This document describes some approaches to debugging the lifted bitcode produced by McSema on Linux. This document does not describe how to add missing instructions, or how to resolve common errors.
This document uses the term "original binary" to mean the binary that was disassembled using mcsema-disass. This document uses "native code" to mean machine code in the original binary.
This document uses the term "lifted code" to mean the binary and machine code produced by compiling the bitcode produced by mcsema-lift.
There are a few helpers for using GDB to debug lifted bitcode. Some setup before debugging is in order.
First, open up ~/.gdbinit, add the below code to that file, and save it.
set history filename ~/.gdb_history
set history save
set history size 4096
set pagination off
set auto-load safe-path /
set disassembly-flavor intel
set language c++
The set pagination off means that you won't always need to press Enter for GDB to print out more stuff. That gets annoying fast!
The set auto-load safe-path / tells GDB that it can open up a .gdbinit file anywhere. The McSema repository comes with a .gdbinit file, and so if you run gdb from within the root directory of the repository, then GDB will auto-load that file and its commands. If you do not trust this, then omit that line, and manually run source /path/to/mcsema/.gdbinit from within the GDB console.
The set disassembly-flavor intel tells GDB that it should disassemble instructions using Intel syntax, the one true syntax.
Finally, set language c++ tells GDB that the source code that you will be debugging is C++. This is always a good option, because it's a good choice for both C and C++ debugging. GDB can usually do a pretty decent job with things like C++ standard library container data structures.
There are opportunities and drawbacks to debugging lifted code.
Drawbacks
- Lifted code is more verbose than native code. An instruction from the original binary may be represented by tens of instructions in the lifted code.
- Lifted code does not contain the useful debug information that may allow one to view the source code associated with some bits of machine code.
Opportunities
- The
RegStateis stored in memory. The advantage to this is that one can set data breakpoints (hardware watchpoints) on individual registers in the state structure. This is incredibly useful if you have a time-travelling debugger. - Lifted bitcode can be instrumented using the LLVM toolchain. Some useful-for-debugging instrumentations come built-in to
mcsema-lift.
mcsema-lift comes with two useful instrumentations that can help during debugging: -add-breakpoints and -add-reg-tracer.
One of the aforementioned drawbacks when trying to debug lifted code is that it is more verbose. This verbosity makes things hard if you're trying to debug the translation of a specific instruction in the original binary, or if you're trying to pause execution at a specific spot.
That is why there is the -add-breakpoints option. The idea is that, just as you can say b *0x402a00 to set a breakpoint on an instruction in the original binary, you can also do b breakpoint_402a00 to set a breakpoint on the location of an "original instruction", but in the lifted binary.
| Native code | Lifted code with breakpoint functions |
|---|---|
 |
 |
On the left we see two instructions from the native code. On the right, we see the lifted code associated with the first and part of the second native instruction. Interspersed between the two are the breakpoint_ functions. These breakpoint functions are "serializing" instructions. We can be certain that the RegState structure is in a consistent state at each call to a breakpoint_ function. That is, the contents of the RegState struct at breakpoint_402a00 in the lifted code should mostly match the native register state at 0x402a00 in the original binary.
Here's an example of using the print-reg-state-64 GDB command in conjunction with the breakpoint feature.
First, we set a breakpoint at breakpoint_402a00 in /tmp/ls_lifted. The lifted state at this point will correspond to the native state at 0x402a00 in /bin/ls.
(gdb) b breakpoint_402a00
Breakpoint 1 at 0x4f9160
Second, run the program until the breakpoint is hit.
(gdb) r
Starting program: /tmp/ls_lifted
[Thread debugging using libthread_db enabled]
Using host libthread_db library "/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libthread_db.so.1".
Breakpoint 1, 0x00000000004f9160 in breakpoint_402a00 ()
We're now stopped at the breakpoint_402a00 and can inspect the values of the RegState structure.
(gdb) print-reg-state-64
emulated native
rip 0x0000000000402a00 0x00000000004f9160
rax 0x000000000040399d 0x000000000040399d
rbx 0x0000000000000000 0x8000000000000000
rcx 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
rdx 0x00007fffffffddb8 0x00007fffffffddb8
rsi 0x00007fffffffdda8 0x00007fffffffdda8
rdi 0x0000000000000001 0x00007ffff7ebb810
rbp 0x0000000000515620 0x00007ffff7fbba30
rsp 0x00007fffffffdcc8 0x00007ffff7fbb978
r8 0x0000000000515690 0x0000000000515690
r9 0x00007ffff7de78e0 0x00007ffff7de78e0
r10 0x0000000000000846 0x0000000000000846
r11 0x00007ffff717b740 0x00007ffff717b740
r12 0x0000000000402670 0x0000000000402670
r13 0x00007fffffffdda0 0xde7accccde7acccc
r14 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
r15 0x0000000000000000 0x00007ffff7ebb810
(gdb)
Here, lets go see what things look like in the original /bin/ls program at the same place.
(gdb) b *0x402a00
Breakpoint 1 at 0x402a00
(gdb) r
Starting program: /bin/ls
[Thread debugging using libthread_db enabled]
Using host libthread_db library "/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libthread_db.so.1".
Breakpoint 1, 0x0000000000402a00 in ?? ()
(gdb) info reg
rax 0x402a00 4205056
rbx 0x0 0
rcx 0x0 0
rdx 0x7fffffffddb8 140737488346552
rsi 0x7fffffffdda8 140737488346536
rdi 0x1 1
rbp 0x413be0 0x413be0
rsp 0x7fffffffdcc8 0x7fffffffdcc8
r8 0x413c50 4275280
r9 0x7ffff7de78e0 140737351940320
r10 0x846 2118
r11 0x7ffff780c740 140737345800000
r12 0x4049a0 4213152
r13 0x7fffffffdda0 140737488346528
r14 0x0 0
r15 0x0 0
rip 0x402a00 0x402a00
Things won't perfectly match up, especially near the beginning of the execution (402a00 is the entrypoint of the main function). Nonetheless, the essential parts will match up -- those that affect later computations and control-flow.
This is a nifty way of visually seeing if things match up with your expectations. Though, not everything is printed out at this point. For example, if you're observing that lifted execution goes one way, while native execution goes the other, then you may want to inspect the EFLAGS register to see what's going on. There's a command for that too!
(gdb) print-flags-64
eflags [PF AF ZF ]
This part depends on you having a reversible debugger. Some options are UndoDB, Mozilla rr, or using the plain-old (and slow) GDB reverse debugger (there is also some Valgrind support for this).
The below example is based on using UndoDB. This example is contrived, but shows of a successful workflow for hunting down bugs.
Let's say we're in sub_40eca0 and we want to know who initializes the value of first argument, stored in register rdi. We can see from the picture on the right that the function sub_40eca0 is called from many places.
Function sub_40eca0 using rdi |
Callers of sub_40eca0 |
|---|---|
 |
 |
Now we get to take advantage of one of our opportunities: we can set data breakpoints on registers in the RegState structure! Let's go find the source of rdi given a call to sub_40eca0.
First, we get the address of rdi within the RegState structure.
(gdb) addr-of-rdi
&(RegState::rdi) = 0x00007ffff7ebb840
Then, we set a hardware watchpoint, and reverse-execute.
(undodb-gdb) reverse-continue
Continuing.
Hardware watchpoint 1: *0x00007f0334483840
Old value = -1878107376
New value = 32207024
0x00000000004d27eb in sub_40eca0 ()
Great! You can now investigate the register state here with print-reg-state-64, and potentially work your way back by setting more watchpoints. It's useful to coordinate this workflow with IDA Pro or Binary Ninja to visually see where you are.
One reason why this approach can be successful is that it can be applied from where the bug occurs, and used to work back from there. This example was contrived; a better solution would have been to look at a backtrace on entry to sub_40eca0 to see who the caller is. This technique is more effectively applied when working backward through complex control flows.
A second option to mcsema-lift is -add-reg-tracer. This will inject function calls before every lifted instruction (similar to -add-breakpoints). The called function prints out the values of the general purpose registers stored in the RegState structure.
The first step to collecting a trace is to disassemble and lift a program. Our program of choice is /bin/ls. There is a bug in the lifted code when we run the lifted program with the --recursive option, and we're going to diagnose it.
First, disassemble the program.
mcsema-disass --arch amd64 --os linux --disassembler /opt/ida-6.9/idal64 --output /tmp/ls.cfg --binary /bin/ls --log_file /dev/stderr --entrypoint mainThen, lift it, adding in the -add-reg-tracer option.
mcsema-lift --arch amd64 --os linux --cfg /tmp/ls.cfg --output /tmp/ls.bc --entrypoint main -add-reg-tracerFinally, compile it back to a program.
clang-3.8 -O3 -o /tmp/ls_lifted /home/pag/Code/mcsema/lib/libmcsema_rt64.a /tmp/ls.bc -lpthread -ldl -lpcre /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libselinux.so.1Now we can run it and see an example of the output.
pag@sloth:~/Code/mcsema/tools/regtrace$ /tmp/ls_lifted --recursive
RIP=402a00 RAX=4039ed RBX=0 RCX=0 RDX=7fffc67546b0 RSI=7fffc6754698 RDI=2 RSP=7fffc67545b8 RBP=4e9b60 R8=4e9bd0 R9=7f0bc4b178e0 R10=846 R11=7f0bc3eab740 R12=4026c0 R13=7fffc6754690 R14=0 R15=0
RIP=402a02 RAX=4039ed RBX=0 RCX=0 RDX=7fffc67546b0 RSI=7fffc6754698 RDI=2 RSP=7fffc67545b0 RBP=4e9b60 R8=4e9bd0 R9=7f0bc4b178e0 R10=846 R11=7f0bc3eab740 R12=4026c0 R13=7fffc6754690 R14=0 R15=0
...
Segmentation faultGreat, we can see the bug mentioned above: the execution halts at a segmentation fault. The other thing we can see is that the output is quite verbose! The produced output lets you see, at an instruction granularity, how the register state changes. It's especially useful as a way of debugging control-flow divergences between what should have happened in the original binary, versus what did happen in the lifted binary.
Let's make a copy of this trace for later.
/tmp/ls_lifted --recursive >/tmp/lifted_trace
Segmentation faultSo we have a trace of the lifted program, and we'd like to discover where it diverges relative to the original program. What do we do?
One way to drill down on divergences is by comparing the lifted trace with a ground truth: a trace recorded from a native program execution. We can do this with the regtrace PIN tool. The first step is to download and install PIN before we can use the PIN tool.
The next step to using the PIN tool is to build it!
cd tools/regtrace
export PIN_ROOT=/opt/pin-3.2-81205-gcc-linux/
./build.shThen we'll run it and collect a trace.
${PIN_ROOT}/pin -t obj-intel64/Trace.so -entrypoint 0x402a00 -- /bin/ls --recursive >/tmp/native_traceNote that the address 0x402a00 passed to -entrypoint is the address of main in the original binary. We specified main as the entrypoint to the program when disassembled and lifted it.
Now we've got the two traces and so we can diff them to drill down on discovering the divergence.
There are a few gotchas when comparing traces.
The first gotcha is calls to externals, like strlen. In native code, there will be a call to a stub function that goes to strlen. The lifted code will not have lifted these stubs, and so will not emulate the instructions of the stubs. The effect is that there will be extra instructions printed out from the regtrace tool that are absent from the lifted code.
The second gotcha is spurious differences between the traces. There are likely to be a lot of these, especially when the original binary calls out to a shared library, and then execution returns back into the original binary. Many register values on return from the library code, but in the lifted program, will have different values that what is recorded by regtrace.
Another example of spurious differences relate to REP-prefixed instructions. The first example is repeated string instructions, e.g. rep stos. In a native trace, each repeated iteration will produce a single line of output. In the lifted trace, there will only be one line. The second example is repz ret. This can show up as two distinct instructions in the lifted trace, but only one in the native trace.
The final gotcha is huge traces. It is often useful to narrow the scope of what is diffed. This gotcha is exacerbated by the issue of spurious differences. In general, a good starting point is to take the trace, and chop out the sequence of program counters only. This will let us find a first point of non-spurious divergence, and then we can work back from there using more of the information available in the trace.
We can chop out the sequence of instruction pointers as follows:
grep -oP '^[ER]IP[^ ]+' /tmp/native_trace > /tmp/native_pc_traceOur current example produces a segmentation fault when running /tmp/lifted_ls --recursive, but this happens after some file information is printed. The traces that we record are huge, so we will start by focusing only on the sequence of RIP values printed out, then work back from there.
pag@sloth:~/Code/mcsema/tools/regtrace$ grep -oP '^[ER]IP[^ ]+' /tmp/native_trace > /tmp/native_pc_trace
pag@sloth:~/Code/mcsema/tools/regtrace$ grep -oP '^[ER]IP[^ ]+' /tmp/lifted_trace > /tmp/lifted_pc_traceI use Meld Diff Viewer, so what I usually look for in the diff is the blue sections (minor differences) in the diff. Here's what I see for this issue.
So what we see above is that there is a jbe 0x40adf8, and in the lifted code, it goes down the taken path to 0x40adf8, whereas the native code goes down the not-taken path to 0x40ad7a.
First, we'll lift a second copy of this binary using the -add-breakpoints option and not the -add-reg-tracer. Then we'll whip open the debugger and try to figure out this issue.
pag@sloth:~/Code/mcsema/build$ undodb-gdb /tmp/ls_lifted_bp
...
(undodb-gdb) source /home/pag/Code/mcsema/.gdbinit
(undodb-gdb) b breakpoint_40ad74
Breakpoint 1 at 0x4f0fc0
(undodb-gdb) r --recursive
...
Breakpoint 1, 0x00000000004f0fc0 in breakpoint_40ad74 ()
(undodb-gdb) print-flags-64
eflags [CF AF SF ]Alright, in the lifted code we see that the EFLAGS at the point of the jbe are CF, AF, and SF. Here's what the manual has to say on what conditions must be set for jbe to follow the taken path:
This explains why the lifted execution follows the taken path; the CF (carry flag) is set in the lifted code. Let's see what the native execution looks like:
pag@sloth:~/Code/mcsema/build$ undodb-gdb /bin/ls
...
(undodb-gdb) b *0x40ad74
Breakpoint 1 at 0x40ad74
(undodb-gdb) r --recursive
...
Breakpoint 1, 0x000000000040ad74 in ?? ()
(undodb-gdb) info reg
...
rip 0x40ad74 0x40ad74
eflags 0x212 [ AF IF ]
...Ignore the IF, that's the interrupt flag, and it will always be set unless we're debugging kernel space code where interrupts are disabled (e.g. in an interrupt handler). The AF flag (auxiliary carry flag) is set in both traces, but that's the only common thing. Time to work backwards to see why CF is set in the lifted trace and not in the native trace.
The instruction just before the jbe at 0x40ad74 is a cmp rdi, 0x9. This instruction will modify the flags, so lets look in our extended traces and see what the value of rdi is in both traces.
pag@sloth:~/Code/mcsema/tools/regtrace$ grep 'RIP=40ad74' /tmp/lifted_trace
RIP=40ad74 ... RDI=0 ...
pag@sloth:~/Code/mcsema/tools/regtrace$ grep 'RIP=40ad74' /tmp/native_trace
RIP=40ad74 ... RDI=25 ...So, the value of RDI should be 0x25 but instead it is 0x0. We can step back slightly through the program counter trace and see that sub_40ad70 is called in the block starting at 0x40b62b (shown below).
The value of RDI comes from R15, but unfortunately there's a lot of predecessors. We can deal with this by working backward through our trace, figuring out the location of the last assignment to R15. I'm going to cheat and use reverse execution.
(undodb-gdb) addr-of-r15
&(RegState::r15) = 0x00007f8d4ff1d890
(undodb-gdb) watch *0x00007f8d4ff1d890
Hardware watchpoint 2: *0x00007f8d4ff1d890
(undodb-gdb) reverse-continue
Continuing.
Hardware watchpoint 2: *0x00007f8d4ff1d890
Old value = 0
New value = 30
0x00000000004c4c26 in sub_40B5B0 ()
(undodb-gdb) print-reg-state-64
emulated native
rip 0x000000000040b710 0x00000000004c4c26
...
(undodb-gdb) addr-of-xmm0
&(RegState::xmm0) = 0x00007f8d4ff1d940
(undodb-gdb) x/4f 0x00007f8d4ff1d940
0x7f8d4ff1d940: 0 0 0 0This tells us that the value of R15 was changed at instruction 0x40b710, shown below.
The cvttss2si instruction is pretty complicated. Let's see what should have happened in the native execution.
(undodb-gdb) b *0x40b710
Breakpoint 2 at 0x40b710
(undodb-gdb) reverse-continue
Continuing.
Breakpoint 2, 0x000000000040b710 in ?? ()
(undodb-gdb) x/i $pc
=> 0x40b710: cvttss2si r15,xmm0
(undodb-gdb) p/x $r15
$1 = 0x1e
(undodb-gdb) p $xmm0
$2 = {v4_float = {37.5, 0, 0, 0}, ...}Looks like we can see a difference in the values of XMM0 compared. In the lifted trace, the first float is a 0, but in the native trace, the value is 37.5, which converted to an integer is 0x25. We're going to need to work backward again.
(undodb-gdb) addr-of-xmm0-64
&(RegState::xmm0) = 0x00007f8d4ff1d940
(undodb-gdb) watch *0x00007f8d4ff1d940
Hardware watchpoint 3: *0x00007f8d4ff1d940
(undodb-gdb) reverse-continue
Continuing.
Hardware watchpoint 3: *0x00007f8d4ff1d940
Old value = 0
New value = -16777216
__mcsema_attach_ret () at runtime_64.S:80
80 movdqu fs:[__mcsema_reg_state@TPOFF + 304], xmm0
Warning: the current language does not match this frame.
(undodb-gdb) print-reg-state-64
emulated native
rip 0x0000000000402190 0x0000000000514ea6
...Oof. We've found ourselves in one of the attach/detach routines (__mcsema_attach_ret) for transitioning between lifted code and native code. These routines are tricky.
When we see an __mcsema_attach_ret, what it's really meaning is that at some earlier point, lifted code called into some native library code. This lifted-to-native transition happens via the __mcsema_detach_call or __mcsema_detach_call_value functions. Eventually that native code needs to transition back to lifted code. This is achieved by setting up a special return address on the stack, __mcsema_attach_ret. When native code returns, it returns to __mcsema_attach_ret, which marshals native register state back into the RegState structure, and continues on in lifted code.
Alright, lets step back and attack this problem from the native side. Looking back at our control-flow graph, we can see that XMM0 is modified by a divss instruction.
Let's confirm that the divss instruction at 0x40b6d6 is really the source of the 37.5 number.
(undodb-gdb) b *0x40b6d6
Breakpoint 3 at 0x40b6d6
(undodb-gdb) reverse-continue
Continuing.
Breakpoint 3, 0x000000000040b6d6 in ?? ()
(undodb-gdb) p $xmm0.v4_float
$5 = {30, 0, 0, 0}
(undodb-gdb) p $xmm1.v4_float
$6 = {0.800000012, 0, 0, 0}
(undodb-gdb) p 30 / 0.800000012
$7 = 37.499999437500009Yup, it is. Our reverse-execution based on a watchpoint on &(RegState::XMM0) led us astray. Lets go back to the breakpoint approach, and see what things look like at breakpoint_40b6d6.
(undodb-gdb) c
Continuing.
Breakpoint 1, 0x00000000004f0fc0 in breakpoint_40ad74 ()
undodb-gdb: Have switched to record mode.
(undodb-gdb) b *breakpoint_40b6d6
Breakpoint 4 at 0x50f6c0
(undodb-gdb) reverse-continue
Continuing.
Breakpoint 4, 0x000000000050f6c0 in breakpoint_40b6d6 ()
...
(undodb-gdb) addr-of-xmm0-64
&(RegState::xmm0) = 0x00007f8d4ff1d940
(undodb-gdb) addr-of-xmm1-64
&(RegState::xmm1) = 0x00007f8d4ff1d950
(undodb-gdb) x/f 0x00007f8d4ff1d940
0x7f8d4ff1d940: 0
(undodb-gdb) x/f 0x00007f8d4ff1d940
0x7f8d4ff1d940: 0
(undodb-gdb) x/f 0x00007f8d4ff1d950
0x7f8d4ff1d950: 0.800000012So this is sort of encouraging. XMM1 contains the correct value of 0.800000012 but XMM0 is off at this point. Let's use our trace to find the last source of XMM0.
| 
OK we're in business. The pxor xmm0, xmm0 clears out the XMM0 register, then the cvtsi2ss converts R15 into a float, and stores it into XMM0. Lets step back to the cvtsi2ss and compare lifted to native.
(undodb-gdb) b breakpoint_40b6d1
Breakpoint 6 at 0x50f6b0
(undodb-gdb) reverse-continue
Continuing.
Breakpoint 6, 0x000000000050f6b0 in breakpoint_40b6d1 ()
(undodb-gdb) print-reg-state-64
emulated native
...
r15 0x000000000000001e 0xde7accccde7accccAnd in the native code.
(undodb-gdb) b *0x40b6d1
Breakpoint 4 at 0x40b6d1
(undodb-gdb) reverse-continue
Continuing.
Breakpoint 4, 0x000000000040b6d1 in ?? ()
(undodb-gdb) info reg
...
r15 0x1e 30
...Amazing! The RegState::R15 in the lifted code and R15 in the native code match up. This tells us that there is a bug in the semantics of cvtsi2ss! Alright, what does this instruction even do?
So, it will take a signed integer in R15, convert it into a float, and store that into the low 4 bytes of XMM0, zeroing out the other 12 bytes in XMM0. What is our lifted code doing?
What we're seeing here is that R15 is converted into a double, then storing that to the low 8 bytes of XMM0, then clearing out the high 8 bytes of XMM0. This doesn't sound right! Let's confirm that this is indeed what is happening.
(undodb-gdb) b *0x4c4879
Breakpoint 7 at 0x4c4879
(undodb-gdb) c
Continuing.
Breakpoint 7, 0x00000000004c4879 in sub_40B5B0 ()
(undodb-gdb) addr-of-xmm0-64
&(RegState::xmm0) = 0x00007f8d4ff1d940
(undodb-gdb) p *(double *)0x00007f8d4ff1d940
$4 = 30Alright, we have confirmation, the lifted code for cvtsi2ss is definitely doing the wrong thing. Time to see the C++ code implementing this instruction.
First, we'll figure out what LLVM opcode implements this instruction.
pag@sloth:~/Code/mcsema/build$ echo "cvtsi2ss xmm0, r15" | llvm-mc-3.8 -x86-asm-syntax=intel -show-inst
.text
cvtsi2ssq %r15, %xmm0 # <MCInst #670 CVTSI2SS64rr
# <MCOperand Reg:126>
# <MCOperand Reg:117>>We can find the instruction dispatcher for this function in SSE semantics code.
We can also disassemble (using llvm-dis-3.8) the lifted bitcode file and look directly at the LLVM IR to see what is produced.
call void @breakpoint_40b6d1(%RegState* %0), !mcsema_real_eip !14434
%665 = load i64, i64* %R15_read, !mcsema_real_eip !14434
%666 = sitofp i64 %665 to double, !mcsema_real_eip !14434
%667 = bitcast double %666 to i64, !mcsema_real_eip !14434
%668 = zext i64 %667 to i128, !mcsema_real_eip !14434
store volatile i128 %668, i128* %XMM0_write, !mcsema_real_eip !14434
br label %block_40b6d6, !mcsema_real_eip !14435What we are seeing is that the semantics function translate_CVTSI2SS64rr is using 64 for target floating point width when calling doCVTSI2SrV. The doCVTSI2SrV function
- Calls the
INT_TO_FP_TO_INT<64>helper function with the value ofR15. INT_TO_FP_TO_INT<64>convertsR15to awidth-sized floating point number (in our case, a 64-bit float, i.e. adouble).INT_TO_FP_TO_INT<64>reinterprets that value as an integer (without a format change).doCVTSI2SrVwrites that 64-bit integer (containing a float) toXMM0, which zero extends the 64-bit integer into a 128-bit integer.
Clearly we should have called doCVTSI2SrV<32> instead of doCVTSI2SrV<64>, so that INT_TO_FP_TO_INT<width=32> would do a narrower conversion.
Let's make this change, rebuild and install mcsema, re-run mcsema-lift, compile the new bitcode, and hope for the best. Here's what the new bitcode looks like after the fix:
call void @breakpoint_40b6d1(%RegState* %0), !mcsema_real_eip !14434
%665 = load i64, i64* %R15_read, !mcsema_real_eip !14434
%666 = sitofp i64 %665 to float, !mcsema_real_eip !14434
%667 = bitcast float %666 to i32, !mcsema_real_eip !14434
%668 = zext i32 %667 to i128, !mcsema_real_eip !14434
store volatile i128 %668, i128* %XMM0_write, !mcsema_real_eip !14434
br label %block_40b6d6, !mcsema_real_eip !14435This document presented a few of the helpful commands provided for debugging, and then walked through the diagnosis and fixing of a specific bug that was present in McSema at commit 409abe3d31a7b0d09b1fee9c60e1d190de39cced.
There is a lot of information in this document. Despite this, the same techniques used in this document can be productively applied to may similar types of bugs.