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4.0

If you’re new to the Swift API and migrating from RAC 2, start with the 3.0 changes. This section only covers the differences between 3.0 and 4.0.

Just like in RAC 3, because Objective-C is still in widespread use, 99% of RAC 2.x code will continue to work under RAC 4.0 without any changes. That is, RAC 2.x primitives are still available in RAC 4.0.

ReactiveCocoa 4.0 targets Xcode 7.2.x and Swift 2.1.x, and it supports iOS 8.0, watchOS 2.0, tvOS 9.0 and OS X 10.9.

Signal operators are protocol extensions

The biggest change from RAC 3 to RAC 4 is that Signal and SignalProducer operators are implemented as protocol extensions instead of global functions. This is similar to many of the collection protocol changes in the Swift 2 standard library.

This enables chaining signal operators with normal dot-method calling syntax, which makes autocompleting operators a lot easier. Previously the custom |> was required to enable chaining global functions without a mess of nested calls and parenthesis.

/// RAC 3
signal 
  |> filter { $0 % 2 == 0 } 
  |> map { $0 * $0 } 
  |> observe { print($0) }

/// RAC 4
signal
  .filter { $0 % 2 == 0 }
  .map { $0 * $0 }
  .observeNext { print($0) }

Additionally, this means that SignalProducer operators are less “magic”. In RAC 3 the Signal operators were implicitly lifted to work on SignalProducer via |>. This was a point of confusion for some, especially when browsing the source looking for these operators. Now as protocol extensions, the SignalProducer operators are explicitly implemented in terms of their Signal counterpart when available.

Removal of |> custom operator

As already alluded to above, the custom |> operator for chaining signals has been removed. Instead standard method calling syntax is used for chaining operators.

Event cases are no longer boxed

The improvements to associated enum values in Swift 2 mean that Event case no longer need to be Boxed. In fact, the Box dependency has been removed completely from RAC 4.

Replacements for the start and observer overloads

The observe and start overloads taking next, error, etc. optional function parameters have been removed. They’ve been replaced with methods taking a single function with the target Event case — observeNext, startWithNext, and the same for failed and completed. See #2311 and #2318 for more details.

Renamed try and catch operators

The try and catch operators were renamed because of the addition of the error handling keywords with the same name. They are now attempt and flatMapError respectively. Also, tryMap was renamed to attemptMap for consistency.

flatten and flatMap are now possible for all 4 combinations of Signal+SignalProducer

This fills a gap that was missing in RAC 3. It’s a common pattern to have signals-of-signals or signals-of-producers. The addition of flatten and flatMap over these makes it now possible to work with any combination of Signals and SignalProducers.

Renamed Event.Error to Event.Failed

The Error case of Event has changed to Failed. This aims to help clarify the terminating nature of failure/error events and puts them in the same tense as other terminating cases (Interrupted and Completed). Likewise, some operations and parameters have been renamed (e.g. Signal.observeError is now Signal.observeFailed, Observer.sendError is now Observer.sendFailed).

Renamed signal generic parameters

The generic parameters of Signal, SignalProducer, and other related types have been renamed to Value and Error from T and E respectively. This is in-line with changes to the standard library to give more descriptive names to type parameters for increased clarity. This should have limited impact, only affecting generic, custom signal/producer extensions.

Added missing SignalProducer operators

There were some Signal operators that were missing SignalProducer equivalents:

  • takeUntil
  • combineLatestWith
  • sampleOn
  • takeUntilReplacement
  • zipWith

Added new operators:

  • Signal.on.
  • Signal.merge(signals:).
  • Signal.empty.
  • skipUntil.
  • replayLazily (#2639).

Renamed PropertyOf<T> to AnyProperty<T>

This is in-line with changes to the standard library in Swift 2.

Enhancements to PropertyType

MutableProperty received 3 new methods, similar to those in Atomic: modify, swap, and withValue. Additionally, all PropertyTypes now have a signal: Signal<T> in addition to their existing producer: SignalProducer<T> property.

Publicized Bag and Atomic

Bag and Atomic are now public. These are useful when creating custom operators for RAC types.

SignalProducer.buffer no longer has a default capacity

In order to force users to think about the desired capacity, this no longer defaults to Int.max. Prior to this change one could have inadvertently cached every value emitted by the SignalProducer. This needs to be specified manually now.

Added SignalProducer.replayLazily for multicasting

It’s still recommended to use SignalProducer.buffer or PropertyType when buffering behavior is desired. However, when you need to compose an existing SignalProducer to avoid duplicate side effects, this operator is now available.

The full semantics of the operator are documented in the code, and you can see #2639 for full details.

3.0

ReactiveCocoa 3.0 includes the first official Swift API, which is intended to eventually supplant the Objective-C API entirely.

However, because migration is hard and time-consuming, and because Objective-C is still in widespread use, 99% of RAC 2.x code will continue to work under RAC 3.0 without any changes.

Since the 3.0 changes are entirely additive, this document will discuss how concepts from the Objective-C API map to the Swift API. For a complete diff of all changes, see the 3.0 pull request.

Additions

  1. Parameterized types
  2. Interrupted event
  3. Objective-C bridging

Replacements

  1. Hot signals are now Signals
  2. Cold signals are now SignalProducers
  3. Commands are now Actions
  4. Flattening/merging, concatenating, and switching are now one operator
  5. Using PropertyType instead of RACObserve and RAC
  6. Using Signal.pipe instead of RACSubject
  7. Using SignalProducer.buffer instead of replaying
  8. Using startWithSignal instead of multicasting

Minor changes

  1. Disposable changes
  2. Scheduler changes

Additions

Parameterized types

Thanks to Swift, it is now possible to express the type of value that a signal can send. RAC also requires that the type of errors be specified.

For example, Signal<Int, NSError> is a signal that may send zero or more integers, and which may send an error of type NSError.

If it is impossible for a signal to error out, use the built-in NoError type (which can be referred to, but never created) to represent that case—for example, Signal<String, NoError> is a signal that may send zero or more strings, and which will not send an error under any circumstances.

Together, these additions make it much simpler to reason about signal interactions, and protect against several kinds of common bugs that occurred in Objective-C.

Interrupted event

In addition to the Next, Error, and Completed events that have always been part of RAC, version 3.0 adds another terminating event—called Interrupted—that is used to communicate cancellation.

Now, whenever a producer is disposed of, one final Interrupted event will be sent to all consumers, giving them a chance to react to the cancellation.

Similarly, observing a hot signal that has already terminated will immediately result in an Interrupted event, to clearly indicate that no further events are possible.

This brings disposal semantics more in line with normal event delivery, where events propagate downstream from producers to consumers. The result is a simpler model for reasoning about non-erroneous, yet unsuccessful, signal terminations.

Note: Custom Signal and SignalProducer operators should handle any received Interrupted event by forwarding it to their own observers. This ensures that interruption correctly propagates through the whole signal chain.

Objective-C bridging

To support interoperation between the Objective-C APIs introduced in RAC 2 and the Swift APIs introduced in RAC 3, the framework offers bridging functions that can convert types back and forth between the two.

Because the APIs are based on fundamentally different designs, the conversion is not always one-to-one; however, every attempt has been made to faithfully translate the concepts between the two APIs (and languages).

Common conversions include:

  • The RACSignal.toSignalProducer method †
    • Converts RACSignal * to SignalProducer<AnyObject?, NSError>
  • The toRACSignal() function
    • Converts SignalProducer<AnyObject?, ErrorType> to RACSignal *
    • Converts Signal<AnyObject?, ErrorType> to RACSignal *
  • The RACCommand.toAction method ‡
    • Converts RACCommand * to Action<AnyObject?, AnyObject?, NSError>
  • The toRACCommand function ‡
    • Converts Action<AnyObject?, AnyObject?, ErrorType> to RACCommand *

† It is not possible (in the general case) to convert arbitrary RACSignal instances to Signals, because any RACSignal subscription could potentially involve side effects. To obtain a Signal, use RACSignal.toSignalProducer followed by SignalProducer.start, thereby making those side effects explicit.

‡ Unfortunately, the executing properties of actions and commands are not synchronized across the API bridge. To ensure consistency, only observe the executing property from the base object (the one passed into the bridge, not retrieved from it), so updates occur no matter which object is used for execution.

Replacements

Hot signals are now Signals

In the terminology of RAC 2, a “hot” RACSignal does not trigger any side effects when a -subscribe… method is called upon it. In other words, hot signals are entirely producer-driven and push-based, and consumers (subscribers) cannot have any effect on their lifetime.

This pattern is useful for notifying observers about events that will occur no matter what. For example, a loading boolean might flip between true and false regardless of whether anything is observing it.

Concretely, every RACSubject is a kind of hot signal, because the events being forwarded are not determined by the number of subscribers on the subject.

In RAC 3, “hot” signals are now solely represented by the Signal class, and “cold” signals have been separated into their own type. This reduces complexity by making it clear that no Signal object can trigger side effects when observed.

Cold signals are now SignalProducers

In the terminology of RAC 2, a “cold” RACSignal performs its work one time for every subscription. In other words, cold signals perform side effects when a -subscribe… method is called upon them, and may be able to cancel in-progress work if -dispose is called upon the returned RACDisposable.

This pattern is broadly useful because it minimizes unnecessary work, and allows operators like take, retry, concat, etc. to manipulate when work is started and cancelled. Cold signals are also similar to how futures and promises work, and can be useful for structuring asynchronous code (like network requests).

In RAC 3, “cold” signals are now solely represented by the SignalProducer class, which clearly indicates their relationship to “hot” signals. As the name indicates, a signal producer is responsible for creating a signal (when started), and can perform work as part of that process—meanwhile, the signal can have any number of observers without any additional side effects.

Commands are now Actions

Instead of the ambiguously named RACCommand, the Swift API offers the Action type—named as such because it’s mainly useful in UI programming—to fulfill the same purpose.

Like the rest of the Swift API, actions are parameterized by the types they use. An action must indicate the type of input it accepts, the type of output it produces, and what kinds of errors can occur (if any). This eliminates a few classes of type error, and clarifies intention.

Actions are also intended to be simpler overall than their predecessor:

  • Unlike commands, actions are not bound to or dependent upon the main thread, making it easier to reason about when they can be executed and when they will generate notifications.
  • Actions also only support serial execution, because concurrent execution was a rarely used feature of RACCommand that added significant complexity to the interface and implementation.

Because actions are frequently used in conjunction with AppKit or UIKit, there is also a CocoaAction class that erases the type parameters of an Action, allowing it to be used from Objective-C.

As an example, an action can be wrapped and bound to UIControl like so:

self.cocoaAction = CocoaAction(underlyingAction)
self.button.addTarget(self.cocoaAction, action: CocoaAction.selector, forControlEvents: UIControlEvents.TouchUpInside)

Flattening/merging, concatenating, and switching are now one operator

RAC 2 offers several operators for transforming a signal-of-signals into one RACSignal, including:

  • -flatten
  • -flattenMap:
  • +merge:
  • -concat
  • +concat:
  • -switchToLatest

Because -flattenMap: is the easiest to use, it was often incorrectly chosen even when concatenation or switching semantics are more appropriate.

RAC 3 distills these concepts down into just two operators, flatten and flatMap. Note that these do not have the same behavior as -flatten and -flattenMap: from RAC 2. Instead, both accept a “strategy” which determines how the producer-of-producers should be integrated, which can be one of:

  • .Merge, which is equivalent to RAC 2’s -flatten or +merge:
  • .Concat, which is equivalent to -concat or +concat:
  • .Latest, which is equivalent to -switchToLatest

This reduces the API surface area, and forces callers to consciously think about which strategy is most appropriate for a given use.

For streams of exactly one value, calls to -flattenMap: can be replaced with flatMap(.Concat), which has the additional benefit of predictable behavior if the input stream is refactored to have more values in the future.

Using PropertyType instead of RACObserve and RAC

To be more Swift-like, RAC 3 de-emphasizes Key-Value Coding (KVC) and Key-Value Observing (KVO) in favor of a less “magical” representation for properties. The PropertyType protocol and implementations replace most uses of the RACObserve() and RAC() macros.

For example, MutableProperty can be used to represent a property that can be bound to. If changes to that property should be visible to consumers, it can additionally be wrapped in PropertyOf (to hide the mutable bits) and exposed publicly.

If KVC or KVO is required by a specific API—for example, to observe changes to NSOperation.executing—RAC 3 offers a DynamicProperty type that can wrap those key paths. Use this class with caution, though, as it can’t offer any type safety, and many APIs (especially in AppKit and UIKit) are not documented to be KVO-compliant.

Using Signal.pipe instead of RACSubject

Since the Signal type, like RACSubject, is always “hot”, there is a special class method for creating a controllable signal. The Signal.pipe method can replace the use of subjects, and expresses intent better by separating the observing API from the sending API.

To use a pipe, set up observers on the signal as desired, then send values to the sink:

let (signal, sink) = Signal<Int, NoError>.pipe()

signal.observe(next: { value in
    print(value)
})

// Prints each number
sendNext(sink, 0)
sendNext(sink, 1)
sendNext(sink, 2)

Using SignalProducer.buffer instead of replaying

The producer version of Signal.pipe, the SignalProducer.buffer method can replace replaying with RACReplaySubject or any of the -replay… methods.

Conceptually, buffer creates a (optionally bounded) queue for events, much like RACReplaySubject, and replays those events when new Signals are created from the producer.

For example, to replay the values of an existing Signal, it just needs to be fed into the write end of the buffer:

let signal: Signal<Int, NoError>
let (producer, sink) = SignalProducer<Int, NoError>.buffer()

// Saves observed values in the buffer
signal.observe(sink)

// Prints each value buffered
producer.start(next: { value in
    print(value)
})

Using startWithSignal instead of multicasting

RACMulticastConnection and the -publish and -multicast: operators were always poorly understood features of RAC 2. In RAC 3, thanks to the Signal and SignalProducer split, the SignalProducer.startWithSignal method can replace multicasting.

startWithSignal allows any number of observers to attach to the created signal before any work is begun—therefore, the work (and any side effects) still occurs just once, but the values can be distributed to multiple interested observers. This fulfills the same purpose of multicasting, in a much clearer and more tightly-scoped way.

For example:

let producer = timer(5, onScheduler: QueueScheduler.mainQueueScheduler).take(3)

// Starts just one timer, sending the dates to two different observers as they
// are generated.
producer.startWithSignal { signal, disposable in
    signal.observe(next: { date in
        print(date)
    })

    signal.observe(someOtherObserver)
}

Minor changes

Disposable changes

Disposables haven’t changed much overall in RAC 3, besides the addition of a protocol and minor naming tweaks.

The biggest change to be aware of is that setting SerialDisposable.innerDisposable will always dispose of the previous value, which helps prevent resource leaks or logic errors from forgetting to dispose manually.

Scheduler changes

RAC 3 replaces the multipurpose RACScheduler class with two protocols, SchedulerType and DateSchedulerType, with multiple implementations of each. This design indicates and enforces the capabilities of each scheduler using the type system.

In addition, the mainThreadScheduler has been replaced with UIScheduler and QueueScheduler.mainQueueScheduler. The UIScheduler type runs operations as soon as possible on the main thread—even synchronously (if possible), thereby replacing RAC 2’s -performOnMainThread operator—while QueueScheduler.mainQueueScheduler will always enqueue work after the current run loop iteration, and can be used to schedule work at a future date.