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Stoat Prototype

Stoat (STochastic model App Tester) is a guided approach to perform stochastic model-based testing on Android Apps. The idea is to thoroughly test the functionalities of an app from its GUI model, and validate the app’s behavior by enforcing various user/system interactions.

Publication

[1] Guided, Stochastic Model-based GUI Testing of Android Apps (FSE'2017)

@inproceedings{Stoat2017,
  author = {Su, Ting and Meng, Guozhu and Chen, Yuting and Wu, Ke and Yang, Weiming and Yao, Yao and Pu, Geguang and Liu, Yang and Su, Zhendong},
  title = {Guided, Stochastic Model-based GUI Testing of Android Apps},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2017 11th Joint Meeting on Foundations of Software Engineering},
  series = {ESEC/FSE 2017},
  year = {2017},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-5105-8},
  location = {Paderborn, Germany},
  pages = {245--256},
  numpages = {12},
  publisher = {ACM},
  address = {New York, NY, USA},
  keywords = {GUI Testing, Mobile Apps, Model-based Testing},
}

[2] FSMdroid: Guided GUI Testing of Android Apps (ICSE'16, ACM SRC)

@inproceedings{FSMdroid16,
  author    = {Ting Su},
  title     = {FSMdroid: guided {GUI} testing of android apps},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Software Engineering,
               {ICSE} 2016, Austin, TX, USA, May 14-22, 2016 - Companion Volume},
  pages     = {689--691},
  year      = {2016}
}

[3] Large-Scale Analysis of Framework-Specific Exceptions in Android Apps (ICSE'18)

@inproceedings{FanSCMLXPS18,
  author    = {Lingling Fan and
               Ting Su and
               Sen Chen and
               Guozhu Meng and
               Yang Liu and
               Lihua Xu and
               Geguang Pu and
               Zhendong Su},
  title     = {Large-scale analysis of framework-specific exceptions in Android apps},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Software Engineering,
               {ICSE} 2018, Gothenburg, Sweden, May 27 - June 03, 2018},
  pages     = {408--419},
  year      = {2018}
}

[4] Efficiently Manifesting Asynchronous Programming Errors in Android Apps (ASE'18)

@inproceedings{FanSCMLXP18,
  author    = {Lingling Fan and
               Ting Su and
               Sen Chen and
               Guozhu Meng and
               Yang Liu and
               Lihua Xu and
               Geguang Pu},
  title     = {Efficiently manifesting asynchronous programming errors in Android
               apps},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 33rd {ACM/IEEE} International Conference on Automated
               Software Engineering, {ASE} 2018, Montpellier, France, September 3-7,
               2018},
  pages     = {486--497},
  year      = {2018}
}

Quick Review

Click this link for quick review on the approach workflow, evaluation results, demo and etc.

Setup

You can checkout Stoat from this repo.

Environment Configration

If your default ruby version is lower than 2.1, the installation of Nokogiri will fail. In this case, please upgrade ruby to 2.1 or higher. If the installation still fails due to this issue, you need to execute "sudo apt-get install ruby2.1-dev".

  • Python: 2.7

  • Android SDK: API 18+

Android SDK recently makes an update about emulators. If you cannot start the emulator (like "Cannot launch AVD in emulator:QT library not found"), please check this post for solution. You can create an emulator before running Stoat. See this link for how to create avd using avdmanager.

E.g.

  1. sdkmanager "system-images;android-18;google_apis;x86"

  2. avdmanager create avd --force --name testAVD_1 --package 'system-images;android-18;google_apis;x86' --abi google_apis/x86 --sdcard 512M --device 'Nexus 7'

  • Ubuntu 14.04/Linux

  • uiautomator (A python wrapper of UIAutomator)

We strongly recommend to run Stoat on a physical machine to ensure the performance instead of ruuning on virtual machines (e.g., VirtualBox or Docker). In addition, please choose x86 image if you use Android emulators, and setup hardware acceleration for Ubuntu.

Please export ANDROID_HOME (for android sdk), PYTHON_PATH (for uiautomator), CLASSPATH (for soot)

Example:

export ANDROID_HOME="/home/XX/Android/Sdk"
export PYTHONPATH="/home/XX/uiautomator"
export CLASSPATH="/home/XX/fsmdroid/soot-github/lib/soot-develop.jar
export PATH=$PATH:${ANDROID_HOME}/build-tools/25.0.0:${ANDROID_HOME}/emulator:${ANDROID_HOME}/tools:${ANDROID_HOME}/tools/bin:${ANDROID_HOME}/platform-tools:

You may also need to modify "Stoat/CONF.txt" to set the tool path.

Usage

Stoat provides several ways to test android apps by command lines. Note before running Stoat, please disable keyboard (for emulator, add "hw.keyboard=yes" in its config.ini; for real device, please install the "com.wparam.nullkeyboard_1.apk" at "Stoat/bin/sdcard", and configure it to be the default input method)

  1. Ant opens-soruce projects

    ruby run_stoat_testing.rb --app_dir /home/XX/caldwell.ben.bites_4_src --avd_name testAVD_1 --avd_port 5554 --stoat_port 2000 --project_type ant

  2. apk without instrumentation

    Note this may mitigate Stoat's power due to lack of coverage info for test optimization. Otherwise, you need to instrument apk with Ella

    ruby run_stoat_testing.rb --app_dir /home/XX/Bites.apk --avd_name testAVD_1 --avd_port 5554 --stoat_port 2000 (the output will be under "/home/XX/Bites-output")

  3. Use real device, ant projects

    Please open wifi, and disable keyboard before do testing on real device.

    ruby run_stoat_testing.rb --app_dir /home/XX/caldwell.ben.bites_4_src/ --real_device_serial cf00b9e6 --stoat_port 2000 --project_type ant

  4. A list of apps (If they are apks, append the option "--project_type apk")

    ruby run_stoat_testing.rb --apps_dir /home/XX/test_apps/ --apps_list /home/XX/test_apps/apps_list.txt --avd_name testAVD_1 --avd_port 5554 --stoat_port 2000 --force_restart

Subject Requirement:

  • instrumented apps (use Emma for open-source apps and Ella for closed-source apps) should end with "-debug.apk"
  • closed-source/non-instrumented apk can also be tested, and its name should end with ".apk"

Output

stoat_fsm_building_output: the outputs of model construction.

 crashes/ -- crash report (include crash stack, event trace, screen shots); 
 ui/ -- ui xml files; 
 coverage/ -- coverage files during model construction; 
 FSM.txt/app.gv -- xdot model graph; 
 fsm_building_process.txt/fsm_states_edges.txt -- the model building process, mainly the increasing coverage/#states/#edges 
 CONF.txt -- configuration file

stoat_mcmc_sampling_output: the outputs of mcmc sampling.

 crashes/ -- crash report (include crash stack, event trace, screen shots); 
 MCMC_coverage/ -- the coverage data during mcmc sampling; 
 mcmc_sampling_progress.txt/mcmc_data.txt -- mcmc sampling progress data; 
 initial_markov_model.txt/optimal_markov_model.txt/mcmc_models.txt -- the initial/optimal/all mcmc sampling models; 
 mcmc_all_history_testsuites.txt -- all executed test suites for mcmc sampling; 
 test_suite_to_execute.txt -- the current test suite under execution;
 CONF.txt -- configuration file.

coverage: the all coverage data during two phases

Benchmark

Some benchmark apps used in our paper.

Notes

  • This implementation has been tested with Android 4.4, running on Ubuntu 14.04.
  • If measure statement coverage for open-sourced apps, the subjects need to be processed to support EMMA instrumentation: (Please refer to Dynodroid for details.) You can also refer to the apps in the benchmark.
  • This version only supports testing ant projects.

Contact

Ting Su All Copyright Reserved.