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as expressions

Table of contents

Overview

An expression of one type can be explicitly cast to another type by using an as expression:

var n: i32 = Get();
var f: f32 = n as f32;

An as expression can be used to perform any implicit conversion, either when the context does not imply a destination type or when it is valuable to a reader of the code to make the conversion explicit. In addition, as expressions can perform safe conversions that nonetheless should not be performed implicitly, such as lossy conversions or conversions that lose capabilities or change the way a type would be interpreted.

As guidelines, an as conversion should be permitted when:

  • The conversion is complete: it produces a well-defined output value for each input value.
  • The conversion is unsurprising: the resulting value is the expected value in the destination type.

For example:

  • A conversion from fM to iN is not complete, because it is not defined for input values that are out of the range of the destination type, such as infinities or, if N is too small, large finite values.
  • A conversion from iM to iN, where N < M, is either not complete or not unsurprising, because there is more than one possible expected behavior for an input value that is not within the destination type, and those behaviors are not substantially the same -- we could perform two's complement wrapping, saturate, or produce undefined behavior analogous to arithmetic overflow.
  • A conversion from iM to fN can be unsurprising, because even though there may be a choice of which way to round, the possible values are substantially the same.

It is possible for user-defined types to extend the set of valid explicit casts that can be performed by as. Such extensions are expected to follow these guidelines.

Precedence and associativity

as expressions are non-associative.

var b: bool = true;
// OK
var n: i32 = (b as i1) as i32;
var m: auto = b as (bool as Hashable);
// Error, ambiguous
var m: auto = b as T as U;

Note: b as (bool as Hashable) is valid but not useful, because the second operand of as is implicitly converted to type Type. This expression therefore has the same interpretation as b as bool.

TODO: We should consider making as expressions left-associative now that facet types have been removed from the language.

The as operator has lower precedence than operators that visually bind tightly:

  • prefix symbolic operators
    • dereference (*a)
    • negation (-a)
    • complement (~a)
  • postfix symbolic operators
    • pointer type formation (T*),
    • function call (a(...)),
    • array indexing (a[...]), and
    • member access (a.m).

The as operator has higher precedence than assignment and comparison. It is unordered with respect to binary arithmetic, bitwise operators, and unary not.

// OK
var x: i32* as Eq;
// OK, `x as (U*)` not `(x as U)*`.
var y: auto = x as U*;

var a: i32;
var b: i32;
// OK, `(a as i64) < ((*x) as i64)`.
if (a as i64 < *x as i64) {}
// Ambiguous: `(a + b) as i64` or `a + (b as i64)`?
var c: i32 = a + b as i64;
// Ambiguous: `(a as i64) + b` or `a as (i64 + b)`?
var d: i32 = a as i64 + b;

// OK, `(-a) as f64`, not `-(a as f64)`.
// Unfortunately, the former is undefined if `a` is `i32.MinValue()`;
// the latter is not.
var u: f64 = -a as f64;

// OK, `i32 as (GetType())`, not `(i32 as GetType)()`.
var e: i32 as GetType();

Built-in types

Data types

In addition to the implicit conversions, the following numeric conversions are supported by as:

  • iN, uN, or fN -> fM, for any N and M. Values that cannot be exactly represented are suitably rounded to one of the two nearest representable values. Very large finite values may be rounded to an infinity. NaN values are converted to NaN values.

  • bool -> iN or uN. false converts to 0 and true converts to 1 (or to -1 for i1).

Conversions from numeric types to bool are not supported with as; instead of using as bool, such conversions can be performed with != 0.

Lossy conversions between iN or uN and iM or uM are not supported with as, and similarly conversions from fN to iM are not supported.

Future work: Add mechanisms to perform these conversions.

Compatible types

The following conversion is supported by as:

Future work: We may need a mechanism to restrict which conversions between adapters are permitted and which code can perform them. Some of the conversions permitted by this rule may only be allowed in certain contexts.

Extensibility

Explicit casts can be defined for user-defined types such as classes by implementing the As interface:

interface As(Dest:! Type) {
  fn Convert[me: Self]() -> Dest;
}

The expression x as U is rewritten to x.(As(U).Convert)().

Note: This rewrite causes the expression U to be implicitly converted to type Type. The program is invalid if this conversion is not possible.

Alternatives considered

References