index.dd

Ddoc

$(D_S D Programming Language,

$(SECTION3 プログラミング言語 D -
利便性・表現力・効率性)

<div style="text-align: right; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: -35px; margin-right: 5px; position: relative; z-index: 10000">
<a href="http://forum.dlang.org/group/digitalmars.D" target="_blank" class="tip button">
    [your code here]
    <span>
        Dの特徴を示す良い例を思いつきましたか？ digitalmars.D フォーラムに "[your code here]" をタイトルに入れて投稿して下さい。承認が得られれば、D のホームページに掲載されるコードリストに入ります！
    </span>
</a>
</div>
$(D_RUN_CODE
$(ARGS
----
#!/usr/bin/rdmd
// Computes average line length for standard input.
import std.stdio;

void main() {
    ulong lines = 0;
    double sumLength = 0;
    foreach (line; stdin.byLine()) {
        ++lines;
        sumLength += line.length;
    }
    writeln("Average line length: ",
        lines ? sumLength / lines : 0);
}
----
),
$(ARGS Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. 
Mauris tristique rutrum sem, nec convallis enim bibendum ut. 
Donec ac dolor tortor, sit amet consequat turpis. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. 
Fusce lacus dolor, sodales ac consequat eu, ultricies et leo. 
In commodo scelerisque urna non posuere. Sed justo ipsum, consectetur nec sodales in, faucibus ut nunc. 
Phasellus nunc metus, mollis eu malesuada at, scelerisque eget nulla.),
$(ARGS))

D は C言語風の構文を持つ静的型付け言語です。
効率性と高い表現力を、安全性とプログラマの生産性に実用的に結びつけます。

$(SECTION3 利便性,

$(UL

$(LI D では、動的言語のように、冗長な型指定なしで長いコード片を記述することができます。
それでも、静的な推論によって型やその他のコードの性質は導出されるため、
静的な世界と動的な世界の両方の恩恵を受けることができます。
$(EXAMPLE 1,
$(D_RUN_CODE 
$(ARGS
----
void main() {
    // 数値の配列 double[] を定義。
    // コンパイラが初期化子の共通型を認識します。
    auto arr = [ 1, 2, 3.14, 5.1, 6 ];
    // 文字列を整数に写す辞書。型を書くと int[string] です。
    auto dictionary = [ "one" : 1, "two" : 2, "three" : 3 ];
    // 下で定義される min 関数の呼び出し
    auto x = min(arr[0], dictionary["two"]);
}
// 型の導出は関数の返値にも働きます。これは、
// 以下の min など全ての比較可能な型に対して動作するような、
// 総称的な関数に対して特に重要です。
auto min(T1, T2)(T1 lhs, T2 rhs) {
    return rhs < lhs ? rhs : lhs;
}
----
),
$(ARGS), $(ARGS))

))

$(LI 自動的なメモリ管理が安全で簡潔で頑強なコードに役立ちます。
D は同時にスコープによるリソース管理 (別名
$(WEB en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Acquisition_Is_Initialization, RAII) 技法)
と $(LINK2 statement.html#ScopeGuardStatement, $(D scope) 文) もサポートし、
決定的なトランザクション的コードを簡単に読み書きできるようにしています。$(EXAMPLE 2,
$(D_RUN_CODE 
$(ARGS
----
import std.stdio;

class Widget { }

void main() {
    // 自動管理
    auto w = new Widget;
    // スコープ終了時に必ず実行されるコード
    scope(exit) { writeln("Exiting main."); }
    // Fileはスコープ終了時に決定的に閉じられる
    foreach (line; File("text.txt").byLine()) {
        writeln(line);
    }
    writeln();
}
----
),
$(ARGS), $(ARGS))
)
)

$(LI 組み込みの配列と連想配列、スライス、そしてレンジの機能が、
日々のプログラミングを簡単で、小規模から大規模まで種々のタスクを楽しいものにします。$(EXAMPLE 3,
$(D_RUN_CODE 
$(ARGS
----
#!/usr/bin/rdmd
import std.range, std.stdio;

// 標準入力の平均行数を計算
void main() {
    ulong lines = 0, sumLength = 0;
    foreach (line; stdin.byLine()) {
        ++lines;
        sumLength += line.length;
    }
    writeln("Average line length: ",
        lines ? cast(double) sumLength / lines : 0.0);
}
----
),
$(ARGS Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. 
Mauris tristique rutrum sem, nec convallis enim bibendum ut. 
Donec ac dolor tortor, sit amet consequat turpis. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. 
Fusce lacus dolor, sodales ac consequat eu, ultricies et leo. 
In commodo scelerisque urna non posuere. Sed justo ipsum, consectetur nec sodales in, faucibus ut nunc. 
Phasellus nunc metus, mollis eu malesuada at, scelerisque eget nulla.),
$(ARGS))
))

))

$(SECTION3 表現力,

$(UL

$(LI 最高のパラダイムとは、他のパラダイムに犠牲を強いることが無いことです。
D は古典的な多態性、値セマンティクス、関数型スタイル、
総称性、生成的プログラミング、契約プログラミング、
その他様々な手法を提供します&mdash;すべてがハーモニーを奏でる形で。. $(EXAMPLE 4,
$(D_RUN_CODE 
$(ARGS
----
// インターフェイスとクラス
interface Printable {
   void print(uint level)
   in { assert(level > 0); } // 契約
}

// インターフェイスの実装
class Widget : Printable {
   void print(uint level) 
   in{ }
   body{ }
}

// 単一継承
class ExtendedWidget : Widget {
   override void print(uint level)
   in { /* 事前条件の緩和 */  }
   body {
       //... level may be 0 here ...
   }
}

// 不変データのスレッド間共有
immutable string programName = "demo";
// 可変データはスレッドローカル
int perThread = 42;
// 明示的な共有
shared int perApp = 5;

// 構造体は値セマンティクス
struct BigNum {
    // コピーへの割り込み
    this(this) { ... }
    // デストラクタへの割り込み
    ~this() { ... }
}

void main()
{
    // ...
}
----
),
$(ARGS), $(ARGS))
))

$(LI Dは並行性へのイノベーティブなアプローチを提供します。
真に変更不可能なデータ、メッセージパッシング、スレッド間での、デフォルトでのデータ非共有、
そして制御された変更可能な共有データなどがあります。$(WEBX
informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1609144, 詳しくはこちら)。)

$(LI 簡単なスクリプトから大規模なプロジェクトまで、
Dはどんなアプリケーションの要求にもスケールする幅広さを備えています: 単体テスト、
情報の隠蔽、洗練されたモジュール性、高速なコンパイル、
正確なインターフェイス、など。$(WEBX drdobbs.com/high-performance-computing/217801225,
詳しくはこちら)。)

))

$(SECTION3 効率性,

$(UL

$(LI D は自然に効率的なネイティブコードにコンパイルされます。)

$(LI D は最も"自然な"コードが高速で $(I しかも) 安全に動作するよう設計されています。
時には、型安全性の保証を回避して、最高速度と完全な制御を必要とする機能もあるでしょう。
そのようなレアケースのために、
D は生のポインタや型キャスト、一切の橋渡し処理なしのC関数の直接呼び出し、
そしてインラインアセンブラをもサポートしています。$(EXAMPLE 5,
$(D_RUN_CODE 
$(ARGS
----
import core.stdc.stdlib;

void livingDangerously() {
    // C の mallo と free を使用
    auto buf = malloc(1024 * 1024);
    scope(exit) free(buf); // スコープ終了時の自動解放
    // メモリを float の配列と解釈
    auto floats = cast(float[]) buf[0 .. 1024 * 1024];
    // スタック割り当てすらも可能
    auto moreBuf = alloca(4096 * 100);
    //...
}

// x86 でさらなる速度を得るためのインラインアセンブラの使用
uint checked_multiply(uint x, uint y) {
    uint result;
    version (D_InlineAsm_X86) {
        // インラインアセンブラからDの変数が"見える"
        asm {
            mov     EAX,x        ;
            mul     EAX,y        ;
            mov     result,EAX   ;
            jc      Loverflow    ;
        }
        return result;
    } else {
        result = x * y;
        if (!y || x <= uint.max / y)
           return result;
   }
Loverflow:
   throw new Exception("multiply overflow");
}

void main()
{
    // ...
}
----
),
$(ARGS), $(ARGS))

))

$(LI $(D @safe), $(D @trusted), $(D @system) の3つのモジュール属性によって、
プログラマは安全性と効率性のトレードオフをアプリケーション毎に最適に選択することができ、
その一貫性をコンパイラに検査させることができます。
$(LINK2 safed.html, 詳しくはこちら)。)

)

))

$(XXXXSECTION2 Community,

$(P D is the center of a growing, vibrant community. Get D-related
news from the $(D digitalmars.D.announce) forum $(TAG2 span,
style="font-size:80%", $(WEB
digitalmars.com/pnews/indexing.php?server=news.digitalmars.com&group=digitalmars.D.announce,
[browse]) $(LINK2 news://news.digitalmars.com/digitalmars.D.announce,
[usenet]) $(WEB
lists.puremagic.com/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/digitalmars-d-announce,
[mailing list])). On Twitter, subscribe to D's official announcements
channel, $(WEB twitter.com/#!/D_Programming,@D_Programming), and
search for (and disseminate) news using tag $(WEB
twitter.com/#!/search/%23d_lang, #d_lang).)

$(P Learning D and have a question about the best way to do X? The $(D
digitalmars.D.learn) forum $(TAG2 span, style="font-size:80%", $(WEB
digitalmars.com/pnews/indexing.php?server=news.digitalmars.com&group=digitalmars.D.learn,
[browse]) $(LINK2 news://news.digitalmars.com/digitalmars.D.learn,
[usenet]) $(WEB
lists.puremagic.com/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/digitalmars-d-learn,
[mailing list])) is the hangout place where many D experts are ready
to help fellow hackers.)

$(P The $(D digitalmars.D) forum $(TAG2 span, style="font-size:80%",
$(WEB
digitalmars.com/pnews/indexing.php?server=news.digitalmars.com&group=digitalmars.D,
[browse]) $(LINK2 news://news.digitalmars.com/digitalmars.D, [usenet])
$(WEB lists.puremagic.com/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/digitalmars-d,
[mailing list])) is the best place to discuss anything and everything
related to D: language design ideas, suggestions, status and future,
contributions to the language and its standard library. Reach and
engage all major D contributors, including the very creator of D,
$(WEB walterbright.com, Walter Bright). For real-time conversation, use #d IRC channel on freenode.)

$(SECTION3 To contribute,

$(P Many D enthusiasts are not only using, but also contributing to
the language, its implementation, and its standard library. The main
hub of D development is $(WEB github.com/D-Programming-Language,
D-Programming-Language on github). The project has been awash in
contributions ever since creating the github repository on January 23,
2011, with an average of over 3 pull requests per day. (That doesn't
mean there's not a lot more to do!) You are welcome to fork any
subproject ($(WEB github.com/D-Programming-Language/dmd, compiler),
$(WEB github.com/D-Programming-Language/druntime, runtime), $(WEB
github.com/D-Programming-Language/phobos, standard library), $(WEB
github.com/D-Programming-Language/d-programming-language.org,
website), $(WEB github.com/D-Programming-Language/tools, tools), or
$(WEB github.com/D-Programming-Language/installer, installer)), change
it in useful ways, and propose your changes back to the community.

$(P The reference compiler $(LINK2 download.html, dmd) has inspired
work on alternate implementations that add value by using distinct
back-ends:)

$(UL

$(LI GNU D compiler $(LINK2 http://bitbucket.org/goshawk/gdc/wiki/Home, gdc).)

$(LI LLVM D Compiler $(WEB dsource.org/projects/ldc, ldc).)

)

$(P The gdc compiler is of particular interest because it taps into
gcc's extremely portable back-end and large installation base. The D
development team has signed the appropriate documents with FSF and is
pursuing integration of gdc with gcc version 4.8 starting March 2012.
$(WEB https://launchpad.net/~ibuclaw, Iain Buclaw) is leading that
effort.)

)

)
)
)




$(COMMENT

$(COMMENT $(AMAZONLINK 0321635361, <img style="float:right;
padding-left:1.5em; padding-bottom:1.5em; border-width: 0;"
src="images/tdpl.jpg" alt="The D Programming Language book" />))

$(P The K&amp;R of D  is here! Get $(AMAZONLINK 0321635361, The D
Programming  Language) by Andrei  Alexandrescu&mdash;the authoritative
source on everything D. From the book's introduction:

$(BLOCKQUOTE $(AMAZONLINK 0321635361, The D Programming Language) by
Andrei Alexandrescu, D is a language that attempts to consistently do
the right thing within the constraints it chose: system-level access
to computing resources, high performance, and syntactic similarity
with C-derived languages.  In trying to do the right thing, D
sometimes stays with tradition and does what other languages do, and
other times it breaks tradition with a fresh, innovative solution.  On
occasion that meant revisiting the very constraints that D ostensibly
embraced.  For example, large program fragments or indeed entire
programs can be written in a well-defined memory-safe subset of D,
which entails giving away a small amount of system-level access for a
large gain in program debuggability.))

$(P  D  is  a  multi-paradigm  programming language  that  combines  a
principled approach  with a  focus on practicality.   In D you  get to
harness  the power  and high  performance of  C and  C++ and  also the
safety and  programmer productivity of  modern languages such  as Ruby
and  Python.  Special  attention  is  given to  the  needs of  quality
assurance, documentation, portability, and reliability.)

$(P The D language is statically typed and compiles directly to machine code.
It&rsquo;s multiparadigm, supporting many programming styles:
imperative, object oriented, and metaprogramming. It&rsquo;s a member of the C
syntax family, and its appearance is very similar to that of C++.
Here&rsquo;s a quick list of $(LINK2 comparison.html, features).
)

$(P This site does not refer to the first edition of the language,
known as "D version 1" or "D1". Currently, D1 is in maintenance mode
and has documentation available $(LINK2
http://www.digitalmars.com/d/1.0/index.html,here). We recommend the
current edition of the D programming language (formerly known as "D2")
for new projects. )

$(P There are currently three implementations:
$(OL
    $(LI Digital Mars dmd for
    $(LINK2 dmd-windows.html, Windows),
    $(LINK2 dmd-linux.html, x86 Linux),
    $(LINK2 dmd-osx.html, Mac OS X), and
    $(LINK2 dmd-freebsd.html, x86 FreeBSD).
    )

    $(LI LLVM D Compiler $(LINK2 http://www.dsource.org/projects/ldc, ldc).
    )

$(COMMENT
    $(LI Gnu D compiler $(LINK2 http://dgcc.sourceforge.net/, gdc)
    for several platforms, including
    $(LINK2 http://gdcwin.sourceforge.net/, Windows) and
    $(LINK2 http://gdcmac.sourceforge.net/, Mac OS X)
    for D versions 1.030 and 2.014.
    )
)
    $(LI Gnu D compiler $(LINK2 http://bitbucket.org/goshawk/gdc/wiki/Home, gdc).
    )

    $(COMMENT $(LINK2 http://dnet.codeplex.com/, D.NET compiler)
    alpha for .NET for D version 2.)
)
)

$(P A large and growing collection of D source code and projects
are at $(LINK2 http://www.dsource.org, dsource).
More links to innumerable D wikis, libraries, tools, media articles,
etc. are at $(LINK2 http://www.digitalmars.com/d/dlinks.html, dlinks).
)

$(COMMENT $(P
This document is available as a
$(LINK2 http://www.prowiki.org/wiki4d/wiki.cgi?LanguageSpecification/PDFArchive, pdf),
as well as in
$(LINK2 http://www.kmonos.net/alang/d/, Japanese)
and
$(LINK2 http://elderane.50webs.com/tuto/d/, Portugese)
translations.
A German book
$(LINK2 http://www.amazon.de/Programmieren-D-Einf%C3%BChrung-neue-Programmiersprache/dp/3939084697/, Programming in D: Introduction to the new Programming Language)
is available, as well as
a Japanese book
$(LINK2 http://www.gihyo.co.jp/books/syoseki-contents.php/4-7741-2208-4, D Language Perfect Guide),
and a Turkish book
$(LINK2 http://ddili.org/ders/d/, D Programlama Dili Dersleri).
))

$(COMMENT: Japanese by Kazuhiro Inaba, Portugese by Christian Hartung)

$(P This is an example D program illustrating some of the capabilities:)
----
#!/usr/bin/rdmd
/* shebang is supported */

/* Hello World in D
   To compile:
     dmd hello.d (or on Unix just make hello.d executable and run it)
   or to optimize:
     dmd -O -inline -release hello.d
*/

import std.stdio;

void main(string[] args)
{
$(V1      writefln("Hello World, Reloaded");)$(V2      writeln("Hello World, Reloaded");)

    // auto type inference and built-in foreach
    foreach (argc, argv; args)
    {
        // Object Oriented Programming
        auto cl = new CmdLin(argc, argv);
        // Improved typesafe printf
        writeln(cl.argnum, cl.suffix, " arg: ", cl.argv);
        // Automatic or explicit memory management
        delete cl;
    }

    // Nested structs and classes
    struct specs
    {
        // all members automatically initialized
        size_t count, allocated;
    }

    // Nested functions can refer to outer
    // variables like args
    specs argspecs()
    {
        specs* s = new specs;
        // no need for '->'
        s.count = args.length;         // get length of array with .length
        s.allocated = typeof(args).sizeof; // built-in native type properties
        foreach (argv; args)
            s.allocated += argv.length * typeof(argv[0]).sizeof;
        return *s;
    }

    // built-in string and common string operations
    writefln("argc = %d, " ~ "allocated = %d",
    argspecs().count, argspecs().allocated);
}

class CmdLin
{
    private size_t _argc;
    private string _argv;

public:
    this(size_t argc, string argv) // constructor
    {
        _argc = argc;
        _argv = argv;
    }

    size_t argnum()
    {
        return _argc + 1;
    }

    string argv()
    {
        return _argv;
    }

    string suffix()
    {
        string suffix = "th";
        switch (_argc)
        {
          case 0:
            suffix = "st";
            break;
          case 1:
            suffix = "nd";
            break;
          case 2:
            suffix = "rd";
            break;
          default:
        break;
        }
        return suffix;
    }
}
----

$(P $(B Notice:) We welcome feedback about the D compiler or language, but please be explicit about
any claims to intellectual property rights with a copyright or patent notice if you have such for
your contributions.  We want D to remain open and free to use, and do not wish to be caught by
someone posting a patch to the compiler, and then later claim compensation for that work.)

)

Macros:
    TITLE=Home
    WIKI=Intro
    TAG=<$1>$+</$1>
    TAG2=<$1 $2>$3</$1>
    WEB=$(LINK2 http://$1,$2)
    WEBX=$(LINK2 http://$1,$2)
    D=<span class="d_inlinecode">$0</span>
    EXAMPLE=
<script>
  document.write('$(TAG2 div, id="q$1" class="question" onclick="showHideAnswer(this);", <span class="nobr">(例を表示)</span>)');
</script>
<noscript><span class="nobr">例をご覧下さい: </span></noscript>
$(TAG2 div, id="a$1" class="answer-nojs", $2)
    LAYOUT=
<div id="navigation">
  $1
  $(GOOGLE_TRANSLATE)
</div>
<div id="twitter">
<script src="http://widgets.twimg.com/j/2/widget.js"></script>
<script>
new TWTR.Widget({
  version : 2,
  type : 'profile',
  rpp : 8,
  interval : 30000,
  width : 'auto',
  height : 600,
  theme : {
    shell : {
      background : '#1f252b',
      //color : '#000000'
    },
    tweets : {
      //background : '',
      //color : '',
      //links : ''
    }
  },
  features : {
    scrollbar : true,
    loop : false,
    live : true,
    behavior : 'all'
  }
}).render().setUser('D_programming').start();
</script>
</div>
<div id="content" style="margin-right:18em;" class='hyphenate'>
  $(PAGE_TOOLS)
  $3
</div>