diff --git a/nano/nano_node/entry.cpp b/nano/nano_node/entry.cpp
index f16fd1c922..ae1dcb795f 100644
--- a/nano/nano_node/entry.cpp
+++ b/nano/nano_node/entry.cpp
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include <nano/node/json_handler.hpp>
 #include <nano/node/node.hpp>
 #include <nano/node/transport/inproc.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/pending.hpp>
 
 #include <boost/dll/runtime_symbol_info.hpp>
 #include <boost/filesystem/operations.hpp>
diff --git a/nano/node/bootstrap/bootstrap_server.cpp b/nano/node/bootstrap/bootstrap_server.cpp
index 9a70a93fb0..bb6dcf3000 100644
--- a/nano/node/bootstrap/bootstrap_server.cpp
+++ b/nano/node/bootstrap/bootstrap_server.cpp
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 #include <nano/node/transport/channel.hpp>
 #include <nano/node/transport/transport.hpp>
 #include <nano/secure/ledger.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/block.hpp>
 #include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/confirmation_height.hpp>
 
 // TODO: Make threads configurable
 nano::bootstrap_server::bootstrap_server (nano::store::component & store_a, nano::ledger & ledger_a, nano::network_constants const & network_constants_a, nano::stats & stats_a) :
diff --git a/nano/node/bootstrap_ascending/iterators.cpp b/nano/node/bootstrap_ascending/iterators.cpp
index 3a8391bd30..9f29f98bd8 100644
--- a/nano/node/bootstrap_ascending/iterators.cpp
+++ b/nano/node/bootstrap_ascending/iterators.cpp
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 #include <nano/lib/utility.hpp>
 #include <nano/node/bootstrap_ascending/iterators.hpp>
 #include <nano/secure/common.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/account.hpp>
 #include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/pending.hpp>
 
 /*
  * database_iterator
diff --git a/nano/node/bootstrap_ascending/service.cpp b/nano/node/bootstrap_ascending/service.cpp
index 87682a04f0..e7d2117931 100644
--- a/nano/node/bootstrap_ascending/service.cpp
+++ b/nano/node/bootstrap_ascending/service.cpp
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include <nano/node/transport/transport.hpp>
 #include <nano/secure/common.hpp>
 #include <nano/secure/ledger.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/account.hpp>
 #include <nano/store/component.hpp>
 
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
diff --git a/nano/node/confirmation_height_bounded.cpp b/nano/node/confirmation_height_bounded.cpp
index e1ce791347..cec0958410 100644
--- a/nano/node/confirmation_height_bounded.cpp
+++ b/nano/node/confirmation_height_bounded.cpp
@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@
 #include <nano/node/logging.hpp>
 #include <nano/node/write_database_queue.hpp>
 #include <nano/secure/ledger.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/block.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/confirmation_height.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/pruned.hpp>
 
 #include <boost/format.hpp>
 
diff --git a/nano/node/confirmation_height_unbounded.cpp b/nano/node/confirmation_height_unbounded.cpp
index 62f1036bab..e443a96a8f 100644
--- a/nano/node/confirmation_height_unbounded.cpp
+++ b/nano/node/confirmation_height_unbounded.cpp
@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@
 #include <nano/node/logging.hpp>
 #include <nano/node/write_database_queue.hpp>
 #include <nano/secure/ledger.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/block.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/confirmation_height.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/pruned.hpp>
 
 #include <boost/format.hpp>
 
diff --git a/nano/node/ledger_walker.cpp b/nano/node/ledger_walker.cpp
index a2484d5ad0..7c58592af4 100644
--- a/nano/node/ledger_walker.cpp
+++ b/nano/node/ledger_walker.cpp
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include <nano/node/ledger_walker.hpp>
 #include <nano/secure/ledger.hpp>
 #include <nano/secure/utility.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/block.hpp>
 #include <nano/store/component.hpp>
 
 #include <algorithm>
diff --git a/nano/node/online_reps.cpp b/nano/node/online_reps.cpp
index bbf1299bb4..370aaa6790 100644
--- a/nano/node/online_reps.cpp
+++ b/nano/node/online_reps.cpp
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #include <nano/node/online_reps.hpp>
 #include <nano/secure/ledger.hpp>
 #include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/online_weight.hpp>
 
 nano::online_reps::online_reps (nano::ledger & ledger_a, nano::node_config const & config_a) :
 	ledger{ ledger_a },
diff --git a/nano/secure/ledger.cpp b/nano/secure/ledger.cpp
index d46a7574f6..de98c67e88 100644
--- a/nano/secure/ledger.cpp
+++ b/nano/secure/ledger.cpp
@@ -5,7 +5,17 @@
 #include <nano/node/make_store.hpp>
 #include <nano/secure/common.hpp>
 #include <nano/secure/ledger.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/account.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/block.hpp>
 #include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/confirmation_height.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/final.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/frontier.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/online_weight.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/peer.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/pending.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/pruned.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/version.hpp>
 
 #include <boost/filesystem.hpp>
 
diff --git a/nano/store/CMakeLists.txt b/nano/store/CMakeLists.txt
index 75c9027cf8..aa48a3926b 100644
--- a/nano/store/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/nano/store/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,9 +1,18 @@
 add_library(
   nano_store
+  account.hpp
+  block.hpp
   component.hpp
+  confirmation_height.hpp
+  db_val.hpp
+  iterator.hpp
+  iterator_impl.hpp
+  final.hpp
+  frontier.hpp
   lmdb/account.hpp
   lmdb/block.hpp
   lmdb/confirmation_height.hpp
+  lmdb/db_val.hpp
   lmdb/final_vote.hpp
   lmdb/frontier.hpp
   lmdb/lmdb.hpp
@@ -17,9 +26,14 @@ add_library(
   lmdb/transaction_impl.hpp
   lmdb/version.hpp
   lmdb/wallet_value.hpp
+  online_weight.hpp
+  peer.hpp
+  pending.hpp
+  pruned.hpp
   rocksdb/account.hpp
   rocksdb/block.hpp
   rocksdb/confirmation_height.hpp
+  rocksdb/db_val.hpp
   rocksdb/final_vote.hpp
   rocksdb/frontier.hpp
   rocksdb/iterator.hpp
@@ -30,11 +44,23 @@ add_library(
   rocksdb/rocksdb.hpp
   rocksdb/transaction_impl.hpp
   rocksdb/version.hpp
+  tables.hpp
+  transaction.hpp
+  version.hpp
   versioning.hpp
+  account.cpp
+  block.cpp
   component.cpp
+  confirmation_height.cpp
+  db_val.cpp
+  iterator.cpp
+  iterator_impl.cpp
+  final.cpp
+  frontier.cpp
   lmdb/account.cpp
   lmdb/block.cpp
   lmdb/confirmation_height.cpp
+  lmdb/db_val.cpp
   lmdb/final_vote.cpp
   lmdb/frontier.cpp
   lmdb/lmdb.cpp
@@ -46,9 +72,14 @@ add_library(
   lmdb/pruned.cpp
   lmdb/version.cpp
   lmdb/wallet_value.cpp
+  online_weight.cpp
+  peer.cpp
+  pending.cpp
+  pruned.cpp
   rocksdb/account.cpp
   rocksdb/block.cpp
   rocksdb/confirmation_height.cpp
+  rocksdb/db_val.cpp
   rocksdb/final_vote.cpp
   rocksdb/frontier.cpp
   rocksdb/online_weight.cpp
@@ -58,6 +89,8 @@ add_library(
   rocksdb/rocksdb.cpp
   rocksdb/transaction.cpp
   rocksdb/version.cpp
+  transaction.cpp
+  version.cpp
   versioning.cpp)
 
 target_link_libraries(
diff --git a/nano/store/account.cpp b/nano/store/account.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d08002c148
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/account.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#include <nano/store/account.hpp>
+
+std::optional<nano::account_info> nano::account_store::get (nano::transaction const & transaction, nano::account const & account)
+{
+	nano::account_info info;
+	bool error = get (transaction, account, info);
+	if (!error)
+	{
+		return info;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		return std::nullopt;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/nano/store/account.hpp b/nano/store/account.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ad5da11e0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/account.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <nano/lib/numbers.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/iterator.hpp>
+
+#include <functional>
+
+namespace nano
+{
+class block_hash;
+class read_transaction;
+class transaction;
+class write_transaction;
+}
+namespace nano
+{
+/**
+ * Manages account storage and iteration
+ */
+class account_store
+{
+public:
+	virtual void put (nano::write_transaction const &, nano::account const &, nano::account_info const &) = 0;
+	virtual bool get (nano::transaction const &, nano::account const &, nano::account_info &) = 0;
+	std::optional<nano::account_info> get (nano::transaction const &, nano::account const &);
+	virtual void del (nano::write_transaction const &, nano::account const &) = 0;
+	virtual bool exists (nano::transaction const &, nano::account const &) = 0;
+	virtual size_t count (nano::transaction const &) = 0;
+	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::account, nano::account_info> begin (nano::transaction const &, nano::account const &) const = 0;
+	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::account, nano::account_info> begin (nano::transaction const &) const = 0;
+	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::account, nano::account_info> rbegin (nano::transaction const &) const = 0;
+	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::account, nano::account_info> end () const = 0;
+	virtual void for_each_par (std::function<void (nano::read_transaction const &, nano::store_iterator<nano::account, nano::account_info>, nano::store_iterator<nano::account, nano::account_info>)> const &) const = 0;
+};
+} // namespace nano::store
diff --git a/nano/store/block.cpp b/nano/store/block.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..40d128b96e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/block.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+#include <nano/store/block.hpp>
diff --git a/nano/store/block.hpp b/nano/store/block.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b0059c96c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/block.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <nano/lib/blocks.hpp>
+#include <nano/lib/numbers.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/iterator.hpp>
+
+#include <functional>
+
+namespace nano
+{
+class block_hash;
+class read_transaction;
+class transaction;
+class write_transaction;
+}
+namespace nano
+{
+class block_w_sideband
+{
+public:
+	std::shared_ptr<nano::block> block;
+	nano::block_sideband sideband;
+};
+/**
+ * Manages block storage and iteration
+ */
+class block_store
+{
+public:
+	virtual void put (nano::write_transaction const &, nano::block_hash const &, nano::block const &) = 0;
+	virtual void raw_put (nano::write_transaction const &, std::vector<uint8_t> const &, nano::block_hash const &) = 0;
+	virtual nano::block_hash successor (nano::transaction const &, nano::block_hash const &) const = 0;
+	virtual void successor_clear (nano::write_transaction const &, nano::block_hash const &) = 0;
+	virtual std::shared_ptr<nano::block> get (nano::transaction const &, nano::block_hash const &) const = 0;
+	virtual std::shared_ptr<nano::block> random (nano::transaction const &) = 0;
+	virtual void del (nano::write_transaction const &, nano::block_hash const &) = 0;
+	virtual bool exists (nano::transaction const &, nano::block_hash const &) = 0;
+	virtual uint64_t count (nano::transaction const &) = 0;
+	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, block_w_sideband> begin (nano::transaction const &, nano::block_hash const &) const = 0;
+	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, block_w_sideband> begin (nano::transaction const &) const = 0;
+	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, block_w_sideband> end () const = 0;
+	virtual void for_each_par (std::function<void (nano::read_transaction const &, nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, block_w_sideband>, nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, block_w_sideband>)> const & action_a) const = 0;
+};
+} // namespace nano::store
diff --git a/nano/store/component.cpp b/nano/store/component.cpp
index d5f94d1cb7..03cd6716c2 100644
--- a/nano/store/component.cpp
+++ b/nano/store/component.cpp
@@ -1,67 +1,9 @@
-#include <nano/lib/thread_roles.hpp>
 #include <nano/lib/timer.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/account.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/block.hpp>
 #include <nano/store/component.hpp>
-
-nano::read_transaction::read_transaction (std::unique_ptr<nano::read_transaction_impl> read_transaction_impl) :
-	impl (std::move (read_transaction_impl))
-{
-}
-
-void * nano::read_transaction::get_handle () const
-{
-	return impl->get_handle ();
-}
-
-void nano::read_transaction::reset () const
-{
-	impl->reset ();
-}
-
-void nano::read_transaction::renew () const
-{
-	impl->renew ();
-}
-
-void nano::read_transaction::refresh () const
-{
-	reset ();
-	renew ();
-}
-
-nano::write_transaction::write_transaction (std::unique_ptr<nano::write_transaction_impl> write_transaction_impl) :
-	impl (std::move (write_transaction_impl))
-{
-	/*
-	 * For IO threads, we do not want them to block on creating write transactions.
-	 */
-	debug_assert (nano::thread_role::get () != nano::thread_role::name::io);
-}
-
-void * nano::write_transaction::get_handle () const
-{
-	return impl->get_handle ();
-}
-
-void nano::write_transaction::commit ()
-{
-	impl->commit ();
-}
-
-void nano::write_transaction::renew ()
-{
-	impl->renew ();
-}
-
-void nano::write_transaction::refresh ()
-{
-	impl->commit ();
-	impl->renew ();
-}
-
-bool nano::write_transaction::contains (nano::tables table_a) const
-{
-	return impl->contains (table_a);
-}
+#include <nano/store/confirmation_height.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/frontier.hpp>
 
 // clang-format off
 nano::store::component::component (
@@ -109,31 +51,3 @@ void nano::store::component::initialize (nano::write_transaction const & transac
 	ledger_cache_a.rep_weights.representation_put (constants.genesis->account (), std::numeric_limits<nano::uint128_t>::max ());
 	frontier.put (transaction_a, hash_l, constants.genesis->account ());
 }
-
-std::optional<nano::account_info> nano::account_store::get (const nano::transaction & transaction, const nano::account & account)
-{
-	nano::account_info info;
-	bool error = get (transaction, account, info);
-	if (!error)
-	{
-		return info;
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		return std::nullopt;
-	}
-}
-
-std::optional<nano::confirmation_height_info> nano::confirmation_height_store::get (const nano::transaction & transaction, const nano::account & account)
-{
-	nano::confirmation_height_info info;
-	bool error = get (transaction, account, info);
-	if (!error)
-	{
-		return info;
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		return std::nullopt;
-	}
-}
diff --git a/nano/store/component.hpp b/nano/store/component.hpp
index e6fa1a4a1f..e5ee585c0d 100644
--- a/nano/store/component.hpp
+++ b/nano/store/component.hpp
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 #include <nano/lib/memory.hpp>
 #include <nano/secure/buffer.hpp>
 #include <nano/secure/common.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/tables.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/transaction.hpp>
 #include <nano/store/versioning.hpp>
 
 #include <boost/endian/conversion.hpp>
@@ -13,723 +15,17 @@
 
 namespace nano
 {
-// Move to versioning with a specific version if required for a future upgrade
-template <typename T>
-class block_w_sideband_v18
-{
-public:
-	std::shared_ptr<T> block;
-	nano::block_sideband_v18 sideband;
-};
-
-class block_w_sideband
-{
-public:
-	std::shared_ptr<nano::block> block;
-	nano::block_sideband sideband;
-};
-
-/**
- * Encapsulates database specific container
- */
-template <typename Val>
-class db_val
-{
-public:
-	db_val (Val const & value_a) :
-		value (value_a)
-	{
-	}
-
-	db_val () :
-		db_val (0, nullptr)
-	{
-	}
-
-	db_val (std::nullptr_t) :
-		db_val (0, this)
-	{
-	}
-
-	db_val (nano::uint128_union const & val_a) :
-		db_val (sizeof (val_a), const_cast<nano::uint128_union *> (&val_a))
-	{
-	}
-
-	db_val (nano::uint256_union const & val_a) :
-		db_val (sizeof (val_a), const_cast<nano::uint256_union *> (&val_a))
-	{
-	}
-
-	db_val (nano::uint512_union const & val_a) :
-		db_val (sizeof (val_a), const_cast<nano::uint512_union *> (&val_a))
-	{
-	}
-
-	db_val (nano::qualified_root const & val_a) :
-		db_val (sizeof (val_a), const_cast<nano::qualified_root *> (&val_a))
-	{
-	}
-
-	db_val (nano::account_info const & val_a) :
-		db_val (val_a.db_size (), const_cast<nano::account_info *> (&val_a))
-	{
-	}
-
-	db_val (nano::account_info_v14 const & val_a) :
-		db_val (val_a.db_size (), const_cast<nano::account_info_v14 *> (&val_a))
-	{
-	}
-
-	db_val (nano::pending_info const & val_a) :
-		db_val (val_a.db_size (), const_cast<nano::pending_info *> (&val_a))
-	{
-		static_assert (std::is_standard_layout<nano::pending_info>::value, "Standard layout is required");
-	}
-
-	db_val (nano::pending_info_v14 const & val_a) :
-		db_val (val_a.db_size (), const_cast<nano::pending_info_v14 *> (&val_a))
-	{
-		static_assert (std::is_standard_layout<nano::pending_info_v14>::value, "Standard layout is required");
-	}
-
-	db_val (nano::pending_key const & val_a) :
-		db_val (sizeof (val_a), const_cast<nano::pending_key *> (&val_a))
-	{
-		static_assert (std::is_standard_layout<nano::pending_key>::value, "Standard layout is required");
-	}
-
-	db_val (nano::confirmation_height_info const & val_a) :
-		buffer (std::make_shared<std::vector<uint8_t>> ())
-	{
-		{
-			nano::vectorstream stream (*buffer);
-			val_a.serialize (stream);
-		}
-		convert_buffer_to_value ();
-	}
-
-	db_val (nano::block_info const & val_a) :
-		db_val (sizeof (val_a), const_cast<nano::block_info *> (&val_a))
-	{
-		static_assert (std::is_standard_layout<nano::block_info>::value, "Standard layout is required");
-	}
-
-	db_val (nano::endpoint_key const & val_a) :
-		db_val (sizeof (val_a), const_cast<nano::endpoint_key *> (&val_a))
-	{
-		static_assert (std::is_standard_layout<nano::endpoint_key>::value, "Standard layout is required");
-	}
-
-	db_val (std::shared_ptr<nano::block> const & val_a) :
-		buffer (std::make_shared<std::vector<uint8_t>> ())
-	{
-		{
-			nano::vectorstream stream (*buffer);
-			nano::serialize_block (stream, *val_a);
-		}
-		convert_buffer_to_value ();
-	}
-
-	db_val (uint64_t val_a) :
-		buffer (std::make_shared<std::vector<uint8_t>> ())
-	{
-		{
-			boost::endian::native_to_big_inplace (val_a);
-			nano::vectorstream stream (*buffer);
-			nano::write (stream, val_a);
-		}
-		convert_buffer_to_value ();
-	}
-
-	explicit operator nano::account_info () const
-	{
-		nano::account_info result;
-		debug_assert (size () == result.db_size ());
-		std::copy (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()) + result.db_size (), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *> (&result));
-		return result;
-	}
-
-	explicit operator nano::account_info_v14 () const
-	{
-		nano::account_info_v14 result;
-		debug_assert (size () == result.db_size ());
-		std::copy (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()) + result.db_size (), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *> (&result));
-		return result;
-	}
-
-	explicit operator nano::block_info () const
-	{
-		nano::block_info result;
-		debug_assert (size () == sizeof (result));
-		static_assert (sizeof (nano::block_info::account) + sizeof (nano::block_info::balance) == sizeof (result), "Packed class");
-		std::copy (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()) + sizeof (result), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *> (&result));
-		return result;
-	}
-
-	explicit operator nano::pending_info_v14 () const
-	{
-		nano::pending_info_v14 result;
-		debug_assert (size () == result.db_size ());
-		std::copy (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()) + result.db_size (), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *> (&result));
-		return result;
-	}
-
-	explicit operator nano::pending_info () const
-	{
-		nano::pending_info result;
-		debug_assert (size () == result.db_size ());
-		std::copy (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()) + result.db_size (), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *> (&result));
-		return result;
-	}
-
-	explicit operator nano::pending_key () const
-	{
-		nano::pending_key result;
-		debug_assert (size () == sizeof (result));
-		static_assert (sizeof (nano::pending_key::account) + sizeof (nano::pending_key::hash) == sizeof (result), "Packed class");
-		std::copy (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()) + sizeof (result), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *> (&result));
-		return result;
-	}
-
-	explicit operator nano::confirmation_height_info () const
-	{
-		nano::bufferstream stream (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), size ());
-		nano::confirmation_height_info result;
-		bool error (result.deserialize (stream));
-		(void)error;
-		debug_assert (!error);
-		return result;
-	}
-
-	explicit operator nano::uint128_union () const
-	{
-		return convert<nano::uint128_union> ();
-	}
-
-	explicit operator nano::amount () const
-	{
-		return convert<nano::amount> ();
-	}
-
-	explicit operator nano::block_hash () const
-	{
-		return convert<nano::block_hash> ();
-	}
-
-	explicit operator nano::public_key () const
-	{
-		return convert<nano::public_key> ();
-	}
-
-	explicit operator nano::qualified_root () const
-	{
-		return convert<nano::qualified_root> ();
-	}
-
-	explicit operator nano::uint256_union () const
-	{
-		return convert<nano::uint256_union> ();
-	}
-
-	explicit operator nano::uint512_union () const
-	{
-		return convert<nano::uint512_union> ();
-	}
-
-	explicit operator std::array<char, 64> () const
-	{
-		nano::bufferstream stream (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), size ());
-		std::array<char, 64> result;
-		auto error = nano::try_read (stream, result);
-		(void)error;
-		debug_assert (!error);
-		return result;
-	}
-
-	explicit operator nano::endpoint_key () const
-	{
-		nano::endpoint_key result;
-		std::copy (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()) + sizeof (result), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *> (&result));
-		return result;
-	}
-
-	template <class Block>
-	explicit operator block_w_sideband_v18<Block> () const
-	{
-		nano::bufferstream stream (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), size ());
-		auto error (false);
-		block_w_sideband_v18<Block> block_w_sideband;
-		block_w_sideband.block = std::make_shared<Block> (error, stream);
-		release_assert (!error);
-
-		error = block_w_sideband.sideband.deserialize (stream, block_w_sideband.block->type ());
-		release_assert (!error);
-
-		return block_w_sideband;
-	}
-
-	explicit operator block_w_sideband () const
-	{
-		nano::bufferstream stream (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), size ());
-		nano::block_w_sideband block_w_sideband;
-		block_w_sideband.block = (nano::deserialize_block (stream));
-		auto error = block_w_sideband.sideband.deserialize (stream, block_w_sideband.block->type ());
-		release_assert (!error);
-		block_w_sideband.block->sideband_set (block_w_sideband.sideband);
-		return block_w_sideband;
-	}
-
-	explicit operator state_block_w_sideband_v14 () const
-	{
-		nano::bufferstream stream (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), size ());
-		auto error (false);
-		nano::state_block_w_sideband_v14 block_w_sideband;
-		block_w_sideband.state_block = std::make_shared<nano::state_block> (error, stream);
-		debug_assert (!error);
-
-		block_w_sideband.sideband.type = nano::block_type::state;
-		error = block_w_sideband.sideband.deserialize (stream);
-		debug_assert (!error);
-
-		return block_w_sideband;
-	}
-
-	explicit operator std::nullptr_t () const
-	{
-		return nullptr;
-	}
-
-	explicit operator nano::no_value () const
-	{
-		return no_value::dummy;
-	}
-
-	explicit operator std::shared_ptr<nano::block> () const
-	{
-		nano::bufferstream stream (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), size ());
-		std::shared_ptr<nano::block> result (nano::deserialize_block (stream));
-		return result;
-	}
-
-	template <typename Block>
-	std::shared_ptr<Block> convert_to_block () const
-	{
-		nano::bufferstream stream (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), size ());
-		auto error (false);
-		auto result (std::make_shared<Block> (error, stream));
-		debug_assert (!error);
-		return result;
-	}
-
-	explicit operator std::shared_ptr<nano::send_block> () const
-	{
-		return convert_to_block<nano::send_block> ();
-	}
-
-	explicit operator std::shared_ptr<nano::receive_block> () const
-	{
-		return convert_to_block<nano::receive_block> ();
-	}
-
-	explicit operator std::shared_ptr<nano::open_block> () const
-	{
-		return convert_to_block<nano::open_block> ();
-	}
-
-	explicit operator std::shared_ptr<nano::change_block> () const
-	{
-		return convert_to_block<nano::change_block> ();
-	}
-
-	explicit operator std::shared_ptr<nano::state_block> () const
-	{
-		return convert_to_block<nano::state_block> ();
-	}
-
-	explicit operator std::shared_ptr<nano::vote> () const
-	{
-		nano::bufferstream stream (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), size ());
-		auto error (false);
-		auto result (nano::make_shared<nano::vote> (error, stream));
-		debug_assert (!error);
-		return result;
-	}
-
-	explicit operator uint64_t () const
-	{
-		uint64_t result;
-		nano::bufferstream stream (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), size ());
-		auto error (nano::try_read (stream, result));
-		(void)error;
-		debug_assert (!error);
-		boost::endian::big_to_native_inplace (result);
-		return result;
-	}
-
-	operator Val * () const
-	{
-		// Allow passing a temporary to a non-c++ function which doesn't have constness
-		return const_cast<Val *> (&value);
-	}
-
-	operator Val const & () const
-	{
-		return value;
-	}
-
-	// Must be specialized
-	void * data () const;
-	size_t size () const;
-	db_val (size_t size_a, void * data_a);
-	void convert_buffer_to_value ();
-
-	Val value;
-	std::shared_ptr<std::vector<uint8_t>> buffer;
-
-private:
-	template <typename T>
-	T convert () const
-	{
-		T result;
-		debug_assert (size () == sizeof (result));
-		std::copy (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()) + sizeof (result), result.bytes.data ());
-		return result;
-	}
-};
-template <typename T, typename U>
-class store_iterator_impl
-{
-public:
-	virtual ~store_iterator_impl () = default;
-	virtual nano::store_iterator_impl<T, U> & operator++ () = 0;
-	virtual nano::store_iterator_impl<T, U> & operator-- () = 0;
-	virtual bool operator== (nano::store_iterator_impl<T, U> const & other_a) const = 0;
-	virtual bool is_end_sentinal () const = 0;
-	virtual void fill (std::pair<T, U> &) const = 0;
-	nano::store_iterator_impl<T, U> & operator= (nano::store_iterator_impl<T, U> const &) = delete;
-	bool operator== (nano::store_iterator_impl<T, U> const * other_a) const
-	{
-		return (other_a != nullptr && *this == *other_a) || (other_a == nullptr && is_end_sentinal ());
-	}
-	bool operator!= (nano::store_iterator_impl<T, U> const & other_a) const
-	{
-		return !(*this == other_a);
-	}
-};
-/**
- * Iterates the key/value pairs of a transaction
- */
-template <typename T, typename U>
-class store_iterator final
-{
-public:
-	store_iterator (std::nullptr_t)
-	{
-	}
-	store_iterator (std::unique_ptr<nano::store_iterator_impl<T, U>> impl_a) :
-		impl (std::move (impl_a))
-	{
-		impl->fill (current);
-	}
-	store_iterator (nano::store_iterator<T, U> && other_a) :
-		current (std::move (other_a.current)),
-		impl (std::move (other_a.impl))
-	{
-	}
-	nano::store_iterator<T, U> & operator++ ()
-	{
-		++*impl;
-		impl->fill (current);
-		return *this;
-	}
-	nano::store_iterator<T, U> & operator-- ()
-	{
-		--*impl;
-		impl->fill (current);
-		return *this;
-	}
-	nano::store_iterator<T, U> & operator= (nano::store_iterator<T, U> && other_a) noexcept
-	{
-		impl = std::move (other_a.impl);
-		current = std::move (other_a.current);
-		return *this;
-	}
-	nano::store_iterator<T, U> & operator= (nano::store_iterator<T, U> const &) = delete;
-	std::pair<T, U> * operator-> ()
-	{
-		return &current;
-	}
-	bool operator== (nano::store_iterator<T, U> const & other_a) const
-	{
-		return (impl == nullptr && other_a.impl == nullptr) || (impl != nullptr && *impl == other_a.impl.get ()) || (other_a.impl != nullptr && *other_a.impl == impl.get ());
-	}
-	bool operator!= (nano::store_iterator<T, U> const & other_a) const
-	{
-		return !(*this == other_a);
-	}
-
-private:
-	std::pair<T, U> current;
-	std::unique_ptr<nano::store_iterator_impl<T, U>> impl;
-};
-
-// Keep this in alphabetical order
-enum class tables
-{
-	accounts,
-	blocks,
-	confirmation_height,
-	default_unused, // RocksDB only
-	final_votes,
-	frontiers,
-	meta,
-	online_weight,
-	peers,
-	pending,
-	pruned,
-	vote
-};
-
-class transaction_impl
-{
-public:
-	virtual ~transaction_impl () = default;
-	virtual void * get_handle () const = 0;
-};
-
-class read_transaction_impl : public transaction_impl
-{
-public:
-	virtual void reset () = 0;
-	virtual void renew () = 0;
-};
-
-class write_transaction_impl : public transaction_impl
-{
-public:
-	virtual void commit () = 0;
-	virtual void renew () = 0;
-	virtual bool contains (nano::tables table_a) const = 0;
-};
-
-class transaction
-{
-public:
-	virtual ~transaction () = default;
-	virtual void * get_handle () const = 0;
-};
-
-/**
- * RAII wrapper of a read MDB_txn where the constructor starts the transaction
- * and the destructor aborts it.
- */
-class read_transaction final : public transaction
-{
-public:
-	explicit read_transaction (std::unique_ptr<nano::read_transaction_impl> read_transaction_impl);
-	void * get_handle () const override;
-	void reset () const;
-	void renew () const;
-	void refresh () const;
-
-private:
-	std::unique_ptr<nano::read_transaction_impl> impl;
-};
-
-/**
- * RAII wrapper of a read-write MDB_txn where the constructor starts the transaction
- * and the destructor commits it.
- */
-class write_transaction final : public transaction
-{
-public:
-	explicit write_transaction (std::unique_ptr<nano::write_transaction_impl> write_transaction_impl);
-	void * get_handle () const override;
-	void commit ();
-	void renew ();
-	void refresh ();
-	bool contains (nano::tables table_a) const;
-
-private:
-	std::unique_ptr<nano::write_transaction_impl> impl;
-};
-
+class account_store;
+class block_store;
+class confirmation_height_store;
+class final_vote_store;
+class frontier_store;
 class ledger_cache;
-
-/**
- * Manages frontier storage and iteration
- */
-class frontier_store
-{
-public:
-	virtual void put (nano::write_transaction const &, nano::block_hash const &, nano::account const &) = 0;
-	virtual nano::account get (nano::transaction const &, nano::block_hash const &) const = 0;
-	virtual void del (nano::write_transaction const &, nano::block_hash const &) = 0;
-	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, nano::account> begin (nano::transaction const &) const = 0;
-	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, nano::account> begin (nano::transaction const &, nano::block_hash const &) const = 0;
-	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, nano::account> end () const = 0;
-	virtual void for_each_par (std::function<void (nano::read_transaction const &, nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, nano::account>, nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, nano::account>)> const & action_a) const = 0;
-};
-
-/**
- * Manages account storage and iteration
- */
-class account_store
-{
-public:
-	virtual void put (nano::write_transaction const &, nano::account const &, nano::account_info const &) = 0;
-	virtual bool get (nano::transaction const &, nano::account const &, nano::account_info &) = 0;
-	std::optional<nano::account_info> get (nano::transaction const &, nano::account const &);
-	virtual void del (nano::write_transaction const &, nano::account const &) = 0;
-	virtual bool exists (nano::transaction const &, nano::account const &) = 0;
-	virtual size_t count (nano::transaction const &) = 0;
-	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::account, nano::account_info> begin (nano::transaction const &, nano::account const &) const = 0;
-	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::account, nano::account_info> begin (nano::transaction const &) const = 0;
-	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::account, nano::account_info> rbegin (nano::transaction const &) const = 0;
-	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::account, nano::account_info> end () const = 0;
-	virtual void for_each_par (std::function<void (nano::read_transaction const &, nano::store_iterator<nano::account, nano::account_info>, nano::store_iterator<nano::account, nano::account_info>)> const &) const = 0;
-};
-
-/**
- * Manages pending storage and iteration
- */
-class pending_store
-{
-public:
-	virtual void put (nano::write_transaction const &, nano::pending_key const &, nano::pending_info const &) = 0;
-	virtual void del (nano::write_transaction const &, nano::pending_key const &) = 0;
-	virtual bool get (nano::transaction const &, nano::pending_key const &, nano::pending_info &) = 0;
-	virtual bool exists (nano::transaction const &, nano::pending_key const &) = 0;
-	virtual bool any (nano::transaction const &, nano::account const &) = 0;
-	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::pending_key, nano::pending_info> begin (nano::transaction const &, nano::pending_key const &) const = 0;
-	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::pending_key, nano::pending_info> begin (nano::transaction const &) const = 0;
-	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::pending_key, nano::pending_info> end () const = 0;
-	virtual void for_each_par (std::function<void (nano::read_transaction const &, nano::store_iterator<nano::pending_key, nano::pending_info>, nano::store_iterator<nano::pending_key, nano::pending_info>)> const & action_a) const = 0;
-};
-
-/**
- * Manages peer storage and iteration
- */
-class peer_store
-{
-public:
-	virtual void put (nano::write_transaction const & transaction_a, nano::endpoint_key const & endpoint_a) = 0;
-	virtual void del (nano::write_transaction const & transaction_a, nano::endpoint_key const & endpoint_a) = 0;
-	virtual bool exists (nano::transaction const & transaction_a, nano::endpoint_key const & endpoint_a) const = 0;
-	virtual size_t count (nano::transaction const & transaction_a) const = 0;
-	virtual void clear (nano::write_transaction const & transaction_a) = 0;
-	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::endpoint_key, nano::no_value> begin (nano::transaction const & transaction_a) const = 0;
-	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::endpoint_key, nano::no_value> end () const = 0;
-};
-
-/**
- * Manages online weight storage and iteration
- */
-class online_weight_store
-{
-public:
-	virtual void put (nano::write_transaction const &, uint64_t, nano::amount const &) = 0;
-	virtual void del (nano::write_transaction const &, uint64_t) = 0;
-	virtual nano::store_iterator<uint64_t, nano::amount> begin (nano::transaction const &) const = 0;
-	virtual nano::store_iterator<uint64_t, nano::amount> rbegin (nano::transaction const &) const = 0;
-	virtual nano::store_iterator<uint64_t, nano::amount> end () const = 0;
-	virtual size_t count (nano::transaction const &) const = 0;
-	virtual void clear (nano::write_transaction const &) = 0;
-};
-
-/**
- * Manages pruned storage and iteration
- */
-class pruned_store
-{
-public:
-	virtual void put (nano::write_transaction const & transaction_a, nano::block_hash const & hash_a) = 0;
-	virtual void del (nano::write_transaction const & transaction_a, nano::block_hash const & hash_a) = 0;
-	virtual bool exists (nano::transaction const & transaction_a, nano::block_hash const & hash_a) const = 0;
-	virtual nano::block_hash random (nano::transaction const & transaction_a) = 0;
-	virtual size_t count (nano::transaction const & transaction_a) const = 0;
-	virtual void clear (nano::write_transaction const &) = 0;
-	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, std::nullptr_t> begin (nano::transaction const & transaction_a, nano::block_hash const & hash_a) const = 0;
-	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, std::nullptr_t> begin (nano::transaction const & transaction_a) const = 0;
-	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, std::nullptr_t> end () const = 0;
-	virtual void for_each_par (std::function<void (nano::read_transaction const &, nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, std::nullptr_t>, nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, std::nullptr_t>)> const & action_a) const = 0;
-};
-
-/**
- * Manages confirmation height storage and iteration
- */
-class confirmation_height_store
-{
-public:
-	virtual void put (nano::write_transaction const & transaction_a, nano::account const & account_a, nano::confirmation_height_info const & confirmation_height_info_a) = 0;
-
-	/** Retrieves confirmation height info relating to an account.
-	 *  The parameter confirmation_height_info_a is always written.
-	 *  On error, the confirmation height and frontier hash are set to 0.
-	 *  Ruturns true on error, false on success.
-	 */
-	virtual bool get (nano::transaction const & transaction_a, nano::account const & account_a, nano::confirmation_height_info & confirmation_height_info_a) = 0;
-	std::optional<nano::confirmation_height_info> get (nano::transaction const & transaction_a, nano::account const & account_a);
-	virtual bool exists (nano::transaction const & transaction_a, nano::account const & account_a) const = 0;
-	virtual void del (nano::write_transaction const & transaction_a, nano::account const & account_a) = 0;
-	virtual uint64_t count (nano::transaction const & transaction_a) = 0;
-	virtual void clear (nano::write_transaction const &, nano::account const &) = 0;
-	virtual void clear (nano::write_transaction const &) = 0;
-	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::account, nano::confirmation_height_info> begin (nano::transaction const & transaction_a, nano::account const & account_a) const = 0;
-	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::account, nano::confirmation_height_info> begin (nano::transaction const & transaction_a) const = 0;
-	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::account, nano::confirmation_height_info> end () const = 0;
-	virtual void for_each_par (std::function<void (nano::read_transaction const &, nano::store_iterator<nano::account, nano::confirmation_height_info>, nano::store_iterator<nano::account, nano::confirmation_height_info>)> const &) const = 0;
-};
-
-/**
- * Manages final vote storage and iteration
- */
-class final_vote_store
-{
-public:
-	virtual bool put (nano::write_transaction const & transaction_a, nano::qualified_root const & root_a, nano::block_hash const & hash_a) = 0;
-	virtual std::vector<nano::block_hash> get (nano::transaction const & transaction_a, nano::root const & root_a) = 0;
-	virtual void del (nano::write_transaction const & transaction_a, nano::root const & root_a) = 0;
-	virtual size_t count (nano::transaction const & transaction_a) const = 0;
-	virtual void clear (nano::write_transaction const &, nano::root const &) = 0;
-	virtual void clear (nano::write_transaction const &) = 0;
-	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::qualified_root, nano::block_hash> begin (nano::transaction const & transaction_a, nano::qualified_root const & root_a) const = 0;
-	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::qualified_root, nano::block_hash> begin (nano::transaction const & transaction_a) const = 0;
-	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::qualified_root, nano::block_hash> end () const = 0;
-	virtual void for_each_par (std::function<void (nano::read_transaction const &, nano::store_iterator<nano::qualified_root, nano::block_hash>, nano::store_iterator<nano::qualified_root, nano::block_hash>)> const & action_a) const = 0;
-};
-
-/**
- * Manages version storage
- */
-class version_store
-{
-public:
-	virtual void put (nano::write_transaction const &, int) = 0;
-	virtual int get (nano::transaction const &) const = 0;
-};
-
-/**
- * Manages block storage and iteration
- */
-class block_store
-{
-public:
-	virtual void put (nano::write_transaction const &, nano::block_hash const &, nano::block const &) = 0;
-	virtual void raw_put (nano::write_transaction const &, std::vector<uint8_t> const &, nano::block_hash const &) = 0;
-	virtual nano::block_hash successor (nano::transaction const &, nano::block_hash const &) const = 0;
-	virtual void successor_clear (nano::write_transaction const &, nano::block_hash const &) = 0;
-	virtual std::shared_ptr<nano::block> get (nano::transaction const &, nano::block_hash const &) const = 0;
-	virtual std::shared_ptr<nano::block> random (nano::transaction const &) = 0;
-	virtual void del (nano::write_transaction const &, nano::block_hash const &) = 0;
-	virtual bool exists (nano::transaction const &, nano::block_hash const &) = 0;
-	virtual uint64_t count (nano::transaction const &) = 0;
-	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, block_w_sideband> begin (nano::transaction const &, nano::block_hash const &) const = 0;
-	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, block_w_sideband> begin (nano::transaction const &) const = 0;
-	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, block_w_sideband> end () const = 0;
-	virtual void for_each_par (std::function<void (nano::read_transaction const &, nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, block_w_sideband>, nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, block_w_sideband>)> const & action_a) const = 0;
-};
+class online_weight_store;
+class peer_store;
+class pending_store;
+class pruned_store;
+class version_store;
 
 namespace store
 {
@@ -801,15 +97,3 @@ namespace store
 	};
 } // namespace store
 } // namespace nano
-
-namespace std
-{
-template <>
-struct hash<::nano::tables>
-{
-	size_t operator() (::nano::tables const & table_a) const
-	{
-		return static_cast<size_t> (table_a);
-	}
-};
-}
diff --git a/nano/store/confirmation_height.cpp b/nano/store/confirmation_height.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1398f73108
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/confirmation_height.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#include <nano/store/confirmation_height.hpp>
+
+std::optional<nano::confirmation_height_info> nano::confirmation_height_store::get (nano::transaction const & transaction, nano::account const & account)
+{
+	nano::confirmation_height_info info;
+	bool error = get (transaction, account, info);
+	if (!error)
+	{
+		return info;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		return std::nullopt;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/nano/store/confirmation_height.hpp b/nano/store/confirmation_height.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2a35fb0785
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/confirmation_height.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <nano/lib/numbers.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/iterator.hpp>
+
+#include <functional>
+
+namespace nano
+{
+class block_hash;
+class read_transaction;
+class transaction;
+class write_transaction;
+}
+namespace nano
+{
+/**
+ * Manages confirmation height storage and iteration
+ */
+class confirmation_height_store
+{
+public:
+	virtual void put (nano::write_transaction const & transaction_a, nano::account const & account_a, nano::confirmation_height_info const & confirmation_height_info_a) = 0;
+
+	/** Retrieves confirmation height info relating to an account.
+	 *  The parameter confirmation_height_info_a is always written.
+	 *  On error, the confirmation height and frontier hash are set to 0.
+	 *  Ruturns true on error, false on success.
+	 */
+	virtual bool get (nano::transaction const & transaction_a, nano::account const & account_a, nano::confirmation_height_info & confirmation_height_info_a) = 0;
+	std::optional<nano::confirmation_height_info> get (nano::transaction const & transaction_a, nano::account const & account_a);
+	virtual bool exists (nano::transaction const & transaction_a, nano::account const & account_a) const = 0;
+	virtual void del (nano::write_transaction const & transaction_a, nano::account const & account_a) = 0;
+	virtual uint64_t count (nano::transaction const & transaction_a) = 0;
+	virtual void clear (nano::write_transaction const &, nano::account const &) = 0;
+	virtual void clear (nano::write_transaction const &) = 0;
+	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::account, nano::confirmation_height_info> begin (nano::transaction const & transaction_a, nano::account const & account_a) const = 0;
+	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::account, nano::confirmation_height_info> begin (nano::transaction const & transaction_a) const = 0;
+	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::account, nano::confirmation_height_info> end () const = 0;
+	virtual void for_each_par (std::function<void (nano::read_transaction const &, nano::store_iterator<nano::account, nano::confirmation_height_info>, nano::store_iterator<nano::account, nano::confirmation_height_info>)> const &) const = 0;
+};
+} // namespace nano::store
diff --git a/nano/store/db_val.cpp b/nano/store/db_val.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cab8d8ef04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/db_val.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+#include <nano/store/db_val.hpp>
diff --git a/nano/store/db_val.hpp b/nano/store/db_val.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..08da3834e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/db_val.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <nano/lib/numbers.hpp>
+#include <nano/secure/buffer.hpp>
+#include <nano/secure/common.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/block.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/versioning.hpp>
+
+#include <cstddef>
+
+namespace nano
+{
+/**
+ * Encapsulates database specific container
+ */
+template <typename Val>
+class db_val
+{
+public:
+	db_val (Val const & value_a) :
+		value (value_a)
+	{
+	}
+
+	db_val () :
+		db_val (0, nullptr)
+	{
+	}
+
+	db_val (std::nullptr_t) :
+		db_val (0, this)
+	{
+	}
+
+	db_val (nano::uint128_union const & val_a) :
+		db_val (sizeof (val_a), const_cast<nano::uint128_union *> (&val_a))
+	{
+	}
+
+	db_val (nano::uint256_union const & val_a) :
+		db_val (sizeof (val_a), const_cast<nano::uint256_union *> (&val_a))
+	{
+	}
+
+	db_val (nano::uint512_union const & val_a) :
+		db_val (sizeof (val_a), const_cast<nano::uint512_union *> (&val_a))
+	{
+	}
+
+	db_val (nano::qualified_root const & val_a) :
+		db_val (sizeof (val_a), const_cast<nano::qualified_root *> (&val_a))
+	{
+	}
+
+	db_val (nano::account_info const & val_a) :
+		db_val (val_a.db_size (), const_cast<nano::account_info *> (&val_a))
+	{
+	}
+
+	db_val (nano::account_info_v14 const & val_a) :
+		db_val (val_a.db_size (), const_cast<nano::account_info_v14 *> (&val_a))
+	{
+	}
+
+	db_val (nano::pending_info const & val_a) :
+		db_val (val_a.db_size (), const_cast<nano::pending_info *> (&val_a))
+	{
+		static_assert (std::is_standard_layout<nano::pending_info>::value, "Standard layout is required");
+	}
+
+	db_val (nano::pending_info_v14 const & val_a) :
+		db_val (val_a.db_size (), const_cast<nano::pending_info_v14 *> (&val_a))
+	{
+		static_assert (std::is_standard_layout<nano::pending_info_v14>::value, "Standard layout is required");
+	}
+
+	db_val (nano::pending_key const & val_a) :
+		db_val (sizeof (val_a), const_cast<nano::pending_key *> (&val_a))
+	{
+		static_assert (std::is_standard_layout<nano::pending_key>::value, "Standard layout is required");
+	}
+
+	db_val (nano::confirmation_height_info const & val_a) :
+		buffer (std::make_shared<std::vector<uint8_t>> ())
+	{
+		{
+			nano::vectorstream stream (*buffer);
+			val_a.serialize (stream);
+		}
+		convert_buffer_to_value ();
+	}
+
+	db_val (nano::block_info const & val_a) :
+		db_val (sizeof (val_a), const_cast<nano::block_info *> (&val_a))
+	{
+		static_assert (std::is_standard_layout<nano::block_info>::value, "Standard layout is required");
+	}
+
+	db_val (nano::endpoint_key const & val_a) :
+		db_val (sizeof (val_a), const_cast<nano::endpoint_key *> (&val_a))
+	{
+		static_assert (std::is_standard_layout<nano::endpoint_key>::value, "Standard layout is required");
+	}
+
+	db_val (std::shared_ptr<nano::block> const & val_a) :
+		buffer (std::make_shared<std::vector<uint8_t>> ())
+	{
+		{
+			nano::vectorstream stream (*buffer);
+			nano::serialize_block (stream, *val_a);
+		}
+		convert_buffer_to_value ();
+	}
+
+	db_val (uint64_t val_a) :
+		buffer (std::make_shared<std::vector<uint8_t>> ())
+	{
+		{
+			boost::endian::native_to_big_inplace (val_a);
+			nano::vectorstream stream (*buffer);
+			nano::write (stream, val_a);
+		}
+		convert_buffer_to_value ();
+	}
+
+	explicit operator nano::account_info () const
+	{
+		nano::account_info result;
+		debug_assert (size () == result.db_size ());
+		std::copy (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()) + result.db_size (), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *> (&result));
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	explicit operator nano::account_info_v14 () const
+	{
+		nano::account_info_v14 result;
+		debug_assert (size () == result.db_size ());
+		std::copy (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()) + result.db_size (), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *> (&result));
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	explicit operator nano::block_info () const
+	{
+		nano::block_info result;
+		debug_assert (size () == sizeof (result));
+		static_assert (sizeof (nano::block_info::account) + sizeof (nano::block_info::balance) == sizeof (result), "Packed class");
+		std::copy (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()) + sizeof (result), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *> (&result));
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	explicit operator nano::pending_info_v14 () const
+	{
+		nano::pending_info_v14 result;
+		debug_assert (size () == result.db_size ());
+		std::copy (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()) + result.db_size (), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *> (&result));
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	explicit operator nano::pending_info () const
+	{
+		nano::pending_info result;
+		debug_assert (size () == result.db_size ());
+		std::copy (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()) + result.db_size (), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *> (&result));
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	explicit operator nano::pending_key () const
+	{
+		nano::pending_key result;
+		debug_assert (size () == sizeof (result));
+		static_assert (sizeof (nano::pending_key::account) + sizeof (nano::pending_key::hash) == sizeof (result), "Packed class");
+		std::copy (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()) + sizeof (result), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *> (&result));
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	explicit operator nano::confirmation_height_info () const
+	{
+		nano::bufferstream stream (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), size ());
+		nano::confirmation_height_info result;
+		bool error (result.deserialize (stream));
+		(void)error;
+		debug_assert (!error);
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	explicit operator nano::uint128_union () const
+	{
+		return convert<nano::uint128_union> ();
+	}
+
+	explicit operator nano::amount () const
+	{
+		return convert<nano::amount> ();
+	}
+
+	explicit operator nano::block_hash () const
+	{
+		return convert<nano::block_hash> ();
+	}
+
+	explicit operator nano::public_key () const
+	{
+		return convert<nano::public_key> ();
+	}
+
+	explicit operator nano::qualified_root () const
+	{
+		return convert<nano::qualified_root> ();
+	}
+
+	explicit operator nano::uint256_union () const
+	{
+		return convert<nano::uint256_union> ();
+	}
+
+	explicit operator nano::uint512_union () const
+	{
+		return convert<nano::uint512_union> ();
+	}
+
+	explicit operator std::array<char, 64> () const
+	{
+		nano::bufferstream stream (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), size ());
+		std::array<char, 64> result;
+		auto error = nano::try_read (stream, result);
+		(void)error;
+		debug_assert (!error);
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	explicit operator nano::endpoint_key () const
+	{
+		nano::endpoint_key result;
+		std::copy (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()) + sizeof (result), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *> (&result));
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	template <class Block>
+	explicit operator block_w_sideband_v18<Block> () const
+	{
+		nano::bufferstream stream (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), size ());
+		auto error (false);
+		block_w_sideband_v18<Block> block_w_sideband;
+		block_w_sideband.block = std::make_shared<Block> (error, stream);
+		release_assert (!error);
+
+		error = block_w_sideband.sideband.deserialize (stream, block_w_sideband.block->type ());
+		release_assert (!error);
+
+		return block_w_sideband;
+	}
+
+	explicit operator block_w_sideband () const
+	{
+		nano::bufferstream stream (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), size ());
+		nano::block_w_sideband block_w_sideband;
+		block_w_sideband.block = (nano::deserialize_block (stream));
+		auto error = block_w_sideband.sideband.deserialize (stream, block_w_sideband.block->type ());
+		release_assert (!error);
+		block_w_sideband.block->sideband_set (block_w_sideband.sideband);
+		return block_w_sideband;
+	}
+
+	explicit operator state_block_w_sideband_v14 () const
+	{
+		nano::bufferstream stream (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), size ());
+		auto error (false);
+		nano::state_block_w_sideband_v14 block_w_sideband;
+		block_w_sideband.state_block = std::make_shared<nano::state_block> (error, stream);
+		debug_assert (!error);
+
+		block_w_sideband.sideband.type = nano::block_type::state;
+		error = block_w_sideband.sideband.deserialize (stream);
+		debug_assert (!error);
+
+		return block_w_sideband;
+	}
+
+	explicit operator std::nullptr_t () const
+	{
+		return nullptr;
+	}
+
+	explicit operator nano::no_value () const
+	{
+		return no_value::dummy;
+	}
+
+	explicit operator std::shared_ptr<nano::block> () const
+	{
+		nano::bufferstream stream (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), size ());
+		std::shared_ptr<nano::block> result (nano::deserialize_block (stream));
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	template <typename Block>
+	std::shared_ptr<Block> convert_to_block () const
+	{
+		nano::bufferstream stream (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), size ());
+		auto error (false);
+		auto result (std::make_shared<Block> (error, stream));
+		debug_assert (!error);
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	explicit operator std::shared_ptr<nano::send_block> () const
+	{
+		return convert_to_block<nano::send_block> ();
+	}
+
+	explicit operator std::shared_ptr<nano::receive_block> () const
+	{
+		return convert_to_block<nano::receive_block> ();
+	}
+
+	explicit operator std::shared_ptr<nano::open_block> () const
+	{
+		return convert_to_block<nano::open_block> ();
+	}
+
+	explicit operator std::shared_ptr<nano::change_block> () const
+	{
+		return convert_to_block<nano::change_block> ();
+	}
+
+	explicit operator std::shared_ptr<nano::state_block> () const
+	{
+		return convert_to_block<nano::state_block> ();
+	}
+
+	explicit operator std::shared_ptr<nano::vote> () const
+	{
+		nano::bufferstream stream (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), size ());
+		auto error (false);
+		auto result (nano::make_shared<nano::vote> (error, stream));
+		debug_assert (!error);
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	explicit operator uint64_t () const
+	{
+		uint64_t result;
+		nano::bufferstream stream (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), size ());
+		auto error (nano::try_read (stream, result));
+		(void)error;
+		debug_assert (!error);
+		boost::endian::big_to_native_inplace (result);
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	operator Val * () const
+	{
+		// Allow passing a temporary to a non-c++ function which doesn't have constness
+		return const_cast<Val *> (&value);
+	}
+
+	operator Val const & () const
+	{
+		return value;
+	}
+
+	// Must be specialized
+	void * data () const;
+	size_t size () const;
+	db_val (size_t size_a, void * data_a);
+	void convert_buffer_to_value ();
+
+	Val value;
+	std::shared_ptr<std::vector<uint8_t>> buffer;
+
+private:
+	template <typename T>
+	T convert () const
+	{
+		T result;
+		debug_assert (size () == sizeof (result));
+		std::copy (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *> (data ()) + sizeof (result), result.bytes.data ());
+		return result;
+	}
+};
+} // namespace nano
diff --git a/nano/store/final.cpp b/nano/store/final.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..69d469dc76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/final.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+#include <nano/store/final.hpp>
diff --git a/nano/store/final.hpp b/nano/store/final.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b51cbe4cf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/final.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <nano/lib/numbers.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/iterator.hpp>
+
+#include <functional>
+
+namespace nano
+{
+class block_hash;
+class read_transaction;
+class transaction;
+class write_transaction;
+}
+namespace nano
+{
+/**
+ * Manages final vote storage and iteration
+ */
+class final_vote_store
+{
+public:
+	virtual bool put (nano::write_transaction const & transaction_a, nano::qualified_root const & root_a, nano::block_hash const & hash_a) = 0;
+	virtual std::vector<nano::block_hash> get (nano::transaction const & transaction_a, nano::root const & root_a) = 0;
+	virtual void del (nano::write_transaction const & transaction_a, nano::root const & root_a) = 0;
+	virtual size_t count (nano::transaction const & transaction_a) const = 0;
+	virtual void clear (nano::write_transaction const &, nano::root const &) = 0;
+	virtual void clear (nano::write_transaction const &) = 0;
+	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::qualified_root, nano::block_hash> begin (nano::transaction const & transaction_a, nano::qualified_root const & root_a) const = 0;
+	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::qualified_root, nano::block_hash> begin (nano::transaction const & transaction_a) const = 0;
+	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::qualified_root, nano::block_hash> end () const = 0;
+	virtual void for_each_par (std::function<void (nano::read_transaction const &, nano::store_iterator<nano::qualified_root, nano::block_hash>, nano::store_iterator<nano::qualified_root, nano::block_hash>)> const & action_a) const = 0;
+};
+} // namespace nano::store
diff --git a/nano/store/frontier.cpp b/nano/store/frontier.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2d12551d59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/frontier.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+#include <nano/store/frontier.hpp>
diff --git a/nano/store/frontier.hpp b/nano/store/frontier.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..56eb8d2563
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/frontier.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <nano/lib/numbers.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/iterator.hpp>
+
+#include <functional>
+
+namespace nano
+{
+class block_hash;
+class read_transaction;
+class transaction;
+class write_transaction;
+}
+namespace nano
+{
+/**
+ * Manages frontier storage and iteration
+ */
+class frontier_store
+{
+public:
+	virtual void put (nano::write_transaction const &, nano::block_hash const &, nano::account const &) = 0;
+	virtual nano::account get (nano::transaction const &, nano::block_hash const &) const = 0;
+	virtual void del (nano::write_transaction const &, nano::block_hash const &) = 0;
+	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, nano::account> begin (nano::transaction const &) const = 0;
+	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, nano::account> begin (nano::transaction const &, nano::block_hash const &) const = 0;
+	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, nano::account> end () const = 0;
+	virtual void for_each_par (std::function<void (nano::read_transaction const &, nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, nano::account>, nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, nano::account>)> const & action_a) const = 0;
+};
+} // namespace nano::store
diff --git a/nano/store/iterator.cpp b/nano/store/iterator.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..15bf18facf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/iterator.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+#include <nano/store/iterator.hpp>
diff --git a/nano/store/iterator.hpp b/nano/store/iterator.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bf88b5861c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/iterator.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <nano/store/iterator_impl.hpp>
+
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace nano
+{
+/**
+ * Iterates the key/value pairs of a transaction
+ */
+template <typename T, typename U>
+class store_iterator final
+{
+public:
+	store_iterator (std::nullptr_t)
+	{
+	}
+	store_iterator (std::unique_ptr<nano::store_iterator_impl<T, U>> impl_a) :
+		impl (std::move (impl_a))
+	{
+		impl->fill (current);
+	}
+	store_iterator (nano::store_iterator<T, U> && other_a) :
+		current (std::move (other_a.current)),
+		impl (std::move (other_a.impl))
+	{
+	}
+	nano::store_iterator<T, U> & operator++ ()
+	{
+		++*impl;
+		impl->fill (current);
+		return *this;
+	}
+	nano::store_iterator<T, U> & operator-- ()
+	{
+		--*impl;
+		impl->fill (current);
+		return *this;
+	}
+	nano::store_iterator<T, U> & operator= (nano::store_iterator<T, U> && other_a) noexcept
+	{
+		impl = std::move (other_a.impl);
+		current = std::move (other_a.current);
+		return *this;
+	}
+	nano::store_iterator<T, U> & operator= (nano::store_iterator<T, U> const &) = delete;
+	std::pair<T, U> * operator-> ()
+	{
+		return &current;
+	}
+	bool operator== (nano::store_iterator<T, U> const & other_a) const
+	{
+		return (impl == nullptr && other_a.impl == nullptr) || (impl != nullptr && *impl == other_a.impl.get ()) || (other_a.impl != nullptr && *other_a.impl == impl.get ());
+	}
+	bool operator!= (nano::store_iterator<T, U> const & other_a) const
+	{
+		return !(*this == other_a);
+	}
+
+private:
+	std::pair<T, U> current;
+	std::unique_ptr<nano::store_iterator_impl<T, U>> impl;
+};
+} // namespace nano::store
diff --git a/nano/store/iterator_impl.cpp b/nano/store/iterator_impl.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4abbeb3f2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/iterator_impl.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+#include <nano/store/iterator_impl.hpp>
diff --git a/nano/store/iterator_impl.hpp b/nano/store/iterator_impl.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..16e958ef14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/iterator_impl.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace nano
+{
+template <typename T, typename U>
+class store_iterator_impl
+{
+public:
+	virtual ~store_iterator_impl () = default;
+	virtual nano::store_iterator_impl<T, U> & operator++ () = 0;
+	virtual nano::store_iterator_impl<T, U> & operator-- () = 0;
+	virtual bool operator== (nano::store_iterator_impl<T, U> const & other_a) const = 0;
+	virtual bool is_end_sentinal () const = 0;
+	virtual void fill (std::pair<T, U> &) const = 0;
+	nano::store_iterator_impl<T, U> & operator= (nano::store_iterator_impl<T, U> const &) = delete;
+	bool operator== (nano::store_iterator_impl<T, U> const * other_a) const
+	{
+		return (other_a != nullptr && *this == *other_a) || (other_a == nullptr && is_end_sentinal ());
+	}
+	bool operator!= (nano::store_iterator_impl<T, U> const & other_a) const
+	{
+		return !(*this == other_a);
+	}
+};
+} // namespace nano::store
diff --git a/nano/store/lmdb/account.hpp b/nano/store/lmdb/account.hpp
index e78947c558..d15c2ce887 100644
--- a/nano/store/lmdb/account.hpp
+++ b/nano/store/lmdb/account.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/account.hpp>
 
 #include <lmdb/libraries/liblmdb/lmdb.h>
 
diff --git a/nano/store/lmdb/block.hpp b/nano/store/lmdb/block.hpp
index c690d853ee..cb1df35109 100644
--- a/nano/store/lmdb/block.hpp
+++ b/nano/store/lmdb/block.hpp
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/block.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/lmdb/db_val.hpp>
 
 #include <lmdb/libraries/liblmdb/lmdb.h>
 
 namespace nano
 {
-using mdb_val = db_val<MDB_val>;
 class block_predecessor_mdb_set;
 namespace lmdb
 {
diff --git a/nano/store/lmdb/confirmation_height.hpp b/nano/store/lmdb/confirmation_height.hpp
index 68ca1a1560..ff29a4eae8 100644
--- a/nano/store/lmdb/confirmation_height.hpp
+++ b/nano/store/lmdb/confirmation_height.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/confirmation_height.hpp>
 
 #include <lmdb/libraries/liblmdb/lmdb.h>
 
diff --git a/nano/store/lmdb/db_val.cpp b/nano/store/lmdb/db_val.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c0a100abb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/lmdb/db_val.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#include <nano/store/lmdb/db_val.hpp>
+
+namespace nano
+{
+template <>
+void * mdb_val::data () const
+{
+	return value.mv_data;
+}
+
+template <>
+std::size_t mdb_val::size () const
+{
+	return value.mv_size;
+}
+
+template <>
+mdb_val::db_val (std::size_t size_a, void * data_a) :
+	value ({ size_a, data_a })
+{
+}
+
+template <>
+void mdb_val::convert_buffer_to_value ()
+{
+	value = { buffer->size (), const_cast<uint8_t *> (buffer->data ()) };
+}
+}
diff --git a/nano/store/lmdb/db_val.hpp b/nano/store/lmdb/db_val.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5638103c18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/lmdb/db_val.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <nano/store/db_val.hpp>
+
+#include <lmdb/libraries/liblmdb/lmdb.h>
+
+namespace nano
+{
+using mdb_val = db_val<MDB_val>;
+}
diff --git a/nano/store/lmdb/final_vote.hpp b/nano/store/lmdb/final_vote.hpp
index 5612fab943..40bdfdb406 100644
--- a/nano/store/lmdb/final_vote.hpp
+++ b/nano/store/lmdb/final_vote.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/final.hpp>
 
 #include <lmdb/libraries/liblmdb/lmdb.h>
 
diff --git a/nano/store/lmdb/frontier.hpp b/nano/store/lmdb/frontier.hpp
index b493f339cd..b8af5b2f23 100644
--- a/nano/store/lmdb/frontier.hpp
+++ b/nano/store/lmdb/frontier.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/frontier.hpp>
 
 #include <lmdb/libraries/liblmdb/lmdb.h>
 
diff --git a/nano/store/lmdb/iterator.hpp b/nano/store/lmdb/iterator.hpp
index 5d74d176c7..bf1fe9b32a 100644
--- a/nano/store/lmdb/iterator.hpp
+++ b/nano/store/lmdb/iterator.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/db_val.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/iterator.hpp>
 
 #include <lmdb/libraries/liblmdb/lmdb.h>
 
diff --git a/nano/store/lmdb/lmdb.cpp b/nano/store/lmdb/lmdb.cpp
index 94593dbce6..ae84e0bb51 100644
--- a/nano/store/lmdb/lmdb.cpp
+++ b/nano/store/lmdb/lmdb.cpp
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 #include <nano/lib/utility.hpp>
 #include <nano/secure/buffer.hpp>
 #include <nano/secure/ledger.hpp>
-#include <nano/store/lmdb/lmdb.hpp>
 #include <nano/store/lmdb/iterator.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/lmdb/lmdb.hpp>
 #include <nano/store/lmdb/wallet_value.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/version.hpp>
 #include <nano/store/versioning.hpp>
 
 #include <boost/filesystem.hpp>
@@ -12,33 +13,6 @@
 
 #include <queue>
 
-namespace nano
-{
-template <>
-void * mdb_val::data () const
-{
-	return value.mv_data;
-}
-
-template <>
-std::size_t mdb_val::size () const
-{
-	return value.mv_size;
-}
-
-template <>
-mdb_val::db_val (std::size_t size_a, void * data_a) :
-	value ({ size_a, data_a })
-{
-}
-
-template <>
-void mdb_val::convert_buffer_to_value ()
-{
-	value = { buffer->size (), const_cast<uint8_t *> (buffer->data ()) };
-}
-}
-
 nano::lmdb::store::store (nano::logger_mt & logger_a, boost::filesystem::path const & path_a, nano::ledger_constants & constants, nano::txn_tracking_config const & txn_tracking_config_a, std::chrono::milliseconds block_processor_batch_max_time_a, nano::lmdb_config const & lmdb_config_a, bool backup_before_upgrade_a) :
 	// clang-format off
 	nano::store::component{
diff --git a/nano/store/lmdb/lmdb.hpp b/nano/store/lmdb/lmdb.hpp
index 0fb962f7a2..77c72dc199 100644
--- a/nano/store/lmdb/lmdb.hpp
+++ b/nano/store/lmdb/lmdb.hpp
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include <nano/store/lmdb/account.hpp>
 #include <nano/store/lmdb/block.hpp>
 #include <nano/store/lmdb/confirmation_height.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/lmdb/db_val.hpp>
 #include <nano/store/lmdb/final_vote.hpp>
 #include <nano/store/lmdb/frontier.hpp>
 #include <nano/store/lmdb/iterator.hpp>
@@ -34,8 +35,6 @@ namespace filesystem
 
 namespace nano
 {
-using mdb_val = db_val<MDB_val>;
-
 class logging_mt;
 class transaction;
 
@@ -193,13 +192,4 @@ namespace lmdb
 		friend void modify_confirmation_height_to_v15 (nano::lmdb::store &, nano::transaction const &, nano::account const &, uint64_t);
 	};
 }
-
-template <>
-void * mdb_val::data () const;
-template <>
-std::size_t mdb_val::size () const;
-template <>
-mdb_val::db_val (std::size_t size_a, void * data_a);
-template <>
-void mdb_val::convert_buffer_to_value ();
 }
diff --git a/nano/store/lmdb/online_weight.hpp b/nano/store/lmdb/online_weight.hpp
index 7827b36f43..9a1c527f53 100644
--- a/nano/store/lmdb/online_weight.hpp
+++ b/nano/store/lmdb/online_weight.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/online_weight.hpp>
 
 #include <lmdb/libraries/liblmdb/lmdb.h>
 
diff --git a/nano/store/lmdb/peer.hpp b/nano/store/lmdb/peer.hpp
index 2cbc274ae9..83fd1ee785 100644
--- a/nano/store/lmdb/peer.hpp
+++ b/nano/store/lmdb/peer.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/peer.hpp>
 
 #include <lmdb/libraries/liblmdb/lmdb.h>
 
diff --git a/nano/store/lmdb/pending.hpp b/nano/store/lmdb/pending.hpp
index bc3d7115f8..86fd1c1e5b 100644
--- a/nano/store/lmdb/pending.hpp
+++ b/nano/store/lmdb/pending.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/pending.hpp>
 
 #include <lmdb/libraries/liblmdb/lmdb.h>
 
diff --git a/nano/store/lmdb/pruned.hpp b/nano/store/lmdb/pruned.hpp
index b166f11d7e..0ad8f07e5b 100644
--- a/nano/store/lmdb/pruned.hpp
+++ b/nano/store/lmdb/pruned.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/pruned.hpp>
 
 #include <lmdb/libraries/liblmdb/lmdb.h>
 
diff --git a/nano/store/lmdb/version.hpp b/nano/store/lmdb/version.hpp
index 47300a9d46..ff9b723564 100644
--- a/nano/store/lmdb/version.hpp
+++ b/nano/store/lmdb/version.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/version.hpp>
 
 namespace nano
 {
diff --git a/nano/store/lmdb/wallet_value.hpp b/nano/store/lmdb/wallet_value.hpp
index 2ef9b1390a..f5e70e54f7 100644
--- a/nano/store/lmdb/wallet_value.hpp
+++ b/nano/store/lmdb/wallet_value.hpp
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <nano/lib/numbers.hpp>
-#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/db_val.hpp>
 
 #include <lmdb/libraries/liblmdb/lmdb.h>
 
diff --git a/nano/store/online_weight.cpp b/nano/store/online_weight.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..230a4f266d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/online_weight.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+#include <nano/store/online_weight.hpp>
diff --git a/nano/store/online_weight.hpp b/nano/store/online_weight.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ee65a9b02e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/online_weight.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <nano/lib/numbers.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/iterator.hpp>
+
+#include <functional>
+
+namespace nano
+{
+class block_hash;
+class read_transaction;
+class transaction;
+class write_transaction;
+}
+namespace nano
+{
+/**
+ * Manages online weight storage and iteration
+ */
+class online_weight_store
+{
+public:
+	virtual void put (nano::write_transaction const &, uint64_t, nano::amount const &) = 0;
+	virtual void del (nano::write_transaction const &, uint64_t) = 0;
+	virtual nano::store_iterator<uint64_t, nano::amount> begin (nano::transaction const &) const = 0;
+	virtual nano::store_iterator<uint64_t, nano::amount> rbegin (nano::transaction const &) const = 0;
+	virtual nano::store_iterator<uint64_t, nano::amount> end () const = 0;
+	virtual size_t count (nano::transaction const &) const = 0;
+	virtual void clear (nano::write_transaction const &) = 0;
+};
+} // namespace nano::store
diff --git a/nano/store/peer.cpp b/nano/store/peer.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e442b57549
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/peer.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+#include <nano/store/peer.hpp>
diff --git a/nano/store/peer.hpp b/nano/store/peer.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..64d36796af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/peer.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <nano/lib/numbers.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/iterator.hpp>
+
+#include <functional>
+
+namespace nano
+{
+class block_hash;
+class read_transaction;
+class transaction;
+class write_transaction;
+}
+namespace nano
+{
+/**
+ * Manages peer storage and iteration
+ */
+class peer_store
+{
+public:
+	virtual void put (nano::write_transaction const & transaction_a, nano::endpoint_key const & endpoint_a) = 0;
+	virtual void del (nano::write_transaction const & transaction_a, nano::endpoint_key const & endpoint_a) = 0;
+	virtual bool exists (nano::transaction const & transaction_a, nano::endpoint_key const & endpoint_a) const = 0;
+	virtual size_t count (nano::transaction const & transaction_a) const = 0;
+	virtual void clear (nano::write_transaction const & transaction_a) = 0;
+	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::endpoint_key, nano::no_value> begin (nano::transaction const & transaction_a) const = 0;
+	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::endpoint_key, nano::no_value> end () const = 0;
+};
+} // namespace nano::store
diff --git a/nano/store/pending.cpp b/nano/store/pending.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dd80f3579b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/pending.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+#include <nano/store/pending.hpp>
diff --git a/nano/store/pending.hpp b/nano/store/pending.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8944d2cb76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/pending.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <nano/lib/numbers.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/iterator.hpp>
+
+#include <functional>
+
+namespace nano
+{
+class block_hash;
+class read_transaction;
+class transaction;
+class write_transaction;
+}
+namespace nano
+{
+/**
+ * Manages pending storage and iteration
+ */
+class pending_store
+{
+public:
+	virtual void put (nano::write_transaction const &, nano::pending_key const &, nano::pending_info const &) = 0;
+	virtual void del (nano::write_transaction const &, nano::pending_key const &) = 0;
+	virtual bool get (nano::transaction const &, nano::pending_key const &, nano::pending_info &) = 0;
+	virtual bool exists (nano::transaction const &, nano::pending_key const &) = 0;
+	virtual bool any (nano::transaction const &, nano::account const &) = 0;
+	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::pending_key, nano::pending_info> begin (nano::transaction const &, nano::pending_key const &) const = 0;
+	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::pending_key, nano::pending_info> begin (nano::transaction const &) const = 0;
+	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::pending_key, nano::pending_info> end () const = 0;
+	virtual void for_each_par (std::function<void (nano::read_transaction const &, nano::store_iterator<nano::pending_key, nano::pending_info>, nano::store_iterator<nano::pending_key, nano::pending_info>)> const & action_a) const = 0;
+};
+} // namespace nano::store
diff --git a/nano/store/pruned.cpp b/nano/store/pruned.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e4342c7b4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/pruned.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+#include <nano/store/pruned.hpp>
diff --git a/nano/store/pruned.hpp b/nano/store/pruned.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f9b48a22c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/pruned.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <nano/lib/numbers.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/iterator.hpp>
+
+#include <functional>
+
+namespace nano
+{
+class block_hash;
+class read_transaction;
+class transaction;
+class write_transaction;
+}
+namespace nano
+{
+/**
+ * Manages pruned storage and iteration
+ */
+class pruned_store
+{
+public:
+	virtual void put (nano::write_transaction const & transaction_a, nano::block_hash const & hash_a) = 0;
+	virtual void del (nano::write_transaction const & transaction_a, nano::block_hash const & hash_a) = 0;
+	virtual bool exists (nano::transaction const & transaction_a, nano::block_hash const & hash_a) const = 0;
+	virtual nano::block_hash random (nano::transaction const & transaction_a) = 0;
+	virtual size_t count (nano::transaction const & transaction_a) const = 0;
+	virtual void clear (nano::write_transaction const &) = 0;
+	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, std::nullptr_t> begin (nano::transaction const & transaction_a, nano::block_hash const & hash_a) const = 0;
+	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, std::nullptr_t> begin (nano::transaction const & transaction_a) const = 0;
+	virtual nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, std::nullptr_t> end () const = 0;
+	virtual void for_each_par (std::function<void (nano::read_transaction const &, nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, std::nullptr_t>, nano::store_iterator<nano::block_hash, std::nullptr_t>)> const & action_a) const = 0;
+};
+} // namespace nano::store
diff --git a/nano/store/rocksdb/account.hpp b/nano/store/rocksdb/account.hpp
index 445ee5abed..dfac80e1d0 100644
--- a/nano/store/rocksdb/account.hpp
+++ b/nano/store/rocksdb/account.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/account.hpp>
 
 namespace nano
 {
diff --git a/nano/store/rocksdb/block.hpp b/nano/store/rocksdb/block.hpp
index cc9ad528dd..21264bd679 100644
--- a/nano/store/rocksdb/block.hpp
+++ b/nano/store/rocksdb/block.hpp
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
-
-#include <rocksdb/slice.h>
+#include <nano/store/block.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/rocksdb/db_val.hpp>
 
 namespace nano
 {
-using rocksdb_val = db_val<::rocksdb::Slice>;
 class block_predecessor_rocksdb_set;
 namespace rocksdb
 {
diff --git a/nano/store/rocksdb/confirmation_height.hpp b/nano/store/rocksdb/confirmation_height.hpp
index a4e7f7260b..abb4668ba4 100644
--- a/nano/store/rocksdb/confirmation_height.hpp
+++ b/nano/store/rocksdb/confirmation_height.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/confirmation_height.hpp>
 
 namespace nano
 {
diff --git a/nano/store/rocksdb/db_val.cpp b/nano/store/rocksdb/db_val.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2c56704321
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/rocksdb/db_val.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#include <nano/store/rocksdb/db_val.hpp>
+
+namespace nano
+{
+template <>
+void * rocksdb_val::data () const
+{
+	return (void *)value.data ();
+}
+
+template <>
+std::size_t rocksdb_val::size () const
+{
+	return value.size ();
+}
+
+template <>
+rocksdb_val::db_val (std::size_t size_a, void * data_a) :
+	value (static_cast<char const *> (data_a), size_a)
+{
+}
+
+template <>
+void rocksdb_val::convert_buffer_to_value ()
+{
+	value = ::rocksdb::Slice (reinterpret_cast<char const *> (buffer->data ()), buffer->size ());
+}
+}
diff --git a/nano/store/rocksdb/db_val.hpp b/nano/store/rocksdb/db_val.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c1dd18d295
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/rocksdb/db_val.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <nano/store/db_val.hpp>
+
+#include <rocksdb/slice.h>
+
+namespace nano
+{
+using rocksdb_val = db_val<::rocksdb::Slice>;
+}
diff --git a/nano/store/rocksdb/final_vote.hpp b/nano/store/rocksdb/final_vote.hpp
index f8af2c2376..10b8a4ede0 100644
--- a/nano/store/rocksdb/final_vote.hpp
+++ b/nano/store/rocksdb/final_vote.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/final.hpp>
 
 namespace nano
 {
diff --git a/nano/store/rocksdb/frontier.hpp b/nano/store/rocksdb/frontier.hpp
index d0d346a2bc..e6b68ae95c 100644
--- a/nano/store/rocksdb/frontier.hpp
+++ b/nano/store/rocksdb/frontier.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/frontier.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/iterator.hpp>
 
 namespace nano
 {
diff --git a/nano/store/rocksdb/iterator.hpp b/nano/store/rocksdb/iterator.hpp
index a11a5132a6..8732a36678 100644
--- a/nano/store/rocksdb/iterator.hpp
+++ b/nano/store/rocksdb/iterator.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/db_val.hpp>
 
 #include <rocksdb/db.h>
 #include <rocksdb/filter_policy.h>
diff --git a/nano/store/rocksdb/online_weight.hpp b/nano/store/rocksdb/online_weight.hpp
index fbc9f05690..ab4325328b 100644
--- a/nano/store/rocksdb/online_weight.hpp
+++ b/nano/store/rocksdb/online_weight.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/online_weight.hpp>
 
 namespace nano
 {
diff --git a/nano/store/rocksdb/peer.hpp b/nano/store/rocksdb/peer.hpp
index 66b6da1918..16dbabf543 100644
--- a/nano/store/rocksdb/peer.hpp
+++ b/nano/store/rocksdb/peer.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/peer.hpp>
 
 namespace nano
 {
diff --git a/nano/store/rocksdb/pending.hpp b/nano/store/rocksdb/pending.hpp
index 256197de51..afd773b02f 100644
--- a/nano/store/rocksdb/pending.hpp
+++ b/nano/store/rocksdb/pending.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/pending.hpp>
 
 namespace nano
 {
diff --git a/nano/store/rocksdb/pruned.hpp b/nano/store/rocksdb/pruned.hpp
index ad8b6e1eba..29c03d7766 100644
--- a/nano/store/rocksdb/pruned.hpp
+++ b/nano/store/rocksdb/pruned.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/pruned.hpp>
 
 namespace nano
 {
diff --git a/nano/store/rocksdb/rocksdb.cpp b/nano/store/rocksdb/rocksdb.cpp
index ba37fef785..204157b650 100644
--- a/nano/store/rocksdb/rocksdb.cpp
+++ b/nano/store/rocksdb/rocksdb.cpp
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 #include <nano/lib/rocksdbconfig.hpp>
-#include <nano/store/rocksdb/rocksdb.hpp>
 #include <nano/store/rocksdb/iterator.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/rocksdb/rocksdb.hpp>
 #include <nano/store/rocksdb/transaction_impl.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/version.hpp>
 
 #include <boost/filesystem.hpp>
 #include <boost/format.hpp>
@@ -34,33 +35,6 @@ class event_listener : public rocksdb::EventListener
 };
 }
 
-namespace nano
-{
-template <>
-void * rocksdb_val::data () const
-{
-	return (void *)value.data ();
-}
-
-template <>
-std::size_t rocksdb_val::size () const
-{
-	return value.size ();
-}
-
-template <>
-rocksdb_val::db_val (std::size_t size_a, void * data_a) :
-	value (static_cast<char const *> (data_a), size_a)
-{
-}
-
-template <>
-void rocksdb_val::convert_buffer_to_value ()
-{
-	value = ::rocksdb::Slice (reinterpret_cast<char const *> (buffer->data ()), buffer->size ());
-}
-}
-
 nano::rocksdb::store::store (nano::logger_mt & logger_a, boost::filesystem::path const & path_a, nano::ledger_constants & constants, nano::rocksdb_config const & rocksdb_config_a, bool open_read_only_a) :
 	// clang-format off
 	nano::store::component{
diff --git a/nano/store/rocksdb/version.hpp b/nano/store/rocksdb/version.hpp
index 73d69bc765..4aaf0e0d5f 100644
--- a/nano/store/rocksdb/version.hpp
+++ b/nano/store/rocksdb/version.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/version.hpp>
 
 namespace nano
 {
diff --git a/nano/store/tables.hpp b/nano/store/tables.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e0a03bd020
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/tables.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <functional>
+
+namespace nano
+{
+// Keep this in alphabetical order
+enum class tables
+{
+	accounts,
+	blocks,
+	confirmation_height,
+	default_unused, // RocksDB only
+	final_votes,
+	frontiers,
+	meta,
+	online_weight,
+	peers,
+	pending,
+	pruned,
+	vote
+};
+} // namespace nano
+
+namespace std
+{
+template <>
+struct hash<::nano::tables>
+{
+	size_t operator() (::nano::tables const & table_a) const
+	{
+		return static_cast<size_t> (table_a);
+	}
+}; // struct hash
+} // namespace std
diff --git a/nano/store/transaction.cpp b/nano/store/transaction.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ed822381d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/transaction.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#include <nano/lib/thread_roles.hpp>
+#include <nano/lib/utility.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/transaction.hpp>
+
+nano::read_transaction::read_transaction (std::unique_ptr<nano::read_transaction_impl> read_transaction_impl) :
+	impl (std::move (read_transaction_impl))
+{
+}
+
+void * nano::read_transaction::get_handle () const
+{
+	return impl->get_handle ();
+}
+
+void nano::read_transaction::reset () const
+{
+	impl->reset ();
+}
+
+void nano::read_transaction::renew () const
+{
+	impl->renew ();
+}
+
+void nano::read_transaction::refresh () const
+{
+	reset ();
+	renew ();
+}
+
+nano::write_transaction::write_transaction (std::unique_ptr<nano::write_transaction_impl> write_transaction_impl) :
+	impl (std::move (write_transaction_impl))
+{
+	/*
+	 * For IO threads, we do not want them to block on creating write transactions.
+	 */
+	debug_assert (nano::thread_role::get () != nano::thread_role::name::io);
+}
+
+void * nano::write_transaction::get_handle () const
+{
+	return impl->get_handle ();
+}
+
+void nano::write_transaction::commit ()
+{
+	impl->commit ();
+}
+
+void nano::write_transaction::renew ()
+{
+	impl->renew ();
+}
+
+void nano::write_transaction::refresh ()
+{
+	impl->commit ();
+	impl->renew ();
+}
+
+bool nano::write_transaction::contains (nano::tables table_a) const
+{
+	return impl->contains (table_a);
+}
diff --git a/nano/store/transaction.hpp b/nano/store/transaction.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e8c46415b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/transaction.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <nano/store/tables.hpp>
+
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace nano
+{
+class transaction_impl
+{
+public:
+	virtual ~transaction_impl () = default;
+	virtual void * get_handle () const = 0;
+};
+
+class read_transaction_impl : public transaction_impl
+{
+public:
+	virtual void reset () = 0;
+	virtual void renew () = 0;
+};
+
+class write_transaction_impl : public transaction_impl
+{
+public:
+	virtual void commit () = 0;
+	virtual void renew () = 0;
+	virtual bool contains (nano::tables table_a) const = 0;
+};
+
+class transaction
+{
+public:
+	virtual ~transaction () = default;
+	virtual void * get_handle () const = 0;
+};
+
+/**
+ * RAII wrapper of a read MDB_txn where the constructor starts the transaction
+ * and the destructor aborts it.
+ */
+class read_transaction final : public transaction
+{
+public:
+	explicit read_transaction (std::unique_ptr<nano::read_transaction_impl> read_transaction_impl);
+	void * get_handle () const override;
+	void reset () const;
+	void renew () const;
+	void refresh () const;
+
+private:
+	std::unique_ptr<nano::read_transaction_impl> impl;
+};
+
+/**
+ * RAII wrapper of a read-write MDB_txn where the constructor starts the transaction
+ * and the destructor commits it.
+ */
+class write_transaction final : public transaction
+{
+public:
+	explicit write_transaction (std::unique_ptr<nano::write_transaction_impl> write_transaction_impl);
+	void * get_handle () const override;
+	void commit ();
+	void renew ();
+	void refresh ();
+	bool contains (nano::tables table_a) const;
+
+private:
+	std::unique_ptr<nano::write_transaction_impl> impl;
+};
+} // namespace nano
diff --git a/nano/store/version.cpp b/nano/store/version.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d8917be835
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/version.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+#include <nano/store/version.hpp>
diff --git a/nano/store/version.hpp b/nano/store/version.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..192cb032a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nano/store/version.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <nano/lib/numbers.hpp>
+#include <nano/store/component.hpp>
+
+#include <functional>
+
+namespace nano
+{
+class block_hash;
+class read_transaction;
+class transaction;
+class write_transaction;
+}
+namespace nano
+{
+/**
+ * Manages version storage
+ */
+class version_store
+{
+public:
+	virtual void put (nano::write_transaction const &, int) = 0;
+	virtual int get (nano::transaction const &) const = 0;
+};
+
+} // namespace nano::store
diff --git a/nano/store/versioning.hpp b/nano/store/versioning.hpp
index 429de22d97..45a3ad885e 100644
--- a/nano/store/versioning.hpp
+++ b/nano/store/versioning.hpp
@@ -71,4 +71,12 @@ class block_sideband_v18 final
 	uint64_t timestamp{ 0 };
 	nano::block_details details;
 };
+// Move to versioning with a specific version if required for a future upgrade
+template <typename T>
+class block_w_sideband_v18
+{
+public:
+	std::shared_ptr<T> block;
+	nano::block_sideband_v18 sideband;
+};
 }