:a_c+1.546\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:(1) + +Where: + +:math:`Dn` = Newmark Displacement [cm]. + +:math:`I_a` = Areas Intensity [m/s]. + +:math:`a_c` = Critical Acceleration [g]. + +Also, + +.. math:: + a_c = (FS_{static}-1)\:sin(\beta)\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:(2) + +Where: + +.. math:: + FS_{static} = \frac{2c}{\gamma\:z\:sin(\beta)} + cot(\beta)\:tan(\phi)\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:(3) + +:math:`\beta` = Slope Angle [°]. + +:math:`FS_{static}` = Static Factor of Safety [-]. + +:math:`c` = Cohesion [kPa]. + +:math:`\gamma` = Unit Weight [kN/m³]. + +:math:`\phi` = Friction Angle [°]. + +:math:`I_a` = Intensity measure time-history motion specific. + +In order to estimate the imput parameters of equation 1 the following steps could be done: + +#. Create a slope raster for a selected area: this can be created using a DTM model for the area of interest which can be downloaded from the `USGS portal. `_ + +#. Use QGIS built-in functions to perform the slope calculations. See QGIS `slope documentation. `_ + +To be continued... +------------------- +Dr. Layer's operation is controlled via menu commands (with associated keyboard accelerators), manipulation tools, scaling buttons, the load tool bar, and time control buttons. The program displays the results of its calculations visually in the form of animated displacements, and also in the form of dynamically generated time history plots. There are also mechanisms for getting numerical values. + +.. figure:: ./images/case1.png + :scale: 30 % + :align: center + :figclass: align-center + + +SimCenter Tool Used +------------------- + +blablabla + +.. list-table:: Title + :widths: 25 25 50 + :header-rows: 1 + + * - Heading row 1, column 1 + - Heading row 1, column 2 + - Heading row 1, column 3 + * - Row 1, column 1 + - + - Row 1, column 3 + * - Row 2, column 1 + - Row 2, column 2 + - Row 2, column 3 + +Time can be controlled using either the keyboard or the time control buttons: + +* To run time **forward**: Press and hold the 'g' key or click and hold the time forward button: . + +* To reset time to **zero**: Type the '0' key or click on the time reset button: . + +* The current analysis time is **displayed** in the feedback pane at the bottom of the screen. + +* The analysis time step size can be controlled via the Time Step menu (there are combinations of material properties and time steps that intentionally lead to unstable results, so beware). + +* The display time step can be controlled via the Animation Speed menu. Internally, this command controls how many analysis time steps are computed between screen updates. + + +Example Application +------------------- + +Dr. Layer's tool palette is illustrated below (Windows version: the Mac version is similar but grouped a bit differently): + + + +* The **Arrow Tool** is used to select and manipulate objects. + +* The **Panner** and **Camera Orbit Tools** are used to change the viewing point and camera orientation via clicking and dragging. + +* The **Plot Box Tool** is used to create one of the various types of plot boxes: + + * **Displacement Time History plots** are created by clicking on the relevant layer. The top node in the layer is used as the plotting target. + + * **Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) plots** of a displacement history can be created by clicking on the time history plot. + + * **Stress-strain plots** can be created by control-clicking (i.e., holding down the control key while clicking) on the desired layer. + + + These controls are self-explanatory in regards to their functions. Note the following, however: + +.. note:: + The scaling buttons will continue to scale as long as they are held down. It is not necessary to click multiple times to get this effect. + + +Remarks +------- + +* To adjust the **plotting scales**, use the small expansion/contraction triangular buttons on the plot for the horizontal scale, and the plot scale buttons on the `Scale Button Toolbar <#scaling-buttons>`_ for the vertical scale. + +.. note:: + You will notice that all plots scale together. This is so that plots of a given type can be compared visually without any misleading differences in scale factors. + +* To adjust the **horizontal offset** of a plot, click in the plot and drag horizontally to scroll back and forth. + +.. note:: + In general, plots will automatically scroll as necessary as time is running. Once you have manually scrolled a plot, though, the automatic scrolling will cease until time is reset to zero. + +* Plot boxes can be added or removed at any time, but they only accumulate data beginning from the time they are installed, with the exception of FFT plots, which always plot the according to the data accumulated in the target time history. FFT plots can use up to the first 1024 points in a time history. + + +.. warning:: + Plotting FFT's will slow down the animation speed significantly, especially as the length of the time histories increase. + +.. bibliography:: references.bib \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_sources/case_7.rst.txt b/_sources/case_7.rst.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ec6914c --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/case_7.rst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,142 @@ +.. _case_7: + +R2D - Damage and Losses +======================= + +Author: Daniel Acosta +--------------------- + +Introduction +------------ + +This page describes basic concepts of one-dimensional ground response analysis and the usage of transfer functions. For more details, the user is encounged to read :cite:`Kramer1996`. + + +Problem Description +------------------- + +A transfer function is somewhat like a filter that is applied to an incoming wave to produce an output signal. It determines how each frequency in the input motion is amplified or suppressed, by the medium of wave travel. Considering a spring-mass system with an excitation motion at input from the foundation connected to the spring and the corresponding response motion of the connected mass in the inertial system. The response motion of the mass will be a composite factor of the elastic and the viscous damping forces which are inherently embedded in the transfer function that determines the output motion we will obtain. In our wave propagation study we also employ transfer functions as a tool to explain the factors that make our input wave motion different from our output wave obtained. Evaluating the transfer function mathematically involves converting our known input motion to a Fourier series. Each term of the Fourier series is multiplied by the transfer function to obtain the Fourier series of the output response. Resonance is a physical phenomenon that occurs when the natural frequency of vibration of particles in a body (in our case the layers) matches the frequency of the forcing function (our input motion). It is experienced as an infinite amplification of the model. + + +Solution Strategy +----------------- + +#. Open the Dr. Layer program. By default we get twelve layers. The top six layers are hardwired into the system with a velocity of specified as very fast. The bottom six layers are hardwired with a velocity of very slow. + +#. Select all the layers to all have very slow values using the select all option. + +#. On the top left hand corner of the menu box choose the plot box tool and apply a plot box at the top of the layers. Do the same at four arbitrary points along the soil layers. Note the height (:math:`H`) you place the plots. + + + +#. Push the time increment button for about 1 minute. + +#. Obtain the angular frequency :math:`(2p/T)`, where :math:`T` is the period i.e. time it takes to complete one revolution. + +#. Obtain the maximum displacements from the plots by clicking on the crest of the curves with your cursor. + +.. math:: + TF = \frac{1}{\cos(\frac{wH}{v_s})} + + AF = \frac{1}{|\cos(\frac{wH}{v_s})|} + + +Where + +:math:`w` = Angular frequency (2pf) + +:math:`H` = distance between any two points in the layers under consideration. + +:math:`V` = Velocity of wave travel within the soil layer. + +:math:`TF` = Transfer function + +:math:`AF` = Amplification function + + +Dr. Layer's operation is controlled via menu commands (with associated keyboard accelerators), manipulation tools, scaling buttons, the load tool bar, and time control buttons. The program displays the results of its calculations visually in the form of animated displacements, and also in the form of dynamically generated time history plots. There are also mechanisms for getting numerical values. + +.. figure:: ./images/case1.png + :scale: 30 % + :align: center + :figclass: align-center + + +SimCenter Tool Used +------------------- + +blablabla + +.. list-table:: Title + :widths: 25 25 50 + :header-rows: 1 + + * - Heading row 1, column 1 + - Heading row 1, column 2 + - Heading row 1, column 3 + * - Row 1, column 1 + - + - Row 1, column 3 + * - Row 2, column 1 + - Row 2, column 2 + - Row 2, column 3 + +Time can be controlled using either the keyboard or the time control buttons: + +* To run time **forward**: Press and hold the 'g' key or click and hold the time forward button: . + +* To reset time to **zero**: Type the '0' key or click on the time reset button: . + +* The current analysis time is **displayed** in the feedback pane at the bottom of the screen. + +* The analysis time step size can be controlled via the Time Step menu (there are combinations of material properties and time steps that intentionally lead to unstable results, so beware). + +* The display time step can be controlled via the Animation Speed menu. Internally, this command controls how many analysis time steps are computed between screen updates. + + +Example Application +------------------- + +Dr. Layer's tool palette is illustrated below (Windows version: the Mac version is similar but grouped a bit differently): + + + +* The **Arrow Tool** is used to select and manipulate objects. + +* The **Panner** and **Camera Orbit Tools** are used to change the viewing point and camera orientation via clicking and dragging. + +* The **Plot Box Tool** is used to create one of the various types of plot boxes: + + * **Displacement Time History plots** are created by clicking on the relevant layer. The top node in the layer is used as the plotting target. + + * **Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) plots** of a displacement history can be created by clicking on the time history plot. + + * **Stress-strain plots** can be created by control-clicking (i.e., holding down the control key while clicking) on the desired layer. + + + These controls are self-explanatory in regards to their functions. Note the following, however: + +.. note:: + The scaling buttons will continue to scale as long as they are held down. It is not necessary to click multiple times to get this effect. + + +Remarks +------- + +* To adjust the **plotting scales**, use the small expansion/contraction triangular buttons on the plot for the horizontal scale, and the plot scale buttons on the `Scale Button Toolbar <#scaling-buttons>`_ for the vertical scale. + +.. note:: + You will notice that all plots scale together. This is so that plots of a given type can be compared visually without any misleading differences in scale factors. + +* To adjust the **horizontal offset** of a plot, click in the plot and drag horizontally to scroll back and forth. + +.. note:: + In general, plots will automatically scroll as necessary as time is running. Once you have manually scrolled a plot, though, the automatic scrolling will cease until time is reset to zero. + +* Plot boxes can be added or removed at any time, but they only accumulate data beginning from the time they are installed, with the exception of FFT plots, which always plot the according to the data accumulated in the target time history. FFT plots can use up to the first 1024 points in a time history. + + +.. warning:: + Plotting FFT's will slow down the animation speed significantly, especially as the length of the time histories increase. + +.. bibliography:: references.bib \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_sources/index.rst.txt b/_sources/index.rst.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..36b1686 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/index.rst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +.. CESG 599 - NHERI - And Introduction to SimCenter ttols and DesignSafe Infrastructure. + +Welcome to CESG 599 - NHERI - An Introduction to SimCenter tool and DesignSafe Infrastructure! +============================================================================================== + +What is CESG599-NHERI +---------------------------------------- +This site provides a series of examples discussed during the CESG599-NHERI course. The course is designed to provide an introduction to the NHERI SimCenter tools and DesignSafe infrastructure. +The course is intended for graduate students and researchers in the field of civil engineering, but it is open to anyone interested in learning about the tools and resources available through the NHERI SimCenter and DesignSafe. + +.. toctree:: + :maxdepth: 2 + :caption: Contents + + case_0 + case_1 + case_2 + case_3 + case_4 + case_5 + case_6 + case_7 +.. Acknowledgements + +Acknowledgements +---------------- +This supporting materials were developed by CESG 599 students and Pedro Arduino in the Department of `Civil and Environmental Engineering `_ at the University of Washington under the auspices of the NHERI-SimCenter (`SimCenter `_). diff --git a/_static/CESG-599.gif b/_static/CESG-599.gif new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d182ff6 Binary files /dev/null and b/_static/CESG-599.gif differ diff --git a/_static/_sphinx_javascript_frameworks_compat.js b/_static/_sphinx_javascript_frameworks_compat.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8141580 --- /dev/null +++ b/_static/_sphinx_javascript_frameworks_compat.js @@ -0,0 +1,123 @@ +/* Compatability shim for jQuery and underscores.js. + * + * Copyright Sphinx contributors + * Released under the two clause BSD licence + */ + +/** + * small helper function to urldecode strings + * + * See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/decodeURIComponent#Decoding_query_parameters_from_a_URL + */ +jQuery.urldecode = function(x) { + if (!x) { + return x + } + return decodeURIComponent(x.replace(/\+/g, ' ')); +}; + +/** + * small helper function to urlencode strings + */ +jQuery.urlencode = encodeURIComponent; + +/** + * This function returns the parsed url parameters of the + * current request. Multiple values per key are supported, + * it will always return arrays of strings for the value parts. + */ +jQuery.getQueryParameters = function(s) { + if (typeof s === 'undefined') + s = document.location.search; + var parts = s.substr(s.indexOf('?') + 1).split('&'); + var result = {}; + for (var i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) { + var tmp = parts[i].split('=', 2); + var key = jQuery.urldecode(tmp[0]); + var value = jQuery.urldecode(tmp[1]); + if (key in result) + result[key].push(value); + else + result[key] = [value]; + } + return result; +}; + +/** + * highlight a given string on a jquery object by wrapping it in + * span elements with the given class name. + */ +jQuery.fn.highlightText = function(text, className) { + function highlight(node, addItems) { + if (node.nodeType === 3) { + var val = node.nodeValue; + var pos = val.toLowerCase().indexOf(text); + if (pos >= 0 && + !jQuery(node.parentNode).hasClass(className) && + !jQuery(node.parentNode).hasClass("nohighlight")) { + var span; + var isInSVG = jQuery(node).closest("body, svg, foreignObject").is("svg"); + if (isInSVG) { + span = document.createElementNS("http://www.w3.org/2000/svg", "tspan"); + } else { + span = document.createElement("span"); + span.className = className; + } + span.appendChild(document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos, text.length))); + node.parentNode.insertBefore(span, node.parentNode.insertBefore( + document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos + text.length)), + node.nextSibling)); + node.nodeValue = val.substr(0, pos); + if (isInSVG) { + var rect = document.createElementNS("http://www.w3.org/2000/svg", "rect"); + var bbox = node.parentElement.getBBox(); + rect.x.baseVal.value = bbox.x; + rect.y.baseVal.value = bbox.y; + rect.width.baseVal.value = bbox.width; + rect.height.baseVal.value = bbox.height; + rect.setAttribute('class', className); + addItems.push({ + "parent": node.parentNode, + "target": rect}); + } + } + } + else if (!jQuery(node).is("button, select, textarea")) { + jQuery.each(node.childNodes, function() { + highlight(this, addItems); + }); + } + } + var addItems = []; + var result = this.each(function() { + highlight(this, addItems); + }); + for (var i = 0; i < addItems.length; ++i) { + jQuery(addItems[i].parent).before(addItems[i].target); + } + return result; +}; + +/* + * backward compatibility for jQuery.browser + * This will be supported until firefox bug is fixed. + */ +if (!jQuery.browser) { + jQuery.uaMatch = function(ua) { + ua = ua.toLowerCase(); + + var match = /(chrome)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) || + /(webkit)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) || + /(opera)(?:.*version|)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) || + /(msie) ([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) || + ua.indexOf("compatible") < 0 && /(mozilla)(?:.*? rv:([\w.]+)|)/.exec(ua) || + []; + + return { + browser: match[ 1 ] || "", + version: match[ 2 ] || "0" + }; + }; + jQuery.browser = {}; + jQuery.browser[jQuery.uaMatch(navigator.userAgent).browser] = true; +} diff --git a/_static/basic.css b/_static/basic.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f316efc --- /dev/null +++ b/_static/basic.css @@ -0,0 +1,925 @@ +/* + * basic.css + * ~~~~~~~~~ + * + * Sphinx stylesheet -- basic theme. + * + * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2024 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS. + * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details. + * + */ + +/* -- main layout ----------------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.clearer { + clear: both; +} + +div.section::after { + display: block; + content: ''; + clear: left; +} + +/* -- relbar ---------------------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.related { + width: 100%; + font-size: 90%; +} + +div.related h3 { + display: none; +} + +div.related ul { + margin: 0; + padding: 0 0 0 10px; + list-style: none; +} + +div.related li { + display: inline; +} + +div.related li.right { + float: right; + margin-right: 5px; +} + +/* -- sidebar --------------------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.sphinxsidebarwrapper { + padding: 10px 5px 0 10px; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar { + float: left; + width: 230px; + margin-left: -100%; + font-size: 90%; + word-wrap: break-word; + overflow-wrap : break-word; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar ul { + list-style: none; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar ul ul, +div.sphinxsidebar ul.want-points { + margin-left: 20px; + list-style: square; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar ul ul { + margin-top: 0; + margin-bottom: 0; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar form { + margin-top: 10px; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar input { + border: 1px solid #98dbcc; + font-family: sans-serif; + font-size: 1em; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar #searchbox form.search { + overflow: hidden; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar #searchbox input[type="text"] { + float: left; + width: 80%; + padding: 0.25em; + box-sizing: border-box; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar #searchbox input[type="submit"] { + float: left; + width: 20%; + border-left: none; + padding: 0.25em; + box-sizing: border-box; +} + + +img { + border: 0; + max-width: 100%; +} + +/* -- search page ----------------------------------------------------------- */ + +ul.search { + margin: 10px 0 0 20px; + padding: 0; +} + +ul.search li { + padding: 5px 0 5px 20px; + background-image: url(file.png); + background-repeat: no-repeat; + background-position: 0 7px; +} + +ul.search li a { + font-weight: bold; +} + +ul.search li p.context { + color: #888; + margin: 2px 0 0 30px; + text-align: left; +} + +ul.keywordmatches li.goodmatch a { + font-weight: bold; +} + +/* -- index page ------------------------------------------------------------ */ + +table.contentstable { + width: 90%; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +table.contentstable p.biglink { + line-height: 150%; +} + +a.biglink { + font-size: 1.3em; +} + +span.linkdescr { + font-style: italic; + padding-top: 5px; + font-size: 90%; +} + +/* -- general index --------------------------------------------------------- */ + +table.indextable { + width: 100%; +} + +table.indextable td { + text-align: left; + vertical-align: top; +} + +table.indextable ul { + margin-top: 0; + margin-bottom: 0; + list-style-type: none; +} + +table.indextable > tbody > tr > td > ul { + padding-left: 0em; +} + +table.indextable tr.pcap { + height: 10px; +} + +table.indextable tr.cap { + margin-top: 10px; + background-color: #f2f2f2; +} + +img.toggler { + margin-right: 3px; + margin-top: 3px; + cursor: pointer; +} + +div.modindex-jumpbox { + border-top: 1px solid #ddd; + border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd; + margin: 1em 0 1em 0; + padding: 0.4em; +} + +div.genindex-jumpbox { + border-top: 1px solid #ddd; + border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd; + margin: 1em 0 1em 0; + padding: 0.4em; +} + +/* -- domain module index --------------------------------------------------- */ + +table.modindextable td { + padding: 2px; + border-collapse: collapse; +} + +/* -- general body styles --------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.body { + min-width: 360px; + max-width: 800px; +} + +div.body p, div.body dd, div.body li, div.body blockquote { + -moz-hyphens: auto; + -ms-hyphens: auto; + -webkit-hyphens: auto; + hyphens: auto; +} + +a.headerlink { + visibility: hidden; +} + +a:visited { + color: #551A8B; +} + +h1:hover > a.headerlink, +h2:hover > a.headerlink, +h3:hover > a.headerlink, +h4:hover > a.headerlink, +h5:hover > a.headerlink, +h6:hover > a.headerlink, +dt:hover > a.headerlink, +caption:hover > a.headerlink, +p.caption:hover > a.headerlink, +div.code-block-caption:hover > a.headerlink { + visibility: visible; +} + +div.body p.caption { + text-align: inherit; +} + +div.body td { + text-align: left; +} + +.first { + margin-top: 0 !important; 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+ float: right; + clear: right; + overflow-x: auto; +} + +p.sidebar-title { + font-weight: bold; +} + +nav.contents, +aside.topic, +div.admonition, div.topic, blockquote { + clear: left; +} + +/* -- topics ---------------------------------------------------------------- */ + +nav.contents, +aside.topic, +div.topic { + border: 1px solid #ccc; + padding: 7px; + margin: 10px 0 10px 0; +} + +p.topic-title { + font-size: 1.1em; + font-weight: bold; + margin-top: 10px; +} + +/* -- admonitions ----------------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.admonition { + margin-top: 10px; + margin-bottom: 10px; + padding: 7px; +} + +div.admonition dt { + font-weight: bold; +} + +p.admonition-title { + margin: 0px 10px 5px 0px; + font-weight: bold; +} + +div.body p.centered { + text-align: center; + margin-top: 25px; +} + +/* -- content of sidebars/topics/admonitions -------------------------------- */ + +div.sidebar > :last-child, +aside.sidebar > :last-child, +nav.contents > :last-child, +aside.topic > :last-child, +div.topic > :last-child, +div.admonition > :last-child { + margin-bottom: 0; +} + +div.sidebar::after, +aside.sidebar::after, +nav.contents::after, +aside.topic::after, +div.topic::after, +div.admonition::after, +blockquote::after { + display: block; + content: ''; + clear: both; +} + +/* -- tables ---------------------------------------------------------------- */ + +table.docutils { + margin-top: 10px; + margin-bottom: 10px; + border: 0; + border-collapse: collapse; +} + +table.align-center { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +table.align-default { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +table caption span.caption-number { + font-style: italic; +} + +table caption span.caption-text { +} + +table.docutils td, table.docutils th { + padding: 1px 8px 1px 5px; + border-top: 0; + border-left: 0; + border-right: 0; + border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; +} + +th { + text-align: left; + padding-right: 5px; +} + +table.citation { + border-left: solid 1px gray; + margin-left: 1px; +} + +table.citation td { + border-bottom: none; +} + +th > :first-child, +td > :first-child { + margin-top: 0px; +} + +th > :last-child, +td > :last-child { + margin-bottom: 0px; +} + +/* -- figures --------------------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.figure, figure { + margin: 0.5em; + padding: 0.5em; +} + +div.figure p.caption, figcaption { + padding: 0.3em; +} + +div.figure p.caption span.caption-number, +figcaption span.caption-number { + font-style: italic; +} + +div.figure p.caption span.caption-text, +figcaption span.caption-text { +} + +/* -- field list styles ----------------------------------------------------- */ + +table.field-list td, table.field-list th { + border: 0 !important; +} + +.field-list ul { + margin: 0; + padding-left: 1em; +} + +.field-list p { + margin: 0; +} + +.field-name { + -moz-hyphens: manual; + -ms-hyphens: manual; + -webkit-hyphens: manual; + hyphens: manual; +} + +/* -- hlist styles ---------------------------------------------------------- */ + +table.hlist { + margin: 1em 0; +} + +table.hlist td { + vertical-align: top; +} + +/* -- object description styles --------------------------------------------- */ + +.sig { + font-family: 'Consolas', 'Menlo', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; +} + +.sig-name, code.descname { + background-color: transparent; + font-weight: bold; +} + +.sig-name { + font-size: 1.1em; +} + +code.descname { + font-size: 1.2em; +} + +.sig-prename, code.descclassname { + background-color: transparent; +} + +.optional { + font-size: 1.3em; +} + +.sig-paren { + font-size: larger; +} + +.sig-param.n { + font-style: italic; +} + +/* C++ specific styling */ + +.sig-inline.c-texpr, +.sig-inline.cpp-texpr { + font-family: unset; +} + +.sig.c .k, .sig.c .kt, +.sig.cpp .k, .sig.cpp .kt { + color: #0033B3; +} + +.sig.c .m, +.sig.cpp .m { + color: #1750EB; +} + +.sig.c .s, .sig.c .sc, +.sig.cpp .s, .sig.cpp .sc { + color: #067D17; +} + + +/* -- other body styles ----------------------------------------------------- */ + +ol.arabic { + list-style: decimal; +} + +ol.loweralpha { + list-style: lower-alpha; +} + +ol.upperalpha { + list-style: upper-alpha; +} + +ol.lowerroman { + list-style: lower-roman; +} + +ol.upperroman { + list-style: upper-roman; +} + +:not(li) > ol > li:first-child > :first-child, +:not(li) > ul > li:first-child > :first-child { + margin-top: 0px; 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// [C]VC[V] is m=1 + var mgr1 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C + V + C; // [C]VCVC... is m>1 + var s_v = "^(" + C + ")?" + v; // vowel in stem + + this.stemWord = function (w) { + var stem; + var suffix; + var firstch; + var origword = w; + + if (w.length < 3) + return w; + + var re; + var re2; + var re3; + var re4; + + firstch = w.substr(0,1); + if (firstch == "y") + w = firstch.toUpperCase() + w.substr(1); + + // Step 1a + re = /^(.+?)(ss|i)es$/; + re2 = /^(.+?)([^s])s$/; + + if (re.test(w)) + w = w.replace(re,"$1$2"); + else if (re2.test(w)) + w = w.replace(re2,"$1$2"); + + // Step 1b + re = /^(.+?)eed$/; + re2 = /^(.+?)(ed|ing)$/; + if (re.test(w)) { + var fp = re.exec(w); + re = new RegExp(mgr0); + if (re.test(fp[1])) { + re = /.$/; + w = w.replace(re,""); + } + } + else if (re2.test(w)) { + var fp = re2.exec(w); + stem = fp[1]; + re2 = new RegExp(s_v); + if (re2.test(stem)) { + w = stem; + re2 = /(at|bl|iz)$/; + re3 = new RegExp("([^aeiouylsz])\\1$"); + re4 = new RegExp("^" + C + v + "[^aeiouwxy]$"); 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+ stem = fp[1]; + re = new RegExp(mgr1); + if (re.test(stem)) + w = stem; + } + else if (re2.test(w)) { + var fp = re2.exec(w); + stem = fp[1] + fp[2]; + re2 = new RegExp(mgr1); + if (re2.test(stem)) + w = stem; + } + + // Step 5 + re = /^(.+?)e$/; + if (re.test(w)) { + var fp = re.exec(w); + stem = fp[1]; + re = new RegExp(mgr1); + re2 = new RegExp(meq1); + re3 = new RegExp("^" + C + v + "[^aeiouwxy]$"); + if (re.test(stem) || (re2.test(stem) && !(re3.test(stem)))) + w = stem; + } + re = /ll$/; + re2 = new RegExp(mgr1); + if (re.test(w) && re2.test(w)) { + re = /.$/; + w = w.replace(re,""); + } + + // and turn initial Y back to y + if (firstch == "y") + w = firstch.toLowerCase() + w.substr(1); + return w; + } +} + diff --git a/_static/minus.png b/_static/minus.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d96755f Binary files /dev/null and b/_static/minus.png differ diff --git a/_static/plus.png b/_static/plus.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7107cec Binary files /dev/null and b/_static/plus.png differ diff --git a/_static/pygments.css b/_static/pygments.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000..84ab303 --- /dev/null +++ b/_static/pygments.css @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +pre { line-height: 125%; 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+ +/** + * Simple result scoring code. + */ +if (typeof Scorer === "undefined") { + var Scorer = { + // Implement the following function to further tweak the score for each result + // The function takes a result array [docname, title, anchor, descr, score, filename] + // and returns the new score. + /* + score: result => { + const [docname, title, anchor, descr, score, filename] = result + return score + }, + */ + + // query matches the full name of an object + objNameMatch: 11, + // or matches in the last dotted part of the object name + objPartialMatch: 6, + // Additive scores depending on the priority of the object + objPrio: { + 0: 15, // used to be importantResults + 1: 5, // used to be objectResults + 2: -5, // used to be unimportantResults + }, + // Used when the priority is not in the mapping. + objPrioDefault: 0, + + // query found in title + title: 15, + partialTitle: 7, + // query found in terms + term: 5, + partialTerm: 2, + }; +} + +const _removeChildren = (element) => { + while (element && element.lastChild) element.removeChild(element.lastChild); +}; + +/** + * See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Guide/Regular_Expressions#escaping + */ +const _escapeRegExp = (string) => + string.replace(/[.*+\-?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, "\\$&"); // $& means the whole matched string + +const _displayItem = (item, searchTerms, highlightTerms) => { + const docBuilder = DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.BUILDER; + const docFileSuffix = DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.FILE_SUFFIX; + const docLinkSuffix = DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.LINK_SUFFIX; + const showSearchSummary = DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.SHOW_SEARCH_SUMMARY; + const contentRoot = document.documentElement.dataset.content_root; + + const [docName, title, anchor, descr, score, _filename] = item; + + let listItem = document.createElement("li"); + let requestUrl; + let linkUrl; + if (docBuilder === "dirhtml") { + // dirhtml builder + let dirname = docName + "/"; + if (dirname.match(/\/index\/$/)) + dirname = dirname.substring(0, dirname.length - 6); + else if (dirname === "index/") dirname = ""; + requestUrl = contentRoot + dirname; + linkUrl = requestUrl; + } else { + // normal html builders + requestUrl = contentRoot + docName + docFileSuffix; + linkUrl = docName + docLinkSuffix; + } + let linkEl = listItem.appendChild(document.createElement("a")); + linkEl.href = linkUrl + anchor; + linkEl.dataset.score = score; + linkEl.innerHTML = title; + if (descr) { + listItem.appendChild(document.createElement("span")).innerHTML = + " (" + descr + ")"; + // highlight search terms in the description + if (SPHINX_HIGHLIGHT_ENABLED) // set in sphinx_highlight.js + highlightTerms.forEach((term) => _highlightText(listItem, term, "highlighted")); + } + else if (showSearchSummary) + fetch(requestUrl) + .then((responseData) => responseData.text()) + .then((data) => { + if (data) + listItem.appendChild( + Search.makeSearchSummary(data, searchTerms, anchor) + ); + // highlight search terms in the summary + if (SPHINX_HIGHLIGHT_ENABLED) // set in sphinx_highlight.js + highlightTerms.forEach((term) => _highlightText(listItem, term, "highlighted")); + }); + Search.output.appendChild(listItem); +}; +const _finishSearch = (resultCount) => { + Search.stopPulse(); + Search.title.innerText = _("Search Results"); + if (!resultCount) + Search.status.innerText = Documentation.gettext( + "Your search did not match any documents. Please make sure that all words are spelled correctly and that you've selected enough categories." + ); + else + Search.status.innerText = _( + "Search finished, found ${resultCount} page(s) matching the search query." + ).replace('${resultCount}', resultCount); +}; +const _displayNextItem = ( + results, + resultCount, + searchTerms, + highlightTerms, +) => { + // results left, load the summary and display it + // this is intended to be dynamic (don't sub resultsCount) + if (results.length) { + _displayItem(results.pop(), searchTerms, highlightTerms); + setTimeout( + () => _displayNextItem(results, resultCount, searchTerms, highlightTerms), + 5 + ); + } + // search finished, update title and status message + else _finishSearch(resultCount); +}; +// Helper function used by query() to order search results. +// Each input is an array of [docname, title, anchor, descr, score, filename]. +// Order the results by score (in opposite order of appearance, since the +// `_displayNextItem` function uses pop() to retrieve items) and then alphabetically. +const _orderResultsByScoreThenName = (a, b) => { + const leftScore = a[4]; + const rightScore = b[4]; + if (leftScore === rightScore) { + // same score: sort alphabetically + const leftTitle = a[1].toLowerCase(); + const rightTitle = b[1].toLowerCase(); + if (leftTitle === rightTitle) return 0; + return leftTitle > rightTitle ? -1 : 1; // inverted is intentional + } + return leftScore > rightScore ? 1 : -1; +}; + +/** + * Default splitQuery function. Can be overridden in ``sphinx.search`` with a + * custom function per language. + * + * The regular expression works by splitting the string on consecutive characters + * that are not Unicode letters, numbers, underscores, or emoji characters. + * This is the same as ``\W+`` in Python, preserving the surrogate pair area. + */ +if (typeof splitQuery === "undefined") { + var splitQuery = (query) => query + .split(/[^\p{Letter}\p{Number}_\p{Emoji_Presentation}]+/gu) + .filter(term => term) // remove remaining empty strings +} + +/** + * Search Module + */ +const Search = { + _index: null, + _queued_query: null, + _pulse_status: -1, + + htmlToText: (htmlString, anchor) => { + const htmlElement = new DOMParser().parseFromString(htmlString, 'text/html'); + for (const removalQuery of [".headerlinks", "script", "style"]) { + htmlElement.querySelectorAll(removalQuery).forEach((el) => { el.remove() }); + } + if (anchor) { + const anchorContent = htmlElement.querySelector(`[role="main"] ${anchor}`); + if (anchorContent) return anchorContent.textContent; + + console.warn( + `Anchored content block not found. Sphinx search tries to obtain it via DOM query '[role=main] ${anchor}'. Check your theme or template.` + ); + } + + // if anchor not specified or not found, fall back to main content + const docContent = htmlElement.querySelector('[role="main"]'); + if (docContent) return docContent.textContent; + + console.warn( + "Content block not found. Sphinx search tries to obtain it via DOM query '[role=main]'. Check your theme or template." + ); + return ""; + }, + + init: () => { + const query = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get("q"); + document + .querySelectorAll('input[name="q"]') + .forEach((el) => (el.value = query)); + if (query) Search.performSearch(query); + }, + + loadIndex: (url) => + (document.body.appendChild(document.createElement("script")).src = url), + + setIndex: (index) => { + Search._index = index; + if (Search._queued_query !== null) { + const query = Search._queued_query; + Search._queued_query = null; + Search.query(query); + } + }, + + hasIndex: () => Search._index !== null, + + deferQuery: (query) => (Search._queued_query = query), + + stopPulse: () => (Search._pulse_status = -1), + + startPulse: () => { + if (Search._pulse_status >= 0) return; + + const pulse = () => { + Search._pulse_status = (Search._pulse_status + 1) % 4; + Search.dots.innerText = ".".repeat(Search._pulse_status); + if (Search._pulse_status >= 0) window.setTimeout(pulse, 500); + }; + pulse(); + }, + + /** + * perform a search for something (or wait until index is loaded) + */ + performSearch: (query) => { + // create the required interface elements + const searchText = document.createElement("h2"); + searchText.textContent = _("Searching"); + const searchSummary = document.createElement("p"); + searchSummary.classList.add("search-summary"); + searchSummary.innerText = ""; + const searchList = document.createElement("ul"); + searchList.classList.add("search"); + + const out = document.getElementById("search-results"); + Search.title = out.appendChild(searchText); + Search.dots = Search.title.appendChild(document.createElement("span")); + Search.status = out.appendChild(searchSummary); + Search.output = out.appendChild(searchList); + + const searchProgress = document.getElementById("search-progress"); + // Some themes don't use the search progress node + if (searchProgress) { + searchProgress.innerText = _("Preparing search..."); + } + Search.startPulse(); + + // index already loaded, the browser was quick! + if (Search.hasIndex()) Search.query(query); + else Search.deferQuery(query); + }, + + _parseQuery: (query) => { + // stem the search terms and add them to the correct list + const stemmer = new Stemmer(); + const searchTerms = new Set(); + const excludedTerms = new Set(); + const highlightTerms = new Set(); + const objectTerms = new Set(splitQuery(query.toLowerCase().trim())); + splitQuery(query.trim()).forEach((queryTerm) => { + const queryTermLower = queryTerm.toLowerCase(); + + // maybe skip this "word" + // stopwords array is from language_data.js + if ( + stopwords.indexOf(queryTermLower) !== -1 || + queryTerm.match(/^\d+$/) + ) + return; + + // stem the word + let word = stemmer.stemWord(queryTermLower); + // select the correct list + if (word[0] === "-") excludedTerms.add(word.substr(1)); + else { + searchTerms.add(word); + highlightTerms.add(queryTermLower); + } + }); + + if (SPHINX_HIGHLIGHT_ENABLED) { // set in sphinx_highlight.js + localStorage.setItem("sphinx_highlight_terms", [...highlightTerms].join(" ")) + } + + // console.debug("SEARCH: searching for:"); + // console.info("required: ", [...searchTerms]); + // console.info("excluded: ", [...excludedTerms]); + + return [query, searchTerms, excludedTerms, highlightTerms, objectTerms]; + }, + + /** + * execute search (requires search index to be loaded) + */ + _performSearch: (query, searchTerms, excludedTerms, highlightTerms, objectTerms) => { + const filenames = Search._index.filenames; + const docNames = Search._index.docnames; + const titles = Search._index.titles; + const allTitles = Search._index.alltitles; + const indexEntries = Search._index.indexentries; + + // Collect multiple result groups to be sorted separately and then ordered. + // Each is an array of [docname, title, anchor, descr, score, filename]. + const normalResults = []; + const nonMainIndexResults = []; + + _removeChildren(document.getElementById("search-progress")); + + const queryLower = query.toLowerCase().trim(); + for (const [title, foundTitles] of Object.entries(allTitles)) { + if (title.toLowerCase().trim().includes(queryLower) && (queryLower.length >= title.length/2)) { + for (const [file, id] of foundTitles) { + let score = Math.round(100 * queryLower.length / title.length) + normalResults.push([ + docNames[file], + titles[file] !== title ? `${titles[file]} > ${title}` : title, + id !== null ? "#" + id : "", + null, + score, + filenames[file], + ]); + } + } + } + + // search for explicit entries in index directives + for (const [entry, foundEntries] of Object.entries(indexEntries)) { + if (entry.includes(queryLower) && (queryLower.length >= entry.length/2)) { + for (const [file, id, isMain] of foundEntries) { + const score = Math.round(100 * queryLower.length / entry.length); + const result = [ + docNames[file], + titles[file], + id ? "#" + id : "", + null, + score, + filenames[file], + ]; + if (isMain) { + normalResults.push(result); + } else { + nonMainIndexResults.push(result); + } + } + } + } + + // lookup as object + objectTerms.forEach((term) => + normalResults.push(...Search.performObjectSearch(term, objectTerms)) + ); + + // lookup as search terms in fulltext + normalResults.push(...Search.performTermsSearch(searchTerms, excludedTerms)); + + // let the scorer override scores with a custom scoring function + if (Scorer.score) { + normalResults.forEach((item) => (item[4] = Scorer.score(item))); + nonMainIndexResults.forEach((item) => (item[4] = Scorer.score(item))); + } + + // Sort each group of results by score and then alphabetically by name. + normalResults.sort(_orderResultsByScoreThenName); + nonMainIndexResults.sort(_orderResultsByScoreThenName); + + // Combine the result groups in (reverse) order. + // Non-main index entries are typically arbitrary cross-references, + // so display them after other results. + let results = [...nonMainIndexResults, ...normalResults]; + + // remove duplicate search results + // note the reversing of results, so that in the case of duplicates, the highest-scoring entry is kept + let seen = new Set(); + results = results.reverse().reduce((acc, result) => { + let resultStr = result.slice(0, 4).concat([result[5]]).map(v => String(v)).join(','); + if (!seen.has(resultStr)) { + acc.push(result); + seen.add(resultStr); + } + return acc; + }, []); + + return results.reverse(); + }, + + query: (query) => { + const [searchQuery, searchTerms, excludedTerms, highlightTerms, objectTerms] = Search._parseQuery(query); + const results = Search._performSearch(searchQuery, searchTerms, excludedTerms, highlightTerms, objectTerms); + + // for debugging + //Search.lastresults = results.slice(); // a copy + // console.info("search results:", Search.lastresults); + + // print the results + _displayNextItem(results, results.length, searchTerms, highlightTerms); + }, + + /** + * search for object names + */ + performObjectSearch: (object, objectTerms) => { + const filenames = Search._index.filenames; + const docNames = Search._index.docnames; + const objects = Search._index.objects; + const objNames = Search._index.objnames; + const titles = Search._index.titles; + + const results = []; + + const objectSearchCallback = (prefix, match) => { + const name = match[4] + const fullname = (prefix ? prefix + "." : "") + name; + const fullnameLower = fullname.toLowerCase(); + if (fullnameLower.indexOf(object) < 0) return; + + let score = 0; + const parts = fullnameLower.split("."); + + // check for different match types: exact matches of full name or + // "last name" (i.e. last dotted part) + if (fullnameLower === object || parts.slice(-1)[0] === object) + score += Scorer.objNameMatch; + else if (parts.slice(-1)[0].indexOf(object) > -1) + score += Scorer.objPartialMatch; // matches in last name + + const objName = objNames[match[1]][2]; + const title = titles[match[0]]; + + // If more than one term searched for, we require other words to be + // found in the name/title/description + const otherTerms = new Set(objectTerms); + otherTerms.delete(object); + if (otherTerms.size > 0) { + const haystack = `${prefix} ${name} ${objName} ${title}`.toLowerCase(); + if ( + [...otherTerms].some((otherTerm) => haystack.indexOf(otherTerm) < 0) + ) + return; + } + + let anchor = match[3]; + if (anchor === "") anchor = fullname; + else if (anchor === "-") anchor = objNames[match[1]][1] + "-" + fullname; + + const descr = objName + _(", in ") + title; + + // add custom score for some objects according to scorer + if (Scorer.objPrio.hasOwnProperty(match[2])) + score += Scorer.objPrio[match[2]]; + else score += Scorer.objPrioDefault; + + results.push([ + docNames[match[0]], + fullname, + "#" + anchor, + descr, + score, + filenames[match[0]], + ]); + }; + Object.keys(objects).forEach((prefix) => + objects[prefix].forEach((array) => + objectSearchCallback(prefix, array) + ) + ); + return results; + }, + + /** + * search for full-text terms in the index + */ + performTermsSearch: (searchTerms, excludedTerms) => { + // prepare search + const terms = Search._index.terms; + const titleTerms = Search._index.titleterms; + const filenames = Search._index.filenames; + const docNames = Search._index.docnames; + const titles = Search._index.titles; + + const scoreMap = new Map(); + const fileMap = new Map(); + + // perform the search on the required terms + searchTerms.forEach((word) => { + const files = []; + const arr = [ + { files: terms[word], score: Scorer.term }, + { files: titleTerms[word], score: Scorer.title }, + ]; + // add support for partial matches + if (word.length > 2) { + const escapedWord = _escapeRegExp(word); + if (!terms.hasOwnProperty(word)) { + Object.keys(terms).forEach((term) => { + if (term.match(escapedWord)) + arr.push({ files: terms[term], score: Scorer.partialTerm }); + }); + } + if (!titleTerms.hasOwnProperty(word)) { + Object.keys(titleTerms).forEach((term) => { + if (term.match(escapedWord)) + arr.push({ files: titleTerms[term], score: Scorer.partialTitle }); + }); + } + } + + // no match but word was a required one + if (arr.every((record) => record.files === undefined)) return; + + // found search word in contents + arr.forEach((record) => { + if (record.files === undefined) return; + + let recordFiles = record.files; + if (recordFiles.length === undefined) recordFiles = [recordFiles]; + files.push(...recordFiles); + + // set score for the word in each file + recordFiles.forEach((file) => { + if (!scoreMap.has(file)) scoreMap.set(file, {}); + scoreMap.get(file)[word] = record.score; + }); + }); + + // create the mapping + files.forEach((file) => { + if (!fileMap.has(file)) fileMap.set(file, [word]); + else if (fileMap.get(file).indexOf(word) === -1) fileMap.get(file).push(word); + }); + }); + + // now check if the files don't contain excluded terms + const results = []; + for (const [file, wordList] of fileMap) { + // check if all requirements are matched + + // as search terms with length < 3 are discarded + const filteredTermCount = [...searchTerms].filter( + (term) => term.length > 2 + ).length; + if ( + wordList.length !== searchTerms.size && + wordList.length !== filteredTermCount + ) + continue; + + // ensure that none of the excluded terms is in the search result + if ( + [...excludedTerms].some( + (term) => + terms[term] === file || + titleTerms[term] === file || + (terms[term] || []).includes(file) || + (titleTerms[term] || []).includes(file) + ) + ) + break; + + // select one (max) score for the file. + const score = Math.max(...wordList.map((w) => scoreMap.get(file)[w])); + // add result to the result list + results.push([ + docNames[file], + titles[file], + "", + null, + score, + filenames[file], + ]); + } + return results; + }, + + /** + * helper function to return a node containing the + * search summary for a given text. keywords is a list + * of stemmed words. + */ + makeSearchSummary: (htmlText, keywords, anchor) => { + const text = Search.htmlToText(htmlText, anchor); + if (text === "") return null; + + const textLower = text.toLowerCase(); + const actualStartPosition = [...keywords] + .map((k) => textLower.indexOf(k.toLowerCase())) + .filter((i) => i > -1) + .slice(-1)[0]; + const startWithContext = Math.max(actualStartPosition - 120, 0); + + const top = startWithContext === 0 ? "" : "..."; + const tail = startWithContext + 240 < text.length ? "..." : ""; + + let summary = document.createElement("p"); + summary.classList.add("context"); + summary.textContent = top + text.substr(startWithContext, 240).trim() + tail; + + return summary; + }, +}; + +_ready(Search.init); diff --git a/_static/sphinx_highlight.js b/_static/sphinx_highlight.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8a96c69 --- /dev/null +++ b/_static/sphinx_highlight.js @@ -0,0 +1,154 @@ +/* Highlighting utilities for Sphinx HTML documentation. */ +"use strict"; + +const SPHINX_HIGHLIGHT_ENABLED = true + +/** + * highlight a given string on a node by wrapping it in + * span elements with the given class name. + */ +const _highlight = (node, addItems, text, className) => { + if (node.nodeType === Node.TEXT_NODE) { + const val = node.nodeValue; + const parent = node.parentNode; + const pos = val.toLowerCase().indexOf(text); + if ( + pos >= 0 && + !parent.classList.contains(className) && + !parent.classList.contains("nohighlight") + ) { + let span; + + const closestNode = parent.closest("body, svg, foreignObject"); + const isInSVG = closestNode && closestNode.matches("svg"); + if (isInSVG) { + span = document.createElementNS("http://www.w3.org/2000/svg", "tspan"); + } else { + span = document.createElement("span"); + span.classList.add(className); + } + + span.appendChild(document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos, text.length))); + const rest = document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos + text.length)); + parent.insertBefore( + span, + parent.insertBefore( + rest, + node.nextSibling + ) + ); + node.nodeValue = val.substr(0, pos); + /* There may be more occurrences of search term in this node. So call this + * function recursively on the remaining fragment. + */ + _highlight(rest, addItems, text, className); + + if (isInSVG) { + const rect = document.createElementNS( + "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg", + "rect" + ); + const bbox = parent.getBBox(); + rect.x.baseVal.value = bbox.x; + rect.y.baseVal.value = bbox.y; + rect.width.baseVal.value = bbox.width; + rect.height.baseVal.value = bbox.height; + rect.setAttribute("class", className); + addItems.push({ parent: parent, target: rect }); + } + } + } else if (node.matches && !node.matches("button, select, textarea")) { + node.childNodes.forEach((el) => _highlight(el, addItems, text, className)); + } +}; +const _highlightText = (thisNode, text, className) => { + let addItems = []; + _highlight(thisNode, addItems, text, className); + addItems.forEach((obj) => + obj.parent.insertAdjacentElement("beforebegin", obj.target) + ); +}; + +/** + * Small JavaScript module for the documentation. + */ +const SphinxHighlight = { + + /** + * highlight the search words provided in localstorage in the text + */ + highlightSearchWords: () => { + if (!SPHINX_HIGHLIGHT_ENABLED) return; // bail if no highlight + + // get and clear terms from localstorage + const url = new URL(window.location); + const highlight = + localStorage.getItem("sphinx_highlight_terms") + || url.searchParams.get("highlight") + || ""; + localStorage.removeItem("sphinx_highlight_terms") + url.searchParams.delete("highlight"); + window.history.replaceState({}, "", url); + + // get individual terms from highlight string + const terms = highlight.toLowerCase().split(/\s+/).filter(x => x); + if (terms.length === 0) return; // nothing to do + + // There should never be more than one element matching "div.body" + const divBody = document.querySelectorAll("div.body"); + const body = divBody.length ? divBody[0] : document.querySelector("body"); + window.setTimeout(() => { + terms.forEach((term) => _highlightText(body, term, "highlighted")); + }, 10); + + const searchBox = document.getElementById("searchbox"); + if (searchBox === null) return; + searchBox.appendChild( + document + .createRange() + .createContextualFragment( + '

' + + '' + + _("Hide Search Matches") + + "

" + ) + ); + }, + + /** + * helper function to hide the search marks again + */ + hideSearchWords: () => { + document + .querySelectorAll("#searchbox .highlight-link") + .forEach((el) => el.remove()); + document + .querySelectorAll("span.highlighted") + .forEach((el) => el.classList.remove("highlighted")); + localStorage.removeItem("sphinx_highlight_terms") + }, + + initEscapeListener: () => { + // only install a listener if it is really needed + if (!DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.ENABLE_SEARCH_SHORTCUTS) return; + + document.addEventListener("keydown", (event) => { + // bail for input elements + if (BLACKLISTED_KEY_CONTROL_ELEMENTS.has(document.activeElement.tagName)) return; + // bail with special keys + if (event.shiftKey || event.altKey || event.ctrlKey || event.metaKey) return; + if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.ENABLE_SEARCH_SHORTCUTS && (event.key === "Escape")) { + SphinxHighlight.hideSearchWords(); + event.preventDefault(); + } + }); + }, +}; + +_ready(() => { + /* Do not call highlightSearchWords() when we are on the search page. + * It will highlight words from the *previous* search query. + */ + if (typeof Search === "undefined") SphinxHighlight.highlightSearchWords(); + SphinxHighlight.initEscapeListener(); +}); diff --git a/case_0.html b/case_0.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..00f2252 --- /dev/null +++ b/case_0.html @@ -0,0 +1,307 @@ + + + + + + + CESG599 - NHERI - An introduction to NHERI Simcenter tools and DesignSafe Resources — CESG-599 1.0.0 documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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  • CESG599 - NHERI - An introduction to NHERI Simcenter tools and DesignSafe Resources
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+_images/case0.png +
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+

CESG599 - NHERI - An introduction to NHERI Simcenter tools and DesignSafe Resources

+
+

Author: Pedro arduino

+
+
+

Course Description

+

In this course, we explore the fundamentals of SimCenter tools and the DesignSafe infrastructure. +The course adopts a self-directed approach, where students follow a well-established framework tailored +for this format. Over the course of 10 weeks, we investigate the core concepts of SimCenter and DesignSafe, +and examine four to five SimCenter tools, covering one every two weeks. Students are tasked with mastering +the essentials of each tool and delivering presentations to the class. Additionally, they work through one +or more practical examples for each tool, presenting their findings to their peers. Constructive feedback for +each tool presentation is an integral part of the learning experience. DesignSafe and SimCenter personnel are +invited to give Zoom presentations based on availability. At the end of the course, a small final project, +with a topic of choice for each student or group of students, is required, providing an opportunity for +deeper exploration and application of the learned concepts.

+

SimCenter provides next-generation computational modeling and simulation software tools, user support, +and educational materials to the natural hazards engineering research community with the goal of advancing +the user’s capability to simulate the impact of natural hazards on structures, lifelines, and communities.

+

DesignSafe is a comprehensive cyberinfrastructure that provides cloud-based tools to manage, analyze, understand, +and publish critical data for research to understand the impacts of natural hazards. The capabilities within +the DesignSafe infrastructure are available at no-cost to all researchers working in natural hazards.

+
+
+

Learning Objectives

+
    +

  1. Develop a familiarity with Simcenter tools and DesignSafe cyberinfrastructure

    2. +

  2. Develop a familiarity with the breath of SimCenter tools.

    3. +

  3. Develop a suitable background for using HPC resources.

    4. +

  4. Introduce/revise concepts related to structural and geotechnical engineering including UQ concepts, FEM, PB, etc.

    5. +

  5. Provide a working knowledge for selecting, using, and interpreting tools for Structural and geotechnical design and analysis.

    6. +
+
+
+

Introduction

+

A transfer function is … This is just a trial to see if GitHub pages works.

+
+
+

Problem Description

+

A transfer function is somewhat like a filter that is applied to an incoming wave to produce an output signal. It determines how each frequency in the input motion is amplified or suppressed, by the medium of wave travel. Considering a spring-mass system with an excitation motion at input from the foundation connected to the spring and the corresponding response motion of the connected mass in the inertial system. The response motion of the mass will be a composite factor of the elastic and the viscous damping forces which are inherently embedded in the transfer function that determines the output motion we will obtain. In our wave propagation study we also employ transfer functions as a tool to explain the factors that make our input wave motion different from our output wave obtained. Evaluating the transfer function mathematically involves converting our known input motion to a Fourier series. Each term of the Fourier series is multiplied by the transfer function to obtain the Fourier series of the output response. Resonance is a physical phenomenon that occurs when the natural frequency of vibration of particles in a body (in our case the layers) matches the frequency of the forcing function (our input motion). It is experienced as an infinite amplification of the model.

+
+
+

Solution Strategy

+
    +

  1. Open the Dr. Layer program. By default we get twelve layers. The top six layers are hardwired into the system with a velocity of specified as very fast. The bottom six layers are hardwired with a velocity of very slow.

    2. +

  2. Select all the layers to all have very slow values using the select all option.

    3. +

  3. On the top left hand corner of the menu box choose the plot box tool and apply a plot box at the top of the layers. Do the same at four arbitrary points along the soil layers. Note the height (\(H\)) you place the plots.

    +
    +

    <insert image>

    +
    +
    4. +

  4. Push the time increment button for about 1 minute.

    5. +

  5. Obtain the angular frequency \((2p/T)\), where \(T\) is the period i.e. time it takes to complete one revolution.

    6. +

  6. Obtain the maximum displacements from the plots by clicking on the crest of the curves with your cursor.

    7. +
+
+\[ \begin{align}\begin{aligned}TF = \frac{1}{\cos(\frac{wH}{v_s})}\\AF = \frac{1}{|\cos(\frac{wH}{v_s})|}\end{aligned}\end{align} \]
+

Where

+

\(w\) = Angular frequency (2pf)

+

\(H\) = distance between any two points in the layers under consideration.

+

\(V\) = Velocity of wave travel within the soil layer.

+

\(TF\) = Transfer function

+

\(AF\) = Amplification function

+

Dr. Layer’s operation is controlled via menu commands (with associated keyboard accelerators), manipulation tools, scaling buttons, the load tool bar, and time control buttons. The program displays the results of its calculations visually in the form of animated displacements, and also in the form of dynamically generated time history plots. There are also mechanisms for getting numerical values.

+
+_images/case1.png +
+
+
+

SimCenter Tool Used

+

blablabla

+ + +++++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Title

Heading row 1, column 1

Heading row 1, column 2

Heading row 1, column 3

Row 1, column 1

Row 1, column 3

Row 2, column 1

Row 2, column 2

Row 2, column 3

+

Time can be controlled using either the keyboard or the time control buttons:

+
    +

  • To run time forward: Press and hold the ‘g’ key or click and hold the time forward button: <insert icon>.

    • +

  • To reset time to zero: Type the ‘0’ key or click on the time reset button: <insert icon>.

    • +

  • The current analysis time is displayed in the feedback pane at the bottom of the screen.

    • +

  • The analysis time step size can be controlled via the Time Step menu (there are combinations of material properties and time steps that intentionally lead to unstable results, so beware).

    • +

  • The display time step can be controlled via the Animation Speed menu. Internally, this command controls how many analysis time steps are computed between screen updates.

    • +
+
+
+

Example Application

+

Dr. Layer’s tool palette is illustrated below (Windows version: the Mac version is similar but grouped a bit differently):

+

<insert tool palette image>

+
    +

  • The Arrow Tool is used to select and manipulate objects.

    • +

  • The Panner and Camera Orbit Tools are used to change the viewing point and camera orientation via clicking and dragging.

    • +

  • The Plot Box Tool is used to create one of the various types of plot boxes:

    +
    +
      +

    • Displacement Time History plots are created by clicking on the relevant layer. The top node in the layer is used as the plotting target.

      • +

    • Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) plots of a displacement history can be created by clicking on the time history plot.

      • +

    • Stress-strain plots can be created by control-clicking (i.e., holding down the control key while clicking) on the desired layer.

      • +
    +
    +
    • +
+
+

These controls are self-explanatory in regards to their functions. Note the following, however:

+
+
+

Note

+

The scaling buttons will continue to scale as long as they are held down. It is not necessary to click multiple times to get this effect.

+
+
+
+

Remarks

+
    +

  • To adjust the plotting scales, use the small expansion/contraction triangular buttons on the plot for the horizontal scale, and the plot scale buttons on the Scale Button Toolbar for the vertical scale.

    • +
+
+

Note

+

You will notice that all plots scale together. This is so that plots of a given type can be compared visually without any misleading differences in scale factors.

+
+
    +

  • To adjust the horizontal offset of a plot, click in the plot and drag horizontally to scroll back and forth.

    • +
+
+

Note

+

In general, plots will automatically scroll as necessary as time is running. Once you have manually scrolled a plot, though, the automatic scrolling will cease until time is reset to zero.

+
+
    +

  • Plot boxes can be added or removed at any time, but they only accumulate data beginning from the time they are installed, with the exception of FFT plots, which always plot the according to the data accumulated in the target time history. FFT plots can use up to the first 1024 points in a time history.

    • +
+
+

Warning

+

Plotting FFT’s will slow down the animation speed significantly, especially as the length of the time histories increase.

+
+
+
+
+[Kra96] +

S. L. Kramer. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. Pearson, 1996. ISBN 9783642196294.

+
+
+[RB20] +

V. Rashidian and L. G. Baise. Regional efficacy of a global geospatial liquefaction model. Engineering geology, 272:105644, 2020.

+
+
+[SGM24] +

M. D. Sanger, M. Geyin, and B. W. Maurer. A global liquefaction model for rapid response and scenario modeling. Manuscript in preparation, 2024.

+
+
+[ZBT17] +

J. Zhu, L. G. Baise, and E. M. Thompson. An updated geospatial liquefaction model for global application. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 107(3):1365–1385, 2017.

+
+
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/case_1.html b/case_1.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3eb0b67 --- /dev/null +++ b/case_1.html @@ -0,0 +1,306 @@ + + + + + + + quoFEM - Settlements — CESG-599 1.0.0 documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+

quoFEM - Settlements

+
+

Author: Kendra Mutch

+
+
+

Introduction

+

This page describes basic concepts of forward propagation and Bayesian calibration using QuoFEM. For more details, the user is encounged to read [Kra96].

+
+
+

Project Description

+

QuoFEM allows you to incorporate uncertainty and parameter callibration with finite element and hazard analysis. This project includes two examples, demonstrating how QuoFEM may be utilizied for settlement calculations. The first example makes use of the Forward Propagation feature of QuoFEM, which allows one to apply uncertainty to input parameters (such as preconsolidation pressure, compresison and recommpression index, void ratio, unit weight, etc.) to determine which paramter(s) impact the ultimate settlement most. In the second example, Bayesian Callibration is used to optimize the value of an input parameter to yield a desired settlement. Both examples will use a python input script paired with the Dakota uncertainty quantification tool in QuoFEM.

+

The soil profile and problem scenario is shown below.

+
+images/ProblemScenarioP1.png +
+
+images/ProblemScenarioP2.png +
+
+
+

Program Overview

+

There are five different tabs in QuoFEM; four input tabs and one results tab. The four input tabs are outlined below:

+
+
+

UQ tab - The UQ tab allows one to select the analysis method (Forward Propagation, Bayesian Callibration, etc.). Additionally, one can specify a statistics model and the number of samples to run. +FEM tab - The FEM is where a python script is inputed, and a finite element method (such as Openseas) may be selected. +RV tab - The RV tab allows you define random variables and apply desired uncertainty and statistical models (normal distribution, uniform distribution etc.) to each variable.

+
+

EDP tab - The EDP tab allows one to define quantities of interest. In these examples, the quantity of interest is the settlement being calculated.

+
+
+
+

Example One Solution Strategy - Forward Propagation

+
    +

  1. Open the QuoFEM. By default, the UQ method is Forward Propagation and the UQ Engine is Dakota. In this example, we will use these defaults. Specify a sample and seed number as shown below.

    2. +
+
+images/ForwardPropagationUQTab.png +
+

end of my edits to date

+
    +

  1. Select all the layers to all have very slow values using the select all option.

    2. +

  2. On the top left hand corner of the menu box choose the plot box tool and apply a plot box at the top of the layers. Do the same at four arbitrary points along the soil layers. Note the height (\(H\)) you place the plots.

    +
    +

    <insert image>

    +
    +
    3. +

  3. Push the time increment button for about 1 minute.

    4. +

  4. Obtain the angular frequency \((2p/T)\), where \(T\) is the period i.e. time it takes to complete one revolution.

    5. +

  5. Obtain the maximum displacements from the plots by clicking on the crest of the curves with your cursor.

    6. +
+
+\[ \begin{align}\begin{aligned}TF = \frac{1}{\cos(\frac{wH}{v_s})}\\AF = \frac{1}{|\cos(\frac{wH}{v_s})|}\end{aligned}\end{align} \]
+

Where

+

\(w\) = Angular frequency (2pf)

+

\(H\) = distance between any two points in the layers under consideration.

+

\(V\) = Velocity of wave travel within the soil layer.

+

\(TF\) = Transfer function

+

\(AF\) = Amplification function

+

Dr. Layer’s operation is controlled via menu commands (with associated keyboard accelerators), manipulation tools, scaling buttons, the load tool bar, and time control buttons. The program displays the results of its calculations visually in the form of animated displacements, and also in the form of dynamically generated time history plots. There are also mechanisms for getting numerical values.

+
+_images/case1.png +
+
+
+

Example Two Solution Strategy - Bayesian Callibration

+
    +

  1. Open the QuoFEM. Change the UQ method to Bayesain Callibration and keep the default UQ Engine as Dakota.

    2. +
+
+
+

SimCenter Tool Used

+

blablabla

+ + +++++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Title

Heading row 1, column 1

Heading row 1, column 2

Heading row 1, column 3

Row 1, column 1

Row 1, column 3

Row 2, column 1

Row 2, column 2

Row 2, column 3

+

Time can be controlled using either the keyboard or the time control buttons:

+
    +

  • To run time forward: Press and hold the ‘g’ key or click and hold the time forward button: <insert icon>.

    • +

  • To reset time to zero: Type the ‘0’ key or click on the time reset button: <insert icon>.

    • +

  • The current analysis time is displayed in the feedback pane at the bottom of the screen.

    • +

  • The analysis time step size can be controlled via the Time Step menu (there are combinations of material properties and time steps that intentionally lead to unstable results, so beware).

    • +

  • The display time step can be controlled via the Animation Speed menu. Internally, this command controls how many analysis time steps are computed between screen updates.

    • +
+
+
+

Example Application

+

Dr. Layer’s tool palette is illustrated below (Windows version: the Mac version is similar but grouped a bit differently):

+

<insert tool palette image>

+
    +

  • The Arrow Tool is used to select and manipulate objects.

    • +

  • The Panner and Camera Orbit Tools are used to change the viewing point and camera orientation via clicking and dragging.

    • +

  • The Plot Box Tool is used to create one of the various types of plot boxes:

    +
    +
      +

    • Displacement Time History plots are created by clicking on the relevant layer. The top node in the layer is used as the plotting target.

      • +

    • Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) plots of a displacement history can be created by clicking on the time history plot.

      • +

    • Stress-strain plots can be created by control-clicking (i.e., holding down the control key while clicking) on the desired layer.

      • +
    +
    +
    • +
+
+

These controls are self-explanatory in regards to their functions. Note the following, however:

+
+
+

Note

+

The scaling buttons will continue to scale as long as they are held down. It is not necessary to click multiple times to get this effect.

+
+
+
+

Remarks

+
    +

  • To adjust the plotting scales, use the small expansion/contraction triangular buttons on the plot for the horizontal scale, and the plot scale buttons on the Scale Button Toolbar for the vertical scale.

    • +
+
+

Note

+

You will notice that all plots scale together. This is so that plots of a given type can be compared visually without any misleading differences in scale factors.

+
+
    +

  • To adjust the horizontal offset of a plot, click in the plot and drag horizontally to scroll back and forth.

    • +
+
+

Note

+

In general, plots will automatically scroll as necessary as time is running. Once you have manually scrolled a plot, though, the automatic scrolling will cease until time is reset to zero.

+
+
    +

  • Plot boxes can be added or removed at any time, but they only accumulate data beginning from the time they are installed, with the exception of FFT plots, which always plot the according to the data accumulated in the target time history. FFT plots can use up to the first 1024 points in a time history.

    • +
+
+

Warning

+

Plotting FFT’s will slow down the animation speed significantly, especially as the length of the time histories increase.

+
+
+
+
+[Kra96] +

S. L. Kramer. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. Pearson, 1996. ISBN 9783642196294.

+
+
+[RB20] +

V. Rashidian and L. G. Baise. Regional efficacy of a global geospatial liquefaction model. Engineering geology, 272:105644, 2020.

+
+
+[SGM24] +

M. D. Sanger, M. Geyin, and B. W. Maurer. A global liquefaction model for rapid response and scenario modeling. Manuscript in preparation, 2024.

+
+
+[ZBT17] +

J. Zhu, L. G. Baise, and E. M. Thompson. An updated geospatial liquefaction model for global application. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 107(3):1365–1385, 2017.

+
+
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/case_2.html b/case_2.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1948b1d --- /dev/null +++ b/case_2.html @@ -0,0 +1,191 @@ + + + + + + + EEUQ - Transfer Function and Uncertainty — CESG-599 1.0.0 documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+

EEUQ - Transfer Function and Uncertainty

+
+

Author: Erick Martinez

+
+
+

Introduction

+

This page describes the basic concept of transfer functions and their use in a site response analysis. Along with this, the uncertainty in this process will be explained. For more details, the user is encouraged to read [Kra96].

+
+
+

Problem Description

+

A transfer function acts as a filter that can amplify or de-amplify an incoming wave from a medium to produce the output signal in another medium. To simplify the idea of a transfer function, a spring-mass system can be used. As a motion is applied on the mass connected to a spring; a responsive outgoing wave will then be propagated through the mass and the spring. This outgoing motion will be a composite factor of the stiffness and elastic damping forces found within the spring-mass system.

+

This can be applied to earth systems in the form of ground motions. An example of this is an earthquake motion acting on a rock layer at a certain depth. This motion is then transferred through the soil profile and is reflected as a different motion at the surface. In order to determine the influence of a soil profile on the motion, three major components are required: thickness of layer (H), shear wave velocity (Vs), and damping ratio. As with any engineering properties, there will always be the presence of uncertainty. A layer might have differential thicknesses in certain regions, causing the height to be non-uniform. Shear wave velocity can change very quickly depending on depth and composition of the materials within the layer. Damping can also be affected by changes in stratigraphy and composition. To account for this, uncertainty must be incorporated into a transfer function analysis. This inclusion will aid in the accuracy and reliability of site response analyses.

+
+
+

Solution Strategy

+

In earth systems, this relationship between incoming and outgoing wave can be evaluated through mathematically converting an input motion, typically an acceleration-time history, to a Fourier series. In the Fourier space, the motion is then multiplied by the transfer function, resulting in the outgoing Fourier motion. This can then be converted back into various plots, such as acceleration-time history and spectral acceleration vs. period, that allow for analysis of the outgoing motion. An analysis of this ground motion can provide frequencies of interest where ground accelerations would be highest/lowest, which can aid in site response analysis and planning.

+
+_images/TF_Rock_to_Soil1.png +
+

NEEDS FINISHING

+
+
+

SimCenter Tool Used

+

To understand transfer functions, there are many tools available. One of these tools is the SimCenter Transfer Function Tool (TFT). This tool introduces users to transfer functions by providing the output motion at a site given the motion, thickness of layers, shear wave velocities, and damping ratio. TFT allows for easy analysis of amplification/de-amplification of ground motions based on specific sites.

+

The Earthquake Engineering with Uncertainty Quantification Application (EE-UQ) is a SimCenter research application that also allows for site response predictions due to earthquake loading. In addition to basic transfer function quantification, it allows for the analysis of uncertainty in the predictions based on the uncertainty found within the input model, motion, etc. This workflow application allows the user to run analyses in the background and provides a simple user interface that facilitates its use.

+
+
+

Example Application

+

For our purposes, an earthquake motion will be applied to a rock, located at the bottom of a one-dimensional soil profile. In this example, we will analyze the amplification/deamplification effects of the ground motion caused by its propagation through the soil layer. The 10 meter soil layer has a shear wave velocity (Vs) of 500 m/s and a damping ratio of 3%.

+
+_images/CESG599_TF_image1.png +
+

Because of the presence of uncertainty in the soil properties, the transfer function will include uncertainty in its effects. Normal distribution values for each variable (H, Vs, damping) will be provided.This uncertainty will be quantified through multiple runs in EE-UQ and expressed as ratios of mean velocity and acceleration, along with standard deviation and skewness.

+

NEEDS FINISHING

+
+
+

Remarks

+

NEEDS FINISHING

+
+

Warning

+

Plotting FFT’s will slow down the animation speed significantly, especially as the length of the time histories increase.

+
+
+
+
+[Kra96] +

S. L. Kramer. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. Pearson, 1996. ISBN 9783642196294.

+
+
+[RB20] +

V. Rashidian and L. G. Baise. Regional efficacy of a global geospatial liquefaction model. Engineering geology, 272:105644, 2020.

+
+
+[SGM24] +

M. D. Sanger, M. Geyin, and B. W. Maurer. A global liquefaction model for rapid response and scenario modeling. Manuscript in preparation, 2024.

+
+
+[ZBT17] +

J. Zhu, L. G. Baise, and E. M. Thompson. An updated geospatial liquefaction model for global application. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 107(3):1365–1385, 2017.

+
+
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/case_3.html b/case_3.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..90c64f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/case_3.html @@ -0,0 +1,273 @@ + + + + + + + S3hark - Site Response 1 — CESG-599 1.0.0 documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+

S3hark - Site Response 1

+
+

Author: Jose Barreto

+
+
+

Introduction

+

This page describes basic concepts of one-dimensional ground response analysis and the usage of transfer functions. For more details, the user is encounged to read [Kra96].

+
+
+

Problem Description

+

A transfer function is somewhat like a filter that is applied to an incoming wave to produce an output signal. It determines how each frequency in the input motion is amplified or suppressed, by the medium of wave travel. Considering a spring-mass system with an excitation motion at input from the foundation connected to the spring and the corresponding response motion of the connected mass in the inertial system. The response motion of the mass will be a composite factor of the elastic and the viscous damping forces which are inherently embedded in the transfer function that determines the output motion we will obtain. In our wave propagation study we also employ transfer functions as a tool to explain the factors that make our input wave motion different from our output wave obtained. Evaluating the transfer function mathematically involves converting our known input motion to a Fourier series. Each term of the Fourier series is multiplied by the transfer function to obtain the Fourier series of the output response. Resonance is a physical phenomenon that occurs when the natural frequency of vibration of particles in a body (in our case the layers) matches the frequency of the forcing function (our input motion). It is experienced as an infinite amplification of the model.

+
+
+

Solution Strategy

+
    +

  1. Open the Dr. Layer program. By default we get twelve layers. The top six layers are hardwired into the system with a velocity of specified as very fast. The bottom six layers are hardwired with a velocity of very slow.

    2. +

  2. Select all the layers to all have very slow values using the select all option.

    3. +

  3. On the top left hand corner of the menu box choose the plot box tool and apply a plot box at the top of the layers. Do the same at four arbitrary points along the soil layers. Note the height (\(H\)) you place the plots.

    +
    +

    <insert image>

    +
    +
    4. +

  4. Push the time increment button for about 1 minute.

    5. +

  5. Obtain the angular frequency \((2p/T)\), where \(T\) is the period i.e. time it takes to complete one revolution.

    6. +

  6. Obtain the maximum displacements from the plots by clicking on the crest of the curves with your cursor.

    7. +
+
+\[ \begin{align}\begin{aligned}TF = \frac{1}{\cos(\frac{wH}{v_s})}\\AF = \frac{1}{|\cos(\frac{wH}{v_s})|}\end{aligned}\end{align} \]
+

Where

+

\(w\) = Angular frequency (2pf)

+

\(H\) = distance between any two points in the layers under consideration.

+

\(V\) = Velocity of wave travel within the soil layer.

+

\(TF\) = Transfer function

+

\(AF\) = Amplification function

+

Dr. Layer’s operation is controlled via menu commands (with associated keyboard accelerators), manipulation tools, scaling buttons, the load tool bar, and time control buttons. The program displays the results of its calculations visually in the form of animated displacements, and also in the form of dynamically generated time history plots. There are also mechanisms for getting numerical values.

+
+_images/case1.png +
+
+
+

SimCenter Tool Used

+

blablabla

+ + +++++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Title

Heading row 1, column 1

Heading row 1, column 2

Heading row 1, column 3

Row 1, column 1

Row 1, column 3

Row 2, column 1

Row 2, column 2

Row 2, column 3

+

Time can be controlled using either the keyboard or the time control buttons:

+
    +

  • To run time forward: Press and hold the ‘g’ key or click and hold the time forward button: <insert icon>.

    • +

  • To reset time to zero: Type the ‘0’ key or click on the time reset button: <insert icon>.

    • +

  • The current analysis time is displayed in the feedback pane at the bottom of the screen.

    • +

  • The analysis time step size can be controlled via the Time Step menu (there are combinations of material properties and time steps that intentionally lead to unstable results, so beware).

    • +

  • The display time step can be controlled via the Animation Speed menu. Internally, this command controls how many analysis time steps are computed between screen updates.

    • +
+
+
+

Example Application

+

Dr. Layer’s tool palette is illustrated below (Windows version: the Mac version is similar but grouped a bit differently):

+

<insert tool palette image>

+
    +

  • The Arrow Tool is used to select and manipulate objects.

    • +

  • The Panner and Camera Orbit Tools are used to change the viewing point and camera orientation via clicking and dragging.

    • +

  • The Plot Box Tool is used to create one of the various types of plot boxes:

    +
    +
      +

    • Displacement Time History plots are created by clicking on the relevant layer. The top node in the layer is used as the plotting target.

      • +

    • Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) plots of a displacement history can be created by clicking on the time history plot.

      • +

    • Stress-strain plots can be created by control-clicking (i.e., holding down the control key while clicking) on the desired layer.

      • +
    +
    +
    • +
+
+

These controls are self-explanatory in regards to their functions. Note the following, however:

+
+
+

Note

+

The scaling buttons will continue to scale as long as they are held down. It is not necessary to click multiple times to get this effect.

+
+
+
+

Remarks

+
    +

  • To adjust the plotting scales, use the small expansion/contraction triangular buttons on the plot for the horizontal scale, and the plot scale buttons on the Scale Button Toolbar for the vertical scale.

    • +
+
+

Note

+

You will notice that all plots scale together. This is so that plots of a given type can be compared visually without any misleading differences in scale factors.

+
+
    +

  • To adjust the horizontal offset of a plot, click in the plot and drag horizontally to scroll back and forth.

    • +
+
+

Note

+

In general, plots will automatically scroll as necessary as time is running. Once you have manually scrolled a plot, though, the automatic scrolling will cease until time is reset to zero.

+
+
    +

  • Plot boxes can be added or removed at any time, but they only accumulate data beginning from the time they are installed, with the exception of FFT plots, which always plot the according to the data accumulated in the target time history. FFT plots can use up to the first 1024 points in a time history.

    • +
+
+

Warning

+

Plotting FFT’s will slow down the animation speed significantly, especially as the length of the time histories increase.

+
+
+
+
+[Kra96] +

S. L. Kramer. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. Pearson, 1996. ISBN 9783642196294.

+
+
+[RB20] +

V. Rashidian and L. G. Baise. Regional efficacy of a global geospatial liquefaction model. Engineering geology, 272:105644, 2020.

+
+
+[SGM24] +

M. D. Sanger, M. Geyin, and B. W. Maurer. A global liquefaction model for rapid response and scenario modeling. Manuscript in preparation, 2024.

+
+
+[ZBT17] +

J. Zhu, L. G. Baise, and E. M. Thompson. An updated geospatial liquefaction model for global application. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 107(3):1365–1385, 2017.

+
+
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/case_4.html b/case_4.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d141b13 --- /dev/null +++ b/case_4.html @@ -0,0 +1,275 @@ + + + + + + + S3hark - Site Response 2 — CESG-599 1.0.0 documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+

S3hark - Site Response 2

+

Author: Chungen Tai +(Updated : 05/24/24) +——————-

+
+

Introduction

+

This page shows basic concepts of one-dimensional nonlinear site response analysis by using various soil material models (ex: ElasticIsotropic, PM4Sand.).Site response analysis is commonly performed to analyze the propagation of seismic waves through soil. As shown in the below figure, one-dimensional response analyses, as a simplified method, assume that all boundaries are horizontal and that the response of a soil deposit is predominately caused by SH-waves propagating vertically from the underlying bedrock. Ground surface response is usually the major output from these analyses, together with profile plots such as peak horizontal acceleration along the soil profile. When liquefiable soils are presenting, maximum shear strain and excess pore pressure ratio plots are also important.

+
+_images/siteResponse2.png +
+
+
+

Problem Description

+

Treasure Island, situated atop sand fill strata overlaying Bay Mud within the San Francisco Bay, was subjected to seismic activity during the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. Adjacent to Treasure Island lies Yerba Buena Island, characterized by its natural rock outcrop. Utilizing the site’s soil profile and seismic data recorded on Yerba Buena Island, we endeavor to analyze the site response of Treasure Island. This entails computing parameters such as peak horizontal acceleration and shear strain distribution along the soil profile. Furthermore, we aim to investigate the influence of varying slope configurations on the site’s response characteristics.

+
+
+

Solution Strategy

+
    +

  1. Open the Dr. Layer program. By default we get twelve layers. The top six layers are hardwired into the system with a velocity of specified as very fast. The bottom six layers are hardwired with a velocity of very slow.

    2. +

  2. Select all the layers to all have very slow values using the select all option.

    3. +

  3. On the top left hand corner of the menu box choose the plot box tool and apply a plot box at the top of the layers. Do the same at four arbitrary points along the soil layers. Note the height (\(H\)) you place the plots.

    +
    +

    <insert image>

    +
    +
    4. +

  4. Push the time increment button for about 1 minute.

    5. +

  5. Obtain the angular frequency \((2p/T)\), where \(T\) is the period i.e. time it takes to complete one revolution.

    6. +

  6. Obtain the maximum displacements from the plots by clicking on the crest of the curves with your cursor.

    7. +
+
+\[ \begin{align}\begin{aligned}TF = \frac{1}{\cos(\frac{wH}{v_s})}\\AF = \frac{1}{|\cos(\frac{wH}{v_s})|}\end{aligned}\end{align} \]
+

Where

+

\(w\) = Angular frequency (2pf)

+

\(H\) = distance between any two points in the layers under consideration.

+

\(V\) = Velocity of wave travel within the soil layer.

+

\(TF\) = Transfer function

+

\(AF\) = Amplification function

+

Dr. Layer’s operation is controlled via menu commands (with associated keyboard accelerators), manipulation tools, scaling buttons, the load tool bar, and time control buttons. The program displays the results of its calculations visually in the form of animated displacements, and also in the form of dynamically generated time history plots. There are also mechanisms for getting numerical values.

+
+_images/case1.png +
+
+
+

SimCenter Tool Used

+

blablabla

+ + +++++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Title

Heading row 1, column 1

Heading row 1, column 2

Heading row 1, column 3

Row 1, column 1

Row 1, column 3

Row 2, column 1

Row 2, column 2

Row 2, column 3

+

Time can be controlled using either the keyboard or the time control buttons:

+
    +

  • To run time forward: Press and hold the ‘g’ key or click and hold the time forward button: <insert icon>.

    • +

  • To reset time to zero: Type the ‘0’ key or click on the time reset button: <insert icon>.

    • +

  • The current analysis time is displayed in the feedback pane at the bottom of the screen.

    • +

  • The analysis time step size can be controlled via the Time Step menu (there are combinations of material properties and time steps that intentionally lead to unstable results, so beware).

    • +

  • The display time step can be controlled via the Animation Speed menu. Internally, this command controls how many analysis time steps are computed between screen updates.

    • +
+
+
+

Example Application

+

Dr. Layer’s tool palette is illustrated below (Windows version: the Mac version is similar but grouped a bit differently):

+

<insert tool palette image>

+
    +

  • The Arrow Tool is used to select and manipulate objects.

    • +

  • The Panner and Camera Orbit Tools are used to change the viewing point and camera orientation via clicking and dragging.

    • +

  • The Plot Box Tool is used to create one of the various types of plot boxes:

    +
    +
      +

    • Displacement Time History plots are created by clicking on the relevant layer. The top node in the layer is used as the plotting target.

      • +

    • Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) plots of a displacement history can be created by clicking on the time history plot.

      • +

    • Stress-strain plots can be created by control-clicking (i.e., holding down the control key while clicking) on the desired layer.

      • +
    +
    +
    • +
+
+

These controls are self-explanatory in regards to their functions. Note the following, however:

+
+
+

Note

+

The scaling buttons will continue to scale as long as they are held down. It is not necessary to click multiple times to get this effect.

+
+
+
+

Remarks

+
    +

  • To adjust the plotting scales, use the small expansion/contraction triangular buttons on the plot for the horizontal scale, and the plot scale buttons on the Scale Button Toolbar for the vertical scale.

    • +
+
+

Note

+

You will notice that all plots scale together. This is so that plots of a given type can be compared visually without any misleading differences in scale factors.

+
+
    +

  • To adjust the horizontal offset of a plot, click in the plot and drag horizontally to scroll back and forth.

    • +
+
+

Note

+

In general, plots will automatically scroll as necessary as time is running. Once you have manually scrolled a plot, though, the automatic scrolling will cease until time is reset to zero.

+
+
    +

  • Plot boxes can be added or removed at any time, but they only accumulate data beginning from the time they are installed, with the exception of FFT plots, which always plot the according to the data accumulated in the target time history. FFT plots can use up to the first 1024 points in a time history.

    • +
+
+

Warning

+

Plotting FFT’s will slow down the animation speed significantly, especially as the length of the time histories increase.

+
+
+
+
+[Kra96] +

S. L. Kramer. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. Pearson, 1996. ISBN 9783642196294.

+
+
+[RB20] +

V. Rashidian and L. G. Baise. Regional efficacy of a global geospatial liquefaction model. Engineering geology, 272:105644, 2020.

+
+
+[SGM24] +

M. D. Sanger, M. Geyin, and B. W. Maurer. A global liquefaction model for rapid response and scenario modeling. Manuscript in preparation, 2024.

+
+
+[ZBT17] +

J. Zhu, L. G. Baise, and E. M. Thompson. An updated geospatial liquefaction model for global application. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 107(3):1365–1385, 2017.

+
+
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/case_5.html b/case_5.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4433780 --- /dev/null +++ b/case_5.html @@ -0,0 +1,253 @@ + + + + + + + R2D - Liquefaction — CESG-599 1.0.0 documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+

R2D - Liquefaction

+
+

Author: Morgan Sanger

+
+
+

Introduction

+

This page describes basic concepts of geospatial liquefaction hazard modeling.

+
+
+

Problem Description

+

Coseismic soil liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced by earthquake shaking. Resilient communities and infrastructure networks, like lifelines or transportation systems, must be built to withstand and respond to hazards posed by coseismic soil liquefaction. Ideally, these predictions could be made:

+
    +

  • quickly, in near-real-time after an event;

    • +

  • at high resolution, consistent with the scale of individual assets; and

    • +

  • at map-scale, across the regional extent affected by large earthquakes.

    • +
+

Common liquefaction models in practice require in-situ testing which cannot be continuously performed across large areas, thus presenting the need for “geospatial” liquefaction models. Prior tests of such models (e.g., [ZBT17]) have shown both promising potential and severe shortcomings in predicting subsurface conditions with few geospatial predictors. There is a need to advance geospatial liquefaction modeling by integrating geotechnical data, liquefaction mechanics, artificial intelligence (AI), and many geospatial predictor variables to provide reliable regional liquefaction predictions for any earthquake event. When integrated with regional hazard assessment capabilities, geospatial liquefcation models will provide value throughout the life of infrastructure projects - from initial desk studies to refined project-specific hazard analyses - and will unlock insights beyond conventional practice, with opportunity to:

+
    +

  • prescribe event-specific emergency response and evacuation routes immediately after an earthquake,

    • +

  • evaluate network reliability and infrastructure network resiliency using structural databases or other asset inventories, and

    • +

  • understand the impacts of earthquake events of vulnerable communities using population demographic data.

    • +
+
+
+

Solution Strategy

+

The state-of-practice geospatial liquefaction model is the [RB20] model (updated version of the [ZBT17] model), which uses logistic regression to predict probability of liquefaction based on five (5) geospatial variables and trained on a database of liquefaction case histories.

+

In this problem, another modeling solution strategy is proposed, according to [SGM24]. The [SGM24] approach parses the problem into that which is empirical and best predicted by AI (the relationship between geospatial variables and subsurface traits) and that which is best predicted by mechanics (liquefaction response, conditioned on those traits). In this approach, the subsurface traits are characterized at point locations using available cone penetration testing (CPT) data. The liquefaction response at each CPT location is computed across a range of magnitude-scale peak ground accelerations (PGAM7.5) using state-of-practice liquefaction manifestation models (e.g., liquefaction potential index, LPI), thereby retaining the knowledge of liquefaction mechanics developed over the last 50+ years. The relationship between manifestation index and PGAM7.5 is represented as a functional form (Eqn 1) with two curve-fitting parameters: A and B (Fig 1). Therefore, the liquefaction response (i.e., A and B) at each CPT location becomes target variables of supervised learning AI models.

+
+\[\begin{split}MI = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} +0, & \text{PGA}_{M7.5} < 0.1g \\ +\arctan(B \cdot (\text{PGA}_{M7.5} - \frac{A}{B})^2) \cdot 100, & \text{PGA}_{M7.5} \geq 0.1g +\end{array} \right.\end{split}\]
+

Eqn 1. Manifestation index as a function of A, B, and PGAM7.5.

+
+_images/manifestationcurve.png +
+

Fig 1. Example manifestation curve of LPI vs. PGAM7.5 for a single CPT.

+
+
+

The AI model is trained to predict liquefaction response from a suite of geospatial predictor variables identified as proxies of liquefaction (37 variables). Example predictor variables include mapped or remotely sensed metrics of surface topography and roughness; distance to and elevation above water bodies; geology, geomorphology, hydrology, and more. By applying the final trained AI model to the full predictor datasets, the A and B parameters are predicted geospatially at a defined resolution. A final, key step of the approach is that AI predictions are geostatistically updated via regression kriging in the vicinity of field measurements, such that nearby predictions are based mostly on known subsurface conditions and have lower model uncertainty, whereas distal predictions are based mostly on AI and have greater model uncertainty. In summary, this approach effectively pre-computes liquefaction response across all possible ground motion intensities and durations based on AI-predicted subsurface conditions. These predictions are stored as mapped parameters, awaiting information about a specific earthquake of interest, real or scenario, such as a PGAM7.5 raster from R2D.

+

Model predictions were then tested against the leading geospatial model [RB20] in three case-history events using receiver operating characteristic and area under the curve analyses (Fig 2). The [SGM24] AI model (before kriging) performed significantly better than [RB20] and was further improved by kriging (Fig 3).

+
+_images/sanger2024-roc.png +
+

Fig 2. Receiver operator characteristic curves and area under the curve (AUC) analyses comparing [RB20] (“R&B”), and the [SGM24] before regression kriging (“LPI”).

+
+
+
+_images/zhu2017.png +
+

(a)

+
+
+
+_images/sanger2024-ai.png +
+

(b)

+
+
+
+_images/sanger2024-krig.png +
+

(c)

+
+

Fig 3. Comparison between (a) Rashidian & Baise (2020), and this model (b) before and (c) after regression kriging for the Feb. 2011 M6.1 Christchurch event.

+
+
+
+
+
+

SimCenter Tool Used

+

The presented problem can be solved using SimCenter’s Regional Resilience Determination R2D Tool. A substantially complete description of the tool is provided in the R2D Documentation.

+

The [ZBT17] model is implemented in the R2D tool (version 4.2.0), whereas the [SGM24] model is not yet implemented in the R2D tool. In this project, the [SGM24] model was implemented in the R2D tool using Python applications file.

+
+
+

Example Application

+
+
+

Remarks

+
    +

  • To adjust the plotting scales, use the small expansion/contraction triangular buttons on the plot for the horizontal scale, and the plot scale buttons on the Scale Button Toolbar for the vertical scale.

    • +
+
+

Note

+

You will notice that all plots scale together. This is so that plots of a given type can be compared visually without any misleading differences in scale factors.

+
+
    +

  • To adjust the horizontal offset of a plot, click in the plot and drag horizontally to scroll back and forth.

    • +
+
+

Note

+

In general, plots will automatically scroll as necessary as time is running. Once you have manually scrolled a plot, though, the automatic scrolling will cease until time is reset to zero.

+
+
    +

  • Plot boxes can be added or removed at any time, but they only accumulate data beginning from the time they are installed, with the exception of FFT plots, which always plot the according to the data accumulated in the target time history. FFT plots can use up to the first 1024 points in a time history.

    • +
+
+

Warning

+

Plotting FFT’s will slow down the animation speed significantly, especially as the length of the time histories increase.

+
+
+
+
+[Kra96] +

S. L. Kramer. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. Pearson, 1996. ISBN 9783642196294.

+
+
+[RB20] +(1,2,3,4) +

V. Rashidian and L. G. Baise. Regional efficacy of a global geospatial liquefaction model. Engineering geology, 272:105644, 2020.

+
+
+[SGM24] +(1,2,3,4,5,6) +

M. D. Sanger, M. Geyin, and B. W. Maurer. A global liquefaction model for rapid response and scenario modeling. Manuscript in preparation, 2024.

+
+
+[ZBT17] +(1,2,3) +

J. Zhu, L. G. Baise, and E. M. Thompson. An updated geospatial liquefaction model for global application. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 107(3):1365–1385, 2017.

+
+
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/case_6.html b/case_6.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5d4d9fa --- /dev/null +++ b/case_6.html @@ -0,0 +1,281 @@ + + + + + + + R2D - Landslides — CESG-599 1.0.0 documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+

R2D - Landslides

+
+

Author: Luis Angel Guerrero Hoyos

+
+
+

Introduction

+

This page describes a preliminarly approach for landslide risk assesment using SimCenter tools (R2D).

+
+
+

Problem Description

+

Studying landslide assessment using Newmark analysis and ground motions is a multidisciplinary effort that integrates engineering, geology, and environmental science. It provides a comprehensive approach to understanding and mitigating the risks associated with landslides, ultimately leading to safer communities and more resilient infrastructure. Here we would like to analyze in a regional scale, what would be the response across a study area located in Seattle, WA, US. The idea is to estimate the predicted displacement in the study area if an earthquake with certain intensity measure (Arias Intensity \(I_a\)) were to occur. This study integrates the infinite slope approach to estimate the static factor of safety so then the Critical Acceleration \(a_c\) can be estimated. Finally with these parameters a Newmark displacement could be estimated using Randall W. Jibson correlation [].

+
+
+

Solution Strategy

+

Jibson proposed model is used to calculate the Newmark displacement as follows:

+
+\[log(Dn) = 1.460\:log(I_a)-6.642\:a_c+1.546\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:(1)\]
+

Where:

+

\(Dn\) = Newmark Displacement [cm].

+

\(I_a\) = Areas Intensity [m/s].

+

\(a_c\) = Critical Acceleration [g].

+

Also,

+
+\[a_c = (FS_{static}-1)\:sin(\beta)\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:(2)\]
+

Where:

+
+\[FS_{static} = \frac{2c}{\gamma\:z\:sin(\beta)} + cot(\beta)\:tan(\phi)\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:(3)\]
+

\(\beta\) = Slope Angle [°].

+

\(FS_{static}\) = Static Factor of Safety [-].

+

\(c\) = Cohesion [kPa].

+

\(\gamma\) = Unit Weight [kN/m³].

+

\(\phi\) = Friction Angle [°].

+

\(I_a\) = Intensity measure time-history motion specific.

+

In order to estimate the imput parameters of equation 1 the following steps could be done:

+
    +

  1. Create a slope raster for a selected area: this can be created using a DTM model for the area of interest which can be downloaded from the USGS portal.

    2. +

  2. Use QGIS built-in functions to perform the slope calculations. See QGIS slope documentation.

    3. +
+
+
+

To be continued…

+

Dr. Layer’s operation is controlled via menu commands (with associated keyboard accelerators), manipulation tools, scaling buttons, the load tool bar, and time control buttons. The program displays the results of its calculations visually in the form of animated displacements, and also in the form of dynamically generated time history plots. There are also mechanisms for getting numerical values.

+
+_images/case1.png +
+
+
+

SimCenter Tool Used

+

blablabla

+ + +++++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Title

Heading row 1, column 1

Heading row 1, column 2

Heading row 1, column 3

Row 1, column 1

Row 1, column 3

Row 2, column 1

Row 2, column 2

Row 2, column 3

+

Time can be controlled using either the keyboard or the time control buttons:

+
    +

  • To run time forward: Press and hold the ‘g’ key or click and hold the time forward button: <insert icon>.

    • +

  • To reset time to zero: Type the ‘0’ key or click on the time reset button: <insert icon>.

    • +

  • The current analysis time is displayed in the feedback pane at the bottom of the screen.

    • +

  • The analysis time step size can be controlled via the Time Step menu (there are combinations of material properties and time steps that intentionally lead to unstable results, so beware).

    • +

  • The display time step can be controlled via the Animation Speed menu. Internally, this command controls how many analysis time steps are computed between screen updates.

    • +
+
+
+

Example Application

+

Dr. Layer’s tool palette is illustrated below (Windows version: the Mac version is similar but grouped a bit differently):

+

<insert tool palette image>

+
    +

  • The Arrow Tool is used to select and manipulate objects.

    • +

  • The Panner and Camera Orbit Tools are used to change the viewing point and camera orientation via clicking and dragging.

    • +

  • The Plot Box Tool is used to create one of the various types of plot boxes:

    +
    +
      +

    • Displacement Time History plots are created by clicking on the relevant layer. The top node in the layer is used as the plotting target.

      • +

    • Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) plots of a displacement history can be created by clicking on the time history plot.

      • +

    • Stress-strain plots can be created by control-clicking (i.e., holding down the control key while clicking) on the desired layer.

      • +
    +
    +
    • +
+
+

These controls are self-explanatory in regards to their functions. Note the following, however:

+
+
+

Note

+

The scaling buttons will continue to scale as long as they are held down. It is not necessary to click multiple times to get this effect.

+
+
+
+

Remarks

+
    +

  • To adjust the plotting scales, use the small expansion/contraction triangular buttons on the plot for the horizontal scale, and the plot scale buttons on the Scale Button Toolbar for the vertical scale.

    • +
+
+

Note

+

You will notice that all plots scale together. This is so that plots of a given type can be compared visually without any misleading differences in scale factors.

+
+
    +

  • To adjust the horizontal offset of a plot, click in the plot and drag horizontally to scroll back and forth.

    • +
+
+

Note

+

In general, plots will automatically scroll as necessary as time is running. Once you have manually scrolled a plot, though, the automatic scrolling will cease until time is reset to zero.

+
+
    +

  • Plot boxes can be added or removed at any time, but they only accumulate data beginning from the time they are installed, with the exception of FFT plots, which always plot the according to the data accumulated in the target time history. FFT plots can use up to the first 1024 points in a time history.

    • +
+
+

Warning

+

Plotting FFT’s will slow down the animation speed significantly, especially as the length of the time histories increase.

+
+
+
+
+[Kra96] +

S. L. Kramer. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. Pearson, 1996. ISBN 9783642196294.

+
+
+[RB20] +

V. Rashidian and L. G. Baise. Regional efficacy of a global geospatial liquefaction model. Engineering geology, 272:105644, 2020.

+
+
+[SGM24] +

M. D. Sanger, M. Geyin, and B. W. Maurer. A global liquefaction model for rapid response and scenario modeling. Manuscript in preparation, 2024.

+
+
+[ZBT17] +

J. Zhu, L. G. Baise, and E. M. Thompson. An updated geospatial liquefaction model for global application. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 107(3):1365–1385, 2017.

+
+
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/case_7.html b/case_7.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..220e0c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/case_7.html @@ -0,0 +1,271 @@ + + + + + + + R2D - Damage and Losses — CESG-599 1.0.0 documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+

R2D - Damage and Losses

+
+

Author: Daniel Acosta

+
+
+

Introduction

+

This page describes basic concepts of one-dimensional ground response analysis and the usage of transfer functions. For more details, the user is encounged to read [Kra96].

+
+
+

Problem Description

+

A transfer function is somewhat like a filter that is applied to an incoming wave to produce an output signal. It determines how each frequency in the input motion is amplified or suppressed, by the medium of wave travel. Considering a spring-mass system with an excitation motion at input from the foundation connected to the spring and the corresponding response motion of the connected mass in the inertial system. The response motion of the mass will be a composite factor of the elastic and the viscous damping forces which are inherently embedded in the transfer function that determines the output motion we will obtain. In our wave propagation study we also employ transfer functions as a tool to explain the factors that make our input wave motion different from our output wave obtained. Evaluating the transfer function mathematically involves converting our known input motion to a Fourier series. Each term of the Fourier series is multiplied by the transfer function to obtain the Fourier series of the output response. Resonance is a physical phenomenon that occurs when the natural frequency of vibration of particles in a body (in our case the layers) matches the frequency of the forcing function (our input motion). It is experienced as an infinite amplification of the model.

+
+
+

Solution Strategy

+
    +

  1. Open the Dr. Layer program. By default we get twelve layers. The top six layers are hardwired into the system with a velocity of specified as very fast. The bottom six layers are hardwired with a velocity of very slow.

    2. +

  2. Select all the layers to all have very slow values using the select all option.

    3. +

  3. On the top left hand corner of the menu box choose the plot box tool and apply a plot box at the top of the layers. Do the same at four arbitrary points along the soil layers. Note the height (\(H\)) you place the plots.

    +
    +

    <insert image>

    +
    +
    4. +

  4. Push the time increment button for about 1 minute.

    5. +

  5. Obtain the angular frequency \((2p/T)\), where \(T\) is the period i.e. time it takes to complete one revolution.

    6. +

  6. Obtain the maximum displacements from the plots by clicking on the crest of the curves with your cursor.

    7. +
+
+\[ \begin{align}\begin{aligned}TF = \frac{1}{\cos(\frac{wH}{v_s})}\\AF = \frac{1}{|\cos(\frac{wH}{v_s})|}\end{aligned}\end{align} \]
+

Where

+

\(w\) = Angular frequency (2pf)

+

\(H\) = distance between any two points in the layers under consideration.

+

\(V\) = Velocity of wave travel within the soil layer.

+

\(TF\) = Transfer function

+

\(AF\) = Amplification function

+

Dr. Layer’s operation is controlled via menu commands (with associated keyboard accelerators), manipulation tools, scaling buttons, the load tool bar, and time control buttons. The program displays the results of its calculations visually in the form of animated displacements, and also in the form of dynamically generated time history plots. There are also mechanisms for getting numerical values.

+
+_images/case1.png +
+
+
+

SimCenter Tool Used

+

blablabla

+ + +++++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Title

Heading row 1, column 1

Heading row 1, column 2

Heading row 1, column 3

Row 1, column 1

Row 1, column 3

Row 2, column 1

Row 2, column 2

Row 2, column 3

+

Time can be controlled using either the keyboard or the time control buttons:

+
    +

  • To run time forward: Press and hold the ‘g’ key or click and hold the time forward button: <insert icon>.

    • +

  • To reset time to zero: Type the ‘0’ key or click on the time reset button: <insert icon>.

    • +

  • The current analysis time is displayed in the feedback pane at the bottom of the screen.

    • +

  • The analysis time step size can be controlled via the Time Step menu (there are combinations of material properties and time steps that intentionally lead to unstable results, so beware).

    • +

  • The display time step can be controlled via the Animation Speed menu. Internally, this command controls how many analysis time steps are computed between screen updates.

    • +
+
+
+

Example Application

+

Dr. Layer’s tool palette is illustrated below (Windows version: the Mac version is similar but grouped a bit differently):

+

<insert tool palette image>

+
    +

  • The Arrow Tool is used to select and manipulate objects.

    • +

  • The Panner and Camera Orbit Tools are used to change the viewing point and camera orientation via clicking and dragging.

    • +

  • The Plot Box Tool is used to create one of the various types of plot boxes:

    +
    +
      +

    • Displacement Time History plots are created by clicking on the relevant layer. The top node in the layer is used as the plotting target.

      • +

    • Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) plots of a displacement history can be created by clicking on the time history plot.

      • +

    • Stress-strain plots can be created by control-clicking (i.e., holding down the control key while clicking) on the desired layer.

      • +
    +
    +
    • +
+
+

These controls are self-explanatory in regards to their functions. Note the following, however:

+
+
+

Note

+

The scaling buttons will continue to scale as long as they are held down. It is not necessary to click multiple times to get this effect.

+
+
+
+

Remarks

+
    +

  • To adjust the plotting scales, use the small expansion/contraction triangular buttons on the plot for the horizontal scale, and the plot scale buttons on the Scale Button Toolbar for the vertical scale.

    • +
+
+

Note

+

You will notice that all plots scale together. This is so that plots of a given type can be compared visually without any misleading differences in scale factors.

+
+
    +

  • To adjust the horizontal offset of a plot, click in the plot and drag horizontally to scroll back and forth.

    • +
+
+

Note

+

In general, plots will automatically scroll as necessary as time is running. Once you have manually scrolled a plot, though, the automatic scrolling will cease until time is reset to zero.

+
+
    +

  • Plot boxes can be added or removed at any time, but they only accumulate data beginning from the time they are installed, with the exception of FFT plots, which always plot the according to the data accumulated in the target time history. FFT plots can use up to the first 1024 points in a time history.

    • +
+
+

Warning

+

Plotting FFT’s will slow down the animation speed significantly, especially as the length of the time histories increase.

+
+
+
+
+[Kra96] +

S. L. Kramer. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. Pearson, 1996. ISBN 9783642196294.

+
+
+[RB20] +

V. Rashidian and L. G. Baise. Regional efficacy of a global geospatial liquefaction model. Engineering geology, 272:105644, 2020.

+
+
+[SGM24] +

M. D. Sanger, M. Geyin, and B. W. Maurer. A global liquefaction model for rapid response and scenario modeling. Manuscript in preparation, 2024.

+
+
+[ZBT17] +

J. Zhu, L. G. Baise, and E. M. Thompson. An updated geospatial liquefaction model for global application. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 107(3):1365–1385, 2017.

+
+
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/genindex.html b/genindex.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3acbdd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/genindex.html @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ + + + + + + Index — CESG-599 1.0.0 documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+
    +
    • +
  • Index
    • +
  • +
    • +
+
+
+
+
+ + +

Index

+ +
+ +
+ + +
+
+
+ +
+ +
+

© Copyright 2024, UW Computational Group.

+
+ + Built with Sphinx using a + theme + provided by Read the Docs. + + +
+
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/index.html b/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8e43ca4 --- /dev/null +++ b/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,217 @@ + + + + + + + Welcome to CESG 599 - NHERI - An Introduction to SimCenter tool and DesignSafe Infrastructure! — CESG-599 1.0.0 documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+
    +
    • +
  • Welcome to CESG 599 - NHERI - An Introduction to SimCenter tool and DesignSafe Infrastructure!
    • +
  • + View page source +
    • +
+
+
+
+
+ +
+

Welcome to CESG 599 - NHERI - An Introduction to SimCenter tool and DesignSafe Infrastructure!

+
+

What is CESG599-NHERI

+

This site provides a series of examples discussed during the CESG599-NHERI course. The course is designed to provide an introduction to the NHERI SimCenter tools and DesignSafe infrastructure. +The course is intended for graduate students and researchers in the field of civil engineering, but it is open to anyone interested in learning about the tools and resources available through the NHERI SimCenter and DesignSafe.

+
+

Contents

+ +
+
+
+

Acknowledgements

+

This supporting materials were developed by CESG 599 students and Pedro Arduino in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Washington under the auspices of the NHERI-SimCenter (SimCenter).

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© Copyright 2024, UW Computational Group.

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+ + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/searchindex.js b/searchindex.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c45e050 --- /dev/null +++ b/searchindex.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Search.setIndex({"alltitles": {"Acknowledgements": [[8, "acknowledgements"]], "Author: Daniel Acosta": [[7, "author-daniel-acosta"]], "Author: Erick Martinez": [[2, "author-erick-martinez"]], "Author: Jose Barreto": [[3, "author-jose-barreto"]], "Author: Kendra Mutch": [[1, "author-kendra-mutch"]], "Author: Luis Angel Guerrero Hoyos": [[6, "author-luis-angel-guerrero-hoyos"]], "Author: Morgan Sanger": [[5, "author-morgan-sanger"]], "Author: Pedro arduino": [[0, "author-pedro-arduino"]], "CESG599 - NHERI - An introduction to NHERI Simcenter tools and DesignSafe Resources": [[0, "cesg599-nheri-an-introduction-to-nheri-simcenter-tools-and-designsafe-resources"]], "Contents": [[8, null]], "Course Description": [[0, "course-description"]], "EEUQ - Transfer Function and Uncertainty": [[2, 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