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<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no">
<meta name="description" content="Kubernetes: From zero to hero">
<meta name="author" content="Danil Beltyukov">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="white-translucent">
<title>Kubernetes: From zero to hero</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="reveal.js/dist/reset.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="reveal.js/dist/reveal.css">
<!-- <link rel="stylesheet" href="reveal.js/dist/theme/sky.css" id="theme"> -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="static/theme.css" id="theme">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="./static/custom.css">
</head>
<body>
<div class="reveal">
<div class="slides">
<section data-background-image="static/moomin_on_cloud.gif">
<div style="position:absolute; top: 400px;">
<h3 >Kubernetes: From zero to hero</h3>
<p>v2</p>
</div>
</section>
<!-- <section data-markdown="slides.md" data-separator="^\r?\n\r?\n\r?\n" data-separator-vertical="^\r?\n\r?\n"
data-separator-notes="^Note:" data-charset="iso-8859-15">
</section> -->
<section>
<h3>Outline</h3>
<ul>
<li>Intro: containers</li>
<li>Why tho?</li>
<li>Kubernetes resourses</li>
<li>Kubernetes architecture</li>
<li>Role Based Access Control</li>
<li>Network Policy</li>
<li>Revisiting Docker</li>
<li>PodSecurity Policy</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Intro: containers</h3>
<img src="./static/containers-101.png" alt="Containers vs VMs">
<p class="bottom"><a href="https://cloud.google.com/containers">https://cloud.google.com/containers</a>
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Chroot jail</h3>
<pre><code data-trim data-noescape>
copy /bin/bash /jail/bash
mount -o bind /home /jail/home
</code></pre>
<aside class="notes">
Example: used in vsftpd
</aside>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Namespaces</h3>
<pre><code class="shell" data-trim>
$ unshare --fork --pid --mount-proc bash
$ ps auxf
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
root 1 0.0 0.0 8964 3924 pts/4 S 00:25 0:00 bash
root 8 0.0 0.0 10612 3304 pts/4 R+ 00:25 0:00 ps auxf
</code></pre>
<p>🤔</p>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Namespaces</h3>
<ul>
<li>Cgroup</li>
<li>IPC</li>
<li><b>Network</b></li>
<li><b>Mount</b></li>
<li><b>PID</b></li>
<li><b>User</b></li>
<li>UTS</li>
</ul>
<p class="bottom"><a
href="http://ifeanyi.co/posts/linux-namespaces-part-1/">http://ifeanyi.co/posts/linux-namespaces-part-1/</a>
</p>
</section>
<section>
<img src="./static/linux-containers.png" alt="Linux containers" style="height: 65vh;">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Docker 🐋</h3>
<pre><code class="shell" data-trim>
$ docker run -ti --rm ubuntu bash
root@03f784316baa:/# ps auxf
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
root 1 0.2 0.0 4112 3436 pts/0 Ss 21:40 0:00 bash
root 8 0.0 0.0 5884 2948 pts/0 R+ 21:40 0:00 ps auxf
</code></pre>
😎
</section>
<section>
<h3>❗</h3>
<p>Any Docker container is just a process</p>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Dockerfile</h3>
<pre><code class="docker" data-trim>
FROM ubuntu
RUN apt update && apt install nginx
CMD ["nginx", "-g", "daemon off;"]
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="shell" data-trim>
$ docker build -t my-nginx .
$ docker run -p 80:80 my-nginx
</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<h3>How does it work?</h3>
<img src="./static/tnt.png" alt="Minecraft TNT block" class="fragment">
</section>
<section>
<pre><code class="shell" data-trim>
$ ps axf -o user,pid,command
root 19616 /usr/bin/containerd
root 21721 \_ containerd-shim -namespace moby -workdir /var/lib/containerd/io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux/moby/35a2b88eb0659e452be831115395352359e35669efa766931d350296aa154c6d -address /run/containerd/containerd.sock -containerd-binary /usr/bin/containerd -runtime-root /var/run/docker/runtime-runc
root 21745 \_ nginx: master process nginx -g daemon off;
nobody 21788 \_ nginx: worker process
nobody 21789 \_ nginx: worker process
root 23571 /usr/bin/dockerd -H fd:// --containerd=/run/containerd/containerd.sock
</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<img src="./static/containerd.png" alt="Containerd scheme">
<aside class="notes">
<p>docker-cli -> docker.sock -> containerd.sock -> linux magic🌠</p>
</aside>
</section>
<section>
<img src="./static/containerd_docker.png" alt="Containerd scheme for Docker">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Links</h3>
<ul>
<li><a
href="https://iximiuz.com/en/posts/journey-from-containerization-to-orchestration-and-beyond/">A
journey from containerization to orchestration and beyond</a></li>
<li><a href="https://iximiuz.com/en/posts/you-dont-need-an-image-to-run-a-container/">You don't need
an image to run a container</a></li>
<li><a href="https://iximiuz.com/en/posts/implementing-container-runtime-shim/">Implementing
Container Runtime Shim: runc</a></li>
<li><a href="https://iximiuz.com/en/posts/implementing-container-runtime-shim-2/">Implementing
Container Runtime Shim: First Code</a></li>
<li><a href="https://iximiuz.com/en/posts/implementing-container-runtime-shim-3/">Implementing
Container Runtime Shim: Interactive Containers</a></li>
<li><a href="https://merlijn.sebrechts.be/blog/2020-01-docker-podman-kata-cri-o/">What's up with
CRI-O, Kata Containers and Podman?</a></li>
<li><a
href="https://www.cncf.io/blog/2019/07/15/demystifying-containers-part-ii-container-runtimes/">Demystifying
Containers – Part II: Container Runtimes</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3>But how is it secure?🤔</h3>
</section>
<section>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src.git/+/master/docs/linux/sandboxing.md">Chromium
already used all these Linux feautures!</a></li>
<li class="fragment">Seccomp - block unwanted syscalls</li>
<li class="fragment">Apparmor - restrict Linux <a
href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/capabilities.7.html">capabilities</a></li>
<li class="fragment">SELinux - access control for files (== everything)</li>
</ul>
<aside class="notes">
<p>setuid -> capabilities</p>
<p>Example: ping +x -> cap_net_raw</p>
</aside>
</section>
<section>
<h3>More layers == more attack surface</h3>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">Kernel exploit</li>
<li class="fragment"><a
href="https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/breaking-docker-via-runc-explaining-cve-2019-5736/">arbitary
binary runC overwrite</a></li>
<li class="fragment"><a
href="https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/docker-patched-the-most-severe-copy-vulnerability-to-date-with-cve-2019-14271/">docker
cp RCE + escape</a></li>
<li class="fragment">Mounted <code>/var/run/docker.sock</code></li>
<li class="fragment"><code>dockerd</code> pwn, it runs as root!</li>
<li class="fragment">
Disabling security mechanisms
<ul>
<li class="fragment"><code>--privileged</code></li>
<li class="fragment"><code>--cap-add=SYS_ADMIN</code></li>
<li class="fragment"><code>--security-opt seccomp=unconfined</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Recap</h3>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">Containers are cool</li>
<li class="fragment">Containers are versatile</li>
<li class="fragment">Containers can be secure</li>
<li class="fragment">Containers can be insecure</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<img src="./static/panacea.png" alt="Docker panacea" style="height: 55vh;">
</section>
<section>
<p class="fragment">You need to run and scale 1000 containers</p>
<p class="fragment">They all should be talking to each other via network</p>
<p class="fragment">They should use network storage to run database on it</p>
<p class="fragment">They have a load balancer</p>
<p class="fragment">They should dynamically adjust nodes base on load</p>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Kubernetes!☸</h3>
<blockquote class="fragment">
<p>Kubernetes (K8s) is an open-source system for automating deployment, scaling, and management of
containerized applications.</p>
</blockquote>
</section>
<section>
<img src="./static/container_evolution.svg" alt="Container evolution">
</section>
<section>
<img src="./static/cluster.svg" alt="Kubernetes Cluster" style="height: 70vh;">
</section>
<section>
<img src="./static/pods.svg" alt="Kubernetes Pod" style="height: 70vh;">
</section>
<section>
<img src="./static/node.svg" alt="Kubernetes Node" style="height: 70vh;">
</section>
<section>
<pre><code class="shell" data-trim data-noescape>
$ kubectl get nodes -o wide
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION INTERNAL-IP EXTERNAL-IP OS-IMAGE KERNEL-VERSION CONTAINER-RUNTIME
kube-a Ready master 13d v1.18.6 10.166.0.8 <none> Ubuntu 16.04.7 LTS 4.15.0-1080-gcp docker://18.9.7
kube-b Ready <none> 13d v1.18.6 10.166.0.7 <none> Ubuntu 16.04.7 LTS 4.15.0-1080-gcp docker://18.9.7
</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Pods</h3>
<pre class="fragment"><code class="yaml" data-trim>
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: nginx
namespace: default
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx
</code></pre>
<pre class="fragment"><code class="shell" data-trim data-noescape>
$ kubectl apply -f nginx.yaml
pod/nginx created
</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<img src="./static/components-of-kubernetes.png" alt="Components of Kubernetes">
<p class="bottom"><a
href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/components/">https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/components/</a>
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Kubernetes versions</h3>
<ul>
<li>Bare metal: bootstraped by <code>kubeadm</code></li>
<li>Cloud managed: GKE, EKS, ...</li>
<li>OpenShift</li>
<li>...</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Rule of thumb</h3>
<h3>No workloads or access on control-plane!</h3>
<div class="fragment">
<p>Example:</p>
<p>etcd on kubeadm < 1.16 accepts TLS certificates issued by apiserver CA (certs used for auth)</p>
<p>Exploitation: create a pod with <code>hostNetwork: true</code></p>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Every resource has a namespace it belongs to</h3>
<pre><code class="yaml" data-trim data-line-numbers="5">
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: nginx
namespace: default
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx
</code></pre>
<p>Namespaces only effects resourses in RBAC!</p>
<p>e.g. namespaces do not provide network isolation</p>
</section>
<section>
<h3>ServiceAccount</h3>
<pre><code class="yaml" data-trim>
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
name: remover
</code></pre>
<p>Allowes workloads using Kubernetes API</p>
</section>
<section>
<h3>ServiceAccount token in pods</h3>
<pre><code class="shell" data-trim>
root@nginx:/# ls /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/
ca.crt namespace token
root@nginx:/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount# cat token
eyJhbGc...UNg
</code></pre>
<pre class="fragment"><code class="yaml" data-trim>
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
name: remover
automountServiceAccountToken: false
...
</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<h4>Role Based Access Control (RBAC)</h3>
<p><code>ServiceAccount <---> RoleBinding <---> Role</code></p>
<pre><code class="yaml" data-trim data-line-numbers="1-8|10-20">
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: Role
metadata:
name: remover
rules:
- apiGroups: [""]
resources: ["pods"]
verbs: ["list", "delete"]
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
name: remover
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
name: remover
roleRef:
kind: Role
name: remover
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Sum up</h3>
<ol>
<li>Find a token for ServiceAccount</li>
<li>
Enumerate permissions
</li>
<pre><code data-trim class="shell">
$ kubectl auth can-i --list
Resources Non-Resource URLs Resource Names Verbs
*.* [] [] [*]
[*] [] [*]
[/api/*] [] [get]
[/api] [] [get]
[/apis/*] [] [get]
[/apis] [] [get]
</code></pre>
<li>Try to escalate! Repeat...</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section>
<img src="./static/redhat2021-report.png" alt="Redhat 2021 Report Screenshot" >
<p class="bottom">
Redhat 2021 Kubernetes security report
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Revisiting Docker</h3>
<ul>
<li class="fragment"><code>hostPath</code> - mounts directory from node</li>
<li class="fragment"><code>privileged</code></li>
<li class="fragment"><code>HostNetwork</code></li>
<li class="fragment"><code>allowPrivilegeEscalation</code></li>
</ul>
<p class="fragment">Hvatit eto terpet'!</p>
</section>
<section>
<h3>PodSecurityPolicies</h3>
<p>Enables us to set restrictive policy on security context</p>
</section>
<section>
<pre><code class="yaml" data-trim data-line-numbers="1-5|6-9|11-13|14-15|16-18|19-26|27-33|34-35">
apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
kind: PodSecurityPolicy
metadata:
name: restrictive
annotations:
seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: 'docker/default,runtime/default'
apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: 'runtime/default'
seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: 'runtime/default'
apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: 'runtime/default'
spec:
privileged: false
allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
defaultAllowPrivilegeEscalation: false
requiredDropCapabilities:
- ALL
hostNetwork: false
hostPID: false
hostIPC: false
runAsUser:
rule: RunAsAny
fsGroup:
rule: RunAsAny
seLinux:
rule: RunAsAny
supplementalGroups:
rule: RunAsAny
volumes:
- 'configMap'
- 'downwardAPI'
- 'emptyDir'
- 'persistentVolumeClaim'
- 'secret'
- 'projected'
allowedCapabilities:
- 'NET_RAW'
</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<pre><code class="yaml" data-trim data-line-numbers="1-10|12-22">
kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
name: restrictive-psp
rules:
- apiGroups: ['policy']
resources: ['podsecuritypolicies']
verbs: ['use']
resourceNames:
- "restrictive"
---
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
name: restrictive-psp
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
name: remover
roleRef:
kind: Role
name: restrictive-psp
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Network Policies</h3>
<pre><code class="yaml" data-trim data-line-numbers="1-10|11-31">
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
name: default-deny-egress
namespace: app
spec:
podSelector:
matchLabels: {}
policyTypes:
- Egress
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
name: allow-dns-access
namespace: app
spec:
podSelector:
matchLabels: {}
policyTypes:
- Egress
egress:
- to:
- namespaceSelector:
matchLabels:
name: kube-system
ports:
- protocol: UDP
port: 53
- protocol: TCP
port: 53
</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<img src="./static/network-policy-editor.png" alt="Cilium Network Policy editor">
<p class="bottom">
<a href="https://editor.cilium.io">editor.cilium.io</a>
</p>
</section>
<section>
<p>Network plugin support required.</p>
<p>You won't get a warning if it's not working!</p>
</section>
<section>
<h1>Cloud things</h1>
<pre><code class="shell" data-line-numbers="1-2|3-4|5-6" data-trim>
$ curl "http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1beta1/instance/service-accounts/default/token"
{"access_token":"ya29.c.Ko...QtkM","expires_in":2837,"token_type":"Bearer"}
$ curl "https://cloudresourcemanager.googleapis.com/v1/projects?alt=json" -H "Authorization: Bearer ya29..."
...
$ curl -H "Authorization: Bearer ya29..." "http://kube-apiserver:6443/api/v1"
{...}
</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<h3>CoreDNS</h3>
<p><pre><code>*name*.*namespace*.svc.cluster.local</code></pre></p>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Kubernetes dashboard</h3>
<img src="./static/dashboard-ui.png" alt="Kubernetes dashboard UI">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Combine together</h3>
<pre><code>curl http://kubernetes-dashboard.kubernetes-dashboard.svc.cluster.local:443/api/v1/ -k</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<img src="./static/whoops-new-cve.png" alt="New Kubernetes CVE" >
</section>
<section>
<img src="./static/Matrix.png" alt="Kubernetes attack matrix">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Cool links</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://kccnceu20.sched.com/event/ZesN">Advanced Persistence Threats by Ian Coldwater &
Brad Geesaman</a> <a href="https://github.com/bgeesaman/kubecon-eu-2020-demo-files">GH</a>
</li>
<li><a href="https://kccnceu20.sched.com/event/Zerb">Next Generation Process Isolation - Andrew
Martin</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/mauilion/blackhat-2019">The path less traveled: Abusing Kubernetes
Defaults - Duffie Cooley and Ian Coldwater</a></li>
<li><a href="https://t.me/k8security">k8s (in)security</a></li>
<li><a
href="https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/cloud-security/kubelet-tls-bootstrap-privilege-escalation/">GKE
Kubelet TLS Bootstrap Privilege Escalation</a></li>
<li><a
href="https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1XgopLXWjMdJojVFh_fPDJ2RllNpT9_y72vJSJ7oz57w/edit?usp=sharing">Kubernetes
Security Low-Hanging Fruit - CCAU 2019
</a></li>
<li><a href="https://securekubernetes.com/">KubeCon NA 2019 CTF</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<img src="./static/docker-deprecate.png" alt="Docker deprecation">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Future stack</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://rootlesscontaine.rs/">Rootless</a></li>
<li><a href="https://podman.io/">Podman</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/containerd/nerdctl">Nerdctl</a></li>
<li><a href="https://containerd.io">Containerd</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cri-o.io/">Cri-o</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/containers/crun">crun</a></li>
<li><a href="https://opencontainers.org/">Open Container Initiative</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Not today</h3>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">Networking (CNI)</li>
<li class="fragment">Supply chain attacks</li>
<li class="fragment">
Custom container runtimes (CRI)
<ul>
<li>cri-o</li>
<li>firecracker</li>
<li>gvisor</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="fragment">Open Policy Agent</li>
<li class="fragment">
Service mesh
<ul>
<li>Istio</li>
<li>Linkerd</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
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