README.md

hraftd

For background on this project check out this blog post.

You should also check out the GopherCon2023 talk "Build Your Own Distributed System Using Go" (video, slides), which explains step-by-step how to use the Hashicorp Raft library.

What is hraftd?

hraftd is a reference example use of the Hashicorp Raft implementation. Raft is a distributed consensus protocol, meaning its purpose is to ensure that a set of nodes -- a cluster -- agree on the state of some arbitrary state machine, even when nodes are vulnerable to failure and network partitions. Distributed consensus is a fundamental concept when it comes to building fault-tolerant systems.

A simple example system like hraftd makes it easy to study the Raft consensus protocol in general, and Hashicorp's Raft implementation in particular. It can be run on Linux, macOS, and Windows.

Reading and writing keys

The reference implementation is a very simple in-memory key-value store. You can set a key by sending a request to the HTTP bind address (which defaults to localhost:11000):

curl -XPOST localhost:11000/key -d '{"foo": "bar"}'

You can read the value for a key like so:

curl -XGET localhost:11000/key/foo

Running hraftd

Building hraftd requires Go 1.20 or later. gvm is a great tool for installing and managing your versions of Go.

Starting and running a hraftd cluster is easy. Download and build hraftd like so:

mkdir work # or any directory you like
cd work
export GOPATH=$PWD
mkdir -p src/github.com/otoolep
cd src/github.com/otoolep/
git clone [email protected]:otoolep/hraftd.git
cd hraftd
go install

Run your first hraftd node like so:

$GOPATH/bin/hraftd -id node0 ~/node0

You can now set a key and read its value back:

curl -XPOST localhost:11000/key -d '{"user1": "batman"}'
curl -XGET localhost:11000/key/user1

Bring up a cluster

A walkthrough of setting up a more realistic cluster is here.

Let's bring up 2 more nodes, so we have a 3-node cluster. That way we can tolerate the failure of 1 node:

$GOPATH/bin/hraftd -id node1 -haddr localhost:11001 -raddr localhost:12001 -join :11000 ~/node1
$GOPATH/bin/hraftd -id node2 -haddr localhost:11002 -raddr localhost:12002 -join :11000 ~/node2

This example shows each hraftd node running on the same host, so each node must listen on different ports. This would not be necessary if each node ran on a different host.

This tells each new node to join the existing node. Once joined, each node now knows about the key:

curl -XGET localhost:11000/key/user1
curl -XGET localhost:11001/key/user1
curl -XGET localhost:11002/key/user1

Furthermore you can add a second key:

curl -XPOST localhost:11000/key -d '{"user2": "robin"}'

Confirm that the new key has been set like so:

curl -XGET localhost:11000/key/user2
curl -XGET localhost:11001/key/user2
curl -XGET localhost:11002/key/user2

Stale reads

Because any node will answer a GET request, and nodes may "fall behind" updates, stale reads are possible. Again, hraftd is a simple program, for the purpose of demonstrating a distributed key-value store. If you are particularly interested in learning more about issue, you should check out rqlite. rqlite allows the client to control read consistency, allowing the client to trade off read-responsiveness and correctness.

Read-consistency support could be ported to hraftd if necessary.

Tolerating failure

Kill the leader process and watch one of the other nodes be elected leader. The keys are still available for query on the other nodes, and you can set keys on the new leader. Furthermore, when the first node is restarted, it will rejoin the cluster and learn about any updates that occurred while it was down.

A 3-node cluster can tolerate the failure of a single node, but a 5-node cluster can tolerate the failure of two nodes. But 5-node clusters require that the leader contact a larger number of nodes before any change e.g. setting a key's value, can be considered committed.

Leader-forwarding

Automatically forwarding requests to set keys to the current leader is not implemented. The client must always send requests to change a key to the leader or an error will be returned.

Production use of Raft

For a production-grade example of using Hashicorp's Raft implementation, to replicate a SQLite database, check out rqlite.