learning_python.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Strings"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Spam\n",
      "Spam\n",
      "This is a multiline string.\n",
      "This is the second line in the same string.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = 'Spam'\n",
    "print(s)\n",
    "s = \"Spam\"\n",
    "print(s)\n",
    "\n",
    "# Multiline Strings\n",
    "ms = \"\"\"This is a multiline string.\n",
    "This is the second line in the same string.\"\"\"\n",
    "print(ms) "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Sequence Operations"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "s[0]: S\n",
      "s[1]: p\n",
      "s[-1]: m\n",
      "s[1:]: pam\n",
      "s[0:3]: Spa\n",
      "s[:3]: Spa\n",
      "s[:-1]: Spa\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = 'Spam'\n",
    "\n",
    "#indexing\n",
    "print(\"s[0]:\", s[0])\n",
    "print(\"s[1]:\", s[1])\n",
    "print(\"s[-1]:\", s[-1])\n",
    "\n",
    "#slicing\n",
    "print(\"s[1:]:\", s[1:]) # Everything past the first\n",
    "print(\"s[0:3]:\", s[0:3]) # Everything but the last\n",
    "print(\"s[:3]:\", s[:3]) # Same as s[0:3]\n",
    "print(\"s[:-1]:\", s[:-1]) # Simpler version of everything but the last"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Immutability\n",
    "#### Notice: None of the string operations attempts to change the original string, because strings are immutable in Python. They can not be changed after their creation."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "'str' object does not support item assignment",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-3-bf01a551fbbf>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0ms\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'M'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: 'str' object does not support item assignment"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s[0] = 'M'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Mpam\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "new_s = 'M' + s[1:]\n",
    "print(new_s)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Iterate over Strings"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0 S\n",
      "1 p\n",
      "2 a\n",
      "3 m\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "count = 0\n",
    "for letter in s:\n",
    "    print(count, letter)\n",
    "    count += 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## String Methods"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "find method: 1\n",
      "find method: 1\n",
      "rfind method: 5\n",
      "in operation: True\n",
      "--------------------------------\n",
      "S__replaced__mS__replaced__m\n",
      "--------------------------------\n",
      "SPAM\n",
      "spam\n",
      "Spam\n",
      "--------------------------------\n",
      "This is a multiline string.\n",
      "This is the second line in the same string.\n",
      "['This', 'is', 'a', 'multiline', 'string.\\nThis', 'is', 'the', 'second', 'line', 'in', 'the', 'same', 'string.']\n",
      "This is a multiline string.\n",
      "This is the second line in the same string.\n",
      "--------------------------------\n",
      "     I have many white spaces     \n",
      "     I have many white spaces\n",
      "I have many white spaces     \n",
      "I have many white spaces\n",
      "--------------------------------\n",
      "Spam\n",
      "True\n",
      "False\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Find a letter or substring in a String\n",
    "print(\"find method:\", s.find('p'))\n",
    "duplicate_s = \"SpamSpam\"\n",
    "print(\"find method:\", duplicate_s.find('p')) # It returns the index of the first occurrence of the given letter\n",
    "print(\"rfind method:\", duplicate_s.rfind('p'))\n",
    "print(\"in operation:\", 'p' in duplicate_s) # Sometimes We only want to check the existence of a specific letter \n",
    "print(\"--------------------------------\")\n",
    "# replace\n",
    "print(duplicate_s.replace(\"pa\", \"__replaced__\"))\n",
    "print(\"--------------------------------\")\n",
    "print(s.upper())\n",
    "print(s.lower())\n",
    "print(s.capitalize()) # Maybe suitable in creating folders for customrs that they are not enter their names in capitalized form\n",
    "print(\"--------------------------------\")\n",
    "print(ms)\n",
    "print(ms.split(\" \")) # It returns a list of substrings in the original string which are separated by the given delimiter\n",
    "ms_list = ms.split(\" \")\n",
    "print(\" \".join(ms_list)) # Put the elements of the list together and put the specified string between them\n",
    "print(\"--------------------------------\")\n",
    "white_space = \"     I have many white spaces     \"\n",
    "print(white_space)\n",
    "print(white_space.rstrip()) \n",
    "print(white_space.lstrip())\n",
    "print(white_space.strip())\n",
    "print(\"--------------------------------\")\n",
    "print(s)\n",
    "print(s.startswith('S'))\n",
    "print(s.endswith('M'))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example\n",
    "#### find the host name in the string"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "10\n",
      "22\n",
      "platute.com\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Host name is \"platute.com\"\n",
    "# We know that the host name comes just after the @ and ends with a space\n",
    "string = \"From Mahdi@platute.com Sat Jan 5 10 30 20 2021\"\n",
    "at_position = string.find(\"@\")\n",
    "print(at_position)\n",
    "sp_position = string.find(\" \", at_position) \n",
    "print(sp_position)\n",
    "host = string[at_position+1:sp_position]\n",
    "print(host)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## F String"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Tomorrow weather would be windy.\n",
      "Tomorrow weather would be cold.\n",
      "Tomorrow weather would be foggy.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "weather = ['windy', 'cold', 'foggy']\n",
    "for w in weather:\n",
    "    print(f'Tomorrow weather would be {w}.')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Files"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<class '_io.TextIOWrapper'>\n",
      "Hello text file.\n",
      "\n",
      "Goodbye text file.\n",
      "\n",
      "--------------------------------\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "file = open('first_file.txt', 'w')\n",
    "print(type(file))\n",
    "file.write('Hello text file.\\n')\n",
    "file.write('Goodbye text file.\\n')\n",
    "file.close() # Flush output buffers to disk\n",
    "\n",
    "with open('first_file.txt') as file:\n",
    "    print(file.readline())\n",
    "    print(file.readline())\n",
    "\n",
    "print(\"--------------------------------\")\n",
    "with open('mbox_short.txt') as file:\n",
    "    content = file.read()\n",
    "with open('mbox_short_upper.txt', 'w') as file:\n",
    "    file.write(content.upper())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Examples"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Write a program that prompts for the names of a source file to read and a target file to write, and copy the content of the source file to the target file, but get all empty lines removed, then output the number of empty lines removed."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "KeyboardInterrupt",
     "evalue": "Interrupted by user",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mKeyboardInterrupt\u001b[0m                         Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-10-b3088a334c3f>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0minput_file\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0minput\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'Enter the name of the source file: '\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      2\u001b[0m \u001b[0moutput_file\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0minput\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'Enter the name of the target file: '\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      3\u001b[0m \u001b[0mempty_lines_count\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      4\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mwith\u001b[0m \u001b[0mopen\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0minput_file\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mas\u001b[0m \u001b[0min_file\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      5\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mwith\u001b[0m \u001b[0mopen\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0moutput_file\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'w'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mas\u001b[0m \u001b[0mout_file\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/ipykernel/kernelbase.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mraw_input\u001b[0;34m(self, prompt)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    858\u001b[0m                 \u001b[0;34m\"raw_input was called, but this frontend does not support input requests.\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    859\u001b[0m             )\n\u001b[0;32m--> 860\u001b[0;31m         return self._input_request(str(prompt),\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    861\u001b[0m             \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_parent_ident\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    862\u001b[0m             \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_parent_header\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/ipykernel/kernelbase.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m_input_request\u001b[0;34m(self, prompt, ident, parent, password)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    902\u001b[0m             \u001b[0;32mexcept\u001b[0m \u001b[0mKeyboardInterrupt\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    903\u001b[0m                 \u001b[0;31m# re-raise KeyboardInterrupt, to truncate traceback\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 904\u001b[0;31m                 \u001b[0;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mKeyboardInterrupt\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"Interrupted by user\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mfrom\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mNone\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    905\u001b[0m             \u001b[0;32mexcept\u001b[0m \u001b[0mException\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mas\u001b[0m \u001b[0me\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    906\u001b[0m                 \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mlog\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mwarning\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"Invalid Message:\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mexc_info\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32mTrue\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mKeyboardInterrupt\u001b[0m: Interrupted by user"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdin",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter the name of the source file:  \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "input_file = input('Enter the name of the source file: ')\n",
    "output_file = input('Enter the name of the target file: ')\n",
    "empty_lines_count = 0\n",
    "with open(input_file) as in_file:\n",
    "    with open(output_file, 'w') as out_file:\n",
    "        for line in in_file:\n",
    "            if line == '\\n':\n",
    "                empty_lines_count += 1\n",
    "                continue\n",
    "            out_file.write(line)\n",
    "print(empty_lines_count)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Write a program that prompts for the name of a file, then print the first two lines and the last two lines of the file."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdin",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter the name of the file:  Yesterday.txt\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Yesterday Once More\n",
      "When I was young\n",
      "I would sing to then\n",
      "And I'd memorize each\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "file_name = input('Enter the name of the file: ')\n",
    "with open(file_name) as file:\n",
    "    print(file.readline().rstrip())\n",
    "    print(file.readline().rstrip())\n",
    "    line_1 = file.readline().rstrip()\n",
    "    for line in file:\n",
    "        if line.endswith('\\n'):\n",
    "            line_1 = line.rstrip()\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            print(line_1)\n",
    "            print(line)\n",
    "            "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Write a program that prompts for the name of a file containing numbers in each line, prints the average of each line. Assume each line contains numbers only and they are separated by spaces."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "The average of line 1 is 60.0\n",
      "The average of line 2 is 91.75\n",
      "The average of line 3 is 48.75\n",
      "The average of line 4 is 56.25\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with open(\"Scores.txt\") as file:\n",
    "    for i, line in enumerate(file):\n",
    "        nums = [int(num) for num in line.rstrip().split()]\n",
    "        print(f\"The average of line {i+1} is {sum(nums)/len(nums)}\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Write your own version of wc that prompts for the name of the file to read, then prints the counts. Assume a word may contain letters, digits, symbols and their mixture, but not space. Hyphenated words, e.g. large-scale, shall be considered as one word."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Characters: 1227\n",
      "Words: 176\n",
      "Lines: 10\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with open(\"Python.txt\") as file:\n",
    "    content = file.read()\n",
    "    print(\"Characters:\", len(content))\n",
    "    print(\"Words:\", len(content.split()))\n",
    "    print(\"Lines:\", len(content.split('\\n')))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Characters: 1227\n",
      "Words: 176\n",
      "Lines: 10\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with open(\"Python.txt\") as file:\n",
    "    content = file.read()\n",
    "    char_count = 0\n",
    "    word_count = 0\n",
    "    line_count = 0\n",
    "    prev_char = content[0]\n",
    "    char_count += 1\n",
    "    if prev_char == ' ':\n",
    "        word_count += 1\n",
    "    if prev_char == '\\n':\n",
    "        line_count += 1\n",
    "        word_count += 1\n",
    "    for char in content[1:]:\n",
    "        char_count += 1\n",
    "        if char == ' ':\n",
    "            word_count += 1\n",
    "        if char == '\\n':\n",
    "            line_count += 1\n",
    "            if not prev_char == ' ':    \n",
    "                word_count += 1\n",
    "        prev_char = char\n",
    "    word_count += 1\n",
    "    line_count += 1\n",
    "    print(\"Characters:\", char_count)\n",
    "    print(\"Words:\", word_count)\n",
    "    print(\"Lines:\", line_count)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# While Loop"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "10\n",
      "9\n",
      "8\n",
      "7\n",
      "6\n",
      "5\n",
      "4\n",
      "3\n",
      "2\n",
      "1\n",
      "while loop is finished.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "i = 10\n",
    "while i>0:\n",
    "    print(i)\n",
    "    i -= 1\n",
    "print('while loop is finished.')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['sam\\n', 'bob\\n', 'david\\n', 'Rose\\n', 'John']\n",
      "5\n",
      "John\n",
      "Rose\n",
      "David\n",
      "Bob\n",
      "Sam\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "file = open('names.txt')\n",
    "names = file.readlines()\n",
    "print(names)\n",
    "num_names = len(names)\n",
    "print(num_names)\n",
    "i = num_names - 1\n",
    "while i >= 0:\n",
    "    print(names[i].strip().capitalize())\n",
    "    i -= 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "John\n",
      "Rose\n",
      "David\n",
      "Bob\n",
      "Sam\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "file = open('names.txt')\n",
    "out = open('correct_names.txt', 'w')\n",
    "names = file.readlines()\n",
    "num_names = len(names)\n",
    "idx = num_names\n",
    "while idx > 0:\n",
    "    correct_name = names[idx - 1].rstrip().capitalize()\n",
    "    out.write(correct_name+'\\n')\n",
    "    print(correct_name)\n",
    "    idx -= 1\n",
    "out.close()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Break\n",
    "#### Jumps out of the colsest enclosing loop in other words past the entire loop statement"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdin",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter your name:  Ryuji\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello dear Ryuji.\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdin",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter your name:  Mahdi\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello dear Mahdi.\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdin",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter your name:  stop\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "while True:\n",
    "    name = input('Enter your name: ')\n",
    "    if name == 'stop':\n",
    "        break\n",
    "    print(f'Hello dear {name}.')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Continue\n",
    "#### Jumps to the top of the colsest enclosing loop (to the loop's header line)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "8 6 4 2 0 "
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = 10\n",
    "while x>=0:\n",
    "    x = x -1\n",
    "    if x % 2 != 0:\n",
    "        continue\n",
    "    print(x, end=' ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Loop Else\n",
    "#### Runs if and only if the loop is exited noramlly (i.e., without hitting a break)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "11 is prime.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "y = 11\n",
    "x = y // 2\n",
    "while x > 1:\n",
    "    if y % x == 0:\n",
    "        print(y, 'has factor', x)\n",
    "        break\n",
    "    x -= 1\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(y, 'is prime.')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[2, 3, 4, 1]\n",
      "[3, 4, 1, 2]\n",
      "[4, 1, 2, 3]\n",
      "[1, 2, 3, 4]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l = [1, 2, 3, 4] \n",
    "for i in range(len(l)):\n",
    "    l.append(l.pop(0))\n",
    "    print(l)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1, 2, 3, 4]\n",
      "[2, 3, 4, 1]\n",
      "[3, 4, 1, 2]\n",
      "[4, 1, 2, 3]\n",
      "[1, 2, 3, 4]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def rotate(in_list):\n",
    "    print(in_list)\n",
    "    for i in range(len(in_list)):\n",
    "        in_list.append(in_list.pop(0))\n",
    "        print(in_list)\n",
    "\n",
    "lst = [int(num) for num in input(\"Input a list: \").split()]\n",
    "rotate(lst)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def coincidence(lst_1, lst_2):\n",
    "    common_elements = []\n",
    "    for element in lst_1:\n",
    "        if element in lst_2:\n",
    "            if not element in common_elements:\n",
    "                common_elements.append(element)\n",
    "    return common_elements\n",
    "\n",
    "in_1 = [int(num) for num in input(\"List 1: \").split()]\n",
    "in_2 = [int(num) for num in input(\"List 2: \").split()]\n",
    "print(coincidence(in_1, in_2))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1, 2, 3, 4] True\n",
      "[10, 20, 30, 40] True\n",
      "[10, 9, 8, 7] True\n",
      "[2, 7, 8, 3] False\n",
      "[1, 2, 3, 5] False\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def is_arithmatic_prog(lst):\n",
    "    prev_element = lst[0]\n",
    "    element = lst[1]\n",
    "    difference = element - prev_element\n",
    "    prev_element = element\n",
    "    for element in lst[2:]:\n",
    "        if not (element - prev_element) == difference:\n",
    "            return False\n",
    "        prev_element = element\n",
    "    return True\n",
    "\n",
    "with open(\"numbers.txt\") as file:\n",
    "    for line in file:\n",
    "        nums = [int(num) for num in line.rstrip().split()]\n",
    "        print(nums, is_arithmatic_prog(nums))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[100, 3, 1, 1]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def sorted_merge(lst_1, lst_2):\n",
    "    lst_1.sort(reverse=True)\n",
    "    lst_2.sort(reverse=True)\n",
    "    out = []\n",
    "    idx_1, idx_2 = 0, 0\n",
    "    for i in range(len(lst_1) + len(lst_2)):\n",
    "        if lst_1[idx_1] >= lst_2[idx_2]:\n",
    "            out.append(lst_1[idx_1])\n",
    "            idx_1 += 1\n",
    "            if idx_1 == len(lst_1):\n",
    "                out.extend(lst_2[idx_2:])\n",
    "                break\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            out.append(lst_2[idx_2])\n",
    "            idx_2 += 1\n",
    "            if idx_2 == len(lst_2):\n",
    "                out.extend(lst_1[idx_1:])\n",
    "                break\n",
    "    return out\n",
    "\n",
    "lst_1 = [int(num) for num in input(\"List 1: \").rstrip().split()]\n",
    "lst_2 = [int(num) for num in input(\"List 2: \").rstrip().split()]\n",
    "print(sorted_merge(lst_1, lst_2))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "output_type": "stream",
     "name": "stdout",
     "text": [
      "6 Harry Neville Binh 3\n",
      "7 Harry Neville Binh 3\n",
      "8 Harry Neville Binh Ralph Phil 5\n",
      "9 Harry Neville Binh Ralph Phil Mandy Fran 7\n",
      "10 Harry Neville Binh Ralph Phil Mandy Fran John Chuck 9\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "patients = []\n",
    "with open(\"meetings1.txt\") as file:\n",
    "    for line in file:\n",
    "        ast_pos = line.find(\"*\")\n",
    "        if ast_pos != -1:\n",
    "            first_patient = line[line.rfind(\" \", 0, ast_pos)+1:ast_pos]\n",
    "            line = line.split()\n",
    "            patients.append(line[0])\n",
    "            line.pop(0)\n",
    "            patients.append(first_patient)\n",
    "            first_patient_idx = line.index(first_patient+'*')\n",
    "            patients.extend([line[first_patient_idx-1], line[(first_patient_idx+1)%len(line)]])\n",
    "            print(\" \".join(patients), len(patients)-1)\n",
    "            break\n",
    "    for line in file:\n",
    "        line = line.split()\n",
    "        patients[0] = line[0]\n",
    "        line.pop(0)\n",
    "        temp_patients = []\n",
    "        for idx, member in enumerate(line):\n",
    "            if member in patients:\n",
    "                right_patient = line[(idx+1)%len(line)]\n",
    "                left_patient = line[idx-1]\n",
    "                if not right_patient in patients:\n",
    "                    temp_patients.append(right_patient)\n",
    "                if not left_patient in patients:\n",
    "                    temp_patients.append(left_patient)\n",
    "        patients.extend(temp_patients)\n",
    "        print(\" \".join(patients), len(patients)-1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "output_type": "execute_result",
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "execution_count": 17
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "[1, 2, 3]+[4, 5]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "output_type": "execute_result",
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{1, 2}"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "execution_count": 49
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mahdi={1, 2}\n",
    "mahdi"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "mahdi.union([1, ])"
   ]
  }
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