From d8a3d6984e31833b160e67b303f018f582d9efbd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Sam Zorowitz Date: Sat, 30 Sep 2023 10:37:54 -0400 Subject: [PATCH] 2023-sept-entries (#64) --- source/_posts/abivardi2023.md | 19 ++++++++++++ source/_posts/alameda2023.md | 2 +- source/_posts/arnau2023.md | 16 ++++++++++ source/_posts/banca2023.md | 2 +- source/_posts/barnby2023.md | 2 +- source/_posts/blackwell2023.md | 2 +- source/_posts/blain2023.md | 16 ++++++++++ source/_posts/bonnaire2022.md | 19 ++++++++++++ source/_posts/bueno2021.md | 15 +++++++++ source/_posts/canale2022.md | 20 ++++++++++++ source/_posts/castellotti2022.md | 18 +++++++++++ source/_posts/chakroun2023.md | 21 +++++++++++++ source/_posts/cohen2023.md | 16 ++++++++++ source/_posts/constant2023.md | 17 ++++++++++ source/_posts/copeland2023.md | 16 ---------- source/_posts/copeland2023a.md | 16 ++++++++++ source/_posts/copeland2023b.md | 16 ++++++++++ source/_posts/corcoran2018.md | 18 +++++++++++ source/_posts/corlazzoli2023.md | 16 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source/_posts/patt2021.md | 18 +++++++++++ source/_posts/polti2018.md | 16 ++++++++++ source/_posts/ren2021.md | 17 ++++++++++ source/_posts/riemer2020.md | 15 +++++++++ source/_posts/riemer2022.md | 17 ++++++++++ source/_posts/saeedpour2023.md | 17 ++++++++++ source/_posts/sierra2022.md | 17 ++++++++++ source/_posts/slater2023.md | 16 ++++++++++ source/_posts/sukhov2023.md | 17 ++++++++++ source/_posts/teghil2020.md | 17 ++++++++++ source/_posts/thunberg2023.md | 17 ++++++++++ source/_posts/tsigeman2022.md | 20 ++++++++++++ source/_posts/tylen2023.md | 18 +++++++++++ .../{waltmann2023.md => waltmann2023a.md} | 4 +-- source/_posts/waltmann2023b.md | 19 ++++++++++++ source/_posts/wehrman2023.md | 16 ++++++++++ source/_posts/wise2023.md | 17 ++++++++++ source/_posts/wurtz2023.md | 2 +- source/_posts/yan2023.md | 16 ++++++++++ source/_posts/zang2022.md | 20 ++++++++++++ source/_posts/zetsche2023.md | 2 +- source/_posts/zorowitz2023c.md | 2 +- 63 files changed, 869 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-) create mode 100644 source/_posts/abivardi2023.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/arnau2023.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/blain2023.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/bonnaire2022.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/bueno2021.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/canale2022.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/castellotti2022.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/chakroun2023.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/cohen2023.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/constant2023.md delete mode 100644 source/_posts/copeland2023.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/copeland2023a.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/copeland2023b.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/corcoran2018.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/corlazzoli2023.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/gladhill2022.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/grogan2020.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/harada-laszlo2023.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/houshmand-chatroudi2023.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/kim2023.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/kinley2023.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/kinzuka2022.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/klingelhoefer-jens2023.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/kuhrt2023.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/li2023.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/lukinova2021.md delete mode 100644 source/_posts/lukinova2021b.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/maekelae2023.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/makowski2022.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/marciano2023.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/molinaro2023a.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/muela2023.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/otsuka2023a.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/patt2021.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/polti2018.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/ren2021.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/riemer2020.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/riemer2022.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/saeedpour2023.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/sierra2022.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/slater2023.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/sukhov2023.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/teghil2020.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/thunberg2023.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/tsigeman2022.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/tylen2023.md rename source/_posts/{waltmann2023.md => waltmann2023a.md} (98%) create mode 100644 source/_posts/waltmann2023b.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/wehrman2023.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/wise2023.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/yan2023.md create mode 100644 source/_posts/zang2022.md diff --git a/source/_posts/abivardi2023.md b/source/_posts/abivardi2023.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ffeb622d --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/abivardi2023.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: Abivardi et al. (2023) +subtitle: 'Acceleration of inferred neural responses to oddball targets in an individual with bilateral amygdala lesion compared to healthy controls' +date: 2023/09/04 +authors: +- Abivardi, Aslan +- Korn, Christoph W +- Rojkov, Ivan +- Gerster, Samuel +- Hurlemann, Rene +- Bach, Dominik R +journal: Sci. Rep. +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-41357-1 +data_url: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8239465 +tags: +- +--- + +Detecting unusual auditory stimuli is crucial for discovering potential threat. Locus coeruleus (LC), which coordinates attention, and amygdala, which is implicated in resource prioritization, both respond to deviant sounds. Evidence concerning their interaction, however, is sparse. Seeking to elucidate if human amygdala affects estimated LC activity during this process, we recorded pupillary responses during an auditory oddball and an illuminance change task, in a female with bilateral amygdala lesions (BG) and in n = 23 matched controls. Neural input in response to oddballs was estimated via pupil dilation, a reported proxy of LC activity, harnessing a linear-time invariant system and individual pupillary dilation response function (IRF) inferred from illuminance responses. While oddball recognition remained intact, estimated LC input for BG was compacted to an impulse rather than the prolonged waveform seen in healthy controls. This impulse had the earliest response mean and highest kurtosis in the sample. As a secondary finding, BG showed enhanced early pupillary constriction to darkness. These findings suggest that LC-amygdala communication is required to sustain LC activity in response to anomalous sounds. Our results provide further evidence for amygdala involvement in processing deviant sound targets, although it is not required for their behavioral recognition. diff --git a/source/_posts/alameda2023.md b/source/_posts/alameda2023.md index de04b904..bb998351 100644 --- a/source/_posts/alameda2023.md +++ b/source/_posts/alameda2023.md @@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ tags: - --- -AbstractThroughout the day, humans show natural fluctuations in arousal that impact cognitive function. To study the behavioural dynamics of cognitive control during high and low arousal states, healthy participants performed an auditory conflict task during high-intensity physical exercise (N= 39) or drowsiness (N= 33). In line with the pre-registered hypothesis, conflict and conflict adaptation effects were preserved during both altered arousal states. Overall task performance was markedly poorer during low arousal, but not for high arousal. Modelling behavioural dynamics with drift-diffusion analyses revealed evidence accumulation and non-decision time decelerated, and decisional boundaries became wider during low arousal, whereas high arousal was unexpectedly associated with a decrease in the interference of task-irrelevant information processing. These findings show how arousal differentially modulates cognitive control at both sides of normal alertness, and further validates drowsiness and physical exercise as key experimental models to disentangle the interaction between physiological fluctuations on cognitive dynamics.Statement of RelevanceThe variability in arousal and alertness that we naturally experience in our everyday activities is rarely considered in cognitive neuroscience frameworks. Here, we presented a Simon task where the word “left” or “right” was heard through the participant’s right or left ear while either exercising at high-intensity or falling asleep, in order to map the behavioural dynamics of cognitive control on both sides of the arousal spectrum. We disentangled different elements involved in decision-making with computational modelling analyses. While basic effects of conflict in cognitive control were preserved regardless of the arousal state, high and low arousal seem to differentially impact decision-making processes. These results emphasise that naturally inducing drowsiness and physical exercise can provide a suitable model to test the resilience of decision-making processes when challenged by arousal and show the resilience of cognitive control mechanisms in face of physiological fluctuations. +Throughout the day, humans show natural fluctuations in arousal that impact cognitive function. To study the behavioural dynamics of cognitive control during high and low arousal states, healthy participants performed an auditory conflict task during high-intensity physical exercise (N= 39) or drowsiness (N= 33). In line with the pre-registered hypothesis, conflict and conflict adaptation effects were preserved during both altered arousal states. Overall task performance was markedly poorer during low arousal, but not for high arousal. Modelling behavioural dynamics with drift-diffusion analyses revealed evidence accumulation and non-decision time decelerated, and decisional boundaries became wider during low arousal, whereas high arousal was unexpectedly associated with a decrease in the interference of task-irrelevant information processing. These findings show how arousal differentially modulates cognitive control at both sides of normal alertness, and further validates drowsiness and physical exercise as key experimental models to disentangle the interaction between physiological fluctuations on cognitive dynamics.Statement of RelevanceThe variability in arousal and alertness that we naturally experience in our everyday activities is rarely considered in cognitive neuroscience frameworks. Here, we presented a Simon task where the word “left” or “right” was heard through the participant’s right or left ear while either exercising at high-intensity or falling asleep, in order to map the behavioural dynamics of cognitive control on both sides of the arousal spectrum. We disentangled different elements involved in decision-making with computational modelling analyses. While basic effects of conflict in cognitive control were preserved regardless of the arousal state, high and low arousal seem to differentially impact decision-making processes. These results emphasise that naturally inducing drowsiness and physical exercise can provide a suitable model to test the resilience of decision-making processes when challenged by arousal and show the resilience of cognitive control mechanisms in face of physiological fluctuations. diff --git a/source/_posts/arnau2023.md b/source/_posts/arnau2023.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..616b8efd --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/arnau2023.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: Arnau et al. (2023) +subtitle: 'Frontal midline theta power during the cue-target-interval reflects increased cognitive effort in rewarded task-switching' +date: 2023/09/25 +authors: +- Arnau, Stefan +- Liegel, Nathalie +- Wascher, Edmund +journal: bioRxiv +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.09.25.559275 +data_url: https://osf.io/ndgst/ +tags: +- +--- + +Cognitive performance largely depends on how much effort is invested during task-execution. This also means that we rarely perform as good as we could. Cognitive effort is adjusted to the expected outcome of performance, meaning that it is driven by motivation. The results from recent studies investigating the effects manipulations of motivation clearly suggest that it is the expenditure of cognitive control that is particularly prone to being affected by modulations of cognitive effort. Although recent EEG studies investigated the neural underpinnings of the interaction of effort and control, reports on how cognitive effort is reflected by oscillatory activity of the EEG are quite sparse. It is the goal of the present study to bridge this gap by performing an exploratory analysis of high-density EEG data from a switching-task using manipulations of monetary incentives. A beamformer approach is used to localize the sensor-level effects in source-space. The results indicate that the manipulation of cognitive effort was successful. The participants reported significantly higher motivation and cognitive effort in high versus low reward trials. Performance was also significantly increased. The analysis of the EEG data revealed that the increase of cognitive effort was reflected by an increased mid-frontal theta activity during the cue-target interval, suggesting an increased use of proactive control. Alpha-desynchronization throughout the trial was also more pronounced in high reward trials, signaling a bias of attention towards the processing of external stimuli. Source reconstruction suggests that these effects are located in areas related to cognitive control, and visual processing. diff --git a/source/_posts/banca2023.md b/source/_posts/banca2023.md index 3ae2f44d..6e390439 100644 --- a/source/_posts/banca2023.md +++ b/source/_posts/banca2023.md @@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ tags: - --- -AbstractEnhanced habit formation, greater automaticity and impaired goal/habit arbitration in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are key hypotheses from the goal/habit imbalance theory of compulsion which have not been directly investigated. This article tests these hypotheses using a combination of newly developed behavioral tasks. First, we trained patients with OCD and healthy controls, using a novel smartphone app, to perform chunked action sequences, previously shown to engage habit brain circuitry. The motor training was daily over one month period. There was equivalent procedural learning and attainment of habitual performance (measured with an objective criteria of automaticity) in both groups, despite greater subjective habitual tendencies in patients with OCD, self-reported via a recently developed questionnaire. We then used a combination of follow-up behavioral tasks to further assess the arbitration between previous automatic and new goal-directed action sequences. We found no evidence for impairments of goal/habit arbitration in OCD following re-evaluation based on monetary feedback, although there was a greater preference for engaging in the trained habitual sequence under certain conditions which may have derived from its intrinsic value. These findings may lead to a reformulation of the goal/habit imbalance hypothesis in OCD. Finally, OCD patients with higher compulsivity scores and habitual tendencies showed more engagement with the motor habit-training app and reported symptom alleviation, with implications for its potential use as a form of habit reversal therapy. +Enhanced habit formation, greater automaticity and impaired goal/habit arbitration in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are key hypotheses from the goal/habit imbalance theory of compulsion which have not been directly investigated. This article tests these hypotheses using a combination of newly developed behavioral tasks. First, we trained patients with OCD and healthy controls, using a novel smartphone app, to perform chunked action sequences, previously shown to engage habit brain circuitry. The motor training was daily over one month period. There was equivalent procedural learning and attainment of habitual performance (measured with an objective criteria of automaticity) in both groups, despite greater subjective habitual tendencies in patients with OCD, self-reported via a recently developed questionnaire. We then used a combination of follow-up behavioral tasks to further assess the arbitration between previous automatic and new goal-directed action sequences. We found no evidence for impairments of goal/habit arbitration in OCD following re-evaluation based on monetary feedback, although there was a greater preference for engaging in the trained habitual sequence under certain conditions which may have derived from its intrinsic value. These findings may lead to a reformulation of the goal/habit imbalance hypothesis in OCD. Finally, OCD patients with higher compulsivity scores and habitual tendencies showed more engagement with the motor habit-training app and reported symptom alleviation, with implications for its potential use as a form of habit reversal therapy. diff --git a/source/_posts/barnby2023.md b/source/_posts/barnby2023.md index 9d6e6d7a..34bf3205 100644 --- a/source/_posts/barnby2023.md +++ b/source/_posts/barnby2023.md @@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ tags: - --- -AbstractStriatal dopamine is important to paranoid attributions, although its computational role in social inference remains elusive. We employed a simple game theoretic paradigm and computational model of intentional attributions to investigate the effects of dopamine D2/D3 antagonism on ongoing mental state inference following social outcomes. Haloperidol, compared to placebo, enhanced the impact of partner behaviour on beliefs about harmful intent, and increased learning from recent encounters. These alterations caused significant changes to model covariation and negative correlations between self-interest and harmful intent attributions. Our findings suggest haloperidol improves flexibility in model-based beliefs about others and simultaneously reduces the self-relevance of social observations. Our results may reflect the role of D2/D3 dopamine in supporting self-relevant mentalisation. Our data and model bridge theory between general and social accounts of value representation. We demonstrate initial evidence for the sensitivity of our model and short social paradigm to drug intervention and clinical dimensions, allowing distinctions between mechanisms that operate across traits and states.Graphical Abstract +Striatal dopamine is important to paranoid attributions, although its computational role in social inference remains elusive. We employed a simple game theoretic paradigm and computational model of intentional attributions to investigate the effects of dopamine D2/D3 antagonism on ongoing mental state inference following social outcomes. Haloperidol, compared to placebo, enhanced the impact of partner behaviour on beliefs about harmful intent, and increased learning from recent encounters. These alterations caused significant changes to model covariation and negative correlations between self-interest and harmful intent attributions. Our findings suggest haloperidol improves flexibility in model-based beliefs about others and simultaneously reduces the self-relevance of social observations. Our results may reflect the role of D2/D3 dopamine in supporting self-relevant mentalisation. Our data and model bridge theory between general and social accounts of value representation. We demonstrate initial evidence for the sensitivity of our model and short social paradigm to drug intervention and clinical dimensions, allowing distinctions between mechanisms that operate across traits and states. diff --git a/source/_posts/blackwell2023.md b/source/_posts/blackwell2023.md index 49a6964a..f81e6b57 100644 --- a/source/_posts/blackwell2023.md +++ b/source/_posts/blackwell2023.md @@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ tags: - --- -Background: According to major cognitive accounts of panic disorder, bodily sensations can lead to automatic activation of an associative fear network, potentially triggering a cascade of cognitive, emotional, and physiological responses culminating in a panic attack. However, the evidence for the automatic associations assumed by these models is mixed. This may reflect the heterogeneous nature of panic disorder, in that the relative importance of different bodily sensations and symptoms varies between individuals. The current study aimed to test this possibility via measuring the associations between three different sets of panic symptoms (cognitive, respiratory, cardiac) and scores on three symptom-specific single target implicit association tests (STIATs). Methods: A total of 226 unselected female participants aged 18-35 completed the STIATs as well as questionnaires assessing panic symptoms and related measures in a web-based study. Results: Only limited evidence was found to support the idea of specific associations between STIAT stimuli sets and their related panic symptoms. Exploratory analyses indicated that there were only associations between STIAT scores and panic-relevant questionnaires amongst those participants who had experienced a panic attack in the previous 6 months. Conclusions: The results have implications for measuring panic-relevant associations and understanding their role in panic disorder. +According to major cognitive accounts of panic disorder, bodily sensations can lead to automatic activation of an associative fear network, potentially triggering a cascade of cognitive, emotional, and physiological responses culminating in a panic attack. However, the evidence for the automatic associations assumed by these models is mixed. This may reflect the heterogeneous nature of panic disorder, in that the relative importance of different bodily sensations and symptoms varies between individuals. The current study aimed to test this possibility via measuring the associations between three different sets of panic symptoms (cognitive, respiratory, cardiac) and scores on three symptom-specific single target implicit association tests (STIATs). A total of 226 unselected female participants aged 18-35 completed the STIATs as well as questionnaires assessing panic symptoms and related measures in a web-based study. Only limited evidence was found to support the idea of specific associations between STIAT stimuli sets and their related panic symptoms. Exploratory analyses indicated that there were only associations between STIAT scores and panic-relevant questionnaires amongst those participants who had experienced a panic attack in the previous 6 months. The results have implications for measuring panic-relevant associations and understanding their role in panic disorder. diff --git a/source/_posts/blain2023.md b/source/_posts/blain2023.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6c3076d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/blain2023.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: Blain et al. (2023) +subtitle: 'Sensitivity to intrinsic rewards is domain general and related to mental health' +date: 2023/09/06 +authors: +- Blain, Bastien +- Pinhorn, India +- Sharot, Tali +journal: Nat. Ment. Health +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44220-023-00116-x +data_url: https://github.com/BastienBlain/SensitivityToIntrinsicRewardsIsDomainGeneralAndRelatedToMentalHealth- +tags: +- +--- + +Humans frequently engage in intrinsically rewarding activities (for example, consuming art, reading). Despite such activities seeming diverse, we show that sensitivity to intrinsic rewards is domain general and associated with mental health. In this cross-sectional study, participants online (N = 483) were presented with putative visual, cognitive and social intrinsic rewards as well as monetary rewards and neutral stimuli. All rewards elicited positive feelings (were ‘liked’), generated consummatory behaviour (were ‘wanted’) and increased the likelihood of the action leading to them (were ‘reinforcing’). Factor analysis revealed that ~40% of response variance across stimuli was explained by a general sensitivity to all rewards, but not to neutral stimuli. Affective aspects of mental health were associated with sensitivity to intrinsic, but not monetary, rewards. These results may help explain thriving and suffering: individuals with high reward sensitivity will engage in a variety of intrinsically rewarding activities, eventually finding those they excel at, whereas low sensitivity individuals will not. diff --git a/source/_posts/bonnaire2022.md b/source/_posts/bonnaire2022.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..429f97a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/bonnaire2022.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: Bonnaire et al. (2022) +subtitle: 'An empirical investigation of the Pathways Model of problem gambling through the conjoint use of self-reports and behavioural tasks' +date: 2022/09/26 +authors: +- Bonnaire, Céline +- Devos, Gaëtan +- Barrault, Servane +- Grall-Bronnec, Marie +- Luminet, Olivier +- Billieux, Joël +journal: J. Behav. Addict. +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2022.00055 +data_url: https://osf.io/wy8e5/ +tags: +- +--- + +Blaszczynski and Nower (2002) conceptualized their Pathways Model by postulating the existence of three subtypes of problem gamblers who share common characteristics, but also present specific ones. This study investigated how the psychological mechanisms postulated in the Pathways Model predict clinical status in a sample that combined treatment-seeking gamblers (n = 59) and non-problematic community gamblers (n = 107). To test the Pathways Model, we computed a hierarchic logistic regression in which variables associated with each postulated pathway were entered sequentially to predict the status of the treatment-seeking gambler. Self-report questionnaires measured gambling-related cognitions, alexithymia, emotional reactivity, emotion regulation strategies and impulsivity. Behavioural tasks measured gambling persistence (slot machine task), decision-making under uncertainty (Iowa Gambling Task) and decision-making under risk (Game of Dice Task). We showed that specific factors theorized as underlying mechanisms for each pathway predicted the status of clinical gambler. For each pathway, significant predictors included gambling-related cognitive distortions and behaviourally measured gambling persistence (behaviourally conditioned pathway), emotional reactivity and emotion regulation strategies (emotionally vulnerable pathway), and lack of premeditation impulsivity facet (impulsivist-antisocial pathway). Our study adds to the body of literature confirming the validity of the Pathways Model and hold important implications in terms of assessment and treatment of problem gambling. In particular, a standardized assessment based on the Pathways Model should promote individualized treatment strategies to allow clinicians to take into account the high heterogeneity that characterizes gambling disorder. diff --git a/source/_posts/bueno2021.md b/source/_posts/bueno2021.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c425a14e --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/bueno2021.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- +title: Bueno & Cravo (2021) +subtitle: 'Post-interval EEG activity is related to task-goals in temporal discrimination' +date: 2021/09/27 +authors: +- Bueno, Fernanda Dantas +- Cravo, André Mascioli +journal: PLoS One +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257378 +data_url: https://osf.io/632e7/ +tags: +- +--- + +Studies investigating the neural mechanisms of time perception often measure brain activity while participants perform a temporal task. However, several of these studies are based exclusively on tasks in which time is relevant, making it hard to dissociate activity related to decisions about time from other task-related patterns. In the present study, human participants performed a temporal or color discrimination task of visual stimuli. Participants were informed which magnitude they would have to judge before or after presenting the two stimuli (S1 and S2) in different blocks. Our behavioral results showed, as expected, that performance was better when participants knew beforehand which magnitude they would judge. Electrophysiological data (EEG) was analysed using Linear Discriminant Contrasts (LDC) and a Representational Similarity Analysis (RSA) approach to investigate whether and when information about time and color was encoded. During the presentation of S1, we did not find consistent differences in EEG activity as a function of the task. On the other hand, during S2, we found that temporal and color information was encoded in a task-relevant manner. Taken together, our results suggest that task goals strongly modulate decision-related information in EEG activity. diff --git a/source/_posts/canale2022.md b/source/_posts/canale2022.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..221446be --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/canale2022.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: Canale et al. (2022) +subtitle: 'The effects of induced sadness, stress sensitivity, negative urgency, and gender in laboratory gambling' +date: 2022/09/02 +authors: +- Canale, Natale +- Rubaltelli, Enrico +- Calcagnì, Antonio +- Vieno, Alessio +- Giovannoni, Marta +- Devos, Gaëtan +- Billieux, Joël +journal: Int. Gambl. Stud. +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2021.2002385 +data_url: https://osf.io/2tu9h/ +tags: +- +--- + +Previous research indicates that the invigorating effect of stress sensitivity on gambling behavior might be moderated by individual differences. The current preregistered study tested whether gender and negative urgency (i.e. an emotion-related impulsivity trait) moderate the relationship between perceived stress and laboratory gambling following experimentally induced sadness. One hundred twenty college students were randomly assigned to a sadness versus a control condition before completing a laboratory gambling task. Although the distribution of the main study variables forced us to slightly deviate from the preregistered data analysis plan, we were able to show that heightened stress sensitivity affects gambling behavior and that this effect differs by gender (but not in terms of negative urgency) under conditions of sadness versus neutral mood. Men with high stress sensitivity gambled more money and more frequently selected the riskier betting option in the sadness condition, whereas women with heightened stress sensitivity display the same pattern in the neutral condition. Our study is relevant from a methodological standpoint and answers recent calls for endorsing open-science practices in gambling research. Findings also suggest that more research into female gambling is warranted and that emotion-regulation skills should be a central component of problem gambling prevention. diff --git a/source/_posts/castellotti2022.md b/source/_posts/castellotti2022.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..28c1164e --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/castellotti2022.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: Castellotti et al. (2022) +subtitle: 'Influence of motor and cognitive tasks on time estimation' +date: 2022/03/18 +authors: +- Castellotti, Serena +- D'Agostino, Ottavia +- Biondi, Alessandra +- Pignatiello, Luigi +- Del Viva, Maria Michela +journal: Brain Sci. +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12030404 +data_url: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6107737 +tags: +- +--- + +The passing of time can be precisely measured by using clocks, whereas humans' estimation of temporal durations is influenced by many physical, cognitive and contextual factors, which distort our internal clock. Although it has been shown that temporal estimation accuracy is impaired by non-temporal tasks performed at the same time, no studies have investigated how concurrent cognitive and motor tasks interfere with time estimation. Moreover, most experiments only tested time intervals of a few seconds. In the present study, participants were asked to perform cognitive tasks of different difficulties (look, read, solve simple and hard mathematical operations) and estimate durations of up to two minutes, while walking or sitting. The results show that if observers pay attention only to time without performing any other mental task, they tend to overestimate the durations. Meanwhile, the more difficult the concurrent task, the more they tend to underestimate the time. These distortions are even more pronounced when observers are walking. Estimation biases and uncertainties change differently with durations depending on the task, consistent with a fixed relative uncertainty. Our findings show that cognitive and motor systems interact non-linearly and interfere with time perception processes, suggesting that they all compete for the same resources. diff --git a/source/_posts/chakroun2023.md b/source/_posts/chakroun2023.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d1580b27 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/chakroun2023.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +title: Chakroun et al. (2023) +subtitle: 'Dopamine regulates decision thresholds in human reinforcement learning in males' +date: 2023/09/04 +authors: +- Chakroun, Karima +- Wiehler, Antonius +- Wagner, Ben +- Mathar, David +- Ganzer, Florian +- van Eimeren, Thilo +- Sommer, Tobias +- Peters, Jan +journal: Nat. Commun. +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41130-y +data_url: https://osf.io/8vzgh/ +tags: +- +--- + +Dopamine fundamentally contributes to reinforcement learning, but recent accounts also suggest a contribution to specific action selection mechanisms and the regulation of response vigour. Here, we examine dopaminergic mechanisms underlying human reinforcement learning and action selection via a combined pharmacological neuroimaging approach in male human volunteers (n = 31, within-subjects; Placebo, 150 mg of the dopamine precursor L-dopa, 2 mg of the D2 receptor antagonist Haloperidol). We found little credible evidence for previously reported beneficial effects of L-dopa vs. Haloperidol on learning from gains and altered neural prediction error signals, which may be partly due to differences experimental design and/or drug dosages. Reinforcement learning drift diffusion models account for learning-related changes in accuracy and response times, and reveal consistent decision threshold reductions under both drugs, in line with the idea that lower dosages of D2 receptor antagonists increase striatal DA release via an autoreceptor-mediated feedback mechanism. These results are in line with the idea that dopamine regulates decision thresholds during reinforcement learning, and may help to bridge action selection and response vigor accounts of dopamine. diff --git a/source/_posts/cohen2023.md b/source/_posts/cohen2023.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f75b196c --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/cohen2023.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: Cohen et al. (2023) +subtitle: 'Psychological value theory: A computational cognitive model of charitable giving' +date: 2023/09/01 +authors: +- Cohen, Dale J +- Campbell, Monica K +- Quinlan, Philip T +journal: Cogn. Psychol. +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2023.101593 +data_url: https://github.com/ccpluncw/ccpl_data_PVTcharity2021 +tags: +- +--- + +Charitable giving involves a complex economic and social decision because the giver expends resources for goods or services they will never receive. Although psychologists have identified numerous factors that influence charitable giving, there currently exists no unifying computational model of charitable choice. Here, we submit one such model, based within the strictures of Psychological Value Theory (PVT). In four experiments, we assess whether charitable giving is driven by the perceived Psychological Value of the recipient. Across all four experiments, we simultaneously predict response choice and response time with high accuracy. In a fifth experiment, we show that PVT predicts charitable giving more accurately than an account based on competence and warmth. PVT accurately predicts which charity a respondent will choose to donate to and separately, whether a respondent will choose to donate at all. PVT models the cognitive processes underlying charitable donations and it provides a computational framework for integrating known influences on charitable giving. For example, we show that in-group preference influences charitable giving by changing the Psychological Values of the options, rather than by bringing about a response bias toward the in-group. diff --git a/source/_posts/constant2023.md b/source/_posts/constant2023.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..423fdcd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/constant2023.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: Constant et al. (2023) +subtitle: 'Prior information differentially affects discrimination decisions and subjective confidence reports' +date: 2023/09/06 +authors: +- Constant, Marika +- Pereira, Michael +- Faivre, Nathan +- Filevich, Elisa +journal: Nat. Commun. +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41112-0 +data_url: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8131976 +tags: +- +--- + +According to Bayesian models, both decisions and confidence are based on the same precision-weighted integration of prior expectations ("priors") and incoming information ("likelihoods"). This assumes that priors are integrated optimally and equally in decisions and confidence, which has not been tested. In three experiments, we quantify how priors inform decisions and confidence. With a dual-decision task we create pairs of conditions that are matched in posterior information, but differ on whether the prior or likelihood is more informative. We find that priors are underweighted in discrimination decisions, but are less underweighted in confidence about those decisions, and this is not due to differences in processing time. The same patterns remain with exogenous probabilistic cues as priors. With a Bayesian model we quantify the weighting parameters for the prior at both levels, and find converging evidence that priors are more optimally used in explicit confidence, even when underused in decisions. diff --git a/source/_posts/copeland2023.md b/source/_posts/copeland2023.md deleted file mode 100644 index cf790d43..00000000 --- a/source/_posts/copeland2023.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: Copeland et al. (2023) -subtitle: 'Recovery from nicotine addiction: A diffusion model decomposition of value-based decision-making in current smokers and ex-smokers' -date: 2023/03/17 -authors: -- Copeland, Amber -- Stafford, Tom -- Field, Matt -journal: Nicotine & Tobacco Research -paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntad040 -data_url: https://researchbox.org/814&PEER_REVIEW_passcode=JTWLTX -tags: -- ---- - -Introduction: A considerable number of people successfully give up tobacco smoking. In nicotine-dependent individuals, tobacco choice is determined by greater expected drug value; however, less is known about the underlying mechanisms through which people quit smoking. This study aimed to explore whether computational parameters of value-based decision-making characterise recovery from nicotine addiction. Methods: Using a pre-registered, between-subject design, current daily smokers (n = 51) and ex-smokers who used to smoke daily (n = 51) were recruited from the local community. Participants completed a two-alternative forced choice task in which they chose between either two tobacco-related images (in one block) or tobacco-unrelated images (in a different block). During each trial, participants pressed a computer key to select the image they rated most positively during a previous task block. To estimate evidence accumulation (EA) processes and response thresholds during the different blocks, a drift-diffusion model was fitted to the reaction time and error data. Results: Ex-smokers had significantly higher response thresholds when making tobacco-related decisions (p = .01, d = .45) compared to current smokers, although there were no significant group differences during tobacco-unrelated decisions. Furthermore, there were no significant group differences in EA rates when making tobacco or tobacco-unrelated decisions. Conclusions: Greater cautiousness when making value-based decisions about tobacco-related cues characterised recovery from nicotine addiction. diff --git a/source/_posts/copeland2023a.md b/source/_posts/copeland2023a.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ea8e4586 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/copeland2023a.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: Copeland et al. (2023a) +subtitle: 'Recovery from nicotine addiction: A diffusion model decomposition of value-based decision-making in current smokers and ex-smokers' +date: 2023/03/17 +authors: +- Copeland, Amber +- Stafford, Tom +- Field, Matt +journal: Nicotine & Tobacco Research +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntad040 +data_url: https://researchbox.org/814&PEER_REVIEW_passcode=JTWLTX +tags: +- +--- + +A considerable number of people successfully give up tobacco smoking. In nicotine-dependent individuals, tobacco choice is determined by greater expected drug value; however, less is known about the underlying mechanisms through which people quit smoking. This study aimed to explore whether computational parameters of value-based decision-making characterise recovery from nicotine addiction. Using a pre-registered, between-subject design, current daily smokers (n = 51) and ex-smokers who used to smoke daily (n = 51) were recruited from the local community. Participants completed a two-alternative forced choice task in which they chose between either two tobacco-related images (in one block) or tobacco-unrelated images (in a different block). During each trial, participants pressed a computer key to select the image they rated most positively during a previous task block. To estimate evidence accumulation (EA) processes and response thresholds during the different blocks, a drift-diffusion model was fitted to the reaction time and error data. Ex-smokers had significantly higher response thresholds when making tobacco-related decisions (p = .01, d = .45) compared to current smokers, although there were no significant group differences during tobacco-unrelated decisions. Furthermore, there were no significant group differences in EA rates when making tobacco or tobacco-unrelated decisions. Greater cautiousness when making value-based decisions about tobacco-related cues characterised recovery from nicotine addiction. diff --git a/source/_posts/copeland2023b.md b/source/_posts/copeland2023b.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..65a1b8da --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/copeland2023b.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: Copeland et al. (2023b) +subtitle: 'Value-based decision-making in regular alcohol consumers following experimental manipulation of alcohol value' +date: 2023/08/23 +authors: +- Copeland, Amber +- Stafford, Tom +- Field, Matt +journal: OSF +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/wcks6 +data_url: https://researchbox.org/1898&PEER_REVIEW_passcode=DGVLDN +tags: +- +--- + +Devaluation of alcohol leads to reductions in alcohol choice and consumption; however, the cognitive mechanisms that underpin this relationship are not well-understood. In this study we applied a computational model of value-based decision-making (VBDM) to decisions made about alcohol and alcohol-unrelated cues following experimental manipulation of alcohol value. Using a pre-registered within-subject design, thirty-six regular alcohol consumers (≥14 UK units per week) completed a two-alternative forced choice task where they chose between two alcohol images (in one block) or two soft drink images (in a different block) after watching videos that emphasised the positive (alcohol value), and separately, the negative (alcohol devalue) consequences of alcohol. On each block, participants pressed a key to select the image depicting the drink they would rather consume. A drift-diffusion model (DDM) was fitted to reaction time and choice data to estimate evidence accumulation (EA) processes and response thresholds during the different blocks in each experimental condition. In the alcohol devalue condition, soft drink EA rates were significantly increased compared to alcohol EA rates (p = .04, d = .31), and compared to soft drink EA rates in the alcohol value condition (p = .01, d = .38). However, the experimental manipulation had no effect on EA rates for alcoholic drinks or on response thresholds in either priming condition. In line with behavioural economic models of addiction that emphasise the important role of alternative reinforcement, experimentally manipulating alcohol value alters the internal cognitive processes that precede soft drink choice. diff --git a/source/_posts/corcoran2018.md b/source/_posts/corcoran2018.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3fcd5708 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/corcoran2018.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: Corcoran et al. (2018) +subtitle: 'Individual differences in first- and second-order temporal judgment' +date: 2018/02/05 +authors: +- Corcoran, Andrew W +- Groot, Christopher +- Bruno, Aurelio +- Johnston, Alan +- Cropper, Simon J +journal: PLoS One +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191422 +data_url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191422.s002 +tags: +- +--- + +The ability of subjects to identify and reproduce brief temporal intervals is influenced by many factors whether they be stimulus-based, task-based or subject-based. The current study examines the role individual differences play in subsecond and suprasecond timing judgments, using the schizoptypy personality scale as a test-case approach for quantifying a broad range of individual differences. In two experiments, 129 (Experiment 1) and 141 (Experiment 2) subjects completed the O-LIFE personality questionnaire prior to performing a modified temporal-bisection task. In the bisection task, subjects responded to two identical instantiations of a luminance grating presented in a 4deg window, 4deg above fixation for 1.5 s (Experiment 1) or 3 s (Experiment 2). Subjects initiated presentation with a button-press, and released the button when they considered the stimulus to be half-way through (750/1500 ms). Subjects were then asked to indicate their ‘most accurate estimate’ of the two intervals. In this way we measure both performance on the task (a first-order measure) and the subjects’ knowledge of their performance (a second-order measure). In Experiment 1 the effect of grating-drift and feedback on performance was also examined. Experiment 2 focused on the static/no-feedback condition. For the group data, Experiment 1 showed a significant effect of presentation order in the baseline condition (no feedback), which disappeared when feedback was provided. Moving the stimulus had no effect on perceived duration. Experiment 2 showed no effect of stimulus presentation order. This elimination of the subsecond order-effect was at the expense of accuracy, as the mid-point of the suprasecond interval was generally underestimated. Response precision increased as a proportion of total duration, reducing the variance below that predicted by Weber’s law. This result is consistent with a breakdown of the scalar properties of time perception in the early suprasecond range. All subjects showed good insight into their own performance, though that insight did not necessarily correlate with the veridical bisection point. In terms of personality, we found evidence of significant differences in performance along the Unusual Experiences subscale, of most theoretical interest here, in the subsecond condition only. There was also significant correlation with Impulsive Nonconformity and Cognitive Disorganisation in the sub- and suprasecond conditions, respectively. Overall, these data support a partial dissociation of timing mechanisms at very short and slightly longer intervals. Further, these results suggest that perception is not the only critical mitigator of confidence in temporal experience, since individuals can effectively compensate for differences in perception at the level of metacognition in early suprasecond time. Though there are individual differences in performance, these are perhaps less than expected from previous reports and indicate an effective timing mechanism dealing with brief durations independent of the influence of significant personality trait differences. diff --git a/source/_posts/corlazzoli2023.md b/source/_posts/corlazzoli2023.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6d59613f --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/corlazzoli2023.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: Corlazzoli et al. (2023) +subtitle: 'Feeling and deciding: Subjective experiences rather than objective factors drive the decision to invest cognitive control' +date: 2023/11/01 +authors: +- Corlazzoli, Gaia +- Desender, Kobe +- Gevers, Wim +journal: Cognition +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105587 +data_url: https://osf.io/z5627/ +tags: +- +--- + +When presented with the choice to invest cognitive control in a task, several signals are monitored to reach a decision. Leading theoretical frameworks argued that the investment of cognitive control is determined by a cost-benefit computation. However, previous accounts remained silent on the potential role of subjective experience in this computation. We experience confidence when giving an answer, feel the excitement of an anticipated reward, and reflect on how much effort is required for successful task performance. Two questions are investigated in the present work: how objective task parameters give rise to subjective experience and whether these drive the decision to allocate cognitive control. To this end, we designed a task in which we manipulated three objective parameters in the same sequence of events (stimulus uncertainty, physical effort, and reward prediction error). We asked participants to report their subjective experiences associated with these manipulations: confidence, subjective physical effort, and reward satisfaction. At the end of each trial, participants indicated whether they wanted to repeat that trial on the next day. In response to the first question, we demonstrate that subjective ratings are reliable and selective. Subjective experiences closely mirrored their objective manipulations. In response to the second question, we demonstrate that subjective experiences provide a better fit for the decisions on future control investments. While objective task parameters are considered when deciding, they do not always produce the expected changes in subjective experience, and when dissociations occur, it is the subjective experience that better explains the decision to allocate cognitive control. diff --git a/source/_posts/gladhill2022.md b/source/_posts/gladhill2022.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6b3a09c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/gladhill2022.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: Gladhill et al. (2022) +subtitle: 'Dissociable effects of emotional stimuli on electrophysiological indices of time and decision-making' +date: 2022/11/17 +authors: +- Gladhill, Keri Anne +- Mioni, Giovanna +- Wiener, Martin +journal: PLoS One +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276200 +data_url: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/NXFEP +tags: +- +--- + +Previous research has demonstrated that emotional faces affect time perception, however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Earlier attempts focus on effects at the different stages of the pacemaker-accumulator model (clock, memory, and/or decision-making) including, an increase in pacemaker rate or accumulation rate via arousal or attention, respectively, or by biasing decision-making. A visual temporal bisection task with sub-second intervals was conducted in two groups to further investigate these effects; one group was strictly behavioral whereas the second included a 64-channel electroencephalogram (EEG). To separate the influence of face and timing responses, participants timed a visual stimulus, temporally flanked (before and after) by two faces, either negative or neutral, creating three trial-types: Neg→Neut, Neut→Neg, or Neut→Neut. We found a leftward shift in bisection point (BP) in Neg→Neut relative to Neut→Neut suggests an overestimation of the temporal stimulus when preceded by a negative face. Neurally, we found the face-responsive N170 was larger for negative faces and the N1 and contingent negative variation (CNV) were larger when the temporal stimulus was preceded by a negative face. Additionally, there was an interaction effect between condition and response for the late positive component of timing (LPCt) and a significant difference between response (short/long) in the neutral condition. We concluded that a preceding negative face affects the clock stage leading to more pulses being accumulated, either through attention or arousal, as indexed by a larger N1, CNV, and N170; whereas viewing a negative face after impacted decision-making mechanisms, as evidenced by the LPCt. diff --git a/source/_posts/gluck2023.md b/source/_posts/gluck2023.md index f04ec8dc..ddd92ad8 100644 --- a/source/_posts/gluck2023.md +++ b/source/_posts/gluck2023.md @@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ tags: - --- -Background: A habitual avoidance component may enforce the persistence of maladaptive avoidance behavior in anxiety disorders. Whether habitual avoidance is acquired more strongly in anxiety disorders is unclear. Methods: Individuals with current social anxiety disorder, panic disorder and/or agoraphobia (n = 62) and healthy individuals (n = 62) completed a devaluation paradigm with extensive avoidance training, followed by the devaluation of the aversive outcome. In the subsequent test phase, habitual response tendencies were inferred from compatibility effects. Neutral control trials were added to assess general approach learning in the absence of previous extensive avoidance training. Results: The compatibility effects indicating habitual control did not differ between patients with anxiety disorders and healthy controls. Patients showed lower overall approach accuracy, but this effect was unrelated to the compatibility effects. Conclusions: In this study, anxiety disorders were characterized by reduced approach but not stronger habitual avoidance. These results do not indicate a simple and direct association between anxiety disorders and the acquisition of pervasive habitual avoidance in this devaluation paradigm. +A habitual avoidance component may enforce the persistence of maladaptive avoidance behavior in anxiety disorders. Whether habitual avoidance is acquired more strongly in anxiety disorders is unclear. Individuals with current social anxiety disorder, panic disorder and/or agoraphobia (n = 62) and healthy individuals (n = 62) completed a devaluation paradigm with extensive avoidance training, followed by the devaluation of the aversive outcome. In the subsequent test phase, habitual response tendencies were inferred from compatibility effects. Neutral control trials were added to assess general approach learning in the absence of previous extensive avoidance training. The compatibility effects indicating habitual control did not differ between patients with anxiety disorders and healthy controls. Patients showed lower overall approach accuracy, but this effect was unrelated to the compatibility effects. In this study, anxiety disorders were characterized by reduced approach but not stronger habitual avoidance. These results do not indicate a simple and direct association between anxiety disorders and the acquisition of pervasive habitual avoidance in this devaluation paradigm. diff --git a/source/_posts/grogan2020.md b/source/_posts/grogan2020.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0b999d9e --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/grogan2020.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: Grogan et al. (2020) +subtitle: 'Dopamine promotes instrumental motivation, but reduces reward-related vigour' +date: 2020/10/01 +authors: +- Grogan, John P +- Sandhu, Timothy R +- Hu, Michele T +- Manohar, Sanjay G +journal: Elife +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.58321 +data_url: https://osf.io/2k6x3 +tags: +- +--- + +We can be motivated when reward depends on performance, or merely by the prospect of a guaranteed reward. Performance-dependent (contingent) reward is instrumental, relying on an internal action-outcome model, whereas motivation by guaranteed reward may minimise opportunity cost in reward-rich environments. Competing theories propose that each type of motivation should be dependent on dopaminergic activity. We contrasted these two types of motivation with a rewarded saccade task, in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). When PD patients were ON dopamine, they had greater response vigour (peak saccadic velocity residuals) for contingent rewards, whereas when PD patients were OFF medication, they had greater vigour for guaranteed rewards. These results support the view that reward expectation and contingency drive distinct motivational processes, and can be dissociated by manipulating dopaminergic activity. We posit that dopamine promotes goal-directed motivation, but dampens reward-driven vigour, contradictory to the prediction that increased tonic dopamine amplifies reward expectation. diff --git a/source/_posts/harada-laszlo2023.md b/source/_posts/harada-laszlo2023.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9807616a --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/harada-laszlo2023.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: Harada-Laszlo et al. (2023) +subtitle: 'A Series of Unfortunate Events: Do those who catastrophize learn more after negative outcomes?' +date: 2023/09/19 +authors: +- Harada-Laszlo, Mia +- Talwar, Anahita +- Robinson, Oliver Joe +- Pike, Alexandra Claire +journal: PsyArXiv +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/gh2fp +data_url: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/3Y6UJ +tags: +- +--- + +Catastrophizing is a transdiagnostic construct that has been suggested to precipitate and maintain a multiplicity of psychiatric disorders, including anxiety, depression, PTSD and OCD. However, the underlying cognitive mechanisms that result in catastrophizing are unknown. Relating reinforcement learning model parameters to catastrophizing may allow us to further understand the process of catastrophizing.Objective: Using a modified four-armed bandit task, we aimed to investigate the relationship between reinforcement learning parameters and self-report catastrophizing questionnaire scores to gain a mechanistic understanding of how catastrophizing may alter learning. We recruited 211 participants to complete a computerised four-armed bandit task and tested the fit of six reinforcement learning models on our data, including two novel models which both incorporated a scaling factor related to a history of negative outcomes variable. We investigated the relationship between self-report catastrophizing scores and free parameters from the overall best-fitting model, along with the best-fitting model to include history, using Pearson’s correlations. Subsequently, we reassessed these relationships using multiple regression analyses to evaluate whether any observed relationships were altered when relevant IQ and mental health covariates were applied. Model-agnostic analyses indicated there were effects of outcome history on reaction time and accuracy, and that the effects on accuracy related to catastrophizing. The overall model of best fit was the Standard Rescorla-Wagner Model and the best-fitting model to include history was a model in which learning rate was scaled by history of negative outcome. We found no effect of catastrophizing on the scaling by history of negative outcome parameter (r=0.003, p=0.679), the learning rate parameter (r=0.026, p=0.703) or the inverse temperature parameter (r=0.086, p=0.220). We were unable to relate catastrophizing to any of the reinforcement learning parameters we investigated. This implies that catastrophizing is not straightforwardly linked to any changes to learning after a series of negative outcomes are received. Future research could use further exploration of the space of models which include a history parameter. diff --git a/source/_posts/houshmand-chatroudi2023.md b/source/_posts/houshmand-chatroudi2023.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6a60ba35 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/houshmand-chatroudi2023.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- +title: Houshmand-Chatroudi & Yotsumoto (2023) +subtitle: "No evidence for the effect of entrainment's phase on duration reproduction and precision of regular intervals" +date: 2023/08/01 +authors: +- Houshmand Chatroudi, Amirmahmoud +- Yotsumoto, Yuko +journal: Eur. J. Neurosci. +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.16071 +data_url: https://osf.io/7q8wm/ +tags: +- +--- + +Perception of time is not always veridical; rather, it is subjected to distortions. One such compelling distortion is that the duration of regularly spaced intervals is often overestimated. One account suggests that excitatory phases of neural entrainment concomitant with such stimuli play a major role. However, assessing the correlation between the power of entrained oscillations and time dilation has yielded inconclusive results. In this study, we evaluated whether phase characteristics of neural oscillations impact time dilation. For this purpose, we entrained 10-Hz oscillations and experimentally manipulated the presentation of flickers so that they were presented either in-phase or out-of-phase relative to the established rhythm. Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) recordings confirmed that in-phase and out-of-phase flickers had landed on different inhibitory phases of high-amplitude alpha oscillations. Moreover, to control for confounding factors of expectancy and masking, we created two additional conditions. Results, supplemented by the Bayesian analysis, indicated that the phase of entrained visual alpha oscillation does not differentially affect flicker-induced time dilation. Repeating the same experiment with regularly spaced auditory stimuli replicated the null findings. Moreover, we found a robust enhancement of precision for the reproduction of flickers relative to static stimuli that were partially supported by entrainment models. We discussed our results within the framework of neural oscillations and time-perception models, suggesting that inhibitory cycles of visual alpha may have little relevance to the overestimation of regularly spaced intervals. Moreover, based on our findings, we proposed that temporal oscillators, assumed in entrainment models, may act independently of excitatory phases in the brain's lower level sensory areas. diff --git a/source/_posts/kim2023.md b/source/_posts/kim2023.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6736ef3f --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/kim2023.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: Kim et al. (2023) +subtitle: 'Aging impairs reactive attentional control but not proactive distractor inhibition' +date: 2023/08/23 +authors: +- Kim, Andy Jeesu +- Senior, Joshua +- Chu, Sonali +- Mather, Mara +journal: PsyArXiv +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/kvfst +data_url: https://osf.io/g35cs/ +tags: +- +--- + +Older adults tend to be more prone to distraction compared to young adults and this age-related deficit has been attributed to a deficiency in inhibitory processing. However, recent findings challenge the notion that aging leads to global impairments in inhibition. To reconcile these mixed findings, we investigated how aging modulates multiple mechanisms of attentional control including goal-directed target orienting, proactive distractor suppression, attention capture, and reactive disengagement by tracking the timing and direction of eye movements. When engaged in feature-search mode and proactive distractor suppression, older adults made fewer first fixations to the target but inhibited the task-irrelevant salient distractor as effectively as did young adults. In contrast, task-irrelevant salient distractors captured older adults’ attention significantly more than younger adults’ attention during singleton-search mode and reactive distractor disengagement. In addition to elevated attention capture, older adults showed increased fixation times in orienting to the target, longer dwell times on incorrect saccades, and increased saccadic reaction times. Thus, older adults exhibited deficiencies in goal-directed attentional control, disengagement, and processing speeds, but preserved mechanisms of proactive distractor suppression. Our findings suggest that older adults are more prone to initiating reflexive, stimulus-driven saccades over goal-oriented saccades due to longer top-down processing requirements and shifts in attentional priority within the visual cortex. We propose that aging leads to dual shifts in mechanisms of top-down and bottom-up attentional control, but that older adults still preserve mechanisms of proactive inhibition. diff --git a/source/_posts/kinley2023.md b/source/_posts/kinley2023.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cc57f6de --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/kinley2023.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: Kinley et al. (2023) +subtitle: 'Probabilistic models of delay discounting: improving plausibility and performance' +date: 2023/09/20 +authors: +- Kinley, Isaac +- Oluwasola, Joseph +- Becker, Suzanna +journal: PsyArXiv +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/y2fdh +data_url: https://osf.io/txc4h/ +tags: +- +--- + +Probabilistic models of delay discounting allow the estimation of discount functions without assuming that these functions describe sharp boundaries in decision making. However, existing probabilistic models allow for two implausible possibilities: first, that no reward might sometimes be preferred over some reward (e.g., \$0 now over \$100 in 1 year), and second, that the same reward might sometimes be preferred later rather than sooner (e.g., \$100 in a year over \$100 now). Here we show that probabilistic models of discounting perform better when they assign these cases a probability of 0. We demonstrate this result across a range of discount functions using nonlinear regression. We also introduce a series of generalized linear models that implicitly parameterize various discount functions, and demonstrate the same result for these. diff --git a/source/_posts/kinzuka2022.md b/source/_posts/kinzuka2022.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ecf79999 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/kinzuka2022.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: Kinzuka et al. (2022) +subtitle: 'The effect of red/blue color stimuli on temporal perception under different pupillary responses induced by different equiluminant methods' +date: 2022/06/21 +authors: +- Kinzuka, Yuya +- Sato, Fumiaki +- Minami, Tetsuto +- Nakauchi, Shigeki +journal: PLoS One +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270110 +data_url: https://osf.io/sk8bm/ +tags: +- +--- + +As time plays a fundamental role in our social activities, scholars have studied temporal perception since the earliest days of experimental psychology. Since the 1960s, the ubiquity of color has been driving research on the potential effects of the colors red and blue on temporal perception and on its underlying mechanism. However, the results have been inconsistent, which could be attributed to the difficulty of controlling physical properties such as hue and luminance within and between studies. Therefore, we conducted a two-interval duration-discrimination task to evaluate the perceived duration of color stimuli under different equiluminant conditions: subjective or pupillary light reflex (PLR)-based equiluminance. The results, based on psychometric functional analyses and simultaneous pupillary recordings, showed that the perceived duration of red was overestimated compared with blue even when the intensity of the stimulus was controlled based on subjective equiluminance (Experiment 1). However, since blue is known to induce a larger PLR than red despite equiluminance, we conducted a controlled study to distinguish the indirect effect of pupillary response to temporal perception. Interestingly, the effect observed in Experiment 1 faded when the luminance levels of the two stimuli were matched based on PLR response (Experiment 2). These results indicate that duration judgement can be affected not only by the hue but also by different equiluminance methods. Furthermore, this causality between the equiluminance method and temporal perception can be explained by the fluctuations in incident light entering the pupil. diff --git a/source/_posts/klingelhoefer-jens2023.md b/source/_posts/klingelhoefer-jens2023.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..92d67fe9 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/klingelhoefer-jens2023.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: Klingelhoefer-Jens et al. (2023) +subtitle: 'Reduced discrimination between signals of danger and safety but not overgeneralization is linked to exposure to childhood adversity in healthy adults' +date: 2023/09/28 +authors: +- Klingelhoefer-Jens, Maren +- Hutterer, Katharina +- Schiele, Miriam A +- Leehr, Elisabeth +- Schuemann, Dirk +- Rosenkranz, Karoline +- Boehnlein, Joscha +- Repple, Jonathan +- Deckert, Juergen +- Domschke, Katharina +- Dannlowski, Udo +- Lueken, Ulrike +- Reif, Andreas +- Romanos, Marcel +- Zwanzger, Peter +- Pauli, Paul +- Gamer, Matthias +- Lonsdorf, Tina B +journal: bioRxiv +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.09.26.559474 +data_url: https://zenodo.org/record/8190359 +tags: +- +--- + +Exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) is a strong predictor for developing behavioral, somatic and psychopathological conditions. Exposure to threat-related early adversity has been suggested to be specifically linked to altered emotional learning as well as changes in neural circuits involved in emotional responding and fear. Learning mechanisms are particularly interesting as they are central mechanisms through which environmental inputs shape emotional and cognitive processes and ultimately behavior. Multiple theories on the mechanisms underlying this association have been suggested which, however, differ in the operationalization of ACEs. 1,402 physically and mentally healthy participants underwent a fear conditioning paradigm including a fear acquisition and generalization phase while skin conductance responses (SCRs) and different subjective ratings were acquired. ACEs were retrospectively assessed through the childhood trauma questionnaire and participants were assigned to individuals exposed or unexposed to at least moderate adverse childhood experiences according to established cut-off criteria. In addition, we provide exploratory analyses aiming to shed light on different theoretical accounts on how ACEs impact individual risk profiles (i.e., cumulative risk account, specificity model, dimensional model). During fear acquisition training and generalization, we observed reduced discrimination in SCRs between the CS+ and the CS-, primarily due to reduced CS+ responding in exposed individuals. During fear generalization, no differences in generalization gradients were observed between exposed and unexposed individuals but generally blunted physiological responses in exposed individuals. No differences between the groups were observed in ratings in any of the experimental phases. The lower CS discrimination in SCRs in exposed individuals was evident across operationalizations according to the cumulative risk account, specificity as well as dimensional model. However, none of these theories showed clear explanatory superiority. Our results stand in stark contrast to typical patterns observed in patients suffering from anxiety and stress-related disorders (i.e., reduced CS discrimination due to increased responses to safety signals). Thus, reduced CS+ responding in individuals exposed to ACEs, yet not showing signs of psychopathology, may represent a specific characteristic of this resilient subgroup that warrants further investigation with respect to its relation to risk and resilience. In addition, we conclude that theories linking ACEs to psychopathology need refinement. diff --git a/source/_posts/kuhrt2023.md b/source/_posts/kuhrt2023.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..814bf649 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/kuhrt2023.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: Kuhrt et al. (2023) +subtitle: 'Cognitive effort investment: Does disposition become action?' +date: 2023/08/22 +authors: +- Kührt, Corinna +- Graupner, Sven-Thomas +- Paulus, Philipp C +- Strobel, Alexander +journal: PLoS One +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289428 +data_url: https://osf.io/mw4jd/ +tags: +- +--- + +Contrary to the law of less work, individuals with high levels of need for cognition and self-control tend to choose harder tasks more often. While both traits can be integrated into a core construct of dispositional cognitive effort investment, its relation to actual cognitive effort investment remains unclear. As individuals with high levels of cognitive effort investment are characterized by a high intrinsic motivation towards effortful cognition, they would be less likely to increase their effort based on expected payoff, but rather based on increasing demand. In the present study, we measured actual effort investment on multiple dimensions, i.e., subjective load, reaction time, accuracy, early and late frontal midline theta power, N2 and P3 amplitude, and pupil dilation. In a sample of N = 148 participants, we examined the relationship of dispositional cognitive effort investment and effort indices during a flanker and an n-back task with varying demand and payoff. Exploratorily, we examined this relationship for the two subdimensions cognitive motivation and effortful-self-control as well. In both tasks, effort indices were sensitive to demand and partly to payoff. The analyses revealed a main effect of cognitive effort investment for accuracy (n-back task), interaction effects with payoff for reaction time (n-back and flanker task) and P3 amplitude (n-back task) and demand for early frontal midline theta power (flanker task). Taken together, our results partly support the notion that individuals with high levels of cognitive effort investment exert effort more efficiently. Moreover, the notion that these individuals exert effort regardless of payoff is partly supported, too. This may further our understanding of the conditions under which person-situation interactions occur, i.e. the conditions under which situations determine effort investment in goal-directed behavior more than personality, and vice versa. diff --git a/source/_posts/li2023.md b/source/_posts/li2023.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1d11c76c --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/li2023.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: Li et al. (2023) +subtitle: 'Encoding, working memory, or decision: how feedback modulates time perception' +date: 2023/07/29 +authors: +- Li, Langyu +- Hou, Chunna +- Peng, Chunhua +- Chen, Youguo +journal: Cereb. Cortex +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhad287 +data_url: https://www.zenodo.org/record/7541430 +tags: +- +--- + +The hypothesis that individuals can accurately represent temporal information within approximately 3 s is the premise of several theoretical models and empirical studies in the field of temporal processing. The significance of accurately representing time within 3 s and the universality of the overestimation contrast dramatically. To clarify whether this overestimation arises from an inability to accurately represent time or a response bias, we systematically examined whether feedback reduces overestimation at the 3 temporal processing stages of timing (encoding), working memory, and decisions proposed by the scalar timing model. Participants reproduced the time interval between 2 circles with or without feedback, while the electroencephalogram (EEG) was synchronously recorded. Behavioral results showed that feedback shortened reproduced times and significantly minimized overestimation. EEG results showed that feedback significantly decreased the amplitude of contingent negative variation (CNV) in the decision stage but did not modulate the CNV amplitude in the encoding stage or the P2-P3b amplitudes in the working memory stage. These results suggest that overestimation arises from response bias when individuals convert an accurate representation of time into behavior. Our study provides electrophysiological evidence to support the conception that short intervals under approximately 3 s can be accurately represented as "temporal gestalt." diff --git a/source/_posts/linka2023.md b/source/_posts/linka2023.md index 8d0fc936..d7c02305 100644 --- a/source/_posts/linka2023.md +++ b/source/_posts/linka2023.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ journal: Sci. Rep. paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-38854-8 data_url: osf.io/78aqf/ tags: -- +- --- -AbstractAdult gaze behaviour towards naturalistic scenes is highly biased towards semantic object classes. Little is known about the ontological development of these biases, nor about group-level differences in gaze behaviour between adults and preschoolers. Here, we let preschoolers (n = 34, age 5 years) and adults (n = 42, age 18–59 years) freely view 40 complex scenes containing objects with different semantic attributes to compare their fixation behaviour. Results show that preschool children allocate a significantly smaller proportion of dwell time and first fixations on Text and instead fixate Faces, Touched objects, Hands and Bodies more. A predictive model of object fixations controlling for a range of potential confounds suggests that most of these differences can be explained by drastically reduced text salience in pre-schoolers and that this effect is independent of low-level salience. These findings are in line with a developmental attentional antagonism between text and body parts (touched objects and hands in particular), which resonates with recent findings regarding ‘cortical recycling’. We discuss this and other potential mechanisms driving salience differences between children and adults. +Adult gaze behaviour towards naturalistic scenes is highly biased towards semantic object classes. Little is known about the ontological development of these biases, nor about group-level differences in gaze behaviour between adults and preschoolers. Here, we let preschoolers (n = 34, age 5 years) and adults (n = 42, age 18–59 years) freely view 40 complex scenes containing objects with different semantic attributes to compare their fixation behaviour. Results show that preschool children allocate a significantly smaller proportion of dwell time and first fixations on Text and instead fixate Faces, Touched objects, Hands and Bodies more. A predictive model of object fixations controlling for a range of potential confounds suggests that most of these differences can be explained by drastically reduced text salience in pre-schoolers and that this effect is independent of low-level salience. These findings are in line with a developmental attentional antagonism between text and body parts (touched objects and hands in particular), which resonates with recent findings regarding ‘cortical recycling’. We discuss this and other potential mechanisms driving salience differences between children and adults. diff --git a/source/_posts/lukinova2021.md b/source/_posts/lukinova2021.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..22ac7c25 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/lukinova2021.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- +title: Lukinova & Erlich (2021) +subtitle: 'Willingness to wait covaries with endogenous variation in cortisol' +date: 2021/09/20 +authors: +- Lukinova, Evgeniya +- Erlich, Jeffrey C +journal: bioRxiv +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.09.18.460891 +data_url: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5513429 +tags: +- +--- + +Stress is a normal part of our everyday lives. It alerts us to changes in our environment working as an early warning system. However, when stress is prolonged, it can become harmful. The deleterious effects of stress on brain function are well established: chronic stress significantly impairs cognitive function reducing our ability to solve problems and to regulate behavior and, therefore, may lead to more challenges that can further exacerbate stress. An important class of decisions that may be made under stress include those between rewards delivered immediately vs. those delivered in the future. Not considering or devaluing future outcomes (delay discounting) can result in adverse outcomes such as not buying health insurance, gambling or drug use. To date, however, little is known about how chronic stress influences economic decisions that differ in the time of outcome delivery. A handful of studies suggest that increased stress may lead to more impulsive choices in subjects of average socioeconomic status and stress levels. Here, we address this gap by using a longitudinal design to test a combination of decision-making tasks, questionnaires, saliva and hair samples within subject (N = 41, 34 with all stress measures) to determine whether chronic stress measures are associated with the economic choices under different time scales. We found that the degree to which people think it is worth waiting, i.e. individual’s discount factor, over seconds, but not over days, varied reliably with endogenous stress. These results are imperative to studying stress in a variety of contexts: e.g., variation in consumer’s impulse purchases and the willingness to pay to avoid waiting in mobile gaming could linked to the individual stress responses to the environment, even in healthy adults. diff --git a/source/_posts/lukinova2021b.md b/source/_posts/lukinova2021b.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7a703991..00000000 --- a/source/_posts/lukinova2021b.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,15 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: Lukinova & Erlich (2021b) -subtitle: 'Does endogenous variation in stress modulate risk and time preferences?' -date: 2021/09/20 -authors: -- Lukinova, Evgeniya -- Erlich, Jeffrey C -journal: bioRxiv -paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.09.18.460891 -data_url: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5513429 -tags: -- ---- - -AbstractIt has been argued that one dimension of the cycle of poverty is that poverty is a state of chronic stress and that chronic stress impairs decision-making. These poor decisions, made under chronic stress, might include carrying high-interest loans, failure to buy health insurance, gambling or drug use. As such, these decisions can contribute to the cycle of poverty. More specifically, a few studies suggest that increased stress may lead to more risk-aversion and steeper delay-discounting. While the deleterious effects of chronic stress on brain function are well established, much less is known about how chronic stress influences financial decision making specifically. Here, in a longitudinal design within six weeks period we aimed to incorporate biological mechanisms to improve our understanding of how stress influences economic decisions. We used a combination of decision-making tasks, questionnaires, saliva and hair samples within-subject (N=41). We assessed time and risk preferences using hierarchical Bayesian techniques to both pool data and allow heterogeneity in decision making and compared those to cortisol levels and self-reported stress. We found only weak links between endogenous variation in stress and model-based estimates of risk and time preferences. In particular, we found that fluctuations in the stress level measured via hair sample were not only positively correlated with time preferences in the short delay task and risk preferences, but also the decision noise in the risk task. However, relationships for the risk task disappeared when an outlier was removed. Also, we found model-free task measures in the short delay task to be moderately related to both hair cortisol as well as the stressful life events questionnaire measure. For example, we observed that endogenous stress fluctuations and the life change units were negatively correlated with the proportion of later choices. Finally, we established that for the reaction times the curvilinear relationship was preferred to the linear one for those with increase in biological stress level compared to the baseline: when cortisol level increased slightly, participants decided slower, but when stress increased to higher levels, they decided quicker. diff --git a/source/_posts/maekelae2023.md b/source/_posts/maekelae2023.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d211f72b --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/maekelae2023.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: Maekelae et al. (2023) +subtitle: 'Is it cognitive effort you measure? Comparing three task paradigms to the Need for Cognition scale' +date: 2023/08/17 +authors: +- Mækelæ, Martin Jensen +- Klevjer, Kristoffer +- Westbrook, Andrew +- Eby, Noah S +- Eriksen, Rikke +- Pfuhl, Gerit +journal: PLoS One +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290177 +data_url: https://osf.io/dywt4/ +tags: +- +--- + +Measuring individual differences in cognitive effort can be elusive as effort is a function of motivation and ability. We report six studies (N = 663) investigating the relationship of Need for Cognition and working memory capacity with three cognitive effort measures: demand avoidance in the Demand Selection Task, effort discounting measured as the indifference point in the Cognitive Effort Discounting paradigm, and rational reasoning score with items from the heuristic and bias literature. We measured perceived mental effort with the NASA task load index. The three tasks were not correlated with each other (all r's .1). Need for Cognition was positively associated with effort discounting (r = .168, p < .001) and rational reasoning (r = .176, p < .001), but not demand avoidance (r = .085, p = .186). Working memory capacity was related to effort discounting (r = .185, p = .004). Higher perceived effort was related to poorer rational reasoning. Our data indicate that two of the tasks are related to Need for Cognition but are also influenced by a participant's working memory capacity. We discuss whether any of the tasks measure cognitive effort. diff --git a/source/_posts/makowski2022.md b/source/_posts/makowski2022.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..808cb31b --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/makowski2022.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: Makowski et al. (2022) +subtitle: 'On the interplay of temporal resolution power and spatial suppression in their prediction of psychometric intelligence' +date: 2022/09/19 +authors: +- Makowski, Lisa M +- Rammsayer, Thomas H +- Tadin, Duje +- Thomas, Philipp +- Troche, Stefan J +journal: PLoS One +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274809 +data_url: https://doi.org/10.48620/62 +tags: +- +--- + +As a measure of the brain's temporal fine-tuning capacity, temporal resolution power (TRP) explained repeatedly a substantial amount of variance in psychometric intelligence. Recently, spatial suppression, referred to as the increasing difficulty in quickly perceiving motion direction as the size of the moving stimulus increases, has attracted particular attention, when it was found to be positively related to psychometric intelligence. Due to the conceptual similarities of TRP and spatial suppression, the present study investigated their mutual interplay in the relation to psychometric intelligence in 273 young adults to better understand the reasons for these relationships. As in previous studies, psychometric intelligence was positively related to a latent variable representing TRP but, in contrast to previous reports, negatively to latent and manifest measures of spatial suppression. In a combined structural equation model, TRP still explained a substantial amount of variance in psychometric intelligence while the negative relation between spatial suppression and intelligence was completely explained by TRP. Thus, our findings confirmed TRP to be a robust predictor of psychometric intelligence but challenged the assumption of spatial suppression as a representation of general information processing efficiency as reflected in psychometric intelligence. Possible reasons for the contradictory findings on the relation between spatial suppression and psychometric intelligence are discussed. diff --git a/source/_posts/marciano2023.md b/source/_posts/marciano2023.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9c32a4b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/marciano2023.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: Marciano et al. (2023) +subtitle: 'Dynamic expectations: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence of sub-second updates in reward predictions' +date: 2023/08/24 +authors: +- Marciano, Déborah +- Bellier, Ludovic +- Mayer, Ida +- Ruvalcaba, Michael +- Lee, Sangil +- Hsu, Ming +- Knight, Robert T +journal: Commun. Biol. +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-05199-x +data_url: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8048351 +tags: +- +--- + +Expectations are often dynamic: sports fans know that expectations are rapidly updated as games unfold. Yet expectations have traditionally been studied as static. Here we present behavioral and electrophysiological evidence of sub-second changes in expectations using slot machines as a case study. In Study 1, we demonstrate that EEG signal before the slot machine stops varies based on proximity to winning. Study 2 introduces a behavioral paradigm to measure dynamic expectations via betting, and shows that expectation trajectories vary as a function of winning proximity. Notably, these expectation trajectories parallel Study 1's EEG activity. Studies 3 (EEG) and 4 (behavioral) replicate these findings in the loss domain. These four studies provide compelling evidence that dynamic sub-second updates in expectations can be behaviorally and electrophysiologically measured. Our research opens promising avenues for understanding the dynamic nature of reward expectations and their impact on cognitive processes. diff --git a/source/_posts/mehta2023.md b/source/_posts/mehta2023.md index 3e64330a..da111f7e 100644 --- a/source/_posts/mehta2023.md +++ b/source/_posts/mehta2023.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ journal: PLoS One paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282727 data_url: https://github.com/laurelmorris/data tags: -- +- --- -BACKGROUND: The sense of agency, or the belief in action causality, is an elusive construct that impacts day-to-day experience and decision-making. Despite its relevance in a range of neuropsychiatric disorders, it is widely under-studied and remains difficult to measure objectively in patient populations. We developed and tested a novel cognitive measure of reward-dependent agency perception in an in-person and online cohort. METHODS: The in-person cohort consisted of 52 healthy control subjects and 20 subjects with depression and anxiety disorders (DA), including major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. The online sample consisted of 254 participants. The task consisted of an effort implementation for monetary rewards with computerized visual feedback interference and trial-by-trial ratings of self versus other agency. RESULTS: All subjects across both cohorts demonstrated higher self-agency after receiving positive-win feedback, compared to negative-loss feedback when the level of computer inference was kept constant. Patients with DA showed reduced positive feedback-dependent agency compared to healthy controls. Finally, in our online sample, we found that higher self-agency following negative-loss feedback was associated with worse anhedonia symptoms. CONCLUSION: Together this work suggests how positive and negative environmental information impacts the sense of self-agency in healthy subjects, and how it is perturbed in patients with depression and anxiety. +The sense of agency, or the belief in action causality, is an elusive construct that impacts day-to-day experience and decision-making. Despite its relevance in a range of neuropsychiatric disorders, it is widely under-studied and remains difficult to measure objectively in patient populations. We developed and tested a novel cognitive measure of reward-dependent agency perception in an in-person and online cohort. The in-person cohort consisted of 52 healthy control subjects and 20 subjects with depression and anxiety disorders (DA), including major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. The online sample consisted of 254 participants. The task consisted of an effort implementation for monetary rewards with computerized visual feedback interference and trial-by-trial ratings of self versus other agency. All subjects across both cohorts demonstrated higher self-agency after receiving positive-win feedback, compared to negative-loss feedback when the level of computer inference was kept constant. Patients with DA showed reduced positive feedback-dependent agency compared to healthy controls. Finally, in our online sample, we found that higher self-agency following negative-loss feedback was associated with worse anhedonia symptoms. Together this work suggests how positive and negative environmental information impacts the sense of self-agency in healthy subjects, and how it is perturbed in patients with depression and anxiety. diff --git a/source/_posts/molinaro2023a.md b/source/_posts/molinaro2023a.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..819e343a --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/molinaro2023a.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: Molinaro et al. (2023) +subtitle: 'Multifaceted information-seeking motives in children' +date: 2023/09/07 +authors: +- Molinaro, Gaia +- Cogliati Dezza, Irene +- Bühler, Sarah Katharina +- Moutsiana, Christina +- Sharot, Tali +journal: Nat. Commun. +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-40971-x +data_url: https://github.com/affective-brain-lab/information-seeking-children/ +tags: +- +--- + +From an early age, children need to gather information to learn about their environment. Deciding which knowledge to pursue can be difficult because information can serve several, sometimes competing, purposes. Here, we examine the developmental trajectories of such diverse information-seeking motives. Over five experiments involving 521 children (aged 4-12), we find that school-age children integrate three key factors into their information-seeking choices: whether information reduces uncertainty, is useful in directing action, and is likely to be positive. Choices that likely reveal positive information and are useful for action emerge as early as age 4, followed by choices that reduce uncertainty (at ~age 5). Our results suggest that motives related to usefulness and uncertainty reduction become stronger with age, while the tendency to seek positive news does not show a statistically significant change throughout development. This study reveals how the relative importance of diverging, sometimes conflicting, information-seeking motives emerges throughout development. diff --git a/source/_posts/muela2023.md b/source/_posts/muela2023.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d7adacca --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/muela2023.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: Muela et al. (2023) +subtitle: 'The associative learning roots of affect-driven impulsivity and its role in problem gambling: A replication attempt and extension of Quintero et al. (2020)' +date: 2023/03/30 +authors: +- Muela, Ismael +- Ventura-Lucena, José M +- Navas, Juan F +- Perales, José C +journal: J. Behav. Addict. +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2023.00009 +data_url: https://osf.io/tyjmq/?view_only=1062e72b26814d1f90a5994a899c02c7 +tags: +- +--- + +Negative/positive urgency (NU/PU) refers to the proneness to act rashly under negative/positive emotions. These traits are proxies to generalized emotion dysregulation, and are well-established predictors of gambling-related problems. We aimed to replicate a previous work (Quintero et al., 2020) showing NU to be related to faulty extinction of conditioned stimuli in an emotional conditioning task, to extend these findings to PU, and to clarify the role of urgency in the development of gambling-related craving and problems. 81 gamblers performed an acquisition-extinction task in which neutral, disgusting, erotic and gambling-related images were used as unconditioned stimuli (US), and color patches as conditioned stimuli (CS). Trial-by-trial predictive responses were analyzed using generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLME). PU was more strongly related than NU to craving and severity of gambling problems. PU did not influence acquisition in the associative task, whereas NU slightly slowed it. Extinction was hampered in individuals with high PU, and a follow-up analysis showed this effect to depend on relative preference for skill-based and casino games. Results suggest that resistance to extinction of emotionally conditioned cues is a sign of malfunctioning emotion regulation in problematic gambling. In our work, the key effect was driven by PU (instead of NU), and gambling craving and symptoms were also more closely predicted by it. Future research should compare the involvement of PU and NU in emotion regulation and gambling problems, for gamblers with preference for different gambling modalities (e.g., pure chance vs skill games). diff --git a/source/_posts/otsuka2023.md b/source/_posts/otsuka2023.md index ae275b2f..a7a00099 100644 --- a/source/_posts/otsuka2023.md +++ b/source/_posts/otsuka2023.md @@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ tags: - time perception --- -AbstractMagnitude information is often correlated in the external world, providing complementary information about the environment. As if to reflect this relationship, the perceptions of different magnitudes (e.g., time and numerosity) are known to influence one another. Recent studies suggest that such magnitude interaction is similar to cue integration, such as multisensory integration. Here, we tested whether human observers could integrate the magnitudes of two quantities with distinct physical units (i.e., time and numerosity) as abstract magnitude information. The participants compared the magnitudes of two visual stimuli based on time, numerosity, or both. Consistent with the predictions of the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) model, the participants integrated time and numerosity in a near-optimal manner; the weights for numerosity increased as the reliability of the numerosity information increased, and the integrated estimate was more reliable than either the time or numerosity estimate. Furthermore, the integration approached a statistical optimum as the temporal discrepancy of the acquisition of each piece of information became smaller. These results suggest that magnitude interaction arises through a similar computational mechanism to cue integration. They are also consistent with the idea that different magnitudes are processed by a generalized magnitude system. +Magnitude information is often correlated in the external world, providing complementary information about the environment. As if to reflect this relationship, the perceptions of different magnitudes (e.g., time and numerosity) are known to influence one another. Recent studies suggest that such magnitude interaction is similar to cue integration, such as multisensory integration. Here, we tested whether human observers could integrate the magnitudes of two quantities with distinct physical units (i.e., time and numerosity) as abstract magnitude information. The participants compared the magnitudes of two visual stimuli based on time, numerosity, or both. Consistent with the predictions of the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) model, the participants integrated time and numerosity in a near-optimal manner; the weights for numerosity increased as the reliability of the numerosity information increased, and the integrated estimate was more reliable than either the time or numerosity estimate. Furthermore, the integration approached a statistical optimum as the temporal discrepancy of the acquisition of each piece of information became smaller. These results suggest that magnitude interaction arises through a similar computational mechanism to cue integration. They are also consistent with the idea that different magnitudes are processed by a generalized magnitude system. diff --git a/source/_posts/otsuka2023a.md b/source/_posts/otsuka2023a.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..722042ba --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/otsuka2023a.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: Otsuka (2023) +subtitle: 'Visual statistical learning based on time information' +date: 2023/02/01 +authors: +- Otsuka, Sachio +journal: J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001276 +data_url: https://osf.io/cty7v/ +tags: +- +--- + +People can extract and learn statistical regularities from various aspects of everyday life. The current study examined whether people have a mechanism to learn regularity based on time information and investigated whether sensitivity to time information is modulated by individual time management. In the familiarization phase, participants were required to observe a visual sequence of objects. Although the objects were presented in a random order, the amount of time for which the objects were presented was organized into successive triplets (e.g., 850-1,000-700 ms). In the subsequent test phase, two three-object sequences were presented. One sequence was a timing triplet that had temporal regularities. The other was a foil created from three different triplets. Participants were required to judge which sequence was more familiar based on the familiarization phase. The results showed that the triplets were successfully discriminated from the foils. These results were also observed for blank intervals. The current findings also revealed that although visual statistical learning was expressed when participants observed the temporal regularities of shapes tied to the corresponding durations during familiarization, this learning overshadowed them from indicating generic timing regularities when they were untied to objects. Furthermore, participants with high scores on the Time Management Scale showed a higher extent of visual statistical learning on object durations than those with low scores. These results suggest that people extract and learn regularities based on time information and that statistical learning based on time information is correlated with individual time management. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved). diff --git a/source/_posts/patt2021.md b/source/_posts/patt2021.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2e1f7aa2 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/patt2021.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: Patt et al. (2021) +subtitle: 'Temporal discounting when outcomes are experienced in the moment: Validation of a novel paradigm and comparison with a classic hypothetical intertemporal choice task' +date: 2021/05/14 +authors: +- Patt, Virginie M +- Hunsberger, Renee +- Jones, Dominoe A +- Keane, Margaret M +- Verfaellie, Mieke +journal: PLoS One +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251480 +data_url: https://osf.io/8tny7/ +tags: +- +--- + +When faced with intertemporal choices, people typically devalue rewards available in the future compared to rewards more immediately available, a phenomenon known as temporal discounting. Decisions involving intertemporal choices arise daily, with critical impact on health and financial wellbeing. Although many such decisions are "experiential" in that they involve delays and rewards that are experienced in real-time and can inform subsequent choices, most studies have focused on intertemporal choices with hypothetical outcomes (or outcomes delivered after all decisions are made). The present study focused on experiential intertemporal choices. First, a novel intertemporal choice task was developed and validated, using delays experienced in real time and artistic photographs as consumable perceptual rewards. Second, performance on the experiential task was compared to performance on a classic intertemporal choice task with hypothetical outcomes. Involvement of distinct processes across tasks was probed by examining differential relations to state and trait anxiety. A two-parameter logistic function framework was proposed to fit indifference point data. This approach accounts for individual variability not only in the delay at which an individual switches from choosing the delayed to more immediate option, but also in the slope of that switch. Fit results indicated that the experiential task elicited temporal discounting, with effective trade-off between delay and perceptual reward. Comparison with the hypothetical intertemporal choice task suggested distinct mechanisms: first, temporal discounting across the two tasks was not correlated; and second, state and trait anxiety both were associated with choice behavior in the experiential task, albeit in distinct ways, whereas neither was significantly associated with choice behavior in the hypothetical task. The engagement of different processes in the experiential compared to hypothetical task may align with neural evidence for the recruitment of the hippocampus in animal but not in classic human intertemporal choice studies. diff --git a/source/_posts/polti2018.md b/source/_posts/polti2018.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..35d6f24a --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/polti2018.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: Polti et al. (2018) +subtitle: 'The effect of attention and working memory on the estimation of elapsed time' +date: 2018/04/27 +authors: +- Polti, Ignacio +- Martin, Benoît +- van Wassenhove, Virginie +journal: Sci. Rep. +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25119-y +data_url: https://osf.io/cg7ex/ +tags: +- +--- + +Psychological models of time perception involve attention and memory: while attention typically regulates the flow of events, memory maintains timed events or intervals. The precise, and possibly distinct, roles of attention and memory in time perception remain debated. In this behavioral study, we tested 48 participants in a prospective duration estimation task while they fully attended to time or performed a working memory (WM) task. We report that paying attention to time lengthened perceived duration in the range of seconds to minutes, whereas diverting attention away from time shortened perceived duration. The overestimation due to attending to time did not scale with durations. To the contrary, increasing WM load systematically decreased subjective duration and this effect scaled with durations. Herein, we discuss the dissociation between attention and WM in timing and scalar variability from the perspective of Bayesian models of time estimations. diff --git a/source/_posts/ren2021.md b/source/_posts/ren2021.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ce6ec634 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/ren2021.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: Ren et al. (2021) +subtitle: 'Variation in the "coefficient of variation": Rethinking the violation of the scalar property in time-duration judgments' +date: 2021/03/01 +authors: +- Ren, Yue +- Allenmark, Fredrik +- Müller, Hermann J +- Shi, Zhuanghua +journal: Acta Psychol. (Amst.) +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103263 +data_url: https://github.com/msenselab/variation_in_cv +tags: +- +--- + +The coefficient of variation (CV), also known as relative standard deviation, has been used to measure the constancy of the Weber fraction, a key signature of efficient neural coding in time perception. It has long been debated whether or not duration judgments follow Weber's law, with arguments based on examinations of the CV. However, what has been largely ignored in this debate is that the observed CVs may be modulated by temporal context and decision uncertainty, thus questioning conclusions based on this measure. Here, we used a temporal reproduction paradigm to examine the variation of the CV with two types of temporal context: full-range mixed vs. sub-range blocked intervals, separately for intervals presented in the visual and auditory modalities. We found a strong contextual modulation of both interval-duration reproductions and the observed CVs. We then applied a two-stage Bayesian model to predict those variations. Without assuming a violation of the constancy of the Weber fraction, our model successfully predicted the central-tendency effect and the variation in the CV. Our findings and modeling results indicate that both the accuracy and precision of our timing behavior are highly dependent on the temporal context and decision uncertainty. And, critically, they advise caution with using variations of the CV to reject the constancy of the Weber fraction of duration estimation. diff --git a/source/_posts/riemer2020.md b/source/_posts/riemer2020.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..20d77cf7 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/riemer2020.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- +title: Riemer & Wolbers (2020) +subtitle: 'Negative errors in time reproduction tasks' +date: 2020/02/01 +authors: +- Riemer, Martin +- Wolbers, Thomas +journal: Psychol. Res. +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-018-0994-7 +data_url: https://osf.io/s4feh/ +tags: +- +--- + +In time reproduction tasks, the reaction time of motor responses is intrinsically linked to the measure of perceptual timing. Decisions are based on a continuous comparison between elapsed time and a memory trace of the to-be-reproduced interval. Here, we investigate the possibility that negative reproduction errors can be explained by the tendency to prefer earlier over later response times, or whether the whole range of possible response times is shifted. In experiment 1, we directly compared point reproduction (participants indicate the exact time point of equality) and range reproduction (participants bracket an interval containing this time point). In experiment 2, participants indicated, in three separate tasks, the exact time point at which the reproduction phase was equal to the standard duration (point reproduction), the earliest (start reproduction), or the latest moment (stop reproduction) at which the exact time point of equality might have been reached. The results demonstrate that the bias towards earlier responses not only affects reproduction of the exact time point of equality. Rather, even if the decision threshold is changed in favor of late responses, they exhibit a continuous shift towards negative errors that increases with the length of the standard duration. The findings are discussed in the context of the hypothesis that systematic errors in time reproduction tasks reflect a dimension-unspecific tendency towards earlier responses caused by the psychophysical method rather than by a time-specific perceptual distortion. diff --git a/source/_posts/riemer2022.md b/source/_posts/riemer2022.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ff82660b --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/riemer2022.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: Riemer et al. (2022) +subtitle: 'Reducing the tendency for chronometric counting in duration discrimination tasks' +date: 2022/11/01 +authors: +- Riemer, Martin +- Vieweg, Paula +- van Rijn, Hedderik +- Wolbers, Thomas +journal: Atten. Percept. Psychophys. +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-022-02523-1 +data_url: https://osf.io/4rgth/ +tags: +- +--- + +Chronometric counting is a prevalent issue in the study of human time perception as it reduces the construct validity of tasks and can conceal existing timing deficits. Several methods have been proposed to prevent counting strategies, but the factors promoting those strategies in specific tasks are largely uninvestigated. Here, we modified a classical two-interval duration discrimination task in two aspects that could affect the tendency to apply counting strategies. We removed the pause between the two intervals and changed the task instructions: Participants decided whether a short event occurred in the first or in the second half of a reference duration. In Experiment 1, both classical and modified task versions were performed under timing conditions, in which participants were asked not to count, and counting conditions, in which counting was explicitly instructed. The task modifications led to (i) a general decrease in judgment precision, (ii) a shift of the point of subjective equality, and (iii) a counting-related increase in reaction times, suggesting enhanced cognitive effort of counting during the modified task version. Precision in the two task versions was not differently affected by instructed counting. Experiment 2 demonstrates that-in the absence of any counting-related instructions-participants are less likely to engage in spontaneous counting in the modified task version. These results enhance our understanding of the two-interval duration discrimination task and demonstrate that the modifications tested here-although they do not significantly reduce the effectiveness of instructed counting-can diminish the spontaneous tendency to adopt counting strategies. diff --git a/source/_posts/saeedpour2023.md b/source/_posts/saeedpour2023.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..88322934 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/saeedpour2023.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: Saeedpour et al. (2023) +subtitle: 'Interindividual differences in Pavlovian influence on learning are consistent' +date: 2023/09/01 +authors: +- Saeedpour, Sepehr +- Hossein, Mostafa Minadari +- Deroy, Ophelia +- Bahrami, Bahador +journal: R. Soc. Open Sci. +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.230447 +data_url: https://osf.io/fnzd2/ +tags: +- +--- + +Pavlovian influences impair instrumental learning. It is easier to learn to approach reward-predictive signals and avoid punishment-predictive cues than their contrary. Whether the interindividual variability in this Pavlovian influence is consistent across time has been examined by a number of recent studies and met with mixed results. Here we introduce an open-source, web-based instance of a well-established Go-NoGo paradigm for measuring Pavlovian influence. We closely replicated the previous laboratory-based results. Moreover, the interindividual differences in Pavlovian influence were consistent across a two-week time window at the level of (i) raw measures of learning (i.e. performance accuracy), (ii) linear, descriptive estimates of Pavlovian bias (test-retest reliability: 0.40), and (iii) parameters obtained from reinforcement learning model fitting and model selection (test-retest reliability: 0.25). Nonetheless, the correlations reported here are still lower than the standards (i.e. 0.7) employed in psychometrics and self-reported measures. Our results provide support for trusting Pavlovian bias as a relatively stable individual characteristic and for using its measure in the computational understanding of human mental health. diff --git a/source/_posts/sierra2022.md b/source/_posts/sierra2022.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5d102d33 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/sierra2022.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: Sierra et al. (2022) +subtitle: 'A perceptual glitch in serial perception generates temporal distortions' +date: 2022/12/06 +authors: +- Sierra, Franklenin +- Muralikrishnan, R +- Poeppel, David +- Tavano, Alessandro +journal: Sci. Rep. +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25573-9 +data_url: https://osf.io/qnj3t/ +tags: +- +--- + +Precisely estimating event timing is essential for survival, yet temporal distortions are ubiquitous in our daily sensory experience. Here, we tested whether the relative position, duration, and distance in time of two sequentially-organized events-standard S, with constant duration, and comparison C, with duration varying trial-by-trial-are causal factors in generating temporal distortions. We found that temporal distortions emerge when the first event is shorter than the second event. Importantly, a significant interaction suggests that a longer inter-stimulus interval (ISI) helps to counteract such serial distortion effect only when the constant S is in the first position, but not if the unpredictable C is in the first position. These results imply the existence of a perceptual bias in perceiving ordered event durations, mechanistically contributing to distortion in time perception. We simulated our behavioral results with a Bayesian model and replicated the finding that participants disproportionately expand first-position dynamic (unpredictable) short events. Our results clarify the mechanisms generating time distortions by identifying a hitherto unknown duration-dependent encoding inefficiency in human serial temporal perception, something akin to a strong prior that can be overridden for highly predictable sensory events but unfolds for unpredictable ones. diff --git a/source/_posts/slater2023.md b/source/_posts/slater2023.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8c2d4515 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/slater2023.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: Slater et al. (2023) +subtitle: "Rationality' enhancement: The effect of anodal tDCS over the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex among ultimatum game responders" +date: 2023/09/05 +authors: +- Slater, Jonathan +- Lavidor, Michal +- Halali, Eliran +journal: PsyArXiv +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/5x4kc +data_url: https://osf.io/hnekv/?view_only=d65b08da4fdf4134a498d200f68e31dc +tags: +- +--- + +Contrary to classical economic theories, experimental findings show that people are not exclusively self-interested, rather, they have other-regarding preferences, such as fairness and reciprocity. Further, these social preferences are emotionally driven, and deliberative processes are required to implement 'rational' self-interested motives. Here, we aimed to enhance 'rational' self-interested behavior by enhancing the neuronal activity of the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (rVLPFC), a brain area associated with emotion regulation processes, using anodal transcranial-direct-current-stimulation (tDCS), among ultimatum game responders. We found that stimulated, compared to control (sham stimulation), participants accepted unfair offers significantly more often. Interestingly, this effect was not moderated by whether the unfair offers were made intentionally by the participants' partners or through a fair mechanism (i.e., randomly made by the computer), suggesting that inequality per se is emotionally aversive even when it was not determined deliberately. In contrast, the effect was absent when playing on behalf of another random participant, suggesting that when the self is not involved, decisions are less emotional. These findings reveal the causal and vital role of the rVLPFC in promoting self-interested behavior in social exchange situations. We discuss theoretical implications for dual-system models and specifically in the context of social exchange situations. diff --git a/source/_posts/sukhov2023.md b/source/_posts/sukhov2023.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2481177a --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/sukhov2023.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: Sukhov et al. (2023) +subtitle: 'When to keep trying and when to let go: Benchmarking optimal quitting' +date: 2023/08/28 +authors: +- Sukhov, Nikolay +- Dubey, Rachit +- Duke, Annie +- Griffiths, Tom +journal: PsyArXiv +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/gjucy +data_url: https://github.com/sukhovn/OptimalQuittingExperiment/ +tags: +- +--- + +Persistence and perseverance, even in the face of great adversity, are admirable qualities. However, knowing when to stop pursuing something is as important as exerting effort toward attaining a goal. Howdo people decide when to persist and when to quit? Here, we design a novel task to study this question, in which people were given a finite number of opportunities to pursue stochastic rewards by selecting among a set of options that provide a reward each trial. At any time, if people were not satisfied with the option they had selected they could choose to abandon it and instead try a new option. However, if they did so they could never return to the previous option. Mathematical analysis of this task shows that the optimal strategy explores a relatively small number of options before settling on a sufficiently good option. Further, we find that the optimal strategy is to abandon an option if the total number of remaining trials exceeds a threshold specified by the observed option’s performance. A large-scale, pre-registered experiment (N = 3,632) reveals that people largely behave in accordance with the optimal strategy. People also make decisions to persist with an option based on its performance and they typically explore relatively few options before settling on a sufficiently good one. However, compared to the optimal strategy, people are less sensitive to the number of remaining trials and are more likely to persist with sub-optimal options. Together, this work provides a new approach to studying how we decide when to quit and deepens our understanding of human persistence. diff --git a/source/_posts/teghil2020.md b/source/_posts/teghil2020.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3727ab15 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/teghil2020.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: Teghil et al. (2020) +subtitle: 'Inter-individual differences in resting-state functional connectivity are linked to interval timing in irregular contexts' +date: 2020/07/01 +authors: +- Teghil, Alice +- Di Vita, Antonella +- D'Antonio, Fabrizia +- Boccia, Maddalena +journal: Cortex +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2020.03.021 +data_url: https://osf.io/kcqxj/?view_only=bdaa2dd03a6b4b39b74fb0bd6197e48e +tags: +- +--- + +Behavioral evidence suggests that different mechanisms mediate duration perception depending on whether regular or irregular cues for time estimation are provided, and that individual differences in interoceptive processing may affect duration perception only in the latter case. However, no study has addressed brain correlates of this proposed distinction. Here participants performed a duration reproduction task in two conditions: with unevenly spaced stimuli during time estimation/reproduction (irregular), with regularly spaced stimuli provided during the same task (regular). They also underwent resting-state fMRI to assess regional functional connectivity, in order to link individual differences in behavioral performance to variations in patterns of intrinsic brain oscillations. Resting-state functional connectivity of the right precentral gyrus with the ipsilateral insula and putamen was predicted by duration reproduction performance selectively in the irregular condition. The connectivity of the right posterior insula, within a network modulated by participants' degree of interoceptive awareness, correlated positively with performance in the irregular condition only. Findings support the distinction between brain networks involved in duration processing with or without regular cues, and the hypothesis that the multimodal integration of interoceptive and exteroceptive cues is specifically involved in the latter. diff --git a/source/_posts/thunberg2023.md b/source/_posts/thunberg2023.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a852ad4d --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/thunberg2023.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: Thunberg et al. (2023) +subtitle: 'On the (un)reliability of common behavioral and electrophysiological measures from the stop signal task: Measures of inhibition lack stability over time' +date: 2023/09/24 +authors: +- Thunberg, Christina +- Wiker, Thea +- Bundt, Carsten +- Huster, Rene +journal: PsyArXiv +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2xfu3 +data_url: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/DCB6G +tags: +- +--- + +Response inhibition, the intentional stopping of planned or initiated actions, is often considered a key facet of control, impulsivity, and self-regulation. The stop signal task is argued to be the purest inhibition task we have, and it is thus central to much work investigating the role of inhibition in areas like development and psychopathology. Most of this work quantifies stopping behavior by calculating the stop signal reaction time as a measure of individual stopping latency. Individual difference studies aiming to investigate why and how stopping latencies differ between people often do this under the assumption that the stop signal reaction time indexes a stable, dispositional trait. However, empirical support for this assumption is lacking, as common measures of inhibition and control tend to show low test-retest reliability and thus appear unstable over time. The reasons for this could be methodological, where low stability is driven by measurement noise, or substantive, where low stability is driven by a larger influence of state-like and situational factors. To investigate this, we characterized the split-half and test-retest reliability of a range of common behavioral and electrophysiological measures derived from the stop signal task. Across three independent studies, different measurement modalities, and a systematic review of the literature, we found a pattern of low temporal stability for inhibition measures and higher stability for measures of manifest behavior and non-inhibitory processing. This pattern could not be explained by measurement noise and low internal consistency. Consequently, response inhibition appears to have mostly state-like and situational determinants, and there is little support for the validity of conceptualizing common inhibition measures as reflecting stable traits. diff --git a/source/_posts/tsigeman2022.md b/source/_posts/tsigeman2022.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4f4997ae --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/tsigeman2022.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: Tsigeman et al. (2022) +subtitle: 'The Jack and Jill adaptive working memory task: Construction, calibration and validation' +date: 2022/01/27 +authors: +- Tsigeman, Elina +- Silas, Sebastian +- Frieler, Klaus +- Likhanov, Maxim +- Gelding, Rebecca +- Kovas, Yulia +- Müllensiefen, Daniel +journal: PLoS One +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262200 +data_url: https://osf.io/cn4t9/ +tags: +- +--- + +Visuospatial working memory (VSWM) is essential to human cognitive abilities and is associated with important life outcomes such as academic performance. Recently, a number of reliable measures of VSWM have been developed to help understand psychological processes and for practical use in education. We sought to extend this work using Item Response Theory (IRT) and Computerised Adaptive Testing (CAT) frameworks to construct, calibrate and validate a new adaptive, computerised, and open-source VSWM test. We aimed to overcome the limitations of previous instruments and provide researchers with a valid and freely available VSWM measurement tool. The Jack and Jill (JaJ) VSWM task was constructed using explanatory item response modelling of data from a sample of the general adult population (Study 1, N = 244) in the UK and US. Subsequently, a static version of the task was tested for validity and reliability using a sample of adults from the UK and Australia (Study 2, N = 148) and a sample of Russian adolescents (Study 3, N = 263). Finally, the adaptive version of the JaJ task was implemented on the basis of the underlying IRT model and evaluated with another sample of Russian adolescents (Study 4, N = 239). JaJ showed sufficient internal consistency and concurrent validity as indicated by significant and substantial correlations with established measures of working memory, spatial ability, non-verbal intelligence, and academic achievement. The findings suggest that JaJ is an efficient and reliable measure of VSWM from adolescent to adult age. diff --git a/source/_posts/tylen2023.md b/source/_posts/tylen2023.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d21cce18 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/tylen2023.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: Tylen et al. (2023) +subtitle: 'The social route to abstraction: Interaction and diversity enhance performance and transfer in a rule-based categorization task' +date: 2023/09/01 +authors: +- Tylén, Kristian +- Fusaroli, Riccardo +- Østergaard, Sara Møller +- Smith, Pernille +- Arnoldi, Jakob +journal: Cogn. Sci. +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13338 +data_url: https://osf.io/bqs4c/?view_only=bfbd55dceda1495fbd893ae3127c67c1 +tags: +- +--- + +Capacities for abstract thinking and problem-solving are central to human cognition. Processes of abstraction allow the transfer of experiences and knowledge between contexts helping us make informed decisions in new or changing contexts. While we are often inclined to relate such reasoning capacities to individual minds and brains, they may in fact be contingent on human-specific modes of collaboration, dialogue, and shared attention. In an experimental study, we test the hypothesis that social interaction enhances cognitive processes of rule-induction, which in turn improves problem-solving performance. Through three sessions of increasing complexity, individuals and groups were presented with a problem-solving task requiring them to categorize a set of visual stimuli. To assess the character of participants' problem representations, after each training session, they were presented with a transfer task involving stimuli that differed in appearance, but shared relations among features with the training set. Besides, we compared participants' categorization behaviors to simulated agents relying on exemplar learning. We found that groups performed superior to individuals and agents in the training sessions and were more likely to correctly generalize their observations in the transfer phase, especially in the high complexity session, suggesting that groups more effectively induced underlying categorization rules from the stimuli than individuals and agents. Crucially, variation in performance among groups was predicted by semantic diversity in members' dialogical contributions, suggesting a link between social interaction, cognitive diversity, and abstraction. diff --git a/source/_posts/waltmann2023.md b/source/_posts/waltmann2023a.md similarity index 98% rename from source/_posts/waltmann2023.md rename to source/_posts/waltmann2023a.md index 359a9c60..804d5207 100644 --- a/source/_posts/waltmann2023.md +++ b/source/_posts/waltmann2023a.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ --- -title: Waltmann et al. (2023) +title: Waltmann et al. (2023a) subtitle: 'Diminished reinforcement sensitivity in adolescence is associated with enhanced response switching and reduced coding of choice probability in the medial frontal pole' date: 2023/04/01 authors: @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ journal: Dev. Cogn. Neurosci. paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101226 data_url: https://osf.io/ptxs6 tags: -- +- --- Precisely charting the maturation of core neurocognitive functions such as reinforcement learning (RL) and flexible adaptation to changing action-outcome contingencies is key for developmental neuroscience and adjacent fields like developmental psychiatry. However, research in this area is both sparse and conflicted, especially regarding potentially asymmetric development of learning for different motives (obtain wins vs avoid losses) and learning from valenced feedback (positive vs negative). In the current study, we investigated the development of RL from adolescence to adulthood, using a probabilistic reversal learning task modified to experimentally separate motivational context and feedback valence, in a sample of 95 healthy participants between 12 and 45. We show that adolescence is characterized by enhanced novelty seeking and response shifting especially after negative feedback, which leads to poorer returns when reward contingencies are stable. Computationally, this is accounted for by reduced impact of positive feedback on behavior. We also show, using fMRI, that activity of the medial frontopolar cortex reflecting choice probability is attenuated in adolescence. We argue that this can be interpreted as reflecting diminished confidence in upcoming choices. Interestingly, we find no age-related differences between learning in win and loss contexts. diff --git a/source/_posts/waltmann2023b.md b/source/_posts/waltmann2023b.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5c1d8f6f --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/waltmann2023b.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: Waltmann et al. (2023b) +subtitle: 'Neurocomputational mechanisms underlying differential reinforcement learning from wins and losses in obesity with and without Binge Eating' +date: 2023/09/22 +authors: +- Waltmann, Maria +- Herzog, Nadine +- Reiter, Andrea M F +- Villringer, Arno +- Horstmann, Annette +- Deserno, Lorenz +journal: PsyArXiv +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/d9knf +data_url: https://osf.io/b9tyf/ +tags: +- +--- + +Binge Eating Disorder (BED) is thought of as a disorder of cognitive control but evidence regarding its neurocognitive mechanisms is inconclusive. A key limitation in prior research is the lack of clear separation between effects of BED and obesity. Moreover, research has largely disregarded self-report evidence that neurocognitive deficits may emerge primarily in contexts focused on avoiding aversive states. Addressing these gaps, this longitudinal study investigated behavioral flexibility and its underlying neuro-computational processes in approach and avoidance contexts in normal weight individuals, obese individuals, and obese individuals with BED. Participants performed a probabilistic reversal learning task during functional imaging, with different blocks focused on obtaining wins or avoiding losses. They were reinvited for a 6-months follow-up. Analyses were informed by computational models of reinforcement learning (RL). Compared to obese individuals without BED, BED participants had relatively more difficulties to avoid losses, while obese participants without BED had relatively more difficulties to obtain rewards. Computationally, this was explained by differential learning sensitivities in the win vs loss conditions between groups. In the brain, this was mirrored in differential neural learning signals in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) per condition. The condition-specific behavioral and neural differences were subtle, but strikingly scaled with BED symptoms between and within subjects. Compared to normal weight controls, obese participants without BED switched more between choice options. This was reflected in diminished representation of choice certainty in the vmPFC. Hence, RL alterations in obesity with and without BED may be qualitatively different: our finding that BED was associated with relative RL deficits in loss-avoidance contexts aligns with the notion that in BED, neurocognitive alterations may selectively emerge in aversive states. Our study thus highlights the importance of distinguishing between obesity with and without BED to identify unique neuro-computational alterations underlying different styles of maladaptive eating behavior. diff --git a/source/_posts/wehrman2023.md b/source/_posts/wehrman2023.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5fd84c44 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/wehrman2023.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: Wehrman et al. (2023) +subtitle: 'What came before: Assimilation effects in the categorization of time intervals' +date: 2023/05/01 +authors: +- Wehrman, Jordan +- Sanders, Robert +- Wearden, John +journal: Cognition +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105378 +data_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105378 +tags: +- +--- + +Assimilation is the process by which one judgment tends to approach some aspect of another stimulus or judgment. This effect has been known for over half a century in various domains such as the judgment of weight or sound intensity. However, the assimilation of judgments of durations have been relatively unexplored. In the current article, we present the results of five experiments in which participant s were required to judge the duration of a visual stimulus on each trial. In each experiment, we manipulated the pattern of durations they experienced in order to systematically separate the effects of the objective and subjective duration of stimuli on subsequent judgments. We found that duration judgments were primarily driven by prior judgments, with little, if any, effect of the prior objective stimulus duration. This is in contrast to the findings previously reported in regards to non-temporal judgments. We propose two mechanist explanations of this effect; a representational account in which judgments represent the speed of an underlying pacemaker, and an assimilation account in which judgment is based in prior experience. We further discuss results in terms of predictive coding, in which the previous rating is representative of a prior expectation, which is modified by current experience. diff --git a/source/_posts/wise2023.md b/source/_posts/wise2023.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..213527e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/wise2023.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: Wise et al. (2023) +subtitle: 'Interactive cognitive maps support flexible behavior under threat' +date: 2023/08/29 +authors: +- Wise, Toby +- Charpentier, Caroline J +- Dayan, Peter +- Mobbs, Dean +journal: Cell Rep. +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113008 +data_url: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/FWGQA +tags: +- +--- + +In social environments, survival can depend upon inferring and adapting to other agents' goal-directed behavior. However, it remains unclear how humans achieve this, despite the fact that many decisions must account for complex, dynamic agents acting according to their own goals. Here, we use a predator-prey task (total n = 510) to demonstrate that humans exploit an interactive cognitive map of the social environment to infer other agents' preferences and simulate their future behavior, providing for flexible, generalizable responses. A model-based inverse reinforcement learning model explained participants' inferences about threatening agents' preferences, with participants using this inferred knowledge to enact generalizable, model-based behavioral responses. Using tree-search planning models, we then found that behavior was best explained by a planning algorithm that incorporated simulations of the threat's goal-directed behavior. Our results indicate that humans use a cognitive map to determine other agents' preferences, facilitating generalized predictions of their behavior and effective responses. diff --git a/source/_posts/wurtz2023.md b/source/_posts/wurtz2023.md index 44ce47b8..dced2df5 100644 --- a/source/_posts/wurtz2023.md +++ b/source/_posts/wurtz2023.md @@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ tags: - --- -Background: Depressive symptoms are associated with negative expectations and reduced belief updating by positive information. Cognitive immunization, the devaluation of positive information, has been argued to be central in this relationship and predictive processing models suggest that more positive information is associated with greater cognitive immunization.Methods: In an online experiment, N=347 healthy participants took part in a performance task with standardized feedback that was either mildly, moderately, or extremely positive. Effects of the feedback positivity on cognitive immunization were investigated. Further, depressive symptoms, interpretation bias, as well as participant’s self-evaluation were examined as potential moderators of belief updating.Results: Participants in the mildly positive condition showed the greatest amount of cognitive immunization, with no difference between the moderately and the extremely positive condition. Irrespective of the feedback condition, participants’ positive expectations increased after feedback, yet depressive symptoms were associated with a weaker increase. Interpretation biases were unrelated to these associations, but exploratory analyses suggested that self-evaluation may be a potentially central factor.Conclusions: The results suggest that healthy participants engaged in cognitive immunization when feedback was less positive than expected. Depressive symptoms were associated with reduced belief updating, with self-evaluation being a promising factor for future research. +Depressive symptoms are associated with negative expectations and reduced belief updating by positive information. Cognitive immunization, the devaluation of positive information, has been argued to be central in this relationship and predictive processing models suggest that more positive information is associated with greater cognitive immunization. In an online experiment, N=347 healthy participants took part in a performance task with standardized feedback that was either mildly, moderately, or extremely positive. Effects of the feedback positivity on cognitive immunization were investigated. Further, depressive symptoms, interpretation bias, as well as participant’s self-evaluation were examined as potential moderators of belief updating. Participants in the mildly positive condition showed the greatest amount of cognitive immunization, with no difference between the moderately and the extremely positive condition. Irrespective of the feedback condition, participants’ positive expectations increased after feedback, yet depressive symptoms were associated with a weaker increase. Interpretation biases were unrelated to these associations, but exploratory analyses suggested that self-evaluation may be a potentially central factor. The results suggest that healthy participants engaged in cognitive immunization when feedback was less positive than expected. Depressive symptoms were associated with reduced belief updating, with self-evaluation being a promising factor for future research. diff --git a/source/_posts/yan2023.md b/source/_posts/yan2023.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2f2e2810 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/yan2023.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: Yan et al. (2023) +subtitle: 'Reward positivity biases interval production in a continuous timing task' +date: 2023/07/07 +authors: +- Yan, Yan +- Hunt, Laurence +- Hassall, Cameron +journal: bioRxiv +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.07.06.548049 +data_url: https://openneuro.org/datasets/ds004152/versions/1.1.2 +tags: +- +--- + +The neural circuits of reward processing and interval timing (including perception and production) are functionally intertwined, suggesting that it might be possible for momentary reward processing to influence subsequent timing behavior. Previous animal and human studies have mainly focused on the effect of reward on interval perception, whereas its impact on interval production is less clear. In this study, we examined whether feedback, as an example of performance-contingent reward, biases interval production. We recorded EEG from 20 participants while they engaged in a continuous drumming task with different realistic tempos (1728 trials per participant). Participants received color-coded feedback after each beat about whether they were correct (on time) or incorrect (early or late). Regression-based EEG analysis was used to unmix the rapid occurrence of a feedback response called the reward positivity (RewP), which is traditionally observed in more slow-paced tasks. Using linear mixed modelling, we found that RewP amplitude predicted timing behavior for the upcoming beat. This performance-biasing effect of the RewP was interpreted as reflecting the impact of fluctuations in dopaminergic activities on timing, and the necessity of continuous paradigms to make such observations was highlighted. diff --git a/source/_posts/zang2022.md b/source/_posts/zang2022.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..207ad906 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_posts/zang2022.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: Zang et al. (2022) +subtitle: 'Duration reproduction under memory pressure: Modeling the roles of visual memory load in duration encoding and reproduction' +date: 2022/02/11 +authors: +- Zang, Xuelian +- Zhu, Xiuna +- Allenmark, Fredrik +- Wu, Jiao +- Müller, Hermann J +- Glasauer, Stefan +- Shi, Zhuanghua +journal: bioRxiv +paper_url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.02.10.479853 +data_url: https://github.com/msenselab/working_memory_reproduction +tags: +- +--- + +Duration estimates are often biased by the sampled statistical context, yielding the classical central-tendency effect, i.e., short durations are over- and long duration underestimated. Most studies of the central-tendency bias have primarily focused on the integration of the sensory measure and the prior information, without considering any cognitive limits. Here, we investigated the impact of cognitive (visual working-memory) load on duration estimation in the duration encoding and reproduction stages. In four experiments, observers had to perform a dual, attention-sharing task: reproducing a given duration (primary) and memorizing a variable set of color patches (secondary). We found an increase in memory load (i.e., set size) during the duration-encoding stage to increase the central-tendency bias, while shortening the reproduced duration in general; in contrast, increasing the load during the reproduction stage prolonged the reproduced duration, without influencing the central tendency. By integrating an attentional-sharing account into a hierarchical Bayesian model, we were able to predict both the general over- and underestimation and the central-tendency effects observed in all four experiments. The model suggests that memory pressure during the encoding stage increases the sensory noise, which elevates the central-tendency effect. In contrast, memory pressure during the reproduction stage only influences the monitoring of elapsed time, leading to a general duration over-reproduction without impacting the central tendency. diff --git a/source/_posts/zetsche2023.md b/source/_posts/zetsche2023.md index 926b3397..8afe6909 100644 --- a/source/_posts/zetsche2023.md +++ b/source/_posts/zetsche2023.md @@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ tags: - --- -Objective: Rumination is a well-known risk factor for the onset and recurrence of depressive episodes. Depressed individuals with a tendency to ruminate have been found to exhibit deficits in updating the contents of working memory. Thus, working memory training targeting updating-specific cognitive control processes may bear the potential to reduce ruminative tendencies. This registered clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT03011216) examined the effect of training cognitive control on rumination in the daily lives of clinically depressed individuals.Methods: Sixty-five individuals with a current major depressive disorder were randomized to 10 sessions of either cognitive control training (N=31) or placebo training (N=34). Primary outcome measures were the frequency and negativity of ruminative thoughts in the daily lives of participants assessed by a 7-day experience sampling procedure prior to training, after training, and at 3-months follow-up. Secondary outcomes were depressive symptoms, depressive mood, and level of disability.Results: Cognitive control training led to stronger improvements in the trained task than placebo training. There was no transfer of the training effect to a novel cognitive control task. Cognitive control training did not lead to a greater reduction in daily rumination frequency, negativity of ruminative thoughts, or the negative influence of rumination on subsequent affect than the placebo training. There was no training-specific effect on participants' depressive symptomatology or level of disability.Conclusions: Results join in a picture of mixed findings regarding the effect of cognitive control training on rumination. Future research has to identify determinants of beneficial training effects. +Rumination is a well-known risk factor for the onset and recurrence of depressive episodes. Depressed individuals with a tendency to ruminate have been found to exhibit deficits in updating the contents of working memory. Thus, working memory training targeting updating-specific cognitive control processes may bear the potential to reduce ruminative tendencies. This registered clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT03011216) examined the effect of training cognitive control on rumination in the daily lives of clinically depressed individuals. Sixty-five individuals with a current major depressive disorder were randomized to 10 sessions of either cognitive control training (N=31) or placebo training (N=34). Primary outcome measures were the frequency and negativity of ruminative thoughts in the daily lives of participants assessed by a 7-day experience sampling procedure prior to training, after training, and at 3-months follow-up. Secondary outcomes were depressive symptoms, depressive mood, and level of disability. Cognitive control training led to stronger improvements in the trained task than placebo training. There was no transfer of the training effect to a novel cognitive control task. Cognitive control training did not lead to a greater reduction in daily rumination frequency, negativity of ruminative thoughts, or the negative influence of rumination on subsequent affect than the placebo training. There was no training-specific effect on participants' depressive symptomatology or level of disability. Results join in a picture of mixed findings regarding the effect of cognitive control training on rumination. Future research has to identify determinants of beneficial training effects. diff --git a/source/_posts/zorowitz2023c.md b/source/_posts/zorowitz2023c.md index 8658b00e..568934f6 100644 --- a/source/_posts/zorowitz2023c.md +++ b/source/_posts/zorowitz2023c.md @@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ tags: - longitudinal --- -Background: The Pavlovian go/no-go task is commonly used to measure individual differences in Pavlovian biases and their interaction with instrumental learning. However, prior research has found suboptimal reliability for computational model-based performance measures for this task, limiting its usefulness in individual-differences research. These studies did not make use of several strategies previously shown to enhance task-measure reliability (e.g., task gamification, hierarchical Bayesian modeling for model estimation). Here we investigated if such approaches could improve the task’s reliability. Methods: Across two experiments, we recruited two independent samples of adult participants (N=103, N=110) to complete a novel, gamified version of the Pavlovian go/no-go task multiple times over several weeks. We used hierarchical Bayesian modeling to derive reinforcement learning model-based indices of participants' task performance, and additionally to estimate the reliability of these measures. Results: In Experiment 1, we observed considerable and unexpected practice effects, with most participants reaching near-ceiling levels of performance with repeat testing. Consequently, the test-retest reliability of some model parameters was unacceptable (range: 0.379–0.973). In Experiment 2, participants completed a modified version of the task designed to lessen these practice effects. We observed greatly reduced practice effects and improved estimates of the test-retest reliability (range: 0.696–0.989). Conclusion: The results demonstrate that model-based measures of performance on the Pavlovian go/no-go task can reach levels of reliability sufficient for use in individual- differences research. However, additional investigation is necessary to validate the modified version of the task in other populations and settings. +The Pavlovian go/no-go task is commonly used to measure individual differences in Pavlovian biases and their interaction with instrumental learning. However, prior research has found suboptimal reliability for computational model-based performance measures for this task, limiting its usefulness in individual-differences research. These studies did not make use of several strategies previously shown to enhance task-measure reliability (e.g., task gamification, hierarchical Bayesian modeling for model estimation). Here we investigated if such approaches could improve the task’s reliability. Across two experiments, we recruited two independent samples of adult participants (N=103, N=110) to complete a novel, gamified version of the Pavlovian go/no-go task multiple times over several weeks. We used hierarchical Bayesian modeling to derive reinforcement learning model-based indices of participants' task performance, and additionally to estimate the reliability of these measures. In Experiment 1, we observed considerable and unexpected practice effects, with most participants reaching near-ceiling levels of performance with repeat testing. Consequently, the test-retest reliability of some model parameters was unacceptable (range: 0.379–0.973). In Experiment 2, participants completed a modified version of the task designed to lessen these practice effects. We observed greatly reduced practice effects and improved estimates of the test-retest reliability (range: 0.696–0.989). The results demonstrate that model-based measures of performance on the Pavlovian go/no-go task can reach levels of reliability sufficient for use in individual- differences research. However, additional investigation is necessary to validate the modified version of the task in other populations and settings.